Tbilisi 2009

revaz kvirkvaia

borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)

avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Aarqeologia

revaz kvirkvaia

borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi

(Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri

xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

disertacia

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori leri jiblaZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori guram grigolia

2

2009

sarCevi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Tavi I. samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi . . . . . . 14

Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi . 87

Tavi IV. mcire plastika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Tavi V. keramika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

tabulebis aRweriloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

tabulebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

3

Sesavali

borjomis xeobis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva. bor-

jomis xeoba, romelic istoriuli Toris SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda, sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: gujareTi,

Savwyala da xeoba, anu mtkvris orive sanapiro zoli

taSiskaridan dviramde. am ukanasknels XX saukunis

dasawyisidan borjomis xeoba ewoda da iseve rogorc mTeli

Tori, saqarTvelos istoriis garkveul periodSi samcxis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.

borjomis xeoba pirdapiri xaziT 40 km. sigrZisaa.

mtkvris viwroebi aq Senakadebis SesarTavebTan farTovdeba.

swored aseT adgilebSi mdebareobs soflebis umetesoba da

saxnav-saTesi savargulebi.

xeoba warmoadgens uZveles sagzao magistrals, rome-

lic qarTlis Sida raionebs samcxesTan da mis mezobel

regionebTan akavSirebs. mtkvris marcxena Senakadebs miuyveba

gzebi lomisis mTasa da dedaberasaken, saidanac argveTsa da

imereTSi gadadian [berZeniSvili, 1985: 8].

yvelaze civi Tvis temperatura borjomis xeobaSi

saSualod -2,3 - 3,30 yinvaa. yvelaze Tbili Tvisa 18,9 - 20,020

siTbo. mdgradi Tovlis saburveli aq weliwadSi 70-75

dRemde rCeba [maruaSvili, 1965: 231].

xeobis didi nawili tyis masivebiTaa dafaruli. aq aris

rogorc foTlovani (ZiriTadi wifeli), ise Sereuli da

wiwvovani tyeebi. zRvis donidan 2000 m. zemoT ki alpuri

saZovrebi mdebareobs.

gansxvavebiT gujareTisa da Savwyalasagan, borjomis

xeobaSi baruli meurneobis SesaZlebloba arsebobda da

arsebobs. mtkvris orive napiri da misi Senakadebi (marjvena

Senakadebia: Wobisxevis, dviris, neZvisa da sarmaniSvilis

xevebi. marcxena Senakadebi ki qvabisxevi, CiTaxevi, banisxevi,

likanisa da rvelis xevebi) kargad aris damuSavebuli.

4

cnobili istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti batoniSvili

am adgilebis Sesaxeb werda: `aramed ars ese mtkvris xeoba

venaxiani, xiliani, viwro da mwiri... mTani nadirianni,

naZovanni, fiWovanni, iremi, Txa, arCvi da sxva nadirni

mravalni~ [vaxuSti, 1941: 83].

tye da misi produqtebi udides rols TamaSobda da

TamaSobs xeobis mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi: `saamSeneblo

masala, siTbo da sinaTle sacxovrebelSi, Sromis iaraRebi,

yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebi (lasti, godori, kalaTi),

tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, sakvebis didi nawili tyesTan

iyo dakavSirebuli~ [berZeniSvili, 1985: 9]. amave tyeebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli e.w. ,,sanaxSireebis” didi raodenobac.

unaxSirod ki Zvel droSi warmoudgeneli iyo liTonis

warmoeba da mWedloba [RambaSiZe i., 1899: 5]. naxSiri uwvavT

TiTqmis yvelgan ufro ki mtkvris Senakadi xevebis siRrmeSi

[berZeniSvili, 1985: 9].

memindvreobas aq umetesad mtkvrispira WalebSi an

tyisgan ganTavisuflebul axoebSi eweodnen. Zvelad (isto-

riul xanaSi) aq eTesaT qeri, xorbali da sxva marcvleuli

kulturebi. axla ki kartofili da bostneuli mohyavT.

am mxaris meurneobaSi didi adgili ekava mesaqonleo-

basac. aSenebdnen rogorc msxvilfexa, ise wvrilfexa

pirutyvs. ufro metad ki mTian da mTiswina zolebSi.

mxare mdidaria wyaroebiTa da mineraluri wylebiT.

yovelive es ki aq qmnida adamianis cxovrebisaTvis saWiro

pirobebs.

borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri Seswavlis mokle istoria.

borjomis xeoba arqeologebis yuradRebis centrSi pirvelad

1911 wels moeqca. am wels sofel rvelSi (banisxevi) adgili

hqonda SemTxveviT aRmoCenebs, rasac mohyva arqeologiuri

samuSaoebi, romelsac profesori vinogradov-nikitini da

eqvTime TayaiSvili awarmoebdnen. maT aq gaTxares da

5

Seiswavles sami samarxi. 1911 welsve aq gaTxrebi gaagrZela

ruseTis saimperatoro karis profesorma a. gorodcovma.

imave wels man gaTxrebi awarmoa sof. waRverSi da e.w.

`Cornaia reCkas” xeobaSi, sadac sxvadasxva periodis

kulturuli fena gamovlinda. zeda fena Sua saukuneebis

xanas ekuTvnoda, momdevno ori ki gacilebiT adreul

periods, sadac dadasturda samarovnisa da sameliToneo

saxelosnos naSTebi. kerZod, meore fenaSi aRmoCnda rva

ormosamarxi, romlebSic micvalebulebi marjvena an

marcxena gverdze xelfexmokecilni iwvnen. erT samarxSi ki

TiTqos mjdomare pozaSi dakrZalvac dadas-turda

[ficxelauri, 1973: 73-74]. samarxSi aRmoCnda ramdenime Tixis

WurWeli, brinjaos samkauli da kaJis iaraRi.

mesame (qveda) fena metalurgiul saxelosnos warmoad-

genda. aq aRmoCnda liTonis nivTebis Camosasxmeli Tixis

yalibebi, tigelis natexebi, liTonis widebi, brinjaos

nivTebis fragmentebi, obsidianis quslamoRaruli isrispiri,

andezitis qvissanayis fragmenti, saberveli, minis netexebi

da sxva.

aRniSnuli masala inaxeba moskovis istoriul muzeumSi,

xolo profesor gorodcovis dRiurebi da sxva savele doku-

mentacia ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis dros ganadgurda.

1940 wels mtkvris xeobaSi xaSuri-axalcixis rkinigzis

xazis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT, sadazvervo-arqeolo-

giuri samuSaoebi da mciremasStabiani gaTxrebi Caatara

profesrma g. nioraZem.

sofel gomnaSi, romelic mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena

sanapiroze, sofel fafidan ori kolometris daSorebiT, mis

mier gaTxril iqna samarxi, romelic Zv.w. XIII saukuniT

TariRdeba [nioraZe, 1944: 199-214]. garda amisa, mkvlevarma aq

daafiqsira mravali arqeologiuri Zegli. (tab. I.

5,6,7,8,10,19,22,26,31,34,38,40,41). aRniSnuli muSaobis Sedegebs

profesorma g. nioraZem miuZRvna sakmaod vrceli naSromi,

6

romelic garkveuli drois manZilze am regionis

arqeologiuri Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT erTaderT vrcel

gamokvlevas warmoadgenda [nioraZe, 1944: 18-214].

1966 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis isto-

riis arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi Seiqmna

mesxeT-javaxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia,

romlis xelmZRvanelad istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati

oTar RambaSiZe dainiSna. (is am eqspedicias gardacvalebamde

– 1995 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda). eqspediciis mier borjomis

xeobaSi gaiTxara uaRresad mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri

Zeglebi: rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles

mravaliarusiani samarovnebi. dazvervebis Sedegad gamovle-

nil iqna sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiuri Zegli.

borjomis xeobis arqeologiis sxvadasxva problemur

sakiTxebs araerTi naSromi miuZRvnes o. RambaSiZem da

eqspediciis sxva wevrebma.

rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles sama-

rovnebis Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul

samarxebs ikvlevda i. RambaSiZe. am kvlevis Sedegebi

Tavmoyrilia mis sadisertacio naSromSi: `samcxe Zv. w. meore

aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi (borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri

Zeglebis mixedviT)”.

sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi borjomis

xeobaSi arqeologiur samuSaoebs awarmoebda arqeologiuri

kvlevis centris Tori-likanis arqeologiuri eqspedicia

istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis geno nasiZis xelmZRvane-

lobiT. eqspediciis mier gaiTxara araerTi mniSvnelovani

arqeologiuri Zegli (ZiriTadad Sua saukuneebis). 1983-1997

wlebSi g. nasiZisa da v. liCelis xelmZRvanelobiT es

eqspedicia samuSaoebs awarmoebda gujareTis xeobaSi, sofel

mzeTamzeSi. aq maT mier Seswavlil iqna uaResad saintereso

Zegli _ mzeTamzes samarovani, romelic moicavs xangrZliv

7

periods, dawyebuli adrebrinjaos xanidan, ganviTarebuli

Suasaukuneebis xanis CaTvliT.

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisa da saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi inaxeba borjomis xeobaSi

SemTxveviT mopovebuli mravali nivTi, romelic Zalze

sayuradRebo masalas warmoadgens regionis arqeologiuri

kvlevis saqmeSi.

sadReisod borjomis xeobaSi da mis mimdebare

teritoriaze aRricxulia sxvadasxva periodis mravali

aTeuli arqeologiuri Zegli, romelTa mxolod mcire

nawilia srulyofilad gaTxrili da Seswavlili (tab. I).

samwuxarod dRemde gamoqveynebuli araa gaTxrili

Zeglebis sruli katalogi, rac garkveul siZneles qmnis

borjomis xeobis (da ara marto am mxaris) uZvelesi

istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

Cveni kvleva ZiriTadad oTxi samarovnis – rvelis,

CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles masalebs eyrdnoba.

yvela maTganze met-naklebi raodenobiT dafiqsirda rkinis

farTo aTvisebis xanis (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) samarxebi. oTxive

samarovani mravaliarusiani da Zalze mniSvnelovani masalis

Semcvelia, amitom saWirod vTvliT zogadad da mokled

mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

rvelis samarovani mdebareobs borjomidan CrdiloeTiT

rva kilometris daSorebiT, sofel rvelis samxreT-

dasavleT nawilSi, patara borcvze, romelic `sajvares”

saxeliTaa cnobili (tab. I26).

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, 1911 wels aq gaTxrebi awarmoes

e. TayaiSvilma, v. vinogradov-nikitinma da a. gorodcovma.

mkvlevarebma am arqeologiur Zegls md. banisxeuras saxelis

mixedviT banisxevis samarovani uwodes.

1968-1971 wlebSi aq farTomasStabian samuSaoebs

atarebda mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia

8

o. RambaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. es gaTxrebi faqtiurad 1911

wels Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda,

am periodSi gaiTxara 69 samarxi da samarxis naSTi.

dafiqsirda urTierTmonacvle sami qronologiuri fena.

uZvelesi fena Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT TariRdeba.

CvenTvis saintereso Sua fena Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT, zeda

fena ki Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebiT. Cveni sakvlevi periodi

warmodgenilia Cvidmeti (#19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41,

42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 53, 54) samarxiT.

samarovani gavrcobilia daaxloebiT 300 kv.m. farTobze.

samwuxarod Cven ver SevZeliT yvela savele naxazisa

da tabulis mopoveba, vinaidan am Zeglis gaTxridan sakmaod

didi droa gasuli da misi gamTxrelebic cocxali aRar

arian. amitom zogierTi kompleqsis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad

savele angariSebsa da davTrebSi mocemul aRwerilobebs

veyrdnobiT. aseve ver movipoveT 1971 wlis angariSi.

amitomac Zalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs am dros gaTxrili

cxra (#40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 58, 51, 54, 58) samarxis Sesaxeb. viciT

mxolod, rom yvela maTgani qviTnagebi samarxi yofila.

maTSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli inventaris Sesaxeb informacia

miviReT mxolod savele davTrebidan.

amitom winamdebare naSromSi rvelis samarovanze

mopovebul mxolod calkeul artefaqtebs vexebiT. ZiriTadi

kvleva ki CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovne-

bis masalebzea dafuZnebuli.

CiTaxevis samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT cxra kilometris daSorebiT. `CiTaxe-

vis miwebis~ saxeliT cnobil terasaze. md. CiTaxevis wylisa

da mtkvris SesarTavTan, mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze (tab.

I39).

1972-1975 wlebSi aq farTomasStabian samuSaoebs awar-

moebda mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia. samuSaoe-

bis dawyeba dakavSirebuli iyo borjomi-axalcixis saavtomo-

9

bilo gzatkecilis gafarToebasTan, rodesac mSeneblebis

mier ganadgurda samarovnis mniSvnelovani nawili.

gaiTxara 99 samarxi da samarxis naSTi. uZvelesi samar-

xebi Zv.w. XVI-XIV saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli, momdevno

qronologiuri fenis samarxebi Zv.w. XII-X saukuneebiT.

Semdeg modis Cveni sakvlevi periodis _ Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-

ebis fena, romelic warmodgenilia ormocdaxuTi (#1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,

34, 36, 40, 42, 70, 72, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97) samarxiT

(tab. II).

zogjer savele dokumentaciaSi da publikaciebSi Zegli

`CiTaxevis miwebis~ samarovnadacaa moxseniebuli.

kviracxovlis samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 15 km. daSorebiT md. mtkvris marcxena

napirze, borjomi-axalcixis saavtomobilo gzatkecilis

marcxena mxares _ iq, sadac `saTixis Relis~ saxeliT

cnobili mSrali xevi mtkvris marcxena sanapiros erTvis. am

adgils adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iqve mdebare kviracxovlis

eklesiis saxelis mixedviT `kviracxovlis miwebs~ uwodebs

(tab. I16).

mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia aq samuSao-

ebs awarmoebda 1979-1983 wlebSi. am xnis manZilze gaiTxara

104 samarxi. maTi umravlesoba Zv.w. XV-XIV da Zv.w. XIII-XII

saukuneebiT TariRdeba. rkinis farTo aTvisebis xana ki

mxolod Svidi (#29, 31, 32, 48, 55, 59, 95) samarxiTaa warmodge-

nili.

mimoxilva.

borniReles samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 19 km-is manZilze. borjomi-axalcixis

saavtomobilo gzis marjvniv, _ sof. dviris mopirdapire

mxares. borniRele istoriul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia

10

rogorc sofeli [meliqiZe, 2000: 288]. TviT Rele (borniRele)

mtkvars marcxena mxridan erTvis, igi dRes naxevrad mSrali

xevia (tab I4).

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia borjo-

meli metyevis vinme vlasovis Canawerebi, romelic siZvele-

ebiT yofila dainteresebuli da a. gorodcovis da

e. TayaiSvilis gaTxrebSic miuRia monawileoba. am Canawere-

bidan vgebulobT, rom misTvis am adgilebidan arqeologiuri

masala jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi yofila cnobili.

mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia Zeglze 1983-

1988 wlebSi met-naklebi intesivobiT muSaobda. am xnis

manZilze gaiTxara 120-ze meti samarxi da samarxis naSTi.

samarovani mravaliarusiania: pirveli qveda fenis

samarxebi Zv.w. XVI-XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba. erTi, #3

samarxi Zv.w. III saukuniT, 65 samarxi ki rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xaniT anu Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT. (#1, 2, 21, 4, 5,

8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39,

40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73,

74, 761, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101,

107, 111, 120 samarxebi).

samarovanis maxloblad mdebare dabal qedze (romlis

Crdilo kalTaze mdebareobs samarovani) eqspediciis yurad-

Reba miwis zedapirze arsebulma patara Rrmulebma miiqcia.

gaCnda eWvi, rom aq samarovnis Tanadrouli namosaxlaric

SeiZleba yofiliyo. mciremasStabianma sadazvervo gaTxrebma

am mxriv dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo da samwuxarod

samarovnebis Tanadrouli namosaxlari dRemde araa mikvleu-

li da Seswavlili (tab. III).

oTxive samarovanze mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalis

nawili daculia borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi, nawi-

li ki saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis CiTaxevis arqeolo-

giur bazaze.

11

sakvlevi epoqis mokle mimoxilva. samxreT kavkasiis Zv.w.

VIII-VI saukeneebis materialuri kultura zogierT mkvlevars

[abramiSvili, 1957; 1961. Мартиросян, 1965. Техов, 1954. Погребова,

1984] da sxvebs aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom drois es

monakveTi gamoiyos rogorc damoukidebeli arqeologiuri

periodi.

eWvgareSea, rom Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis materialuri

kulturis mTeli rigi elementebi saTaves Zv.w. VIII saukuni-

dan iRebs. yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli sruli damajereblo-

biT gamoiyos Zv.w. VIII da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis

arqeologiuri kompleqsebi.

am periodis materialuri kultura ZiriTadad

inarCunebs wina saukuneebis formebs, Tumca amasTan erTad

swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cndeba mTeli rigi axali

elementebi _ umTavresad sabrZolo iaraRsa da keramikaSi. am

dros xdeba rkina ZiriTadi masala iaraRis dasamzadeblad.

Cndeba rkinis iaraRis iseTi formebi, romlebsac brinjaos

prototipebi ar eZebnebaT. am periodis kavkasiis masalebSi

uxvadaa warmodgenili urartuli da skviTuri nivTebi.

samxreT kavkasiis centralur regionSi gansakuTrebuli

intensivobiT vrceldeba kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli elementebi. TviT kolxur kulturaSi ki Tavs iCens

mTeli rigi inovaciebi (dakrZalvis wesSi, keramikisa da

iaraRis formebSi da sxva).

samxreT kavkasiis materialuri kultura garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi ufro erTgvarovania.

SeiniSneba misi calkeuli elementebis formaTa intensiuri

unifikacia. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom am

periodis yvela Zegli absoluturad erTnairia da maT

Soris sagrZnobi gansxvavebebi ar dasturdeba (dasavleT

saqarTvelo, samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia da sxva).

miuxedavad mTeli rigi Taviseburebebisa, samxreT kavka-

siis rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi arqeolo-

12

giuri kulturebi gamomdinareoben wina periodebidan da maTi

ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgenen. kvlav ganagrZobs

arsebobas adre arsebul kulturaTa geografiuli arealebi,

Tumca maTi sazRvrebi ramdenadme icvleba.

Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan

iwyeba xalxTa didi masebis SemoWra. varaudoben, rom

kolxeTis gziT SemoiWrnen komerielebi1. aRmosavleTidan ki

skviTebi. maTi nawili saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel

regionebSi damkvidrda. yovelive aman ki Tavisi asaxva hpova

materialur kulturaSic, gaCnda axali _ `skviTuri~

elementebi, e.w. `skviTuri triada~ (skviTuri iaraRi, cxenis

aRkazmuloba. cxoveluri dekoratiuli motivebi).

didi politikuri cvlilebebia am dros saqarTvelos

samxreTiTac Zv.w. 676 wels ingreva frigiis (`muSqebis~)

samefo. kimerielTa da urartuelTa dartymebis Sedegad

nadgurdeba SavizRvispireTis axalSenebi. aRmosavleTiT

Zlierdeba midia, romelmac Zv.w. 676-590 wlebSi bolo mouRo

asureTisa da urartus samefoebs. es didi geopolitikuri

cvlilebebi ra Tqma unda Tavisebur gavlenas samxreT

kavkasiazec iqoniebda.

zogjer werilobiTi wyaroebi (ZiriTadad aRmosavluri

da berZnuli) am periodis istorias arasrulad da fragmen-

tulad, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivadac ganixilavs. amitom

arqeologiur masalas kavkasiisa da misi mimdebare regione-

bis istoriis gaSuqebisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba

eniWeba.

1 zogi mkvlevari (a. terenoJkini; j. gvetaZe; g. kvirkvelia) sakmaod

damajereblad uaryofs kimerielTa e.w. ,,meotida-kolxeTis" gziT laSqrobas da amdenad maT yofnas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, [���������� 1974: 203; gvetaZe, 1976: 65; kvirkvelia, 1985: 120].

13

Tavi I. samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi

rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniRelis

samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli samar-

xebi agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT SeiZleba

ramdenime jgufad daiyos.

agebulebis mxriv samarxebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa.

ormosamarxebad da qviTnageb samarxebad. ormosamarxebi

TavianT mxriv or qvejgufad SeiZleba daiyos: 1) ormosamar-

xebad, romlebic niadagisgan arafriT gamoiyofa da 2) qvebiT

SemozRudul ormosamarxebad (tab. IV, V, VI).

samarxebis SemosazRudad rogorc wesi, saSualo zomis,

daumuSavebeli bazaltis an riyis qvebi gamoiyeneboda. isini

samarxs erT an or rigad Semouyvebodnen (tab. IV, V, VI).

xSiria SemTxvevebi, samarxis Tavze qvayrilTa arsebo-

bisa, maTi simaRle umetes SemTxvevaSi 0.30-0.50 metria. qvayri-

lebi gvxvdeba rogor ormosamarxebis, ise qviTnagebi samar-

xebis Tavze. isini umetes SemTxvevaSi zomebiT samarxebs

emTxvevian, an zogjer maTze odnav metni arian (tab. VII).

moyvanilobis mixedviT ormosamarxebi aris rogorc

marTkuTxedis, ise ovalis (CiTaxevis #15 samarxi) da

mravalkuTxedis formis. qviTnagebi samarxebi ZiriTadad

sworkuTxedis formisani arian, romelTa sigrZe mcired

aWarbebs siganes.

qviTnagebi samarxebi umetes SemTxvevaSi nagebia

saSualo zomis, brtyeli, daumuSavebeli filebiT. isini

aseTive filebiTaa gadaxuruli, Tumca saxuravi yovelTvis

samarxSi iyo Cawolili. iataki, rogorc ormosamarxebSi, ise

qvis samarxebSi niadaguria.

CiTaxevis samarovanze aris ramdenime SemTxveva (kerZod

#84, 85, 86 qviTnageb samarxebSi) calke patara saTavsos

gamarTvisa, romelTac oTxkuTxedis (#84 samarxSi), xan ki

wriuli moyvaniloba hqonda (#85 samarxSi). #86 samarxSi

14

saTavso aRmosavleTis kedelTan morkaluli zRudiTaa

Seqmnili (tab. IX).

erT aseT saTavsoSi (#84 samarxi) moTavsebuli iyo

kremaciuli urna-qoTani. #85 samarxis mcire saTavsoSi

adamianis damwvari Zvlebi urnis gareSe, xolo #86 samarxis

saTavsoSi adamianis Tavis qala da Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda.

sxvadasxva samarovnebze ormosamarxebisa da qviTnagebi

samarxebis raodenobrivi Tanafardoba gansxvavebulia. rve-

lis samarovanze ki mxolod qviTnagebi samarxebi gvxvdeba.

dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT samarxebi SeiZleba ramde-

nime jgufad daiyos: 1. inhumaciur; 2. kremaciul (nawilob-

rivi kremacia); da 3. inhumaciur-kremaciul, anu iseT samarxe-

bad, sadac dakrZalvis orive wesia dadasturebuli (Cven maT

zogjer `Sereul~ samarxebsac vuwodebT). gansxvavebulia

sxvadasxva samarovanze am tipis samarxTa raodenobrivi

Tanafardoba: rvelis samarovani ki am mxrivac gamoirCeva da

iq kremaciis arc erTi SemTxveva araa dadasturebuli (ix.

gv. 40-43, cxrilebi).

koleqtiur samarxebSi zogjer erTi micvalebulis

ConCxi kargadaa Senaxuli, danarCenis Zvlebi ki areulia da

maT raodenobaze mxolod miaxloebiT Tu SeiZleba

msjeloba.

zog samarxSi mxolod micvalebulis Tavis qalebia

dafiqsirebuli (amis Sesaxeb qveviT ufro dawvrilebiT

gveqneba msjeloba), zogan micvalebulis Zvlebi samarxis

erT kuTxeSia mixvetili, xolo samarxis centralur

adgilas dakrZaluli adamianis ConCxi kargadaa Senaxuli

(tab. X1,4).

sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoebac, rom zogierT

koleqtiur samarxSi micvalebulebi erT sibrtyeze, iatakis

doneze arian dakrZalulni, xolo zogan micvalebulTa

erTmaneTze dakrZalvis SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba.

15

aris SemTxvevebi da arc Tu ise cota, roca micvale-

bulTa damwvari Zvlebi ramdenime WurWelSia dadasture-

buli. samwuxarod maT ar CatarebiaT kraniologiuri kvleva,

amitom garkveviT verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, es Zvlebi

erT adamians ekuTvnis Tu ramdenimes.

gvxvdeba iseTi samarxebic (mag: borniReles #761

samarxi), sadac dafiqsirda cxra micvalebulis ConCxi da

sami kremaciuli urna.

kremaciul urnebad TiTqmis yovelTvis sayofacxovrebo

daniSnulebis WurWelia gamoyenebuli (mxolod erTgan,

CiTaxevis #85 samarxSi dafiqsirda adamianis damwvari

Zvlebi urnis gareSe _ samarxSi gamarTul mcire saTavsoSi),

ZiriTadad sxvadasxva zomis qoTnebi, ufro iSviaTad jamebi

da tolCebi. erT SemTxvevaSi ki (borniRelis #50 samarxSi)

urnad Caidniseburi WurWelic iyo gamoyenebuli.

urnebi umetes SemTxvevaSi jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli

(tab. VIII2), ufro iSviaTad ki sarqvelis movaleobas brtyeli

qva asrulebda.

urnebi ZiriTadad mkafiod gamokveTil samarxebSi

gvxvdeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, xSirad inhumaciurad dakrZa-

lul micvalebulebTan erTad. zogjer urnad gamoyenebuli

qoTani pirdapir miwaSi iyo Cadgmuli. (mag. CiTaxevis #88

samarxi). rig SemTvevaSi ki piriqiT, sakmaod didi zomis

(120X105X70 sm) qvebiT SemosazRvrul ormosamarxSi mxolod

erTi krema-ciuli urna-qoTani dadasturda (borniRelis #26

samarxi. tab. X2).

samarxTa da micvalebulTa damxrobis TvalsazrisiT

samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavebuli suraTia. magram SeiniS-

neba tendencia, rom ama Tu im samarovanze, ama Tu im

mimarTulebiT, damxrobas prioritetuli mdgomareoba ukavia.

mag: rvelis samarovanze yvelaze xSiria samarxebisa da

Sesabamisad micvalebulTa samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-

aRmosavleTisaken damxroba, borniReles samarovanze ki

16

yvelaze xSiri micvalebulTa CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken

damxrobis SemTxvevebia (ix. cxrilebi). emorCileboda Tu ara

es wesi raime kanonzomierebas, exla Zneli dasadgenia.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac koleqtiur da wyvilad

samarxebSi micvalebulebi sxvadasxva mxares arian damxro-

bilni (mag: borniReles #44 samarxSi erTi micvalebuli

damxrobilia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, xolo ori

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken; an CiTaxevis #6 samarxSi erTi

micvalebuli Tu samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-aRmosavle-

Tisakenaa damxrobili, meore piriqiT, Crdilo-dasavleTidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken da sxva.

oTxive samarovanze micvalebulebi dakrZalulia kidu-

rebmoxril mdgomareobaSi, marjvena an marcxena gverdze.

koleqtiur da wyvilad samarxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca iq

dakrZaluli yvela micvalebuli marjvena an marcxena

gverdzea dasvenebuli an piriqiT zogi marjvenaze, zogi

marcxenaze (tab. VI, XI).

zog SemTxvevaSi micvlaebulebs TavqveS daumuSavebeli

brtyeli qva _ e.w. `sasTumali~ edo (tab. X3,4). rig samarxebSi

ki Zvlebi imdenad cudad iyo daculi, rom Wirda dakrZalvis

pozis dadgena (tab. XII).

vinaidan Zvlebs anTropologiuri da kraniologiuri

kvlevebi ar CatarebiaT, micvalebulTa sqesis Sesaxeb

mxolod maTTvis Catarebuli inventaris mixedviT Tu

SegviZlia msjeloba. am mxriv ki mamakacad da qalad miCneul

micvalebulTa marjvena Tu marcxena gverdze dakrZalvis

TvalsazrisiT myari kanonzomiereba ar SeiniSneba. araviTari

gansxvaveba ar SeimCneva rogorc mozrdili adamianebis, ise

bavSvebis dakrZalvaSi.

CiTaxevis #16 da kviracxovlis #54 samarxebSi

micvalebulebi TiTqos mjdomare pozaSi unda yofiliyvnen

dakrZalulni [RambaSiZe o., 1973: 38. RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1981:

20].

17

rvelis #25 da CiTaxevis #15 samarxebSi adamianis

ConCxi da kremaciuli urna ar aRmoCenila, samagierod orive

maTganSi iyo samarxeuli inventari. unda vivaraudoT, rom

isini simbolur samarxebs _ e.w. `kenotafebs~ warmoadgendnen

[RambaSiZe o., 1971: 17; 1973: 26].

iSviaTia samarxi inventaris gareSe. is kremaciul

urnebSic xSirad fiqsirdeboda. ZiriTadad gvxvdeba samkau-

li da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi, iSviaTad ki

iaraRi, xSirad maT cecxlSi yofnis kvali etyobodaT. es

faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini micvalebulTan erTad

dauwvavT. iSviaTad, magram mainc aris iseTi urnebi, sadac

garda adamianis damwvari Zvlebisa araferi aRmoCenila.

samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi (sakin-

Zebi, sayureebi, balTebi da sxva) fiqsirdeba TviT ConCxis

uSualo siaxloves, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom isini

micvalebulebs sxeulze an tansacmelze hqondaT. sxva saxis

inventari, rogoricaa sabrZolo iaraRi da Tixis WurWeli

fiqsirdeboda samarxis sxvadasxva adgilas, zogjer

micvalebulisagan sakmaod daSorebiT, xSirad ki uSualod

micvalebulis win an ukan.

zogjer samarxSi ama Tu im nivTs sruliad gansxvave-

buli, TvalSi sacemi adgili eWira. ase magaliTad, CiTaxevis

#85 kremaciul samarxSi sagangebod SerCeul brtyel qvaze

ido brinjaos satevari.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca samarxebSi dadasturda saqon-

lis (rogorc msxvilfexa, ise wvrilfexa) da frinvelis

Zvlebi. gansakuTrebiT ki es faqti SeimCneva CiTaxevis

samarovanze.

zogjer koleqtiur samarxebSi dakrZalul micvalebul-

Tagan erT maTgans gamorCeuli adgili ekava da samarxeuli

inventaric xSirad masTanaa Tavmoyrili (mag., CiTaxevis #25

samarxi).

18

urnebSi moTavsebuli Zvlebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq micvalebulTa nawilobriv krema-

ciasTan gvaqvs saqme, gvamis mTlianad dawvisa da ferflad

qcevis kvali arc erT urnaSi ar dadasturebula. Zvlebi

tvinisagan gaclili araa.

urnebi ar gamoirCevian didi zomebiT, amitom maTSi

adamianis mTeli ConCxis, Tundac damwvaris moTavseba

SeuZlebeli iqneboda. xSirad erT samarxSi ramdenime urnaa

fiqsirebuli. yvela maTganSi iyo adamianis damwvari Zvlebi.

verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamianis kremi-

rebuli sxeuli (an sxeulis nawili) iyo maTSi moTavsebuli.

Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT

saqarTvelos (kolxeTi) samarovnebi samarxTa agebulebisa da

dakrZalvis wesis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba

ukavia dakrZalvis inhumaciur wess. samarxebi ZiriTadad

ormosamarxebs, qviTnageb samarxebs da e.w. `qvayuTebs~

warmoadgenen.

micvalebulebi dakrZalulni arian umTavresad kidureb-

moxril mdgomareobaSi marjvena an marcxena gverdze. Zalian

bevr samarovanze SeiniSneba mkacrad dadgenili kanonzomie-

reba, rodesac marjvena gverdze mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen

dakrZalulni, xolo marcxena gverdze qalebi. magaliTad,

aseTi viTarebaa gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis iseT

gamorCeul Zeglze, rogoricaa samTavros samarovani

(kalandaZe, 1947).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aris ramdenime SemTxveva,

rodesac samarxebSi dadasturda e.w. `mjdomare pozaSi~

dakrZalva. dakrZalvis es poza dadasturebulia Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebiT daTariRebul sanTisa (TrialeTi) [Куфтин, 1941:

50-55] da nulis samarovnebze [Куфтин, 1949a: 48-49]. magram es

wesi ufro metad Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijniT daTariRe-

19

bul samarovnebze gvxvdeba. mag. zemo avWalaSi [nioraZe, 1931:

263], waRvlis samarovanze [ramiSvili, 2004: 111], waRverSi

[nioraZe, 1944: 20-23] RrmaxevisaTvis samarovanze [kaxiani, 1977:

31] da sxva. Tumca mjdomare pozaSi dakrZalva saqarTvelos

teritoriaze sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa da ufro e.w.

`ganja_yarabaRuli~ kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli

[Пиотровский, 1964: 58-60].

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis wesis Tavisebu-

rebebiT gamoirCeva `rkiniskalos~ samarovani, romelic ivris

saTaveebSi, erwoSi mdebareobs. samarxebi Sedgeba qva-

yriliani mozrdili ormoebisgan, romlebSic micvalebulebi

ramdenime fenadaa Casvenebuli. ise, rom TiToeuli ormosa-

marxi xSirad 2 an 3 erTmaneTze daSrevebul kompleqsebs

Seicavs. qveda fenis samarxebSi micvalebulebi Zlier

moxrilad arian Casvenebuli. Zeglis gamTxrelebis azriT,

adamianis Zvlebi Tanmxleb inventarTan erTad Zalze

qaosuradaa Cayrili, ris gamoc igi meoradi dakrZalvis

STabeWdilebas tovebs. TiToeul samarxeul kompleqss aqvs

Tavisi qvayrili, romelic Zvlebsa da inventars uSualod

zed ayria an maTSivea areuli. samarovani zogadad Zv.w. IX-

VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, xolo misi yvelaze mZlavri Sre

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [ramiSvili, jorbenaZe,

1964: 19-20].

meoradi dakrZalva ivaraudeba axalcixis amiranis

goraze [CubiniSvili, 1963: 84] da taS-baSSi (TrialeTi)

[Куфтин, 1941: 117], oRond gacilebiT adreul periodSi Zv.w.

III aTaswleulSi.

sruliad unikaluria aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis

moliTis samarovani. igi mdebareobs tabawyuris tbasTan,

sofel moliTTan, zRvis donidan 2020 m simaRleze. aq kldis

napralebSi Cndeboda kremaciuli samarxebi, anu Tixis

WurWeli adamianis ferfliTa da samarxeuli inventariT,

romlebic ZiriTadad samkauls da samoselTan dakavSirebul

20

nivTebs Seicavda: brinjaos sakinZebs, samajurebs, qvisa da

kvarcis mZivebs da sxva, romelTac cecxlSi yofnis kvali

etyobodaT. samarovani Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiTaa daTariRe-

buli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].

dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi dadasturda diRomSic. aq

gaiTxara gorasamarxi, e.w. `dasakrZalavi darbaziT~, sadac

aRmoCnda asamde Tixis WurWeli, brinjaosa da rkinis

mravali nivTi, cxenis aRkazmuloba da sxva. samarxi Zv.w.

VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Абрамишвили, Боxочадзе и др.,

1971: 371].

sakmaod xSiria aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

simboluri samarxebi _ e.w. `kenotafebi~, romlebsac albaT

sxvagan gardacvlili da dasaflavebuli micvalebulebis

saxelze mis mSobliur kuTxeSi marTavdnen. vrcelia maTi

arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc _ gvianbrinjaos xanis

adreuli etapidan [TuSiSvili, 1972: 82. kalandaZe, 1959: 185.

ramiSvili, 2004: 111] Zv.w. VII saukunemde (rvelis #25 da

CiTaxevis #15 samarxebi).

dakrZalvis ormagi wesi _ inhumaciuri da kremaciuli

dadasturda gujareTis xeobaSi _ mzeTamzes samarovanze. aq

samarxis gavrcelebul tips ormosamarxebi warmoadgenda.

micvalebulTa umetesoba inhumaciuradaa dakrZaluli. Tumca

#4, #17 da #26 samarxebSi kremaciuli dakrZalvac dafiq-

sirda. #26 samarxis iataks cecxlis kvali etyoboda, xolo

Sua nawili gamoirCeoda mura feriT. es gamTxrelebis azriT

sayuradReboa imiT, rom dakrZalvis wesic da samarxeuli

inventaric Zalze axloa kolxur kulturasTan da misi

gavrcelebis kidev erTi axali keris damadasturebelia

[nasiZe, 1991]. rac Seexeba #4 da #17 samarxebs, maTSi

kremaciuli urnebi aRmoCnda adamianis damwvari ZvlebiTa da

samarxuli inventariT. samive samarxi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-

ebiT TariRdeba [nasiZe, 1990].

21

Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebis samarovnebze (iseve rogorc

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis samarovnebze) samarxTa da micvale-

bulTa damxrobis TvalsazrisiT raime zogadi kanonzomie-

reba ar SeiniSneba. micvalebulebi damxrobilni arian

TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT. zogjer ama Tu im samarovanze

ama Tu im mimarTulebiT damxrobas upiratesi mdgomareoba

ukavia. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc borjomis xeobis

samarovnebia (ix. cxrilebi I-IV).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxov-

lis da borniReles samarovnebi mravaliarusiania, romlebic

drois sakmaod did monakveTSi Zv.w. XVI-III saukuneebSi

funqcionirebs. adreuli fenis samarxebi yvela samarovanze

ormosamarxebs warmoadgens. dakrZalvis wesi garda erTi

gamonaklisisa, inhumaciuria. sakmaod mkacradaa daculi

mamakacTa marjvena, xolo dedakacTa marcxena gverdze

dakrZalvis wesi [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 74]. damxrobis mxriv arc

am samarxebSi SeiniSneba TvalsaCino kanonzomiereba.

borniRe-les #52 samarxSi dafiqsirda kevrze dakrZalvis

SemTxvevac, romelic erTaderTia am mxareSi [RambaSiZe i.,

1999: 74], magram sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjaos xanis

samxreT kavkasiis centralur da aRmosavleT nawilSi.

rogorc adreuli, aseve Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTa-

riRebuli samarxebi mdidaria inventariT. Tumca sxvadasxva

samarxSi inventaris raodenobam da gansxvavebulobam

i. RambaSiZe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es movlena `sazogadoe-

baSi mkveTri diferenciaciis maniSnebeli unda iyos,

rodesac gvarebsa da did ojaxebSi xdeba qonebrivad da

socialurad dawinaurebuli fenis gamoCena~ [RambaSiZe i.,

1999: 75].

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia CiTaxevis #44 samarxi. esaa

erTaderTi kremaciuli samarxi am samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-

VIIUsaukuneebze adreul fenebSi. samarxSi aRmoCnda urnad

gamoyenebuli Tixis dergi micvalebulis damwvari ZvlebiTa

22

da inventariT. o. RamabaSiZe Zv.w. XVI-XV saukuneebiT

daTariRebul fenaSi dakrZalvis am wesis arsebobas

mcireaziur impulsad miiCnevs da xeTur samefoSi e.w. `Sua

mefobis~ xanaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul kremaciis

gavlenas ukavSirebs [RambaSiZe o., 1983: 12]. am azrs iziarebs

i. RambaSiZec [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 73].

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli

suraTia kolxeTSi, sadac arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis

samarovnebi. samarxTa gansxvavebuli tipebiTa da dakrZalvis

sxvadasxva wesiT am mxriv kolxeTis calkeuli regionebic

mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.

centraluri kolxeTisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia

didi koleqtiuri samarxebi, romelic Sedgeboda sakulto

moednebisa da samarxi ormoebisgan. sakulto moedanze

xdeboda dakrZalvis ritualTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi

procedurebi: micvalebulTa sagangebo damuSaveba da krema-

cia. albaT aqve ewyoboda aRapic. rac ufro xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi da intensiurad funqcionirebda sakul-

to moedani, miT ufro metia misi farTobi da mZlavria

kulturuli fena. sakulto moednis Semadgeneli nawilia

saZvle ormoebi an Txrilebi, sadac kremirebuli Zvlebi

ifloboda. agreTve qvayrilebi, romelic SesaZloa sakrema-

cio qurebis an samsxverploebis nangrevebi yofiliyo.

am tipis samarovnebis meore ZiriTadi nawilia koleq-

tiuri samarxi ormoebi, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan formiT (wriuli, ovaluri, marTkuTxa), zomiT,

samarxeuli fenis simZlavriT, samarxeuli inventaris

raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi maCveneblebiT. isini ZiriTadad

sakulto moednis perimetrze arian ganlagebuli. aq ikrZale-

boda micvalebulTa arakremirebuli nawilebi inventarTan

erTad [papuaSvili, 1998: 15-16].

aseTi samarovnebia: ureki [miqelaZe, 1985: 6-12]; nigvziani,

[miqelaZe, 1985: 73-93]; ergeta, I-IV [papuaSvili, 2000: 55-60];

23

dRvaba [CubiniSvili n., 1987: 45-48]; paluri [oqropiriZe,

baramiZe, 1974: 96-123]; muxurCa [gogaZe da sxva, 1986: 45-55];

brili [baramiZe, 1961: 23-24]; caiSi [papuaSvili, esebua, 2000:

48-50] da sxva.

isini albaT ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc

funqcionirebdnen da TiToeul maTganze dakrZalul micva-

lebulTa raodenobac Sesabamisad ramdenime aseuls

moiTvlida.

rac Seexeba dakrZalvis ritualis pirvel nawils, anu

micvalebulis mdgomareobas sakulto moedanze moxvedramde,

misi arqeologiuri fiqsacia ver xerxdeba. zogi mkvlevari

fiqrobs, rom am ritualis nawils micvalebulTa xeze

dakidebis uZvelesi kolxuri Cveuleba warmoadgenda, rome-

lic werilobiT wyaroebSia dafiqsirebuli [miqelaZe, 1985:

17-20. papuaSvili, 1998: 16] (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT

qveviT gveqneba saubari).

amasTan zogierT samarovanze (magaliTad ureki)

zemoaRniSnuli tipis samarxebis paralelurad arsebobs

individualuri samarxebic. orive tipis samarxebSi masala

absoluturad identuria da samarxebic erTi periodisani

arian.

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi

arsebul viTarebas, am mxriv iq sakmaod gansxvavebuli da

mravalferovani suraTia. araTu mTels am mxareSi, aramed

zogjer calkeul samarovnebzec ki dakrZalvis ramdenime

wesi dasturdeba. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia Zv.w. VIII-VI

saukuneebis Zegli _ wiTeli Suquras samarovani. maszed

dakrZalvis ramdenime wesia dadasturebuli: 1. rodesac

micvalebulebi grZel samarx-ormoebSi gaSotil mdgomareo-

baSi iyvnen dasvenebulni; 2. rodesac micvalebulebulebi

marjvena gvvrdze kidurebmoxrilebi daumarxavT; 3. meoradi

dakrZalva, rodesac micvalebulis Zvlebs da ara mTel

ConCxs specialur ovaluri formis ormoebSi flavdnen an

24

aseve specialur WurWelSi aTavsebdnen, romelic ormoSi

TaviT dabla idgmeboda [Трапш, 1969: 149]. yvela tipis samarxi

erT teritoriazea dadasturebuli. samarxeuli inventaric

erTnairia da Zeglic Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba

[Трапш, 1969: 150] .

amave periodis Zeglia guadixus samarovani, sadac

dafiqsirda micvalebulTa sruli da nawilobrivi kremacia

ovaluri formis ormoebSi [Трапш, 1969: 46]. eSeris samaro-

vanze ki micvalebulebi Tixis WurWlebSi, e.w. osuariumebSi

arian dakrZalulni kremaciis gareSe [Куфтин, 1949b: 92-93].

dakrZalvis orgvari wesia dadasturebuli kolxeTis

ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT periferiebSic, kerZod brilis

samarovanze. aq gvxvdeba, rogorc inhumaciuri, ise krema-

ciuli samarxebi. kremacia aq uSualod samarxebSi xdeboda

[baramiZe, 1998: 247].

rogorc vxedavT, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

gavrcelebuli yofila dakrZalvis ramodenime rituali:

meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi kremaciiT, sruli kremacia,

meoradi dakrZalva Tixis WurWelSi, dakrZalva e.w. osuariu-

mebSi da sxva. erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli Tavisebureba,

rac borjomis xeobis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis

samarxebs axasiaTebT, aris erT samarovanze da xSirad erT

samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba _ inhumaciuris

da kremaciulis.

riT SeiZleba es aixsnas? SeiZleba davuSvaT ramdenime

versia. maT Soris is, rom es viTareba SesaZloa eTnikur-

religiuri sxvaobiT iyos gamowveuli. am sakiTxze azri

gamoTqves o. RambaSiZem da i. RambaSiZem [RambaSiZe o. Ramba-

SiZe i., 1987: 44]. borjomis xeobaSi kremaciuli samarxebis

gamoCenas isini Zv.w. VII saukuneSi frigiis samefos _

`muSqebis qveynis~ ganadgurebas ukavSireben, rodesc mcire

aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi didi politikuri kataklizme-

25

bis Sedegad eTnikuri masebis garkveul moZraobasac unda

hqonoda adgili. kerZod Zv.w. 676 wels arseboba Sewyvita

frigiis samefom anu `muSqebis qveyanam~ da moxda muSqebis,

anu mosxebis _ `xeTizebuli mesxuri tomebis~ CrdiloeTiT

gadmonacvleba. aq, samxreT kavkasiis samxreT regionebSi

isini Seerwynen mkvidr mosaxleobas da moxda am ori

eTnikur-religiuri erTobis Serwyma religiuri TviTmyofa-

dobis SenarCunebiT. amis dasturad o. RambaSiZe da

i. RambaSiZe e.w. `Sereul~ samarxebs miiCneven [RambaSiZe o.,

RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].

g. meliqiSvilis azriT, muSqebi (mosxebi, mesxebi)

qarTveluri tomebia, romlebmac Zv.w. XII saukeneSi

istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT raionebidan

mcire aziis siRrmeSi SeaRwies da iq damkvidrebis Semdeg,

rkinis metalurgiis wyalobiT, socialuri da kulturuli

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT win swrafad waiwies. Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebSi mcire aziaSi ukve arseboben msxvili saxelmwi-

foebrivi warmonaqmnebi. romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda

mcire azieli muSqebi da Tabalebic. am periodSi, gansakuT-

rebiT miTas (berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT midasis) mefobis

dros `muSqebis qveyna~ mcire aziis uZlieres saxelmwifos

warmoadgenda. TviT muSqebi ki am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis

mxolod garkveul nawils Seadgendnen da ZiriTadad mis

Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen [Меликишвили,

1959: 226-230].

zogi mkvlevaris azriT, frigia (`muSqebis qveyana”) iyo

konfederaciuli saxelmwifo, romlis ZiriTad segments

indoevropeli frigielebi (romelTa dedaqalaqi iyo

gordioni) da pontoeli warmoSobis muSqebi da Tabalebi

warmoadgendnen (dedaqalaqi mazaka – cezarea) [Barnet, 1967: 12]

am samefos mmarTvelebma TavianTi Zalaufleba gaavrceles

mcire aziis ara mxolod aRmosavleT, aramed centralur da

dasavleT nawilebzec. amitomac aRmosavluri – asuruli da

26

urartuli wyaroebi am saxelmwifos ,,muSqebis samefos”

uwodeben maTTan axlos mcxovrebi tomis saxelis mixedviT,

xolo berZnuli wyaroebi, aseve maTTan axlos mcxovrebi

indoevropeli frigielebis saxelis mixedviT _ `frigiis

samefos~.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zv.w. 676 wels frigiis, igive

muSqebis samefom arseboba Sewyvita. ZvelberZnuli tradicia

am movlenas kimerielebis Semosevas ukavSirebs, Tumca dRes

mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad frigiis

samefo urartusa da kimerielTa erTdrouli laSqrobis

Sedegad ganadgurda [Меликишвили, 1959: 226-230].

qarTveluri tomebi muSqebi, romlebic didi, mraval-

erovnuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen am droi-

saTvis ukve `xeTizebulni~ iqnebodnen [Меликишвили, 1959:

229]. swored maTi nawili daiZra saqarTvelos samxreT-

dasavleT regionebisaken, e.i. im adgilebisaken, saidanac

isini Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mcire aziaSi gadasaxldnen (Tumca

arqeologiurma gaTxrebma frigiaSi, kerZod, misi

dedaqalaqis gordionis Seswavlam aCvena, rom Semosevebis

Semdeg aq cxovreba sulac ar wydeba, piriqiT sakmao

intensivobiTac grZeldeba. Ees Semosevebi ar atarebda

gamanadgurebel xasiaTs. Aamdenad muSqebis erTbaSad ayrisa

da CrdiloeTisaken masiuri ltolvis safuZvelic ar

arsebobda. Gg. meliqiSvili miiCnevda, rom muSqebis

CrdiloeTisaken gadmonacvleba sakmaod xangZlivi procesi

unda yofiliyo). am talRis Semotanilad miiCneven o.

RambaSiZe da i. RambaSiZe borjomis xeobaSi dakrZalvis

kremaciul wess [RambaSiZe o., RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].

maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad e.w. `Sereuli” samarxebis arse-

bobac am movlenas ukavSirdeba. e.i. kremirebuli micvalebu-

lebi `mosulebi” iyvnen, xolo inhumaciurad dakrZalulebi –

adgilobrivebi. am SemTxvevaSi dakrZalvis orive wesis erT

samarxSi arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom am samarxSi

27

dakrZaluli yofila `mosulic” da `adgilobrivic~, anu es

aris saojaxo samarxi, romlis wevrTagan (vTqvaT col-qmari)

erTi `mosulia~, meore ki `adgilobrivi”. amasTan TiToeuli

maTgani TavianT rwmenas misdevda da aRiarebda. ramdenad

SesaZloa, rom im dros aseTi religiuri Semwynarebloba

yofiliyo Zneli saTqmelia, magram Tuki aseT rames adgili

marTlac hqonda, es am xalxis eTnikuri erTobiTac SeiZleba

aixsnas. e.i. adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da mcire aziel

`muSqebs” Soris kavSiri ar gawyvetila. yovel SemTxevaSi

gamodis, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb

xalxs axsovs TavianTi mcire aziaSi gadaxvewili moZmeebi.

rodesac maT gauWirdaT da iqidan gamodevnes, uproblemod

miiRes, Seifares da SeiTvises. Tumca Zv.w. XII saukunidan

Zv.w. VII saukunemde didi droa gasuli. SeiZleba muSqebma am

xnis manZilze Zlieri `xeTizaciac” ganicades. magram

mTlianad mainc ar `gaxeTdnen”. iseve, rogorc ar

gaTurqdenen TurqeTSi saukuneebis manZilze mcxovrebi

qarTvelebi da ar gasparseldnen fereidnelebi.

muSqebis eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi sxva

mosazrebebic arsebobs: erT-erTis Tanaxmad muSqebi

balkanur-Trakiuli modgmis indoevropeli tomebi iyvnen,

romlebic mcire aziaSi Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi e.w. `zRvis

xalxebTan” erTad movidnen [Kretschmer, 1886. Goetze, 1936.

Георгиев, 1960: 38. Дяконов, 1968: 21].

arsebobs mesame mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac muSqebi

somxebis winaprebi iyvnen, an yovel SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi im

elementTagani, romelic safuZvlad daedo somxuri eTnosis

Camoyalibebas [Пиотровский, 1959: 129. Копанян, 1948: 171. Еремян,

1952: 72] da sxva.

yvelaze damajereblad mainc im mecnierTa mosazreba

gamoiyureba, romlebic muSqebs (mosxebs) qarTvelur tomebad

miiCnevs [baqraZe, 1871: 22; 1877; 1899: 28. janaSvili, 1896: 19.

28

javaxiSvili i, 1979: 60-62. meliqiSvili, 1954: 305, 410, 420; 1965,

82-101. miqelaZe, 1974: 30-31. janaSia, 1952: 3-65. xazaraZe, 1984.

Xаxанов, 1902: 1-64. Меликишвили, 1959: 104].

Cvenc savsebiT vizirebT am mosazrebas.

sxva sakiTxia, marTla ukavSirdeba Tu ara borjomis

xeobaSi dadasturebuli dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi muSqebs

(mosxebs, mesxebs) da maT moZraobas mcire aziidan samxreT

kavkasiisaken?

rogorc ukve iTqva, es movlena Zv.w. VII saukunis

dasawyisSi unda dawyebuliyo. maSin, rodesac TviT

o. RambaSiZe, zogierT kremaciul da `Sereul” samarxs maTSi

aRmoCenil garkveul nivTebze dayrdnobiT arc Tu usafuZv-

lod, ufro adreuli xaniT aTariRebs. mag: borniReles #8

kremaciul samarxs Zv.w. VIII saukunisa da Zv.w. VII saukunis I

naxevriT [RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1984]; CiTaxevis #761 samarxs

Zv.w. VIII saukuniT, #84 samarxs ki Zv.w. IX_VIII saukuneebiT

da a.S. [RambaSiZe o., 1975].

o. RambaSiZisa da i. RambaSiZis mosazrebas gamoexmaura

germaneli arqeologi i. motcenbekeri Tavis naSromSi

`mosulebi mesxeTSi?” [Motszenbaker, 1997]. man ar gaiziara

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi

samxreTidan Semotanilia. dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ra

CiTaxevis #32 da borniReles #8 samarxebs, motcenbekeri

askvnis, rom aq aRmoCenili kremaciuli urnebi da sxva

keramikuli WurWeli adgilobrivi tradiciebis matarebelia;

WurWlis zogierTi tipi ki axlo msgavsebas iCens sinqro-

nuli xanis kolxur keramikasTan. kolxur masalasTan

poulobs did siaxloves brinjaos inventaric: culi,

Subispiri, satevari da a.S. mkvlevaris azriT, Tu Tvals

gadavavlebT gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovnebze

dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesis gavrcelebis areals, dav-

rwmundebiT, rom maTi didi umravlesoba dasavleT

kavkasiaze modis. amasTan, am samarxebis (CiTaxevis #32 da

29

borniRelis #8) inventari ar mowmobs am regionSi axali

eTnikuri talRis Semodinebas. gansxvaveba dakrZalvis wesSi

ki SesaZloa calkeuli individebisadmi gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebiT aixsnas. amis argumentad i. motcenbekers

borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #32, agreTve Treligorebis #16

da #24 kremeciuli samarxebis mdidruli inventari moaqvs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari ar iziarebs mosazrebas

samxreTidan axali eTnikuri masis Semodinebis Sesaxeb, aseve

ar gamoricxavs samxreTuli kulturebis (somxeTi, mcire

azia) Zlier gavlenas. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel mesamedSi,

romelic misi azriT urartudan momdinareobda [Moszenbaker,

1997: 351].

borjomis xeobaSi kremaciuli samarxebis warmomav-

lobis sakiTxs SevexeT Cvenc naSromSi: `dakrZalvis wesi

borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi” [kvirkvaia, 1999:

37-40], sadac ar gaviziareT mosazreba kremaciis samxreTidan

`xeTizebuli mesxebis” mier Semotanis Sesaxeb da igi

kolxur samyaros davukavSireT. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom borjomis xeobis kremaciuli da e.w. `Sereuli”

samarxebis sruli analogia arc kolxur samyaroSi

eZebnebaT. aq ar gvxvdeba didi koleqtiuri samarxebi – e.w.

`saZvleebi” ise rogorc palurSi [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1977:

95-100], nigvzianSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 71] an urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985:

15-18]. isini arc brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 191] da `wiTel

Suquras” [Трапш, 1969: 149-150] samarxebs hgvanan, sadac

kremacia uSualod samarx ormoebSi xdeboda. (am mxriv

gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos gujareTis xeobaSi, mzeTamzes

samarovnis #26 samarxi, romelzec zemoT ukve gvqonda

saubari [nasiZe, 1990]). araa aRmoCenili uSualod samarovnis

siaxloves mdebare `kremaciuli moednebi”, romlebic sakmaod

damaxasiaTebelia kolxeTisaTvis. ar dasturdeba sruli

kremacia, rogorc magaliTad urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 15-18] an

30

guadixuze [Трапш, 1969: 46-50]. ase rom, kolxur samyarosTan

am mxriv gansxvaveba metia, vidre saerTo (saerToa

nawilobrivi kremacia), magram Cvenis azriT, es mainc ar

gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom aqac swored kolxeTisTvis

damaxasiaTebel meorad dakrZalvasTan gvqondes saqme. miT

umets, rom TviT kolxeTSic am mxriv sakmaod gansxvavebuli

suraTia da calkeuli regionebic garkveuli Taviseburebe-

biT gamoirCeva, (centraluri kolxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT

kolxeTi, brili). am arguments aZlierebs samarxeuli inven-

taric, sadac kolxuri kulturis Zalian Zlieri gavlena

igrZnoba (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno TavebSi

gveqneba saubari). dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi kolxeTSic

da borjomis xeobaSic Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iCens Tavs.

kolxur samarovnebze dakrZalvis sxvadasxva wesis

arsebobas m. trapSi micvalebulTa sxvadasxva socialuri

mdgomareobiT an sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT xsnida [Трапш

1969; 149-150]. m. baramiZe am mosazrebas ar iziarebs. misi

azriT, vinaidan samarxSi (saubaria wiTeli Suquras

samarovanze) daaxloebiT erTnairi nivTebia fiqsirebuli,

sxvaoba dakrZalvis wesSi micvalebulTa socialuri

mdgomareobiT ar unda aixsnebodes [baramiZe, 1998: 246]. aseve

usafuZvlod miaCnia m. baramiZes guadixus da wiTeli

Suquras samarovnebis sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufisadmi

mikuTvnebis mcdeloba, vinaidan am or samarovanzec masala

absoluturad identuria [baramiZe, 1998: 246-247].

Cven savsebiT viziarebT m. baramiZis azrs da vTvliT,

rom borjomis xeobaSi ara Tu erT samarovanze, aramed erT

samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba kidev ufro

amyarebs mis Sexedulebas.

ganixilavs ra guadixus samarovans m. baramiZe ar

gamoricxavs sxvadasxva wesiT dakrZalul micvalebulTa

sqesobriv sxvaobas. amis safuZvels mas aZlevs samarxuli

inventaris analizi, rodesac erTi tipis samarxSi, sadac

31

sruli kremaciaa dadasturebuli ZiriTadad `qaluri”

inventari Warbobs (samajurebi, fibula, sasafeTqle rgoli,

xatisuReli, mZivebi da sxva), xolo meore tipis samarxebSi,

sadac adgili aqvs micvalebulTa nawilobriv kremacias -

`mamakacuri” inventari (culebi, Subispiri, danebi da sxva)

[baramiZe, 1998: 248]. borjomis xeobis samarxebi am varaudis

saSualebasac ar iZleva, vinaidan kremaciul urnebSi dadas-

turebulia rogorc `qaluri” ise `mamakacuri” inventari, e.i.

am wesiT orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi imarxebodnen.

gamoricxavs ra zemoaRniSnul versiebs (sxadasxvagva-

rad dakrZalul micvalebulTa eTnikur da socialur

sxvaobas), m. baramiZe am movlenis Tavisebur axsnasac gvTava-

zobs: `xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT” – wers is, rom `gansxaveba

erTi da igive samarovanze arsebul qronologiurad Tana-

droul dakrZalvis wesSi, erTi eTnikuri jgufis SigniT

sxvadasxva sagvareulo CveulebiT aixsnas?” amis safuZvels

mas merxeulis samarovani aZlevs, romelic mcire moculobis

gamo (40 kv. m) mxolod sagvareulo sasaflao Tu SeiZleba

yofiliyo da sadac dakrZalvis mxolod erTgvaro-vani wesi

dafiqsirda – micvalebulTa meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi

kremaciiT [baramiZe, 1977: 25-26].

am mosazrebas ra Tqma unda aqvs arsebobis ufleba da

garkveuli safuZvelic, magram mainc Zneli dasajerebelia, im

droindeli sazogadoebis patara ujredSi (imdenad pataraSi,

rom micvalebulebs erT sasaflaoze krZalavdnen), esodeni

multireligiurobis arseboba. dakrZalvis wesi ZiriTadad

religiur rwmena-warmodgenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ganviTa-

rebis rac ufro dabal safexurze dgas organizebuli

sazogadoebrivi jgufi da rac ufro pataraa igi, miT ufro

meti saerTo Rirebulebis garSemoa gaerTianebuli. am

RirebulebaTa Soris ki religias, romelic imdroindeli

sazogadoebis ZiriTad ideologias warmoadgenda, albaT

upirvelesi adgili eWira.

32

rodesac madnisWalis samarovanze (Zv.w. XV-XIV s.s.)

arsebul viTarebas ganixilavs, sadac erTdroulad samarxTa

ramdenime tipi Tanaarsebobda (gorasamarxebi, ormosamarxebi,

qvissamarxebi). n. TuSiSvili midis im daskvnamde, rom es

garemoeba socialuri da qonebrivi diferenciaciiT unda

yofiliyo gamowveuli [TuSiSvili, 1972: 81-82].

kolxur tomebSi gavrcelebuli meoradi dakrZalvis

Sesaxeb berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebic mogviTxro-

ben. magaliTad, apolonios rodoselis `argonavtika”,

romelic Zv.w. III saukuneSia Seqmnili [apolonios rodoseli

1970: 187]. masze ufro adreulia nimfodore sirakuzelis

`periplusi” [uruSaZe, 1964: 329], sadac aseve mamakacTa meorad

dakrZalvis ritualzea saubari kremaciis gareSe. `kolxebSi

ar aris miRebuli micvalebul mamakacTa arc dawva, arc

miwaSi Cafvla. gvamebs isini nedl tyavSi axveven da xeebze

kideben, qalebs ki miwaSi asaflaveben” [Латышев, 1886: 698].

msgavs cnobebs gvawvdis ax.w. I saukuneSi moRvawe nikoloz

damaskeli. aseve II saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyis-

Si moRvawe klaudius eleniusi da sxvebi [Латышев, 1886: 419].

magram am avtorebis Tanadroul kolxeTSi maT mier

moyvanili cnobebi arqeologiurad ar dasturdeba. e.i. isini

ufro Zveli cnobebiT sargeblobdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

apolonios rodoselisa da nimfodore sirakuzelis cnobe-

bis Tanaxmad meoradi dakrZalavis rituali mxolod

mamakacTa mimarT gamoiyeneboda, xolo qalebs Cveulebriv

miwaSi flavdnen. nikoloz damaskeli da klavdius eliniusi

ki amgvari sxvaobis Sesaxeb arafers amboben.

afxazeTSi meoradi dakrZalvis rituals aRweren XVII

saukuneSi moRvawe italieli misionerebi. arqanjelo

lamberti [Арканджело Ламберти, 1913: 189-190] da Turqi

mogzauri evlia Celebi [evlia Celebi, 1971: 104].

Zalian sayuradReboa XIX saukunis afxazi moRvawis

solomon zvanbas mier aRwerili afxazTa erTi Cveuleba,

33

rodesac mexiT moklul adamians an saqonels aTavseben oTx

boZze aRmarTul specialur xis koSkSi manam, sanam misgan

mxolod Zvlebi ar darCeboda. amis Semdeg ki Zvlebs miwaSi

marxavdnen [Звамба, 1955: 67-68]. msgavs cnobebs gvawvdian

n. janaSia [Джанашия, 1960: 67-68], Иналафа: 1965, 531-532] da

sxvebi.

Cvenis azriT, borjomis xeobis samarovnebze

dakrZalvis gansxvavebuli wesebis arseboba yvelaze metad

swored sxvadasxva viTarebaSi gardacvlil adamianTa

sxvadasxvagvarad dakrZalviT unda aixsnas, anu xom ar

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kremaciuli samarxebi

arabunebrivi sikvdiliT gardacvlili adamianebisa unda

yofiliyo? am varauds aZlierebs statistikuri monacemebic:

borniReles samarovanze, sadac am periodis 65 samarxi

gaiTxara, kremaciuli urna dafiqsirda mxolod 33 samarxSi,

CiTaxevis samarovanis 44 samarxidan mxolod 9-Si, xolo

kviracxovlis Svidi samarxidan erTSi.

kategoriulad unda gamovricxoT am movlenis axsna

socialuri sxvaobiT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom gansxvave-

biT kolxuri samarovnebisagan, borjomis xeobaSi dakrZal-

vis inhumaciuri da kremaciuli wesi Tanaarsebobs erT

samarxSi, e.i. erT ojaxSi.

kolxuri samarovnebis daTariRebis Sesaxeb jerac araa

erTi azri Camoyalibebuli. Tumca udavoa, rom am samaro-

vanTa ZiriTadi Sre Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba,

mxolod zogierTi samarovnis zeda qronologiuri zRvari

gadmodis Zv.w. V saukunis I naxevarSi (merxeuli, paluri,

larilari da sxva). Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba

agreTve borjomis xeobis CvenTvis saintereso samarxebic.

mecnierebaSi arsebobs sxvadsxva azri kavkasiaSi dak-

rZalvis kremaciuli wesis genezisisa da gavrcelebis gzebis

Sesaxeb. m. trapSi Tvlida, rom kolxur samyaroSi kremacia

Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi Cndeba da rom misi warmoSobisa da

34

sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo [Трапш, 1968:

48].

samxreT kavkasiaSi kremaciis yvelaze adreuli faqtebi

cnobilia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevariT daTariRebul

Zeglebze [Ивановский, 1811: 39]. ufro meti SemTxvevebia

krema-ciisa Suabrinjaos xanaSi. gvianbrinjaos xanidan

kremaciul samarxTa ricxvi ufro matulobs, igi sakmaod

gavrcelebu-lia Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolo da Zv.w. I

aTaswleulis sawyisi saukeneebiT daTariRebul e.w.

`xojalar-qedabekur” Zeglebze [Ивановский, 1911: 148-157]. Zv.w.

VIII-VII saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da centralur samxreT

kavkasiaSi kremaciuli samarxebi did iSviaTobas

warmoadgenda [Абрамишвили, Боxочадзе и др., 1971:370-371] da

mxolod kolxuri samyarosTvis iyo Zalze damaxasiaTebeli

[Козенкова, 1982a: 27].

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I meoTxediTaa daTariRebuli

araratis mTis siaxloves, sof. malaqlusTan aRmoCenili

kremaciuli samarovani _ e.w. `kolumbariumi”, romelic

kldovan miwaSi Cadgmul urnebs warmoadgenda. samarovani

saguldagulod iyo qvebiT dafaruli, TviT urnebi ki Tixis

jamebiT Tavdaxuruli. samarxuli inventari – rkinis danebi,

Subispirebi, isrispirebi, spilenZis WurWeli da samkauli

urnebis gverdiT iyo dawyobili. urnebSi mxolod ferfli

dadasturda, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom micvalebuli

mTlianad iwveboda. inventarTagan zogierTs, mag samkaulsa

da mZivebs aCndaT cecxlSi yofnis kvali – e.i.

micvalebulebs Cacmulebs wvavdnen, Tumca zogierT samka-

uls, mag. samajurebs cecxlis kvali ar etyoboda. urnebad

yovelTvis erTnairi, wiTeli, viwroyeliani, priala zedapi-

riani WurWeli gamoiyeneboda, romelic aseTive ferisa da

faqturis mqone jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli. yvela WurWeli

cal mxares iyo gaxvretili (rogorc Cans, ferflis Cayris

35

win), radgan isini adre albaT sayofacxovrebo daniSnu-

lebiT gamoiyeneboda. b. kuftini am samarovanis araratis

mTasTan arsebobas samxreT kavkasiaSi vanis samefos eqspan-

siiT xsnis da mas urartuli garnizonis sasaflaod miiCnevs.

erTaderTi inhumaciurad dakrZaluli micvalebuli ki,

romelic inventaris gaTvaliswinebiT qali unda yofiliyo.

b. kuftinis azriT, SeiZleba adgilobrivi mcxovrebi –

urartueli jariskacis coli iyo da rogorc Cans, Tavisi

eris tradiciisamebr daasaflaves [Куфтин, 1944: 69-78].

urartul `kolumbariums” ramdenadme waagavs moliTis

samarovanze aRmoCenili kremaciuli urnebi. iseve rogorc

malaqluSi, aqac urnebi kldovan miwaSi (faqtiurad kldis

napralSi) yofila moTavsebuli. magram malaqlus `kolumba-

riumisagan” gansxavebiT aq WurWeli yofila gaxvretili.

samwuxa-rod Zeglis gamomqveyneblebi ar azusteben, urnebSi

sruli kremacia dafiqsirda Tu mxolod nawilobrivi, rac am

SemTxvevaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca uamisodac `kolum-

bariumisagan” mas kidev bevri arsebiTi NniSani ganasxvavebs.

kerZod is, rom aq samarxeuli inventari Sedgeba mxolod

samkaulisagan. urnebi ar iyo gaxvretili da rogorc Cans,

arc erTgvarovani. samarovani Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiTaa

daTariRebuli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].

samxreT kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis wesis gavrcelebis

Taviseburi sqema SemogvTavaza v. kozenkovam [Козенкова, 1982a:

14-33]. m. trapSis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod kozenkovas

miaCnia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli

wesi Semosulia CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kerZod ki ruxtidan

(Cr. oseTi), saidanac is jer mezobel raWis teritoriaze

gavrcelda (brili), Semdeg ki kolxeTis dablobze

[Козенкова, 1982a: 27]. magram mkvlevaris azriT, dakrZalvis es

wesi arc CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvisaa avtoxtonuri da igi aq

samxreT ruseTis stepebsa da volgis qvemo welze mcxovrebi

36

e.w. `Zeluri kulturis“ matarebel xalxTan urTierTobis

Sedegad vrceldeba. Tumca kremacia am kulturaSic gare-

danaa Semotanili da Tu saidan amaze sxvadasxva mosazreba

arsebobs: erT-erTis Tanaxmad is aq andronovos kulturis

fiodorovos jgufTan urTierTobis Sedegad vrceldeba.

[Отрашенко, 1976: 185; Смирнов, 1957: 209-218; Мамонтов, 1980: 175].

v. kozenkova am Sexedulebebs ar iziarebs da Tvlis, rom

Zelur kulturaSi kremacia sabatinovos etapze Semovida

centraluri evropidan an dunaispireTidan, sadac gviani

brinjaos xanidan kremacia dakrZalvis TiTqmis erTaderTi

wesi iyo. e.i. v. kozenkovas mier danaxuli kremaciis

gavrcelebis marSruti aseTia: centraluri evropa, dunaispi-

reTi, samxreT ruseTis stepebi (Zeluri kulturis sabatino-

vos etapi), yobani (ruxta), dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi

(brili), kolxeTis dablobi. amis dasturad v. kozenkovas

yobanSi Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi evropuli

warmomavlobis nivTebis arseboba moaqvs. kerZod, brinjaos

satevrebis zogierTi tipi, keramikuli WurWlisa da

samkaulis zogierTi saxeoba [Козенкова, 1982a:29]. amis

damadastureblad mkvlevari miiCnevs saqarTvelos

teritoriaze aRmoCenil iseT kompleqsebs, rogoricaa

Txmoris da obSkviTis ganZebi.

v. kozenkovas Teoriis mixedviT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis

miwuruls Crdilo kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesisa

da evropuli (dunaispiruli) tipis iaraRisa da samkaulis

gamoCena indoevropeli tomebis dasavleTisaken moZraobas

ukavSirdeba. am periodSi dakrZalvis es wesi Tanaarsebobs

im droisaTvis sayovelTaod gabatonebul inhumaciur wesTan.

e.i. winareyobanur periodSi kremacia im ucxo eTnosis arse-

bobis damadasturebelia, romelic Semdgom adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi aiTqvifa. yobanuri kulturis ZiriTadi

elementebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg dakrZalvis gabatonebul

wesad kvlav inhumacia darCa, kremacia ki arsebobas

37

ganagrZobs Crdilo-kavkasiuri mosaxleobis raRac garkveul

nawilSi da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi samxreT kavkasiaSic,

kerZod kolxuri kulturis arealSi vrceldeba [Козенкова,

1982a: 30-31].

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sruliad gansxvavdeba

v. kozenkovas Teoriisagan l. neCaevas n. Clenovas da

v. krivickis mosazreba. maTi azriT dakrZalvis kremaciuli

wesi CrdiloeTkavkasiuri mosaxleobis arayobanuri nawilis-

Tvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. es mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiuri

warmoSobis unda yofiliyo, sadac maTi azriT, dakrZalvis

kremaciuli wesi `farTod iyo gavrcelebuli”, e.i. isini

gvTavazoben v. kozenkovas marSrutis sapirispiro marSruts,

rodesac kremacia saqarTvelos teritoriidan vrceldeba

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [Кривицкий, Нечиева, Членова, 1978. 20].

yobanur kulturaSi kremaciis gavrcelebis gzebTan

dakavSirebiT arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba, romelic am

movlenas skviTuri kulturis pirdapiri zegavleniT xsnis.

[Любин, 1964: 253-261. Алексеев, 1971: 58. Батчаев, 1979: 27].

CrdiloeT kavkasiis kremaciuli samarxebi iyofa or

jgufad adreulebad, romlebic Zv.w. XIII saukunis II

naxevriTa da Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba (ruxta eSkakoni,

mukulani da sxva) da gviandelebad, romlebic Zv.w. VII-VI

saukuneebiT TariRdeba (bulungu, karabaSevo) orive jgu-

fisTvis damaxasiaTebelia didi saerTo samarxi akldamebis

arseboba, romlis kedlebic qvis filebiTaa nagebi, adreul

etapze ki xis konstruqciebiTac. kremacia xdeboda samarxis

SigniT, samarxeul inventarTan erTad. samarxebi ZiriTadad

koleqtiurebia, Tumca aris sruli kremaciac (karabaSevo).

magram ZiriTadad mainc nawilobrivi kremaciaa gavrcele-

buli. sinqronuli samarxebi gamoirCevian inventaris

absoluturi erTgvarovnebiT da Zalian axlo msgavsebas

38

iCenen yobanisa da Tlias samarovnebis inventarTan. krema-

ciuli urnebi CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis ucnobia.

Cvenis azriT, ar unda iyos marTebuli v. kozenkovas

Teoria kolxur samarxebSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesis

Crdilouri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs

kolxuri (igulisxmeba centraluri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT

kolxeTi) da Crdilokavkasiur samarxebs Soris arsebuli

sagrZnobi gansxvaveba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ar gvxvdeba

kolxeTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saZvle ormoebi. arc

ovaluri formis samarx-ormoebSi Catarebuli kremaciis

ritualia damaxasiaTebeli, ise, rogorc es wiTel Suquraze

da guadixuSia. Crdilokavkasiuri kremaciuli samarxebi

yvelaze met siaxloves brilis kermaciul qvayuTebTan

pouloben da amdenad, yvelaze metad maTi dakavSirebaa

SesaZlebeli, miTumetes Tu maT geografiul siaxlovesac

gaviTvaliswinebT. argumentad ar gamodgeba agreTve

v. kozenkovas mier dadasturebuli evropuli warmoSobis

TiToorola nivTi, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriazea

aRmoCenili, magram adgilobrivi kulturebisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebel kompleqsebSi Sedis. mag: Txmoris ganZSi samxreT

kavkasiisaTvis ucxo nivTis, keltis arsebobas o. RambaSiZe

savsebiT marTebulad samxreT ruseTis stepebTan arsebuli

kulturul-ekonomikuri kavSirebis asaxvad miiCnes [Ramba-

SiZe o., 1963: 77].

amasTanave albaT arc l. neCaevas, n. Clenovasa da

v. krivickis mosazrebaa mTlad marTebuli, vinaidan Zv.w. XIII-

XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze kremacia srulebi-

Tac ar yofila ise `farTod gavrcelebuli”, rogorc amas

isini aRniSnaven, arc kolxursa da Crdilokavkasiur (ruxta)

masalas Soris SeiniSneba didi msgavseba.

yovelive amis fonze yvelaze marTebulad kvlav

m. trapSis mosazreba gamoiyureba, romelic Tvlis, rom

kolxeTis teritoriaze kremaciuli samarxebis warmoSobisa

39

da sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. rogorc

m. hiornesi wers: `ar SeiZleba or sxvadasaxva kulturaSi

SeniSnuli yovelgvari msgavseba maSinve erTi kulturidan

meoreSi Setanilad gamovacxadoT. gansakuTrebiT ki Tu es

sacxovrebel nagebobebsa da samarxebs exebaT” [Гернес, 1914:

80].

ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar gavamaxviloT borjomis

xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi arsebul zogierT

garemoebaze. mag: CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCnda uamravi

Tvis qalis fragmenti. aseve mxolod Tavis qalis

fragmentebi gamovlinda borniReles #7 samrxSi. #11

samarxSi ki erTi inhumaciurad dakrZaluli micvalebuli da

ori Tavis qala aRmoCnda. sakmaod ucnauri SemTxveva

dafiqsirda borniReles #36 samarxSi, sadac micvalebuli

marcxena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli, Tavis qala ki marjvena

yvrimalis Zvalze ido.

am samarxebs garedan raime zemoqmedebis kvali ar

etyobaT. amdenad riT SeiZleba iyos yovelive es gamowveuli

Zneli asaxsnelia.

samarxebSi mxolod Tavis qalebis aRmoCenis faqtebi

mTlad ucxo movlena ar aris. mag.: aseTi suraTi dafiqsirda

RrmaxevisTavis #13 da #15 samarxebSi, romlebic agreTve

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [RrmaxevisaTvis arqeo-

logiuri Zeglebi 1980. 115, 117]. mxolod Tavis qalebi

dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi gaTxril kobalis gvianbrinjaos

xanis samarovanzec [Тушишвили, Амиранашвили, 1987: 18].

SesaZloa aq meorad dakrZalvasTanac gvqondes saqme,

magram vinaidan aseTi ram am samarovnebze mainc sakmaod

iSviaTobaa, gadaWriT amis Sesaxeb jer-jerobiT verafers

ver vityviT.

40

41

42

43

44

Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi

borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Cveni sakvlevi periodis

samarxebSi sakmaod mravlad aRmoCnda sabrZolo iaraRi.

rvelis samarovani am mxrivac gansxvavdeba danarCeni

samarovnebisgan. aq sabrZolo iaraRi garda skviTuri isris-

pirisa (#22 samarxi) ar aRmoCenila. agreTve gamovlinda ori

rkinis culi (#19 da #22 samarxebSi) da cxra rkinis dana

(#6, 7, 19, 22, 32, 40, 45, 48 samarxebSi). magram culebs da miT

umetes danebs wminda sabrZolo iaraRad ver miviCnevT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SesaZloa brZolaSic gamoiyene-

boda, ufro metad albaT mainc sameurneo da sayofacxov-

rebo daniSnuleba hqonda. es miT umetes cxadia rvelis

samarovnis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadac ar dadasturda

iseTi wminda sabrZolo daniSnulebis iaraRi, rogoricaa

maxvilebi, satevrebi da Subispirebi.

rac Seexeba CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles

samarovnebs, yvela am saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRi dadasturda

da sakmaod uxvadac. kerZod, CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda:

ori maxvili (#15 da #22 samarxebSi): cxra satevari (#23,

26, 32, 70, 78, 85 samarxebSi): oci Subispiri (#8, 20, 22, 26, 29,

32, 70, 75, 95 samarxebSi): kviracxovlis samarovanze: oTxi

satevari (#29, 31, 55 samarxebSi) da ori Subispiri (#29

samarxSi).

borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda erTi maxvili (#8

samarxSi), ori satevari (#4 da #8 samarxebSi), cameti Subis-

piri (#2, 4, 8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi), ori isris-

piri (#761 samarxSi), xuTi culi (#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi

umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba iaraRis warmoebaSi.

kerZod Zv.w. VIII saukunidan rkina xdeba mTavari masala

iaraRis dasamzadeblad. Tumca jer kidev mzaddeba brinjaos

an kombinirebuli (`bimetaluri~) iaraRi, Zv.w. VI saukunidan

45

brinjaos iaraRi warmoebidan mTlianad idevneba da mas

rkina cvlis. es tendencia savsebiT asaxulia borjomis

xeobis samarovnebze aRmoCenil masalaSic. aq aRmoCenili

sami maxvilidan erTi (nakluli) rkinisaa (CiTaxevis #22

samarxi), ori ki bimetaluri (CiTaxevis #15 da borniReles

#8 samarxebSi). TxuTmeti satevridan cameti rkinisaa da

mxolod ori brinjaosi (CiTaxevivs #26 da borniReles #92

samarxebSi), TerTmeti culidan rva rkinisaa da sami

brinjaosi da a.S.

m a x v i l e b i. CiTaxevis samarovanze gaTxrili

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli 44 samarxidan

maxvili aRmoCnda mxolod #15 da #22 samarxSi.

#15 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili ido kremaciul urna-

qoTanSi, micvalebulis damwvar Zvlebsa da sxva samarxeul

inventars Soris. igi specialurad iyo moxrili.

es maxvili rkinisaa, Zlier daJanguli, wveris nawili

motexili aqvs, tari aklia, sakmaod viwroa, wverTan odnav

gafarToebuli. mTels sigrZeze dauyveba qedi. sataresTan

odnav Seviwrovebulia. misi zomebia: sigrZe 55.5; udidesi

sigane 0.40; sigane wverTan 0.50 sm. vinaidan mas aklia

iaraRis erT-erTi mTavari komponenti _ tari, ufro albaT

maxvilis pirad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

garda maxvilisa, samarxSi aRmoCnda: brinjaos mrgval-

ganivkveTiani, Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi: ori cali rkinis

Tavgamsxvilebuli, Zlier daJanguli sakinZi, brinjaos

erTwiladi mSvildiseburi fibula.

maxvili aRmoCnda agreTve CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi. es

maxvilic, ise rogorc #15 samarxis amgvari nivTi naklulia,

gaaCnia arasruli tari, magram mainc SedarebiT ukeTesadaa

Senaxuli. sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT Seviwro-

vebuli, SenarCunebuli aqvs forma, brinjaos salte da

qarqaSi. maxvili sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT

46

Seviwrovebuli. vadasTan SemorCenili aqvs brinjaos mxatv-

rulad gaformebuli salte, mis erT mxares samkuTxeduri

RiobebiT gamosaxulia dekori, romelic Zalze mogvagonebs

or gabrwyinebul, sxivebian mzes. maxvilis am farTo rkals

zemoT SemorCenili aqvs viwro da SedarebiT sqeli brinjaos

salte. farTo salte meore mxaresac ramdenime adgilas

amoWrilia da samkuTxeduri RiobebiT Seqmnilia dekora-

tiuli formebi. salte qveviT erT adgilas SeWrilia.

saxelurTan maxvils aqvs ori samanWvle naxvreti, romelSic

SerCenilia erTi bronjaos manWvlis fragmenti. maxvilis

sigrZea 44; sigane manWvlebTan 65.5; saltis sigane 5.7; sigane

Seviwrovebul adgilas 3.3; sigane Sua adgilas 5; sigane

boloSi 4.8; sigane wverTan 1.1 sm (tab. XIII2).

garda maxvilisa #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis kolxu-

ri meore tipis (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT) [jafariZe, 1950]

culi, rkinis masragaxsnili Subispiri, vercxlis sasafeTq-

le rgoli, minis mZivebi da Tixis sami tolCa.

borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili erTader-

Tia, romelsac SemorCenili aqvs taric da piric. igic iseve,

rogorc CiTaxevis #15 samarxis maxvili kremaciul urna-

qoTanSi aRmoCnda, ris gamoc sagrZnoblad moxrilia.

maxvili ganekuTvneba e.w. `bimetalur~ iaraRTa kategorias,

vinaidan aqvs brinjaos tari da rkinis piri.

tari sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: zeda nawili momrgvale-

bulia da SedarebiT farTo, qveviT misi fuZe Cazneqilia da

aqvs Rari, zeviT aRmarTulia Sverili, saidanac gamodis

taris Sua nawili, romelic Seviwroebulia. igi uerTdeba

taris qveda nawils, romelic agreTve SuaSi viwrovdeba.

zeda da qveda nawilebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod mimarTuli

Sverelebi aqvs. fuZe erT adgilas orive mxares naxevrad

wriuladaa SeWrili. maxvili SedarebiT viwroa, misi qveda

nawili odnav Sezneqilia. aqvs wawvetebuli bolo. Sua

adgilas orive mxares dauyveba sakmaod maRali qedi.

47

maxvilis sigrZea 38; taris sigrZe 12; taris zeda nawi-

lis sigane 3; Sua nawilis sigane 1.2; piris udidesi sigane

3.5; sigane wverTan 1.2 sm (tab XIII1).

garda maxvilisa, #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCnda ori

brinjaos Subispiri, rkinis danis natexebi, brinjaos

mrgvalganivkveTiani sakinZi, rkinis Reraki, kremaciul urnad

gamoyenebuli iyo Tixis qoTani, romelic Tixisave jamiT iyo

Tavdaxuruli.

samive maxviliani samarxi zogadad Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-

ebiT TariRdeba, Tumca masSi aris iseTi nivTebi, romlebic

ufro konkretuli daTariRebis saSualebas iZlevian. aseTia

magaliTad CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis kolxu-

ri culi (tab. XXI4). rkinis culebi, romlebic brinjaos

culebis minabaZs warmoadgens gamoCenas iwyebs Zv.w. VII

saukunis meore naxevridan (abramiSvili, 1957: 132-133) daax-

loebiT amave da cotaTi adreuli periodiT unda

daTariRdes borniReles #8 samarxic, romlis urnad

gamoyenebul qoTanSi aRmoCnda Zalze saintereso Subispiri

(tab. XVIII4-5). masris gravirebisa da mxatvrulad gaformebis

stiliT igi axlos dgas e.w. `kolxur-yobanur~ kulturaSi

cnobil masalasTan, romelic Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebis

qronologiur CarCoSi eqceva [amiranaSvili, 1944: 38. �����,

1991]. samTavros Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis fenis samarxebze

dakvirvebisas, r. abramiSvili mivida im daskvnamde, rom am

periodis samarxebSi, momdevno xanis samarxebTan SedarebiT,

meti raodenobiT gvxvdeba brinjaos iaraRi, maT Soris

Subispirebic [abramiSvili, 1957:133], am SemTxvevaSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili

Subispiris msgavseba samTavrulTan.

rkinis maxvilebi specialurad aravis Seuswavlia.

zogadad ki maxvilebisa da satevrebis Sesaxeb bevr mecniers

aqvs saintereso naSromi. mag. g. lomTaTiZis `brinjaos

satevrebi da maxvilebi samTavros uZveles samarxebSi~.

48

brinjaos maxvilebisadmi specialuri Tavia miZRvnili

k. ficxelauris wignSi: `ior-alaznis teritoriaze mosaxle

tomTa uZvelesi kultura~, samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze

aRmoCenili brinjaosa da rkinis maxvilebi vrcladaa ganxi-

luli m. pogrebovas wignSi: “Вооружение и войско Центрального

и Восточного Закавказья в эпохи поздней бронзы и раннего железа” da

“Иран и Закавказье в раннем железном веке”. samTavros samarovanze

gamovlenili maxvilebis daTariRebas exeba r. abramiSvili

Tavis naSromSi `samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili gviani

brinjaosa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis Zeglebis

daTariRebisaTvis~. TrialeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenil

maxvilebs exeba b. kuftini monografiaSi: “Археологические

расскопки в Триалети”. Т. 1. skviTuri maxvilebisadmia miZRvnili

n. sokolskis naSromi: “Вооружение совроматов” da sxva.

maxvilebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi mecnieri

metismetad afarToebs maxvilis cnebas da mas uZvelesi da

umartivesi formebidan momdinared miiCnevs. maxvilebis

prototipebad Tvlian iseT primitiul iaraRs, rogoricaa

xis keti, kaJis satevari da TviT avstraliuri bumerangic ki.

Tumca eTnografiul sinamdvileSi, zogierT pirvelyofil

tomSi dadasturebulia xis maxvilebic, magram es mainc ar

CaiTvleba liTonis maxvilebis prototipad. qarTveli

mecnierebi: g. lomTaTiZe [lomTaTiZe, 1974], a. kalandaZe

[kalandaZe, 1959] da sxvebi im azrisa arian, rom maxvili

brinjaos industriis nayofia da pirvelad Sua brinjaos

xanaSi Cndeba. amis damadastureblad maT moaqvT samTavros

samarovanze yvelaze adreuli, Sua brinjaos xanis yorRanul

samarxSi sakmaod didi, TiTqmis erT metramde sigrZis

maxvilis arseboba [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 102]. g. nioraZe maxvile-

bis prototipad miiCnevda spilenZis farTopirian satevars

49

da metad grZeli piris mqone, winaaziaSi gavrcelebul

najaxs [nioraZe, 1931: 190].

maxvilis damzadeba moiTxovda metalurgiis ganviTare-

bis gansakuTrebul dones. es nivTi gamZlec da magaric

unda yofiliyo. (unda gaeZlo mTeli Zal-RoniT ZgerebisaT-

vis) amitom yvelaze kargi masala mis dasamzadeblad

brinjao iqneboda, Tumca aqa-iq, mag. kretaze aRmoCenilia

spilenZis maxvilebic. specialistebis didi umravlesoba

maxvilebis prototipad satevars miiCnevs da es asec unda

iyos. maxvili albaT sxva araferia, Tu ara didi satevari,

romelic xSirad imeorebs satevris formebs. droTa

ganmavlobaSi ki igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiTebel formas

Rebulobda [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 85]. g. lomTaTiZe zogierTi

evropeli mecnieris (bone, galingi da sxva) msgavsad

satevarisa da maxvilis zomas Soris pirobiT zRvrad 40 sm.

Tvlis da amisda mixedviT gamoyofs da ajgufebs iaraRis am

or saxeobas [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 86].

maxvili SeteviTi iaraRia, igi ZiriTadad xelCarTul

brZolaSi gamoiyeneboda da ori funqcia hqonda: Zgereba -

gangmirva da Cexva. iaraRis formas maTi moxmarebis

ragvaroba ganapirobebda da bunebrivia, rom am faqtorebma

sxvadasxva regionSi erTmaneTis damoukidblad iCina Tavi.

amisda mixedviT iqmneboda maxvilTa sxvadasxva tipi: e.w.

`grZeli maxvili~ saZgerebeli iaraRia da igi Txeli javSniT

aRWurvili mtris winaaRmdeg SesaZloa yofiliyo

gamoyenebuli. Tumca amave dros kveTis funqciac hqonda

SenarCunebuli. e.w. `bolokveTili maxvilebi~ ki SesaZloa

gamoyenebuli yofiliyo mxolod saCexad, e.i. iseTi mtris

winaagmdeg, romelic liTonis javSniT ar iqneboda

aRWurvili. g. lomTaTiZis azriT, aseTi maxvili cxenosani

mebrZolis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da cxendacxen brZolaSi

Zalze mosaxerxebeli [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 87-88]. rac Seexeba

wvermomrgvalebul maxvilebs (swored aseTi kategoriis

50

maxvilebs miekuTvnebian borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili zemoT

naxsenebi sami maxvili), ormagi funqciis matarebeli unda

yofiliyo: saZgerebladac ASeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT da saCex-

sakveTadac. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan rkinis

TandaTan aTvisebasTan dakavSirebiT, maxvilis ganviTare-

baSic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba. brinjaos maxvilebis

gverdiT TandaTanobiT Semodis rkinis maxvilebic, oRond

maT tari brinjaosgan ukeTdebodaT. aseT iaraRs `bimeta-

lurs~ uwodeben. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi yvelaze metad

swored `bimetaluri~ maxvilebia gavrcelebuli. saerTod ki

rkinis maxvilebi Zvw. XII-XI saukuneebidan Cndeba. Jak de

morganis mier musi-ieris samarovnis #472 qvayuTSi aRmoCe-

nil maxvils r. abramiSvili Zv.w. XI saukuniT aTariRebs

[abramiSvili, 1961: 332-333] Zv.w. 1200 wliT TariRdeba iranSi

geoi-Tefeze aRmoCenili Zlier daSlili rkinis maxvilic.

bimetaluri rkinis satevrebi ki gacilebiT adre Cndeba

saqarTvelos teritoriazec. mag. beSTaSenis Coguloviseul

kompleqsSi aRmoCenil rkinis satevars, metad originaluri

brinjaos tariT, r. abramiSvili gvianbrinjaos xanis

adreuli etapiT – Zv.w. XV-XIVss-iT aTariRebs [abramiSvili,

1961: 375].

Zv.w. VIII saukunidan brinjaos maxvilebi TandaTan

adgils uTmoben bimetalur maxvilebs. Zv.w. VI saukunidan ki

maxvilebi mTlianad rkinisaa.

am droisTvis mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare raionebSi,

brinjaos tarebi xSirad inarCunebs TavianT Zvel formebs.

amasTan erTad Zv.w. VIII saukunis bolodan aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebas iwyebs axali tipis

bimetaluri iaraRi, romelTac gansxvavebuli formis tarebi

axasiaTebs. mag. iranuli warmoSobis e.w. orkapa tariani

maxvilebi.

brinjaos figurultarian e.w. `samTavrul~ maxvilebs

b. piotrovski urartudan momdinared miiCnevs, romelTac

51

Seerwya adgilobrivi formac da Seiqmna sruliad axali

`samTavruli~ tipi. [Пиотровский, 1949: 57-59]. amave azrisaa

m. pogrebovac [Погребова, 1984: 49].

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebulia rkinis

maxvilebis sami tipi. esaa `samTavruli~ tipi, e.w. `orkapa~

tariani maxvili da skviTuri akinakebi, romlebic Zv.w. VII

saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas.

gacilebiT Znelad SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi imas, Tu

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul rkinis maxvilebis romel tips

miekuTvneba borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi,

vinaidan, rogorc avRniSneT, sami maxvilidan ors ara aqvs

tari, romelic maxvilis tipis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

ganmsazRvrelia. xolo erTaderTi mTlianad SemorCenili

borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvilis taric rkinis

maxvilebisaTvis sakmaod originaluria da mis zust

analogias samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze Cven ver

mivakvlieT. misi mTavari niSania e.w. `sokoseburi~ Tavi,

romlis zeda nawili momrgvalebulia, xolo qveda nawili

Sezneqili. saerTod e.w. `sokoseburi~ tari sakmaod Zveli

formaa. mag. aseTi tari aqvs egvipteSi aRmoCenil qvis

satevars [nioraZe,E 1931: 190]. egvipturi satevris es tari

ramdenadme waagavs borniReles maxvilis taris zeda nawils,

Tumca maT Soris raime genetikuri kavSiris arsebobis

Sesaxeb laparakic zedmetia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi

sokoseburi Tavi aqvs dablagomSi aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils

[Куфтин, 1949: 38. табл. 11], urekis samarovanis #3 ormosamarxSi

aRmoCenil brinjaos satevars [miqelaZe, 1985: tab. XII],

ergetis samarovanze, adgil naakardamuSi gamovlenil

brinjaos satevarebis tarebs [Микеладзе, Хахутаишвили: 1974.

Табл. LХV]. brinjaos satevrebi gvxvdeba Tlias samarovanze.

mag: #52 samarxSi [Техов, 1981: 38. таб. III]. brinjaos maxvilis

ramdenadme msgavsi saxeluri aRmoCenilia iranSi da rogorc

52

misi gamomqveynebeli m. pogrebova aRniSnavs, igi winaaziuri

warmoSobisa unda iyos [Погребова, 1977: 43].

yvela zemoCamoTvili satevrebi da maxvilebi (garda

iranuli maxvilebisa) aRmoCenilia iseT adgilebSi, romle-

bic kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. es ki SesaZleb-

lobas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom am tipis, e.i. sokosebur-

Taviani taris mqone iaraRma swored aq miiRo farTo

gavrceleba. albaT aseTi tipis tarisgan ganviTarda iseTi

ufro rTuli da daxvewili tarebi, rogoric aqvs

borniReles maxvils. yvelaze metad es tari mogvagonebs

TrialeTSi, sof. beSTaSenSi, adgil safar-xarabasTan

b. kuftinis mier gaTxril #11 samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos

satevris tars da WiaTuris raionis sof. nigozeTSi

SemTxveviT aRmoCenil, mSvenivrad ornamentirebul maxvilis

tars. b. kuftini maT `kolxur-yobanur~ kulturis wres

miakuTvnebs da Zv.w. VIII saukuniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 69].

msgavsi tariani bimetaluri iaraRi aRmoCenilia xaSuris

nacargoraze #502 samarxSi. es taric ornamentirebulia.

samarxi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. [ramiSvili,

2001: 159. tab. IX1618].

aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs im

azrs, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi kolxuri

kulturis wre Sors scildeboda sakuTriv kolxeTis

geografiul CarCoebs da mesxeTsa da borjomis xeobasac

moicavda.

rac Seexeba CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil maxvils

(tab. XIII2), marTalia isic naklulia, tari ara aqvs, magram

gaaCnia brinjaos salte, romelic mSvenivradaa ornamentire-

buli, kerZod, mis erT mxares aRbeWdilia samkuTxeduri

RiobebiT Seqmnili gabrwyinebuli mzis msgavsi ornamenti,

xolo meore mxares ori, wveriT erTmaneTisaken mimarTuli

samkuTxeduri Riobi.

53

tars qvemoT brinjaos salteebi damaxasiaTebelia

samTavruli tipis rkinis maxvilebisaTvis. maTTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia agreTve taris mxatvruli gaformeba. maT Soris

samkuTxeduri RiobebiTac. (mag: samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis

#272 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili). mxatvrulad gaforme-

buli brinjaos salte ki metad iSviaTia, xolo iseTi

ornamentiT damSvenebuli, rogoric aqvs CiTaxevis #22

samarxis maxvils, Cven sxvagan arsad gveguleba.

borniRelis #8 da CiTaxevis #15 samarxebSi aRmoCenili

maxvilebi dazianebul mdgomareobaSia. isini moxrilad iyo

Cadebuli qoTnebSi adamianis damwvar ZvlebTan da sxva

inventarTan erTad. saerTod WirisufalTa mier maxvilebis

Zalad waxdena - moxra sakmaod cnobili movlenaa da xSirad

gvxvdeba. gansakuTrebiT xSiria amgvari faqtebi samTavros

samarovanze. es tradicia cnobilia agreTve saqarTvelos

gareTac. rogorc mezobel regionebSi, ise sinqronuli

periodis evropul kulturebSic [Motzenbaker, 1997: 334-335].

sagulisxmoa isic, rom ufro adreul xanaSi, rodesac

iaraRi ZiriTadad brinjaosagan mzaddeboda, es movlena

ufro iSviaTi iyo da maSin is iaraRis gatexvaSi aisaxeboda.

adreuli rkinisa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi ki es

movlena sagrZnoblad gaxSirda da iaraRis gafuWeba, ufro

xSirad mis moRunvaSi gamoixateboda. Tu ra iyo amis mizezi

Zneli saTqmelia. SesaZloa ramdenime versiis daSveba: iqneb

es dakavSirebuli iyo religiur tradiciasTan, an ubralod

iaraRi Zvirad fasobda da mZarcvelebi mis mosapoveblad

samarxis gaZarcvasac ar eridebodnen da a.S. magram gadaWriT

romelime versiis mtkiceba ra Tqma unda Znelia. aq mxolod

erTi ramis Tqma SegviZlia: borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #15

samarxebSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi Tixis WurWelSi aRmoCnda,

sadac maTi moRunvis gareSe moTavseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca

rogorc avRniSneT, bevria imis magaliTi, rom ganzrax

54

moRunuli maxvilebi xSirad gvxvdeba inhumaciur

samarxebSic.

maxvili iseTi iaraRia, rom misi SiSvlad tareba

SeuZlebelia da aucileblad qarqaSSi unda yofiliyo

moTavsebuli. qarqaSi ki arcTu ise bevria aRmoCenili. es

albaT imiT unda aixsnas, rom is mzaddeboda iseTi

masalisgan, romelic miwaSi didxans ver Zlebda _

ZiriTadad albaT xisgan da tyavisgan. bolo ki SedarebiT

myari masalisgan damzadebuli unda hqonoda, radgan

maxvilis wvers ar gaexvrita an ar gaexia. aseT masalad ki,

rogorc Cans, yvelaze xSirad brinjaos iyenebdnen. Cvenamde

moaRwia araerTma brinjaosgan damzadebulma qarqaSis bolom

(mag. brilis samarovnis Zv.w. VII_VI saukuneebis samarxebSi

aRmoCenili qarqaSis brinjaos boloebi). bevri maTgani

mxatvruladaa gaformebuli da mtacebel cxovels

mogvagonebs. zedapiri Semkulia nair-nairi geometriuli

saxeebiT: spiralebiT, samkuTxedebiT, texili xazebiT.

mogvianebiT, Zv.w. V saukunidan boloebis SemosaWedad

brinjaos sada furclebs xmarobdnen [gobejiSvili, 1959: 192].

CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi maxvilTan erTad aRmoCnda

brinjaosgan damzadebuli qarqaSis bolo. misi sigrZe 20 sm-

ia, sigane zeda nawilSi 6 sm; sigane qveda nawilSi 5.6 sm:

sisqe zeda nawilSi 2 sm; sisqe qveda nawilSi 1.8 sm. is

aRmoCnda micvalebulis xerxemlis ukan da amave samarxSi

aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils ekuTvnoda. qarqaSis zeda nawili

damSvenebulia gverdigverd myofi TavSeqceuli samkuTxa

RiobebiT. mTel sigrZeze dauyveba kanelurebi. qarqaSis

qveda nawils amSvenebs ori, fuZiT erTmaneTisken miqceuli

samkuTxa Riobi. qveda nawilSi erT mxares aqvs samanWvle

naxvreti, xolo zeda nawilSi, Sua adgilas brinjaos

naxevarrkali. qarqaSi maxvilis TiTqmis naxevars faravs

(tab. XIII3).

55

msgavsi qarqaSebi gvxvdeba samTavros samarovanze #174

da #293 samarxebSi. pirveli maTgani Zv.w. VIII da VII

saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. xolo meore Zv.w. VII

saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT [abramiSvili,

1957. tab 1111. 68]. msgavsi qarqaSebi aRmoCenilia karmir-

blurzec [Пиотровский, 1952]. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili

qarqaSi uornamentoa da amiT gansxvavdeba CiTaxevis #22

samarxSi aRmoCenili qarqaSisgan. aseTi qarqaSebi hqondaT

iseT maxvilebs, romlebic `samTavrulad~ iwodebian. amitom

SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi

aRmoCenili maxvilic `samTavruli~ SeiZleba yofiliyo. am

varauds amagrebs aRniSnuli maxvilis saltec, romelic

samkuTxa RiobebiT Seqmnili dekoriTaa ornamentirebuli.

amgvari RiobebiT Seqmnili ornamenti ki bevri samTavruli

maxvilis tars amSvenebs (mag. #70 samarxis cnobili orkapa

tariani maxvili, CrdiloeT ubnis #272 samarxis maxvili,

saTovlis maxvili) da sxva [mcxeTa VI. nax. 678,

badriaSvili, 1953: 232-234].

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, gabatonebulia varaudi, rom

msgavsi brinjaos qarqaSebi mxolod xis an tyavis qarqaSis

boloebia, magram CiTaxevis #22 samarxis qarqaSi iZleva imis

SesaZleblobas, rom vivaraudoT, es qarqaSia da ara qarqaSis

bolo. saqme imaSia, rom aRniSnul nivTs zeda nawilze,

orive mxares aqvs brinjaos naxevarrkali (tab. XIII3),

romelic SeiZleba samxariRlie Tasmis gasayreli yofiliyo,

marTalia qarqaSi maxvils mxolod naxevars faravs, magram

igi savsebiT daicavda meomars iaraRis sxeulSi SerWobisgan,

xolo maxvilis zeda nawils misTvis TviT didi moZraobis

drosac ki ar SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina. gadaWriT imis

mtkiceba, rom es swored ase iyo da ara sxvagvarad Zneli

saqmea, miT umetes, rom Cven jerjerobiT ar gveguleba iseTi

qarqaSebi, romlebsac naxevarrkalebi aqvs.

56

samwuxarod, gadaWriT verafers vityviT, Tu rogori

iyo zemoaRniSnuli maxvilebis tarebis wesi. maTi aRmoCenis

viTareba amaze veraviTar warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis,

vinaidan ori maxvili aRmoCenilia Tixis WurWelSi, xolo

erTi micvalebulis ConCxisagan sakmaod moSorebiT.

saerTod ki maxvilTa tarebis orgvari wesia cnobili.

erTi maTgani mkvlevarTa (g. lomTaTiZe, a. kalandaZe) mier

saxeldeba rogorc `asurul-babilonur-urartuli~ wesi.

aseTad miiCneven isini saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi

dacul urartuli qvis qandakebaze gamosaxul maxvilis

tarebis wess. am qandakebaze Torosan-Cafxutosan mamakacs

marcxena gverdze hkidia grZeli da viwro maxvili, romelic

rogorc Cans, Camokidebulia wels irgvliv Semotymuli

grZeli da farTo TasmiT, sadac rgolia gayrili. samwuxa-

rod qandakeba dazianebulia da samxariRlie nawili kargad

ver SeimCneva. yovel SemTxvevaSi savaraudoa, rom igi

marjvena mxarze yofiliyo gadakidebuli.

maxvilTa tarebis es Cveuleba saerTod gansxvavdeba im

wesisgan, romelic boRazqois bareliefzea gamosaxuli. aq

maxvili qarqaSSia garWobili. g. lomTaTiZisa da a.

kalandaZis azriT, maxvilTa tarebis samTavruli wesi,

ZiriTadad `urartul-asurul-babilonuris~ msgavsi yofila.

e.i. es maxvilebi aRWurvili yofila samxariRlie TasmiT

(portupeiT) [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 43. kalandaZe, 1959: 174].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil

maxvils qarqaSis zeda nawilSi aqvs ori naxevarrkaluri

brinjaos Sverili, romelic SesaZloa Tasmis gasayrelic

yofiliyo. Tu es varaudi sworia, maSin am maxvils albaT

daaxloebiT iseve atarebdnen, rogorc samTavrul maxvilebs

_ e.i. `urartuli-asuruli-babilonuri” wesiT. TviT maxvili

Cveni varaudiT `samTavruli” maxvilebis tips unda

miekuTvnebodes.

57

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi – e.i. Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebSi, rkinis iaraRis gverdiT jer kidev xmarebaSia

brinjaos iaraRic (Subispirebi, culebi, isrispirebi da

sxva), magram maxvilebi ratomRac ZiriTadad yovelTvis

rkinisagan mzaddeba, mxolod tari Tu ukeTdeboda

brinjaosi. gvian brinjaos xanis Semdeg TiTqmis arsad

vxvdebiT brinjaos maxvilebs. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?

jer erTi, maxvili xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli

iaraRia da igi gacilebiT gamZle unda yofiliyo, vidre sxva

iaraRi. amitomac igi gamZle da magari masalisagan –

rkinisagan mzaddeboda. meore, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

maxvili privilegirebuli pirebis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da

xSirad rigiT mebrZolebs arc hqondaT. g. lomTaTiZe

maxvils `oficrul” iaraRsac ki uwodebs [lomTaTiZe, 1974:

155]. Tu es marTlac ase iyo gasagebia, rom `oficruli”

iaraRi ufro Zvirfasi da saimedo masalisgan iqneboda

damzadebuli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi am mosazrebas amagrebs

Semdegi garemoebebic: CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenili

maxvilis salte mxatvruladaa gaformebuli. savaraudod

misi taric iseve rogorc bevri sxva bimetaluri iaraRis

tari aseTi iqneboda. garda amisa samarovnebze sul sami

maxvilia aRmoCenili, maSin rodesac am periodis samarxebSi

sakmaod uxvadaa iseTi iaraRi, rogoricaa Subispirebi da

satevrebi. is samarxebi ki, romlebSic maxvilebi aRmoCnda

SedarebiT mdidrul samarxebs warmoadgenen. yovelive es ki

Cveni varaudiT amyarebs im azris siswores, rom maxvilebi

marTlac ar iyo Cveulebrivi `rigiTi mebrZolebis” iaraRi

da igi privilegirebuli pirovnebis iaraRs da SesaZloa misi

xelisuflebisa da ierarqiuli mdgomareobis simbolos

warmoadgenda.

s a t e v r e b i. satevrebi da maxvilebi arsebiTad

erT wyarodan mokle satevridan gamomdinare iaraRia,

58

satevari sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo xangrZlivi drois

ganmavlobaSi, brinjaos xanidan XX saukunemde.

termini ,,satevari” samecniero literaturaSi g. lomTa-

TiZem daamkvidra [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 41]. is ZiriTadad dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi ixmareboda, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi sityva xanjali Seesityviseboda.

satevari xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli iaraRia.

igi ZiriTadad saZgereblad gamoiyeneboda da maxvilisagan

gansxvavebiT kveTa-Cexvis funqcia ar hqonda. saqarTvelos

teritoriaze satevrebi adrebrinjaos xanidan iwyebs

gamoCenas. iaraRis es saxeobac, iseve rogorc maxvilebi,

monografiulad Seiswavla g. lomTaTiZem [lomTaTiZe, 1974].

manve mogvca brinjaos satevrebis klasifikacia samTavros

samarovanze aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT. mkvlevarma

brinjaos satevrebi dayo or tipad da ramdenime qvetipad.

pirveli tipi g. lomTaTiZis klasifikaciiT aris e.w.

`foTliseburi” satevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv sam

qvetipad iyofa. 1) uqedo satevrebad; 2) viwroqedian

satevrebad da 3) farToqedian satevrebad. II tips ganekuTv-

neba brinjaos tariani satevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv or

qvetipad iyofa: 1) Sedgeniltarian da 2) mTlianadsxmul

satevrebad.

rkinis xanaSi satevrebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad matu-

lobs. isini ra Tqma unda umetesad rkinisganaa damzadebuli,

Tumca iseve rogorc maxvilebs, garkveul etapze tari

brinjaosgan ukeTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom

garkveul periodSi rkinis satevrebi brinjaos satevrebis

formebs imeorebda.

kolxeTis teritoriaze adrerkinis xanaSi aRmoCenili

satevrebis klasifikacia mogvca T. miqelaZem [miqelaZe, 1985:

34-40]. brinjaos satevrebs igi or tipad yofs: 1) wagrZe-

lebuli foTlis formis orferda satevrebad da 2) mTlia-

nadsxmul satevrebad. pirveli tipis satevrebSi is or

59

qvetips gamoyofs: 1) gluvzedapirian da linziseburgani-

kveTian satevrebs da 2) erT da or mwkriva RarebiT Semkul

satevrebs, romlebsac mkveTri rombiseburi an aseve mkveTrad

SemaRlebuli, oRond momrgvalebuli ganivkveTi aqvT

[miqelaZe, 1985: 35].

T. miqelaZis klasifikaciiT rkinis satevrebi or jgu-

fad unda gaiyos: satevrebad, romlebic genetikurad kolxur

samyaros ganekuTneba da skviTuri samyarosTvis damaxasia-

Tebel satevrebad.

TviT kolxuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel satevrebs

T. miqelaZe ramdenime tipad yofs: pirvel tips Seadgens

rkinis kolxuri satevrebi, romlebic brinjaos prototipe-

bidan momdinareobs da romlebic am prototipebis msgavsad

or tipad iyofa: linziseburganikveTian yunwian satevrebad

da Rarebian satevrebad, mkveTrad rombiseburi an momrgvale-

buri ganikveTiT [miqelaZe, 1985: 39].

meore tipia viwro da grZeli satevrebi, SuaSi maRali

momrgvaleburi qediT da sworkuTxa satareTi, romelsac

erTi an ori samanWvle aqvs.

mesame tipi ki brinjaostariani rkinis satevaria

[miqelaZe, 1985: 39].

T. miqelaZis klasifikaciisagan garkveulwilad gansxva-

vebuli sqema SemogvTavaza r. papuaSvilma. man kolxeTis

samarovnebze aRmoCenili brinjaos satevrebi sam jgufad

dayo. TiToeul jgufSi gaaerTiana ramdenime tipi, xolo

maTgan gamoyo ramdenime varianti. igi calke tipad

ganixilavs biemtalur satevrebs [papuaSvili, 19-42].

Tlias samarovanze aRmoCenili satevrebis formalur-

tipologiuri dayofisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebs exeba

b. texovic [Техов, 1977: 87-110].

CvenTvis yvelaze misaReb da optimalur variantad T.

miqelaZiseuli klasifikacia CavTvaleT da borjomis xeobaSi

aRmoCenili satevrebis ganxilvisas swored mas veyrdnobiT.

60

misi klasifikaciis sqema amgvaria: kolxeTSi aRmoCenili

satevrebi or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: brinjaosa da rkinis

satevrebad. brinjaos satevrebSi ori tipi gamoirCeva:

yunwiani da mTlianadsxmuli. yunwiani satevrebic or

qvetipad iyofa: linziseburganivkveTianebad da daRarul-

pirianebad.

rac Seexeba rkinis satevrebs, T. miqelaZe maT 6 saxeo-

bad yofs: 1) yunwian satevrebad, romlebic brinjaos proto-

tipebidan gamomdinareoben da am prototipebis msgavsad or

qvetipad iyofian: linziseburganivkveTian da Rarebian

satevrebad. 2) sworkuTxatarian satevrebad. 3) brinjaos

figurultarian satevrebad. 4) rkinis satevrebad, romlebsac

figuruli brinjaos tari aqvT da imeoreben brinjaos

pirveli tipis mTlianadsxmuli satevris formas. 5) rkinis

satevrebad sokoseburTaviani tariT, romelsac T. miqelaZe

kolxeTSi garedan Semotanilad miiCnevs. 6) rkinis satevre-

bad romlebic mesame saxeobis brinjaos satevrebis formas

imeoreben da romlebic e.w. `winaaziuri~ tipis satevrebs

miekuTvnebian [Микеладзе, 1990: 58-59. табл. XXV]. calke

ganixilavs is skviTuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel

satevrebs - e.w. akinakebs.

CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovnebis

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxxebSi aRmoCnda

15 satevari. CiTaxevis samarovanze cxra (#23, 26, 32, 70, 78, 85

samarxebSi) aqedan Svidi rkinisa da ori brinjaosi.

kviracxovlis samarovanze oTxi #29 (2 c.) 31, 55 samarxebSi.

oTxive rkinisa. borniReles samarovanze #4 da #8

samarxebSi, aqedan erTi brinjaosi da erTi rkinisa. CiTaxevs

#26 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevari ki e.w. `bimetaluri~

iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba, radgan mas aqvs rkinis piri

da brinjaos tari (tab. XIV-XV).

brinjaos satevrebi yvela naklulia. maT tari akliaT

da amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, satevris pirebs ufro

61

warmoadgenen. samive maTgani yunwiania. borniReles #4

samarxSi aRmoCenil satevars yunwze aqvs erTi samanWvle

naxvreti. xolo CiTaxevis #70 da #85 samarxebSi aRmoCenil

satevrebs sami samanWvle naxvreti gaaCnia - orive mxarze da

yunwze (tab. XIV1,3,5). samive satevari qediania da wagrZele-

buli rombiseburi ganikveTiT.

erTaderTi bimetaluri satevari aRmoCnda CiTaxevis

#26 samarxSi. igi oTx natexadaa SemorCenili, piri swori

aqvs da boloSi mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli, dauyveba arc Tu

maRali qedi. ganikveTi wagrZelebuli rombiseburia. tari

damagrebulia sami manWvliT. taris Ziri SedarebiT farToa,

vada ZirTan Seviwrovebulia, romelic TandaTan farTovdeba.

vadis bolo momrgvalebulia (tab. XV6).

rac Seexeba rkinis satevrebs, maTi umravlesoba

yunwiania. aqvT swori piri, romelic Zirisaken mkveTrad

viwrovdeba. yunwze da mxrebze datanebuli aqvT samanWvle

naxvretebi. isini brinjaos satevrebis minabaZebs warmoadge-

nen (tab. XIV-XV).

am mxriv gamonaklisia kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi

aRmoCenili rkinis satevari. igi sakmaod grZeli da Zlier

wawvetebulia. satareze SemorCenili aqvs brinjaos erTi

manWvali, emCneva arcTu maRali qedi. ganikveTi wagrZele-

buli rombiseburia (tab. XV1).

am satevrebs mravlad eZebnebaT paraleli rogorc

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise mis farglebs gareT.

CiTaxevis #23 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevari (tab. XIV2),

ramdenadme emsgavseba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze

kolxur-yobanur samyaroSi gavrcelebul brinjaos mxreb-

daqanebul satevris pirebs. msgavsebas iCens agreTve cxinva-

lis nacargoraze aRmoCenil satevarTan [gobejiSvili, 1952:

94]. imis gamo, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi rkinis iaraRi

brinjaos prototipebis mibaZviT keTdeboda, es satevaric am

periodiT unda daTariRdes. miT umetes, rom am TariRs

62

Seesabameba samarxSi aRmoCenili sxva inventaric: fibula

sakinZi da sxva.

kviracxovlis #31 da #55, agreTve borniReles #4

samarxSi aRmoCenili satevrebi sakmaod axlo msgavsebas

iCenen somxeTSi noratusis samarovanze aRmoCenil erT-erT

satevarTan [Мартиросян, 1980. Табл IV1]. es nivTebi da agreTve

birniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari (tab.

XIV1) Zalian hgavs kolxeTis teritoriaze gamovlenil

rkinis da brinjaos satevrebs. mag: urekis samarovanze

aRmoCenil rkinis satevrebs: #10 samarxSi dadasturebul

linziseburganivkveTian satevars da #1 samarxSi aRmoCenil

rkinis satevars [miqelaZe, 1985: 34-35. tab. XII33; XX12; XIX4].

aseve axlo msgavsebas iCenen nigvzianis samarovnis #3

dasakrZalav ormoSi aRmoCenil satevrebTan [miqelaZe, 1985.

tab. XLI7,8,9].

borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari

(tab. XIV1) ganekuTvneba T. miqelaZis klasifikaciis yunwiani

satevrebis pirvel qvetips, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

SedarebiT gluvi zedapiri da linziseburi ganikveTi,

danarCeni amgvari nivTebi miekuTvneba im tipis rkinis

satevrebs, romlebic brinjaos satevrebis formas imeorebs.

agreTve T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis rkinis satevrebis

meore tips, romelTac axasiaTebT swori, viwro piri da

sworkuTxa satare erTi an ori samanWvle xvreliT. msgavsi

satevrebi aRmoCenilia paluris, wiTeli Suquras da sxva

samarovnebze [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974: 104; Трапш, 1969: 178.

табл. XXI].

sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia kviracxovlis #29

samarxis rkinis satevari (tab. XV1). igi sakmaod arqauli

formisaa da r. abramiSvilis qronologiuri Skalis mixed-

viT Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957

tab. I.813] aseTive formis brinjaos satevari aRmoCnda sofel

gomnaSi sakmaod arqaul kompleqsSi _ brinjaos diskoseburi

63

gulsa-kidTan, brinjaos kolxur culTan da sxva

inventarTan erTad [nioraZe, 1944:204, tab. XIII]. kviracxovlis

#29 samarxSi satevarTan erTad aRmoCnda Subispiri, rkinis

moxrili dana, Tixis doqi da sasmisi. CamoTvlili nivTebi am

samarxis Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreuli xaniT daTariRebis

saSualebas ar iZleva. rac Seexeba rkinis satevris formas,

misi arqauloba albaT imaze metyvelebs, rom borjomis

xeobaSi sakmaod myaradaa SemorCenili iaraRis damzadebis

Zveli tradicia, rac am SemTxvevaSi misi Zveli formis

SenarCunebaSi gamoixata.

S u b i s p i r e b i, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da

borniReles Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxeb-

Si aRmoCnda 35 Subispiri, rac raodenobrivad aWarbebs yvela

sxva saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRs. CiTaxevis samarovanze

dafiqsirda 20 egzemplari _ #8, 20, 22, 26, 29, 32, 70, 75, 95,

samarxebSi. kviracxovlis samarovanze ori _ #29 samarxSi.

borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda cameti Subispiri, _ #2, 4,

8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi. maTgan mxolod oria

brinjaosi (CiTaxevis #95 da borniReles #8 samarxebSi)

danarCeni ki rkinisa.

rogorc cnobilia, Subispirebi TavianTi zomis mixed-

viT iyofa sakuTriv Subispirebad da xelSubispirebad.

sxvadasxva iyo maTi funqciuri daniSnulebac. Subispiri

saZgerebel iaraRs warmoadgenda: xolo xelSubispiri asru-

lebda rogorc saZgerebel, ise satyorcni iaraRis funqcias.

zemoaRniSnuli 35 Subispiridan zomis mixedviT mxolod

erTi _ borniReles #71 samarxSi aRmoCenili iaraRi SeiZ-

leba CaiTvalos xelSubispirad (tab. XVI1).

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Subispirebis klasifika-

cia mogvca l. saxarovam [saxarova, 1973: 82-94]. misi azriT, es

periodi masriani Subispirebis farTod gavrcelebis xanaa da

rogorc tipologiurad, ise teqnikurad ganviTarebis

64

umaRles dones aRwevs. Zv.w. VIII saukunidan brinjaos Subis-

pirebi TiTqmis wyvets arsebobas da maT rkinis Subispirebi

cvlis, Tumca es ukanasknelni Zalze xSir SemTxvevaSi

brinjaos Subispirebis formebs imeoreben.

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi piris moyvanilobis

mixedviT Subispirebis oTxi tipi gamoirCeva: 1) foTliseburi

an viwropiriani; 2) foTliseburi met-naklebi variantebiT;

3) aliseburi da 4) samkuTxapiriani. rogorc wesi, yvela am

tipis Subispiri masragaxsnilia [saxarova, 1973: 82-84].

pirveli tipis Subispirebi umetesad damaxasiaTebelia

aRmosavlurqarTuli kulturisaTvis da samxreT kavkasiis

samxreT-aRmosavleT regionebisaTvis. aris maTi aRmoCenis

SemTxvevebi dasavleTY saqarTveloSic, magram Zalze

iSviaTad.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli meore tipis Subispirebia.

is gavrcelebis ufro did arealsac moicavs, magram

umetesad mainc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba.

mesame tipis Subispirebi saqarTveloSi ufro mcire

raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili da TiTqmis yvela kolxuri

kulturis wres ganekuTvneba (Tumca rogorc l. saxarova

aRniSnavs, am tipis Subispirebi aRmoCenili yofila mesxeT-

javaxeTSic, sadac Zalian Zlieri iyo kolxuri kulturis

gavlena).

meoTxe tipis _ samkuTxapiriani Subispirebi mxolod

afxazeTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili.

pirveli da meore tipis Subispirebs morfologiuri

TvalsazrisiT Zalze Rrma fesvebi aqvs. maTi adreuli

formebi ukve Sua brinjaos xanaSi iwyebs arsebobas (nuli,

qvasaTali) gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi ki ufro metadaa

gavrcelebuli. am droidan ukve xmarebaSi Semodis rkinis

Subispirebi da isini swored am formiT arian

warmodgenilni.

65

pirveli da meore tipis Subispirebi samxreT kavkasiaSi

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasarulisa da I aTaswleulis dasaw-

yisSi Cndeba, eseni arian viwropiriani rkinis Subispirebi,

romlebsac masraze brinjaos salteebis aqvs Semovlebuli

[Погребова, 1965: 16]. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukunidan ki mTlianad

batondebian rkinis Subispirebi da amave periodSi yalibdeba

maTi axali tipebi.

mkveTrad farTovdeba maTi gavrcelebis geografiuli

arealic, Tumca mainc xerxdeba zogierTi lokaluri

variantis gamoyofa. amave periodSi Subispirebis xvedriTi

wili SeiaraRebaSi mkveTrad izrdeba. amaze Tundac Cvens

sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenili Subispirebis raodenobac

metyvelebs. izrdeba Subispirebis zomebic. ufro xSirad

TviT pirisa da ara masrisa (xSirad piri am iaraRis 2/3

nawilia). es tendenciac garkveulwilad aisaxa borjomis

xeobis masalaSic.

Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT

daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili yvela Subispiri masra-

gaxsnilia. tipologiurad yvela maTgani, met-naklebi

variaciebiT ganekuTvneba l. saxarovas klasifikaciis meore

tips, anu foTlisebr Subispirebs. sxvadasxva variacia

gamoixateba Subispirebis calkeuli detalebis propor-

ciebSi da maT zomebSi. gvxvdeba SedarebiT viwro, wagrZele-

buli Subispirebi (mag: borniReles #8 an CiTaxevis #20

samarxSi tab. XVI5, XIX1,2); moklepiriani da grZelmasriani

Subispirebi (kviracxovlis #29, CiTaxevis #70 da #32

samarxebSi) (tab. XVI4, XVII3,5). moklemasriani da grZelpi-

riani Subispirebi (borniReles #71 da #92 samarxebSi) (tab.

XVI2,3); viwropiriani Subispiri (CiTaxevis #32 samarxi) da

mokle, originaluri Subispiri amave samarxidan (tab. XVII4).

yvela Subispirs dauyveba sxvadasxva simaRlis qedi. yvela

maTgani wagrZelebulrombiseburganivkveTiania.

66

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia borniReles #8 samarxSi

aRmoCenili brinjaos Subispiri. mSvenivrad gravireburi

masriT (masze ufro dawvrilebiT qveviT SevCerdebiT).

borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili Subispirebi bevr

paralels poulobs rogorc aRmosavleT, ase dasavleT

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili amave periodis da ufro adreul

SubispirebTan. agreTve saqarTvelos farglebs gareT

aRmoCenil analogiur masalasTan.

qvemo qarTlSi, beSTaSenSi aRmoCenil erT-erT Subis-

pirTan poulobs msgavsebas borniReles #71 samarxSi

aRmoCenili Subispiri [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. VI3,4).

beSTaSenSi gamovlenili zogierTi Subispiri garkveul

msgavsebas amJRavnebs borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenil

rkinis SubispirTan (tab. XVIII2). Tumca borniReles Subis-

pirs masrisa da piris SeerTebis adgilas ramdenime amoRa-

ruli xazi dauyveba. maTTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs agreTve

borniReles #23 samarxSi aRmoCenili Subispirebic.

TrialeTSi, wiwamurisa da Taqqilisanis adrerkinis xanis

samarovnebze gvxvdeba moklepiriani da grZelmasriani

Subispirebi [Куфтин, 1941. табл. XXXV], romelic topologiu-

rad waagavs kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi aRmoCenil rkinis

Subispirs (tab. XVII5).

sakmaod axlos dgas borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili

Subispirebi somxeTSi cnobil analogiur masalasTan.

magaliTad borniReles #2 da #23 samarxebSi aRmoCenili

Subispirebi. msgavsebas poulobs noratusis samarovnis #10

samarxSi cnobil erT-erT SubispirTan [Мартиросян, 1964: 209.

рис. 81а].

borjomis xeobis Subispirebi forma-moyvanilobiT

msgavsebas iCens dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul

SubispirebTanac. mag. borniReles #71 da #92 samarxebSi

aRmoCenili Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi dafiqsirda nigvzia-

nis #1 samarx-ormoSi [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XLI26], afxazeTSi -

67

wiTeli Suquras samarovanze [Трапш, 1969: 129 табл. XIII].

analogiuri Subispirebi mravladaa aRmoCenili samTavros

samarovnzec. mag. borniReles #25, 46, 71, 92 samarxebSi (tab.

XVI2,3) aRmoCenil Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi Sesulia r.

abramiSvilis qronologiur SkalaSi da Zv.w. IX-VIII

saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli [abramiSvili, 1957; tab. I131].

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, borniReles #8 samrxSi

aRmoCnda brinjaos gravirebuli Subispiri, romlis masraze

gamosaxulia ori erTmaneTisgan zurgSeqceuli fantastiuri

cxoveli (tab. XVIII4,5). TviT faqti, am Subispiris borniRe-

les #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCenisa (igi urna-qoTanSi

oTxad gatexil mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda), metad sayuradRebo

da mniSvnelovania, radgan am tipis iaraRi Zv.w. VII saukuneSi

TiTqmis gamosulia xmarebidan, garda amisa, es Subispiri

formiT sakmaod arqaulia. am mxriv igi waagavs TrialeTSi,

safar-xarabas #19 samarxSi aRmoCenil Subispirs [Куфтин,

1941. табл. XIV]. Tumca am ukanasknelis piri ufro metad

wawvetebuli da foTliseburi moyvanilobisaa da arc

ornamenti amkobs. safar-xarabas es samarxi gvianbrinjoas

xaniT TariRdeba da b. kuftini kolxuri kulturis wres

miakuTvnebs [Куфтин, 1941: 213] formiT is aseve waagavs

somxeTSi, noratusis #10 samarxSi aRmoCenil erT-erT

Subispirs, oRond es ukanaskneli mkveTrad wawvetebulia.

noratusis es samarxi Zv.w. VII_VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba

[Мартиросян, 1964: 209. рис. 81a]. rac Seexeba am Subispiris

masraze arsebul gamosaxulebas (tab. XVIII5), aSkarad

kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. am mxriv siaxloves

iCens udes ganZSi [CubiniSvili, javaxiSvili, 1959: 59-62] da

eSeraSi aRmoCenil SubispirebTan [Куфтин, 1949: 212]. yvelaze

metad ki mainc bogvis Subispirs hgavs, romlis masrazec

aseve orTaviani cxovelebia gamosaxuli [fancxava, 1988: 31

XX1]. udes ganZi a. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier

68

Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili, 1959:

59-62] xolo, l. facxavas mier Zv.w. IX saukuniT [fancxava,

1988: 59]. msgavsi gamosaxulebiT Semkulia urekSi aRmoCenili

brinjaos Subispirebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT

TariRdeba [qoriZe, 1965: 45].

Subispirebi gvxvdeba rogorc inhumaciur, ise

kremaciul samarxebSi. Zalze xSiria erT samarxSi ramdenime

Subispiris aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi. mag. CiTaxevis #32

samarxSi aRmoCnda cxra, xolo #70 samarxSi sami Subispiri.

kidev ufro xSiria erT samarxSi or-ori Subispiris aRmoCe-

nis faqtebi. kremaciul urnebSi aRmoCenili Subispirebi

sagangebod arian moxrili. xolo borniReles #8 samarxSi

gamovlenili brinjaos Subispiri, rogorc ukve vTqviT

oTxad iyo gatexili. es SeiZleba im ubralo mizezs mivawe-

roT, rom sxvagvarad maTi urnaSi moTavseba SeuZlebeli

iqneboda. sagangebod moxrili Subispirebi dadasturebulia

inhumaciur samarxebSic, rac garkveul ritualTan unda iyos

dakavSirebuli i. motcenebekeri Tvlis, rom rkinis iaraRis

ZaliT gafuWebis, moRunvis tradicia kavkasiisTvis mSobliu-

ri ar unda iyos da ufro metad sinqronuli periodis

(rkinis xanis) evropaSi cnobil wesebs waagavs [Motzenbaker,

1997: 341].

sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba. CiTaxevis #20 da

#29 samarxebSi Subispirebi wveriT miwaSi iyo CarWobili.

msgavsi faqtebi dadasturebulia somxeTSic, xrtanocis

samarovanze [Мартиросян, 1954], rac garkveul ritualze unda

miuTiTebdes. is faqti, rom am or regionSi garda saerTo

formisa, saerTo ritualic arsebobda, xom ar miuTiTebs

imaze, rom maT Soris ara mxolod kulturul-ekonomikuri,

aramed ufro Rrma kavSirebic unda yofiliyo, rac

garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa da tradiciebis msgavsebaSi

gamoixateboda.

69

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom Subispirebi kolxuri

materialuri kulturisaTvis ar Cans ise damaxasiaTebeli,

rogorc iaraRis sxva saxeobebi _ mag. satevari an culi

[papuaSvili, 1998: 47]. es albaT ufro centralur kolxeTs

exeba, vinaidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTidan Subispirebi

sakmao raodenobiTaa cnobili. borjomis xeoba ki am mxriv

centraluri kolxeTisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba da

Subispirebi, rogorc Cans, yvelaze ufro popularuli da

gavrcelebuli iaraRi yofila.

i s r i s p i r e b i. rvelis, CiTaxevisa da

borniReles samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebis samarxebSi

aRmoCnda aTi isrispiri: ori rvelis #22 samarxSi; eqvsi

CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi da oric borniReles #761 samarxSi.

amaTgan cxra brinjaosia da mxolod erTi (CiTaxevis #73

samarxSi) rkinis (tab. XX3).

rvelis #22 samarxSi dadasturebuli isrispirebi

ganekuTvneba e.w. ,,skviTur~ isrispirebis tips. isini

samfrTiani, masriani isrispirebia. erTi maTgani naklulia,

nawilobriv motexili aqvs masra da frTebi. samarxSi, sadac

isini dadasturda aRmoCnda erTi micvalebulis cudad

daculi ConCxi, romelic marjvena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli.

garda isrispirebisa aq aRmoCnda rkinis culi. rkinis

moxrili dana, brinjaos sakinZi da sxva nivTebi. samarxi Zv.w.

VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT unda

daTariRdes. erT-erTi mTavari damaTariRebeli swored

samfrTini `skviTuri~ isrispirebia.

CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda eqvsi isrispiri. xuTi

maTgani brinjaos e.w. `yunwian-frTadaSvebul~ isrispirebs

ganekuTvneba. Tumca maTSic SeiZleba ramdenime gansxvave-

buli tipis gamoyofa. erTi maTgani (tab. XX4) SedarebiT

patara zomis, mokleyunwiani da uqedoa. danarCeni oTxi ki

70

grZelyunwianebia, qedianebi, grZlad daSvebuli ,,frTebiT~

(tab. XX1,2).

borniReles #761 samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos ori

gansxvavebuli tipis isrispiri: erTi maTgani ganekuTvneba

e.w. `fuZeamoRarul~ samkuTxa, firfitovan isrispirebis tips,

romelsac erTi naxvreti aqvs. meore ki yunwiania, aseve

brinjaos Txeli firfitisgan damzadebuli. Ggarda amisa

aRmoCnda patara zomis frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebic (tab.

XX7,8). borniReles #761 e.w. `Sereul” samarxSi sabrZolo

iaraRebidan mxolod es ori isrispiri aRmoCnda. inventarSi

ZiriTadad samkauli-sakinZebi, Zewkvebi, mZivebi, samajurebi

Warbobs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom samarxi SesaZloa qalis

yofiliyo.

borniReles #761 samarxSi aRmoCenili samkuTxa isris-

pirebi gavrcelebas gvianibrinjaos xanis adreul safexurze

iwyeben. isini rogorc wesi, brinjaos an spilenZis Txeli

firfitisgan arian dazadebuli, fuZe amoRaruli aqvT, xolo

wveris maxloblad naxvreti aqvT datanili. isrispirTa es

saxeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic ganagrZobs

arsebobas, Tumca am periodSi igi zogjer rkinisagan an

Zvlisgan mzaddeboda. kolxeTis teritoriaze ki arsebobas

amgvari tipis kaJis isrispirebic ganagrZoben. am tipis

isrispirebi pirvelad samTavros samarovanze Cndeba da 600-

700 wlis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amis gamo `samTav-

ruli~ isrispirebis saxeliTacaa cnobili. isini ZiriTadad

Zv.w. XI-X sakuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas da masiur gavrcele-

bas, Tumca Semdegac didi xnis manZilze arseboben. amgvari

isrispirebi aRmoCenilia samTavros #7, 83, 89, 95, 206 ormo-

samarxebSi [mcxeTa VI, 1982: 101 sur. 419, 109. sur. 573; 126 sur.

824; 129 sur. 854; 134 sur. 881]. TbilisSi _ saburTaloze,

navTluRSi [qoriZe, 1958: 89. sur 63.2] da sxva. isini rogorc

Cans, ZiriTadad mainc Sida qarTlis teritoriaze arian

gavrcelebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi samTavros gvianbrinjaosa

71

da gardamavali periodis samarxebisaTvis mxolod amgvari

isrispirebia damaxasiaTebeli [qoriZe, 1958: 30-31].

borniReles #76 samarxi e.w. `Sereul~ samarxs warmoad-

gens, sadac dadasturda dakrZalvis rogorc inhumaciuri,

ise kremaciuli wesi. krecmaia ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreul xanaSi am regionisTvis ucxoa.

garda amisa, samarxSi aris iseTi nivTebi, romlebic mas

swored Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs. mag. Tixis

sasmisebi brinjaos xatisuReli da sxva. amave dros, amave

samarxSi dadasturda iseTi arqauli nivTi, rogoricaa

brinjaos Tavxvia sakinZi. Tumca es ukanaskneli, Cvenis

azriT, damaTariReblad ver gamodgeba (am sakiTxze ufro

dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi gveqneba saubari). ase, rom

aRniSnuli samarxi Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreuli ar unda iyos

da amdenad am tipis isrispirebic am dromde da iqneb ufro

gvianac ganagrZoben arsebobas. yovel SemTxvevaSi borjomis

xeobaSi mainc.

isrispirebis erT-erT yvelaze mravaleicxovan da

kargad Camoyalibebul tips warmoadgens e.w. `yunwiani~

isrispirebi. am tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSania samkuTxa piri,

oTxkuTxa an rombuli ganivkveTiT. maxvili daSvebuli

frTebi da sxvadasxva ganivkveTis (mrgvali, oTxkuTxa) yunwi.

am tipis isrispirebi yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiis aRmosavleT

regionebisTvis da zogjer `aRmosavleTamierkavkasiuri~

isrispirebis saxeliTaa cnobili [Куфтин, 1941: 56]. Tumca is

arc dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa mTlad ucxo. jer kidev

XX saukunis pirvl naxevarSi am tipis isrispiri aRmoCnda

sof. dablagomSi da b. kuftinma is yunwiani isrispirebis

kolxur variantad miiCnia [Куфтин, 1949: 144]. T. miqelaZe

urekis samarovanze mopovebuli yunwiani isrispirebis

aRwerisas aRniSnavs, rom am tipis isrispirebis kolxuri

varianti aRmosavleTamierkavkasiurisagan gansxvavdeba for-

72

mis simartiviTa da naklebad diferencirbulobiT. kerZod

maT ar aqvT SuaSi Tavidan bolomde gamWoli qedi. dReisaT-

vis kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealze amgvari

isrispirebi damowmebulia paluris saZvleze [oqropiriZe,

baramiZe, 1974: 108, tab. XIX27], muxurCis samarovanze [Гогадзе

1984 :30]. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am tipis iaraRis

gavrcelebis qronologiuri CarCo Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebs

moicavs [abramiSvili, 1957: 368-369].

yunwiani samkuTxa isrispirebi gavrcelebulia ara

mxolod samxreT kavkasiaSi, aramed mcire aziasa da egeosur

samyaroSi, sadac isini Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan

Zv.w. VIII saukunemde funqcionireben. maT egviptidan an

anatoliidan momdinared miiCneven, Tumca uSveben SesaZleb-

lobas, rom orive am regionSi iaraRis es tipi erTmaneTisgan

damoukideblad iyos Seqmnili [Snodgrass, 1964: 141]. b. kuftini

yunwian kolxur isrispirebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli produqciis kolxeTSi asimilirebul for-

mad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1950: 118]. yunwiani rkinis isrispirebi

brinjaos prototipebTan SedarebiT mcire raodenobiTaa

aRmoCenili. isini damowmebulia rkinis farTo aTvisebis

xanis kompleqsebSi (mag #211 ormosamarxSi). Aamgvari iaraRi

gamoCenas savaraudod Zv.w. X s-is dasawyisSi iwyebs da Zv.w.

VII s-is pirvel naxevramde arsebobs [abramiSvili 1961: 350,

363; tab. V2].

borniReles #761 da CiTaxevis #73 samarxebSi

aRmoCenil yunwian frTebdaSvebul isrispirebs paralelebi

eZebnebaT samTavros samarovanze, mag. #268 ormosamarxSi.

iseve rogorc borniReles #761 samarxSi, aqac aRmoCenilia

brinjaos Txelfirfitovani isriswverebi, romelTagan erTi

yunwiania, ori ki uyunwo – fuZeSezneqili da gaxvretili

[mcxeTa IV. sur 8222]. isini narekvavis samarovanzec gvxvdeba

[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV, XLII, LI].

73

msgavsi yunwiani samkuTxa frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebi

gvxvdeba urekis samarovnis #2 dasakrZalav ormoSic

[miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XII26,27,39]. isini siaxloves amJRavneben

agreTve somxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenil isrispirebTan mag.

artikidan [Хачатрян, 1963: 58 рис. 7].

Zv.w. VIII saukunis bolodan samxreT kavkasiaSi farTod

vrceldeba e.w. `skviTuri~ isrispirebi. kolxeTSi da im

teritoriaze, romelic kolxuri kulturis arealadaa

miCneuli, skviTuri isrispirebi naklebad gvxvdeba. mag.

Tlias samarovanze mxolod erTi aseTi isrispiria dadastu-

rebuli [miqelaZe, 1985: 41]. borjomis xeobaSi ki, sadac

sakmaod mZlavrobs kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

elementebi, garda rvelis samarovnisa skviTuri isrispiri

(oRond orfrTiani) sof. qvabisxevSicaa aRmoCenili [nioraZe,

1944: 186].

skviTuri samfrTiani isrispirebi yvelaze metad Zv.w VI

saukuneSi aris gavrcelebuli. r. abramiSvilis qronolo-

giuri Skalis mixedviT, samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili

am tipis isrispirebi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da

Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I63,65,66].

msgavsi isrispirebi aRmoCenlia afxazeTSi yulanurxvas

samarovnis #5 samarxSi. m. TrafSis azriT, isrispirebis es

tipi sakmaod arqaulia da Zv.w. VI saukunesa da SesaZloa

Zv.w. VII saukunis bolosac miekuTvnebodes [Трапш, 1970: 135.

табл. V. 18, 19, 20]. aseTive isrispirebi, romlebic somxeTSi,

karmir-blurzea aRmoCenili Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxev-

riT TariRdeba [Пиотровский, 1950: 86. рис. 55].

rvelis samarovnis #22 samarxis damaTariRebladac

swored es isrispirebi gamodgeba da igi Zv.w. VI saukuniT

unda ganisazRvros.

ra Tqma unda, sami skviTuri isrispiris aRmoCena (ori

rvelSi da erTi qvabisxevSi) sulac ar unda miuTiTebdes aq

74

skviTuri eTnikuri elementis arsebobaze. am tipis iaraRi im

droisTvis Zalze popularuli iyo da did teritoriaze

gavrcelebuli. miT umetes, rom borjomis xeobaSi ar

dasturdeba skviTuri kulturis arc erTi sxva elementi.

c u l e b i. rvelis, CiTaxevis da borniReles sakvlevi

periodis samarxebSi aRmoCnda 11 culi. maTgan rvelis

samarovanze ori: #19 da #22 samarxebSi orive rkinisa.

CiTaxevis samarovanze xuTi (#22, 26, 29, 32 samarxebSi). erTi

brinjaosi da ori rkinisa. borniReles samarovanze oTxi

(#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi) erTi brinjaosi da sami rkinisa.

kviracxovelis samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. samarxebSi arc

erTi culi ar aRmoCnda.

zemoCamoTvlili culebi oTx tipad iyofa: 1) brtyeli

culi (borniReles #1 samarxi); 2) kolxuri culebi meore

tipisaa (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT) _ CiTaxevis #22

samarxSi; 3) hibriduli culebi; 4) rkinis culi, romelic

brinjaos culebis formas ar imeorebs (CiTaxevis #28

samarxSi).

sakmaod saintereso da garkveulwilad unikaluria

borniRelis #1 samarxSi aRmoCenili brtyeli culi. Tumca

SesaZloa is am samarxis kuTvnilebac ar iyos, vinaidan

aRmoCenilia samarxis Tavze kulturul fenaSi.

igi rkinisaa, aqvs brtyeli, sworkuTxedis moyvanilobis

satare, odnav dazneqili mxrebi, ,,gamoyvanili” tani, sustad

morkaluli, mxrebTan SedarebiT odnav viwro piri.

rogorc cnobilia, brtyeli culi sakmaod gavrcele-

buli iaraRi iyo drois garkveul monakveTSi da vrcel

teritoriaze. mis genezisze, daniSnulebaze da tipebze

araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli Tavisi mosazreba.

brtyeli culebis tipobrivi dayofa ganaxorciela

b. kuftinma. klasifikaciis amosaval wertilad man im

iaraRisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gverdiTi Sverilebi miiCnia

75

da amis safuZvelze sami ZiriTadi tipi gamoyo: kbiliseburi,

mxrebiseburi da blagvkuTxa Sverilebiani. am ukanasknels

Soris man kidev ori qvetipi gamoyo: farTo da viwro

quslianebi. amave dros ganasxvavebda ormag da sammag

yalibSi Camosxmul culebsac [Куфтин, 1944: 30-32].

kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi aRmoCenili

brtyeli culebi Seiswavla o. jafariZemac. man ori tipi

gamoyo. kbilismagvari Sverilebiani (am tipis culebi ZiriTa-

dad kolxeTis mTianeTSi, raWa-leCxumSia gavrcelebuli) da

mxrebismagvari SverilebiT [Джапаридзе, 1953: 291-300].

vrceli naSromi miuZRvna brtyel culebs d. qoriZem.

man am iaraRis sami tipi gamoyo. Seecada Tvali gaedevnebina

misi genezisisa da gavrcelebis arealisaTvis [qoriZe, 1969:

5-28]. pirvel saxeo-baSi man gaaerTiana gverdiTi Sveriliani

brtyeli culebis is jgufi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-

belia sworkuTxa formis, SedarebiT dabali, bolosken

gaTxelebuli satare, mxrebismagvari gverdiTi Sverilebi.

SedarebiT mokle, maRali da zogjer asimetriuli

gamoyvanili piri [qoriZe, 1969. tab. I]. meore saxeobaSi

mkvlevarma gaaerTiana brtyeli culebi, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT maRali, oTxkuTxa, zogjer

bolosaken odnav gafarToebuli satare, mkveTrad

gamoxatuli da momrgvalebuli gverdiTi Sverilebi, maRali

da Tanabari siganis tani, soluri, dabali da morkaluli

piri, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani [qoriZe, 1969. tab. I]. amgvari

culebis absoluturi umravlesoba raWa-leCumisa da

svaneTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili. mesame saxeobaSi d.

qoriZem gaaerTiana iseTi culebi, romelTaTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia samkapa satare Sverilebi, romlebic

ZiriTadad maRla arian mimarTuli, ganieri da welSi

gamoyvanili tani, morkaluli simetriuli piri (zogjer

sakmaod maRali da asimetriulic). amgvari culebis nawili

calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli, nawili ki ormag yalibSi. am

76

tipis culebSi mkvlevarma ori qvesaxeobac gamoyo: pirveli

qvesaxeobis iaraRi arsebiTad imeorebs ZiriTadi saxeobis

aRnagobas, magram SedarebiT patara da viwroa da Tanac

mxolod calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli [qoriZe, 1969. tab. II1].

meore qvesaxeobaSi gaerTianebulia kaxeTis teritoriaze

aRmoCenili brtyeli culebis ramdenime egzemplari. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sqeli, viwro, welSi gamoyvnili tani,

ganieri, odnav morkaluli piri oTxkuTxa satare, aseTive

oTxkuTxa, boloebmomrgvalebuli SverilebiT [qoriZe, 1969.

tab. II2].

amave dros d. qoriZe aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos

teritoriaze aRmoCenilia brtyeli culebi, romlebic arc

erT zemoTCamoTvlil tips ar miekuTvnebian. aseTTa Soris

ki asaxelebs borjomis raionis sof. BbalanTaSi (javaxeTi)

aRmoCenil brtyel culs [qoriZe, 1969:10-11]. es culi

SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili da adgilobriv glexs akad.

n. berZeniSvilisTvis gadaucia javaxeTSi mogzaurobisas. am

ukanasknels ki prof. t. CubiniSvilisTvis [RambaSiZe o., 1984].

culi ormag yalibSia Camosxmuli, aqvs eqvsad dawaxnagebuli

odnav Sezneqili tani, horizontalurad ganStoebuli,

sakmaod farTe mxrebi da odnav morkaluli, asimetriuli

piri [qoriZe, 1969. tab IV].

pirveli saxeobis culebs d. qoriZe Zv.w XII-XI saukune-

ebiT aTariRebs, meore saxeobisas Zv.w. XI-VIII saukuneebiT,

xolo mesame saxeobis culebs Zv.w. XIII-VIII saukuneebiT

[qoriZe, 1969: 13-14].

yvela zemoT naxsenebi mkvlevari ganixilavda mxolod

brinjaos brtyel culebs da araferi aqvT naTqvami rkinis

brtyeli culebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, iaraRis es saxeoba

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic ganagrZobs arsebobas,

Tumca araa ise gavrcelebuli, rogorc adre da arc iseTi

popularulia, rogorc sxva saxeobis culebi.

77

brtyeli culi arsebobas sakmaod adreuli xanidan

iwyebs. Zalian saintereso egzemplaria napovni TeTriwyaros

raionSi, adrebrinjaos xanis yorRanul samarxSi [gobeji-

Svili, 1958: 131].

aseTive iaraRi cnobilia saCxeridanac. zugdidis

raionis sofel maxariaSi 1926 wels SemTxveviT upovniaT

patara zomis uSverilo, martivi formis brtyeli culi,

romelsac b. kuftini `eCos” uwodebs da Sua brinjaos xaniT

aTariRebs (igi yuamilian culTan erTad iyo napovni)

[Куфтин, 1944. табл. II2]. adreuli brtyeli culebi napovnia

saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic [d. qoriZe, 1969: 13].

d. qoriZis azriT, gvianbrinjaosa da mis momdevno

xanaSi, rodesac xmarebaSia kolxuri da aRmosavlurqarTuli

culebis farTo asortimenti, brtyeli culebidan mxolod

da mxolod gverdiT Sverilebiani saxeobebia cnobili. amave

dros is aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT

saqarTvelos did, sawarmoo regionebSi mxolod am

mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brtyeli culebi ukeTebiaT da

iSviaTad Tu moxvdeboda ama Tu im mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli egzemplari sxva, Tundac mosazRvre mxareSi [qoriZe,

1969: 13].

borniRelis samarovanze aRmoCenili brtyeli culi

gamoirCeva SedarebiT martivi formiT. ara aqvs gverdiTi

Sverilebi, arc mkveTrad gamoyvanili tani, arc Sverilebiani

tardasagebi. amdenad, igi ar miekuTvneba d. qoriZiseuli

klasifikaciis arcerT saxeobas da yvelaze met siaxloves

balanTis culTan iCens. amasTan, mas ufro maRali satare

aqvs. odnav ufro naklebad Sezneqili gverdebi da ufro

simetriuli piri. Cvenis azriT, orive culi erTi tipisaa. am

msgavsebas Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia o. RambaSiZem. man

borniRelis culi satare nawiliT ordus ganZis culsac

miamsgavsa [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca Cveni azriT, ordus da

borniReles culebs garda imisa, rom sworkuTxedis

78

moyvanilobis satare aqvs, sxva erTmaneTTan araferi

akavSirebT. samagierod, axlo msgavsebas iCens borniRelis

culi Tlias samarovnis rkinis brtyeli culTan, romelic

Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis fenebSia aRmoCenili. oRond Tlias

culs SedarebiT swori mxrebi da ufro metad gamoyvanili

tani aqvs [Техов, 1985. табл. 1533]. rogorc cnobilia adreuli

rkinisa da zogjer rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic rkinis

iaraRi da sxva nivTebic brinjaos xanaSi gavrcelebuli

analogiuri nivTebis mibaZviT mzaddeboda. mag: satevrebi,

maxvilebi, Subispirebi, culebi da sxva. amgvar SemTxvevasTan

unda gvqondes saqme balanTisa da borniRelis culebTan

dakavSirebiTac.

o. RambaSiZe borniRelis brtyel culze dakvirvebam

kidev erT saintereso daskvnamde miiyvana. man yuradReba

miaqcia borjomis xeobisa da samcxis eTnografiul

sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli xis dasamuSavebuli iaraRis

e.w. `fxeCos” msgavsebas borniRelis brtyel culTan da

SesaZleblad miiCnia, maT Soris raRac genetikuri kavSiris

arsebobac [RambaSiZe o., 1984].

brtyeli culebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi

sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi mkvlevari, mag., talgreni

fiqrobda, rom is samTo saqmisaTvis gamoiyeneboda

[Tallgren, 1912: 24]. n. trubnikova mas tyavis dasamuSavebel

iaraRad Tvlida [Трубникова, 1947: 49-53]. aseve fiqrobda g.

nioraZec [nioraZe, 1984: 13]. xis dasamuSavebel iaraRad

miiCnevdnen brtyel culebs d. qoriZe da o. RambaSiZe

[qoriZe, 1969: 27. RambaSiZe, 1963: 17].

Cvenis azriT, brtyeli culi imgvari iaraRia, romlis

gamoyeneba Tanabari warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli yvela zemoCa-

moTvlili saqmisaTvis. sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva adgi-

las mas albaT sxvadasxva funqciis Sesruleba uxdeboda.

tyiT mdidar borjomis xeobaSi ki albaT, yvelaze metad

swored xis dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen.

79

balanTa da borniRele garkveulwilad erT

geografiul regionSia moqceuli. ori Zalian msgavsi, Tumca

qronologiurad SesaZloa sakmaod daSorebuli culis

aRmoCena, xom ar iZleva varaudis safuZvels, rom samxreT

saqarTvelo miviCnioT im mxared sadac am tipis brtyeli

culebi mzaddeboda da vrceldeboda? Tumca orad ori

egzemplari amis Tamamad Tqmis safuZvels namdvilad ar

iZleva, miT umetes, rom msgavsi iaraRi sakmaod daSorebul

regionSi, Tlias samarovanzecaa aRmoCenili.

metad saintereso brinjaos culebi aRmoCnda CiTaxevis

#26 da borniReles #92 samarxebSi.

CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCenili culi mogrZo

formisaa. mas aqvs swori, dabali, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli

tani, Tanabrad morkaluli yuis Tavi, mogrZo ovalis formis

satare xvreli, tanisagan Tanabrad gamoziduli niRrebi,

sakmaod dabali fxa da simetriuli, morkaluri piri (tab.

XXI3). culTan erTad CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCnda:

brinjaos erTwiladi mSvildiseburi fibula, brinjaos

sartylis garsakravis fragmentebi, brinjaos sqeli fir-

fitisagan damzadebuli samajuri, brinjaos ovalurganivkve-

Tiani samajuri, rkinis culi (kolxuri), rkinis satevris

piri, rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos grexilReroiani xatis-

uReli, calyura, kanelurebiani Tixis sasmisebi da

sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli nairnairi mZivebi.

msgavsi culi aRmoCnda borniReles #92 samarxSi. mas

aqvs brtyeli odnav Cazneqili yuis Tavi (romelsac SuaSi

Rari dauyveba). swori, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani, ovaluri

satare xvreli, sakmaod maRali, tanidan Tanabrad gamozi-

duli fxa da simetriulad morkaluli piri (tab. XXI2).

masTan erTad samarxSi aRmoCnda: rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos

qamris garsakravis fragmentebi, samajurebi (maT Soris

arqauli ieris mqone masiuri Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi),

brinjaos frTiseburi abzindebi, brinjaos firfitovani

80

beWdebi, brinjaos mrgvalganivkveTiani sayure, brinjaos

firfitovani sakidebi, sardionis mZivebi da ramdenime Tixis

WurWeli.

orive samarxi maTSi aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT

Zv.w. VIII s. meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VII saukuniT TariRdeba.

am culebma da agreTve CiTaxevis samarovnis Zv.w. X_XI

saukuneebiT daTariRebul #58 samarxSi aRmoCenilma msgavsma

culma imTaviTve miipyro mkvlevarTa yuradReba. vinaidan

isini aerTianeben rogorc kolxuri, ise `aRmosavleTamier-

kavkasiuri~ culebis elementebs. o. RambaSiZe maT `hibri-

dul” culebad moixseniebs [RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1974.

RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1987].

specialuri naSromi miuZRvna am tipis culebs

l. saxarovam [saxarova, 2001: 171-172]. man garda zemoaRniS-

nuli egzemplarebisa am tipis iaraRs miakuTvna culebi

axalcixidan, artanuj-tanZoridan, udes ganZidan. yvela maT-

gani istoriuli samcxis (mesxeTis) teritoriazea aRmoCe-

nili. garda amisa, man am tipis culebs miakuTvna culebi

aWaridan: Caisubnisa da sixaliZeebis ganZebidan, saRoreTi-

dan da zotidan.

udes ganZi al. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier

Zv.w. XI-X saukuneebiT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili,

1959: 59-62], r. abramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT

[abramiSvili, 1961: 324-325], xolo l. fancxavas mier Zv.w. IX

saukuniT [fancxava, 1988: 73]. Caisubnis ganZi d. qoriZis mier

Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, xolo al.

ramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT [qoriZe, 1965: 20;

ramiSvili a., 1974: 100]. sixaliZeebis ganZi, romelic

hibriduli culebis oTx mTlian da or naklul egzemplars

Seicavs Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [kaxiZe, mamulaZe,

2000: 74]. amave periodis unda iyos culi saRoreTidan

[ramiSvili a., 1974. tab XV5; saxarova, 2001: 171]. zotis culi

ki l. saxarovas azriT, ufro gviandeli unda iyos. amis

81

sabuTad, mas is garemoeba moaqvs, rom es culi yvelaze

axlos dgas CiTaxevisa da borniRelis culebTan [saxarova,

2001: 171]. rac Seexeba axalcixisa da artanuj-tanZoris

culebs, mkvlevaris azriT, udes ganZis analogiurni arian

da SesaZloa maTi Tanadroulnic [saxarova, 2001: 171].

rogorc vnaxeT, am tipis culebis arsebobis qronolo-

giuri diapazoni sakmaod didia. yvelaze gviandelia

Caisubnis, CiTaxevis, borniRelisa da SesaZloa, zotis

culebi.

mTavari niSnebi, romlebic yvela maTgans aerTianebs

aris swori da brtyeli yuis Tavi, dabali, swori tani da

simetriulad morkaluli piri. amdenad, zeda nawiliT isini

kolxur culebs gvanan, qveda nawiliT ki e.w. `aRmosavleT-

amierkavkasiur” culebs. isic niSandoblivia, rom maTi

umetesoba aRmoCenilia iseT regionSi, sadac sakmaod mZlav-

radaa warmodgenili rogorc kolxuri, ise aRmosavlur-

qarTuli kulturis elementebi (igulisxmeba istoriuli

samcxis teritoria, romlis SemadgenlobaSi borjomis

xeobac Sedioda). amitomac l. saxarovam wamoayena winadadeba

am tipis culebisaTvis ,,mesxuri” culebi gvewodebina. rac

Cvenc savsebiT SesaZleblad da misaRebad migvaCnia. Tumca

mainc ,,hibriduls” vamjobinebT.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am tipis yvela culi

mxolod brinjaosganaa damzadebuli. maT Soris borjomis

xeobaSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebic, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebiT TariRdeba da rkinis culebTan Tanaarsebobs

(CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi ,,hibridul“ culTan erTad rkinis

culic aRmoCnda). samwuxarod am tipis culebs ar

CatarebiaT trasologiuri kvleva. iqneb isini raime

gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneboda.

rkinis culebi zogadad or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa:

1) culebad, romlebic genetikurad brinjaos culebs

ukavSirdebian da met-naklebi variaciebiT maT formebs

82

imeoreben da 2) culebad, romlebsac TviTmyofadi formebi

gaaCniaT da brinjaos industrias ar ukavSirdebian.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli jgufis culebi aSkara

genetikur kavSirs amJRavnebs brinjaos kolxur culebTan,

formis absolutur ganmeorebas adgili mainc ara aqvs da es

albaT, rkinis metalurgiis teqnikuri TvisebebiT aixsneba.

yvelaze metad am tipis rkinis culebi kolxuri II tipis

culebis formebs imeorebs (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT).

rkinis kolxuri culebi cnobilia rogorc sakuTriv

kolxeTis, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriidanac.

isini gvxvdebian afxazeTSi, guadixusa da wiTeli Suquras

samarovnebze [Трапш 1969: 56, табл. XI6,9; 183 табл. XIX10,11]. soxumis

mTaze Zv.w. XII-X ss. daTariRebul samarxeul kompleqsebSi

[kalandaZe 1954: 34, 51, tab. XXXIV1]. Tlias samarovanze [Техов

1985. табл.1463, 1472, 1503] da.a.S. sakmaos didia maTi arsebobis

qronologiuri CarCoc – Zv.w. XII_X saukuneebidan (soxumis

mTa, vidre Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebamde (nigvziani, Tlia,

borniRele da sxv.).

centraluri kolxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili

masalis mixedviT rkinis culebis tipologiuri klasifika-

cia SemogvTavaza r. papuaSvilma [papuaSvili, 1988: 44-45]. im

tipis culebSi, romlebic TavianTi formiT brinjaos

culebs ukavSirdeba, man ori tipi gamoyo: pirveli tipis

ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania maxvili yua, romelic mas

brinjaos pirveli tipis kolxur culebTan aaxlovebs.

piris formis mixedviT ki is met saerTos kolxuri

culis II tipTan amJRavnebs da amdenad, am tipis rkinis

culSi Serwymulia pirveli da meore tipis brinjaos

kolxuri culebis Taviseburebani [papuaSvili, 1998: 45 tab.

XVIII4].

meore tipSi r. papuaSvili iseT culebs aerTianebs,

romlebic CaquCiseburi yuiT, morkaluli asimetriuli piriT

da ovaluri satare xvreliT xasiaTdeba. am niSnebiT isini

83

maqsimalurad uaxlovdebian TavianT brinjaos prototipebs

_ meore tipis kolxur culebs [papuaSvili, 1998: 45, tab.

XVIII5].

aseve or tipad yofs mkvlevari im rkinis culebs,

romlebic brinjaos culebis formebs ar imeorebs. saerTo

niSnebi, rac am culebs gaaCniaT aris viwro, wagrZelebuli

yua da aseve viwro da wagrZelebuli piri (pirisa da yuis

sigane Zailian uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs). pirveli tipi

xasiaTdeba maRali, viwro da maxvili yuiT, wagrZelebuli

viwro piriTa da ovaluri satare xvreliT. xolo meore

tipis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania maRali, odnav

gafarToebuli da wakveTili yua. maT zogjer ,,yuakverian~

culebsac uwudeben [papuaSvili, 1998: 45. tab. XVIII6].

rkinis culebi, romlebic brinjaos culis formebs

imeorebs, garda sakuTriv kolxeTisa aRmoCenilia aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, mag. TrialeTSi,

beSTaSenis samarovanze [Куфтин, 1941: 45. рис. 43.]; Tlias

samarovanze [Техов, 1985. табл. 1472, 1503]; borjomis xeobaSi da

sxva. rogorc zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, da savsebiT marTebu-

ladac, amgvari rkinis culebi kolxuri warmoSobisaa da

isini, brinjaos kolxuri culebis arsebobis xanaSi _ Zv.w.

VII saukunis meore naxevarSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen [miqelaZe,

1985: 34].

rac Seexeba im rkinis culebs, romlebic brinjaos

culis formas ar imeorebs ,,yuakveriani" culis saxeliTacaa

cnobili.

mkvlevarTa nawili mas skviTur samyaros ukavSirebs da

amis ZiriTad argumentad is moaqvT, rom amgvari culebi

Zalze xSirad iseT kompleqsebSi arian aRmoCenili, sadac

skviTuri nivTebis siWarbea [Погребова, 1969: 183-187]. m. pogre-

bovas azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am tipis culebi kargad

aris warmodgenili rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, agreTve somxeTSi (golovino,

84

musi-eri), maTi gavrcelebis centri mainc Crdilo kavkasiis

aRmosavleTi nawilia [Погребова, 1969: 183]. dasavleT

saqarTve-loSi msgavsi culebi cnobilia yulanurxvas

samarovanze, brilSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ dvanis

nekropolze, Tlias samarovanze _ yvela maTganze skviTur

inventarTan erTad [Погребова, 1969: 183-187].

borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba rogorc brinjaos prototi-

pebis minabaZi, ise maTgan gansxvavebuli rkinis culebi.

CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis culi warmoadgens

brinjaos kolxuri (II tipis) culis minabaZs. igi aRmoCnda

komplqsSi, sadac dadasturebulia zemoaRniSnuli brinjaos

hibriduli culi, bimetaluri satevari, brinjaos fibula,

calyura kanelurebiani sasmisebi da sxva. samarxi Zv.w. VII

saukuniT unda daTariRdes. msgavsi culebic ZiriTadad am

periodSia gavrcelebuli. amave jgufs miekuTvneba CiTaxevis

#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis culic. igi aRmoCnda

bimetalur maxvilTan, brinjaos qarqaSTan, rkinis grZel-

pirian da moklemasrian SubispirebTan, rkinis moxril

danasTan da calyura sasmisebTan erTad. am kompleqsis

gaTvaliswinebiT samarxi Zv.w. VII saukuniT unda daTariRdes.

am SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaTariRebeli, swored

rkinis culia.

rac Seexeba CiTaxevis samarovanis #29 samarxSi aRmoCe-

nil culs, igi im kategorias miekuTvneba, romelsac araferi

aqvs saerTo brinjaos kolxur culebTan da romelic

r. papuaSvilma Tavis SkalaSi amgvari culebis meore tipad

gamoyo [papuaSvili, 1998: 45. tab. XVIII7]. msgavsi culebi

aRmoCenilia nigvzianis samarovanis #12 samarx-ormoSi

[papuaSvili, 1998: 46.], samTavros #212, 99, 8, 27, 14 samarxebSi

[abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I. 7,8,9], Tlias samarovanze [�����, 1985.

tab. 1062; 1374; 1411; 1451]. r. abramiSvilica da b. texovic

samTavrosa da Tlias im kompleqsebis TariRs, sadac es

culebi aRmoCnda Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevariTa da Zv.w.

85

VI saukuniT gansazRvraven. CiTaxevis #29 samarxic iq

aRmoCenili nivTebis (rkinis Subispiri, rkinis danebi) da

zemoaRniSnuli culis mixedviT, albaT amave periodiT unda

daTariRdes.

amdenad, borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis

samarxebSi aRmoCenili culebi, miuxedavad raodenobrivi

simcirisa, sakmaod asaxaven im tendencias, rac am iaraRis da

misi calkeuli tipebis genezisisa da ganviTareba-

gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT xdeboda imdroindel kavkasiaSi.

rogorc Cans, borjomis xeobac sakmaod aqtiurad yofila am

procesSi CarTuli.

86

Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli

nivTebi

rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles sama-

rovnebis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi mopove-

buli masalis mniSvnelovan nawils samkauli da samoselTan

dakavSirebuli nivTebi Seadgens. iSviaTia samarxi, sadac

amgvari nivTebi ar dadasturebula. isini gamovlinda

rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi, ise kremaciul urnebSi.

rvelis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSire-

buli nivTebi dafiqsirda Cvidmet samarxSi. aq aRmoCnda: sami

vercxlis da ori brinjaos sayure (#7, 54, 51 samarxebSi);

ori brinjaos da ori rkinis samajuri (#51 da #54

samarxebSi); vercxlis ori sasafeTqle rgoli (#8 samarxSi);

brinjaos Zewkvebi (#44 da #45 samarxebSi); sami brinjaosa

da erTi rkinis sakinZi (#19, 22, 23, 58 samarxebSi); brinjaos

xatisuReli (#7 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisgan damzade-

buli uamravi mZivi (#6, 19, 30, 40, 41, 44 samarxebSi).

CiTaxevis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSi-

rebuli nivTebi dafiqsirda ocdaTormet samarxSi. kerZod,

brinjaos sakinZebi (#1, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 32, 37, 70,

72, 74, 85, 86 samarxebSi); rkinis sakinZebi (#17 da 73

samarxebSi); fibulebi (#4, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26 samarxebSi);

brinjaos samajurebi (#6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi); rkinis

samajurebi (#32 samarxSi); brinjaos sartylis garsakravi

(#14 samarxSi); brinjaos Rilebi (#11, 37, 70, 73 samarxebSi);

brinjaos sayureebi (#37 samarxSi); xatisuRlebi (#26, 32

samarxebSi); brinjaos gulsakidi (#74 samarxSi); brinjaos

milsakidebi (#37, 74, 82 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi (#70

samarxSi); brinjaos eJvani (#37 samarxSi); brinjaos beWdebi

(#37 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli mZivebi

(#1, 6, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82,

97 samarxebSi).

87

kviracxovlis samarovanze gamovlinda: brinjaos sakin-

Zebi (#29, 48, 55 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi da rgoli (#55

samarxSi); brinjaos Rili (#55 samarxSi); sardionis, minis

da brinjaos mZivebi (#32 samarxSi).

borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda Semdegi nivTebi: 82

sakinZi maT Soris oTmoci brinjaosi (#1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14,

17, 21, 22, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71,

76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 99, 101, 111, 120 samarxebSi) da

mxolod ori rkinisa - #38 da #91 samarxebSi. oTxmoci

samajuri (78 brinjaosi da 2 rkinis - #2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17,

21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76,

78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93 samarxebSi); eqvsi vercxlis sayure

(#21, 22, 32 samarxebSi); oTxi brinjaos sayure (#44, 92, 94

samarxebSi); brinjaos aTi sawvive rgoli (#73 samarxSi);

Svidi brinjaos beWedi (#21, 4, 55, 56, 92 samarxebSi); Svidi

brinjaos abzinda (#23, 27, 44, 64, 79, 92 samarxebSi);

brinjaos ilari (#32 da 76 samarxebSi); brinjaos sartylis

garsakravi (#92 samarxSi); brinjaos xatisuReli (#32

samarxSi); sami brinjaos sakidi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi);

brinjaos zarakebi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi); ori brinjaos

gulsakidi (#32 samarxSi); brinjaos Zewkvebi (#32 da 76

samarxebSi); sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli uamravi

mZivi (#1, 11, 16, 23, 24, 34, 44, 45, 46, 55, 56, 66, 74, 76

samarxebSi).

sakinZebi. sakinZebi borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenil samo-

selTan dakavSirebul nivTebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze

mravalricxovani da mravalferovani saxeobaa. rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanaSi, iseve rogorc adreul periodSi, isini

ZiriTadad brinjaosagan mzaddeboda. mxolod TiTo-orola

SemTxvevaa rkinis sakinZebis aRmoCenisa (rvelis #15,

CiTaxevis #73 da borniReles #11, 38, 91 samarxebi).

88

formis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos sakinZebis ramode-

nime tipi: 1) Tavxvia sakinZebi, romelTa Soris sami qvetipis

gamoyofacaa SesaZlebeli:

a) sakinZebi, romelTa Rero mTlianad mrgvalganivkve-

Tiania (borniReles # 1, 7, 761 samarxebi, tab. XXIII2);

b) sakinZebi, romelTa Reros qveda nawili mrgvalganiv-

kveTiania, zeda nawili ki oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani;

g) sakinZebi, romelTa Reros zeda nawili grexilia

(CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #76 samarxebi. tab. XXIII1).

2) Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi. aseTi sakinZebis Rero

rogorc wesi mrgvalganivkveTiania da zeda nawilSi saTasme

naxvreti aqvs datanebuli. am tipis sakinZebic or jgufad

iyofa: sada sakinZebad (rvelis #22, 58; CiTaxevis #15, 18;

borniReles #5, 11, 13, 17, 21, 35, 38, 44, 31, 55, 56, 81, 92, 93

samarxebi. tab. XXIII4) da ornamentirebul sakinZebad, sadac

Warbobs wiwvovani ornamenti (CiTaxevis #11, 23, 85;

borniReles #1, 4, 34, 44, 45, 65, 66, 71, 82, 89, 91 samarxebi.

tab. XXIII4,7,8).

3) oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani, Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi

(CiTaxevis #14, 20 da borniReles # 21 da 14 samarxebi. tab.

XXIII3).

4) kopebiani sakinZebi (CiTaxevis #37, 74, borniReles

#78 samarxi. tab. XXIII5).

5) gumbaTiseburTaviani (Tavkopala) sakinZebi (tab.

XXIII9,10,11).

6) miniaturuli, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi (borniRe-

les #76, 96 samarxebi. tab. XXIII6).

zemoTxsenebul tipebs Soris yvelaze arqaulia Tavxvia

sakinZebi. maT Sesaxeb bevr mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli

sayuradRebo mosazreba (d. qoriZe, b. kuftini, n. oqropiriZe,

r. abramiSvili da sxv.). d. qoriZe Tavis naSromSi `Tbilisis

arqeologiuri Zeglebi~, ganixilavs ra, navTluRSi aRmoCe-

nil gvianbrinjaos xanis masalas, exeba Tavxvia sakinZebsac.

89

maTSi igi or tips gamoyofs. mrgvalganivkveTian da oTxkuT-

xaganivkveTian Tavxvia sakinZebs da ufro arqaulad mrgval-

ganivkveTianebs miiCnevs. am mxriv dasayrden masalas mas

samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis #288 samarxis inventari aZlevs

[qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].

saerTod ki Tavxvia sakinZebis prototipebad SeiZleba

spilenZis TavmokauWebuli sakinZebi CaiTvalos, romlebic

jer kidev eneoliTis xanidan arian gavrcelebuli (mag.,

Tefe-hisarSi, SengaviTSi da sxv.). yvela maTgani mrgvalganiv-

kveTiania.

fr. hanCari Tavxvia sakinZebs troa VI-dan kavkasiaSi

Semotanil saxeobad miiCnevs. magram qarTvel mkvlevarebs,

d. qoriZes da g. nioraZes maTi winaaziidan eqsporti saeWvod

miaCniaT [qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].

Tavxvia sakinZebs specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna

n. oqropiriZem [oqropiriZe, 1951]. mkvlevari a. kalandaZis da

g. lomTaTiZis naSromebze dayrdnobiT samTavros samarovan-

ze gamovlenil brinjaos sakinZebis mravalricxovani forme-

bidan, Tavxvia sakinZebs yvelaze Zvel formad Tvlis.

n. oqropiriZec maT or tipad yofs da orive tipis sakinZebs

WedviT damzadebulad miiCnevs. is Tavxvia sakinZebis parale-

lebs upirveles yovlisa TviT saqarTveloSi (flavismani,

gomna, TrialeTi, saCxere, raWa) da saerTod kavkasiaSi

(erevani, yobani, ganja-yarabaRi) eZebs da mxolod amis

Semdeg troaSi, siria-palestinasa da evropaSi. n. oqropi-

riZec iziarebs zemoaRniSnul mkvlevarTa mosazrebas da

Tavxvia sakinZebs kavkasiur wormoSobis nivTad miiCnevs.

d. qoriZis azriT, Tavxvia sakinZebi kavkasiis terito-

riaze gviani brinjaos periodis Semdeg ar gxvdeba da am

garemoebas amgvari nivTebis Semcveli kompleqsebis daTari-

Rebisas Zalze mniSvnelovan garemoebad Tvlis [qoriZe, 1958:

173-177]. aseTive azrisaa r. abramiSvilic. Tavis qronologiur

SkalaSi is Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvels kompleqsebs Zv.w.

90

XIII-XII saukuneebiT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957: 138. tab. I

204].

borjomis xeobaSi, kerZod borniReles samarovanze

aRmoCenil Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvel kompleqsebze dakvirve-

bisas mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom am tipis sakinZebi

arsebobas ufro gvianac, kerZod, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSic

ganagrZoben. borniReles #1 da #8 samarxebSi Tavxvia

sakinZebTan erTad aRmoCenilia iseTi nivTebi, romlebic

swored am periodiT TariRdeba. mag. rkinis moxrili dana

(borniReles #1 samarxSi); bimetaluri maxvili (borniReles

#8 samarxSi). garda amisa orive samarxSi dadasturda

dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi. erT-erTi sakinZi swored

kremaciul urnaSi aRmoCnda. dakrZalvis es wesi am mxareSi

swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobs. am tipis sakinZebi

aRmoCenilia rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis sxva Zeglebzec.

mag. TrialeTSi (gomareTi) TviT rkinis Tavxvia sakinZebicaa

aRmoCenili [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. XVIII12]. brinjaos grexil-

Reroiani Tavxvia sakinZebi dadasturebulia rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xaniT daTariRebul leninakanis samarovanzec

[Мартиросян, 1964: 284. рис. 110. 5]. sakmaod mravladaa Tavxvia

sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, e.w. `yobanur~ kompleqsebSi,

romlebic Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Крупнов, 1960:

199. табл. XI; Козенкова, 1982 б. табл. XXXV3,4]. es ki miuTiTebs

imaze, rom amgvari sakinZebi arseboben qronologiurad

Zalze didi monakveTis manZilze – brinjaos xanis adreuli

safexuridan, rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde da amdenad

kompleqsis daTariRebisas dasayrdenad ver gamodgeba.

borjimis xeobaSi aRmoCenil sakinZebs Soris erT-erT

yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens e.w. Tavgamsxvile-

buli sakinZebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am tipis sakinZebis

or jgufad dayofaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli jgufis sakinZebi

sruliad sadaa, xolo meore jgufis sakinZebis Reros zeda

nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva ornamentiT – texili, gadajva-

91

redinebuli, talRovani xazebiT. yvelaze xSirad ki mainc

e.w. `wiwvovani~ ornamentiT arian Semkuli. maT umravlesobas

korpusis zeda nawilze aqvs saTasme naxvretebi. garda Cveni

sakvlevi samarovnebisa, am tipis sakinZebi aRmoCenilia

maTgan axlos, sof. awyurSic [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. saerTod ki

aseTi sakinZebi cnobilia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. mag. urekis #3 ormo-

samarxidan [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIII44,45,46], beSTaSenis samarov-

nis gviani brinjaosa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xaniT

daTariRebuli samarxebidan [Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80]. samTav-

ros #295 samarxidan, romelic r. abramiSvilis qronolo-

giuri Skalis mixedviT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da

Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I29].

SedarebiT iSviaTia TavSesqelebuli oTxkuTxaganivkve-

Tiani da mravalwaxnagiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII3). iSviaTia

ara mxolod borjomis xeobaSi, aramed saerTodac. igi

Tavgamsxvilebuli mrgvalganivkveTiani sakinZebis cotaTi

ufro rTul nairsaxeobas unda warmoadgendes.

SedarebiT uxvadaa warmodgenili e.w. `Tavgabrtyele-

buli~ sakinZebi (tab. XXIII6). am tipis sakinZebi sakmaodaa

gavrcelebuli mTel kavkasiaSi. umetesad ki aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi: samTavros, beSTaSenis, Tlias samarovnebze.

igi dadasturebulia beSTaSenis #23 da #26 qvayuTebSi

[menabde, davlianiZe, 1968: 126, 128]. rogorc Cans, isinic

sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobdnen. mag.

Tlias samarovanze gvxvdebian rogorc Zv.w. XIII-X s.s., ise

Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi, (Tumca

IX-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi ufro metad).

borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili am tipis TiTqmis yvela

sakinZi sadaa, magram beSTaSenisa da Tlias samarovnebze

dadasturebul zogierT egzemplars Tavebi Semkuli aqvs

kvadratebad daRaruli xazebiT, jvaredini xazebiT,

wiwvovani ornamentiT da a.S.

92

sakinZebis sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa agreTve

gumbaTiseburTaviani (e.w. `Tavkopala~) sakinZebi. maTi gavr-

celebis teritoriuli da qronologiuri arealic sakmaod

farToa. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenil am tipis sakinZebs

r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI

saukuniT aTariRebs, xolo sxva aseTi sakinZebi mas

moTavsebuli aqvs Zv.w. IX saukunisa da Zv.w. VIII saukunis

dasawyisiT daTariRebul fenebSi [abramiSvili, 1957. tab.

I27,130]. ufro aZvelebs amgvar nivTebs b. texovi. Tlias

samarovanze aRmoCenil egzemplarebs igi Zv.w. XVI-X da Zv.w.

XVI-XIII saukuneebis fenebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1981. табл. 51, 5, 10].2

zog kompleqsSi, mag. samTavros qveda fenis #565

samarxSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavxvia, ise Tavgamsxvilebuli da

e.w. `Tavkopala~ sakinZebi. aseve igi dasturdeba beSTaSenis

samarovnis gvianbrinjaos xanis (Zv.w. XII-X s.s.) kompleqsebSi

[Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80].

CiTaxevis #37, 74 da borniReles #78 samarxebSi

aRmoCnda e.w. kopebiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII5). pirveli ori

oTxkopiania _ borniRelze aRmoCenil sakinZs ki xuTi kopi

amSvenebs.

am tipis sakinZebic sakmaod didi xnis manZilze

arseboben. b. texovi Tlias samarovnis masalebze dayrdno-

biT maT Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1980. табл. 15,

26]. kopebiani sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ufro mogviano

xanaSic aris da `yobanur~ kulturis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba.

borjomis xeobaSi rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis kompleq-

sebSi am tipis sakinZebis aRmoCena adasturebs, rom maTi

zeda qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebamde modis

da kolxuri kulturisaTvis da am kulturis gavrcelebis

zonaSi moqceuli regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

2 b. texovis mier Zv.w. XVI-XIII s.s. daTariRebuli kompleqsebi bolo xanebSi gadaTariRda da sagrZnoblad gaaxalgazrdavda.

93

samajurebi. samkaulis es saxeoba sakmao raodenobiTaa

aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s.

daTariRebul samarxebSi. isini damzadebulni arian rogorc

brinjaosagan, ise rkinisagan.

rvelis samarovanze aRmoCnda oTxi samajuri – ori

brinjaosi da ori rkinis. CiTaxevis samarovanze brinjaos

samajurebi aRmoCnda #6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi, rkinis

ki #21 samarxSi. borniReles samarovanze dafiqsirda oTxmo-

ci samajuri, maTgan 78 brinjaosi da mxolod ori rkinis

(#1, 21, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44,

45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 98

samarxebSi); kviracxovlis samarovanze sakvlevi periodis

samarxebSi arc erTi samajuri ar dadasturebula.

rkinis samajurebi Zalze daJangulia, xSir SemTxvevaSi

natexebis saxiTaa moRweuli da amitom formisa da tipis

garCeva Wirs.

brinjaos samajurebi ki SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg

tipebad:

1) mrgvalganivkveTiani, Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi

(gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli calebi. tab.

XXV1,2,3).

2) mrgvalganivkveTiani da segmenturganivkveTiani sama-

jurebi, romelTa Tavebi damSvenebulia gvelis stilizebuli

gamosaxulebiT (tab. XXIV4,5,6).

3) brtyelganivkveTiani samajurebi (tab. XXV4,5).

4) masiuri Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi (tab. XXV1,2,3).

5) mrgvalganivkveTiani samajurebi, romelTa Tavebic

erTmaneTze gadadis (tab. XXIV1,2,3).

samajurebi aRmoCenilia rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi,

ise kremaciul urnebSi. isini gvxvdebian rogorc mozrdili

adamianebis, ise bavSvebis samarxebSi. dadasturebulia

agreTve e.w. `kenotafSic~ (CiTaxevis #20 samarxSi). aq

94

aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT simboluri samarxi mamakacis

saxelze unda yofiliyo gamarTuli.

xSir SemTxvevebSi samajurebi koleqtiur samarxebSi

gvxvdeba, sadac Zvlebi cud mdgomareobaSi iyo daculi da

Wirda imis dadgena, Tu romel micvalebuls ekuTvnoda esa

Tu is nivTi. magram aris samarxebi (mag., CiTaxevis #26

samarxi), sadac marcxena gverdze dasvenebul micvalebuls

samkaulTan (mZivebi, fibula, samajurebi) erTad Catanebuli

hqonda rkinis culi, rkinis satevari, Subispiri da

xatisuReli (b. kuftinis mier mamakacis inisignaciis niSnad

miCneuli). ase rom, zogjer inventaris mixedviTac SeuZlebe-

lia micvalebulis sqesis gansazRvra.

swored am samarxSia aRmoCenili brinjaos ovalurga-

nivkveTiani, Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi, romelTac erTi Tavi

gabrtyelebuli da gafarToebuli aqvT. maT paraleli

eZebnebaT qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTSi: beSTaSenis, manglisis,

kikeTis, axalsoflis samarovnebze [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. IX-

X]. iseve rogorc borjomis xeobaSi, am mxareSic yvelaze

metad mrgvalganivkveTiani da ovalurganivkveTiani samajure-

bia aRmoCenili da iSviaTad gvxvdeba brtyelganivkveTiani da

miT umetes segmenturganivkveTiani egzemplarebi. Triale-

Tisgan gansxvavebiT borjomis xeobaSi naklebia cxovelis

stilizebulTaviani samajurebi (tab. XXIV4,5,6). aseTi samaju-

rebi sakmaodaa aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod

afxazeTSi – wiTeli Suquras #21 da #26 samarxebSi

[doliZe, 1999: 42. tab. XX]; guadixus #18 samarxSi [doliZe,

1999: 43. tab. XXIV]; iaSTxvas #1 samarxSi [doliZe, 1999: 44.

tab. VI]. wiTeli Suqurasa da guadixus kompleqsebi Zv.w. VII-

VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, xolo iaSTxvas #1 samarxi Zv.w.

VI-V saukuneebiT. aRmoCenilia isini samTavros samarovanze

#206 da #219 samarxebSi da r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis

meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs. msgavsi

samajurebi gvxvdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic – nesterovosa da

95

lugovoes samarovnebze. e. krupnovi maT aseve Zv.w. VII-VI

saukuneebs miakuTvnebs [Крупнов, 1960: 280]. msgavsi nivTebi

dadasturebulia Tlias samarovanze #213 da #321 samarxeb-

Si, romelTa TariRsac b. texovi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore

naxevriT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT gansazRvravs [Техов, 1985].

gvelis Tavis gamosaxulebiani samajurebi aRmoCenilia

kaxeTSic. kerZod, meliRele II-is qvis yrilSi [ficxelauri,

1973. tab. XLVIII]. gvxvdeba isini did liloSi, lafanyuras-

Tan; qarTlSi – zemo gostibeSi [davlianiZe, 1983, 63]. isini

gavrcelebuli arian somxeTis teritoriazec: mag. Zv.w. VII-VI

saukuneebis xrtanocis samarovanze [Каталог... 1969: 122. табл.

XLIII]; karmir-blurze [Каталог... 1964: 122. табл. XLIII3,5];

makaraSenis masalebs Soris [Мартиросян, 1964. 187-188. табл.

XXX]. Tumca `somxuri~ samajurebi TavianTi formiT

ramdenadme gansxvavdebian saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT

kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenil samajurebisagan.

gvelis Tavis gamosaxulebiT samajuris Tavebis Semkoba

cxadia raRac religiur rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gve-

lis gamosaxulebian yvelaze adreul nivTad saqarTveloSi

miCneulia TrialeTis Suabrinjaos xanis erT-erT mdidrul

yorRanSi aRmoCenili Tixis WurWeli. Semdgom periodSi

gvelis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT rogorc samkaulebze, ise

iaraRsa da Tixis WurWelze.

b. kuftinis azriT, gvelisTavebiani samajurebi urartu-

dan unda modiodes [Куфтин, 1944]. g. avaliSvilis azriT ki,

aseTi nivTebis karmir-blurSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCena

uciloblad mis urartul warmoSobaze ar unda miuTiTebdes.

miT umetes, rom urartul panTeonSi arc erT RvTaebas

gvelis atributika ar hqonia [avaliSvili, 1974: 82-90]. amgvari

samkaulis sixSire qvemo qarTlsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

ufro maT adgilobriv warmoSobaze unda mianiSnebdes. ase

rom, borjomis xeobaSi am tipis samajurebis aRmoCena kidev

96

erTxel miuTiTebs am mxaris kavSirs, erTis mxriv, qvemo

qarTlTan da TrialeTTan da meores mxriv, kolxur da

yobanur samyarosTan.

samajurTa erT-erT saintereso tips masiuri, oTxkuTxa-

ganivkveTiani samajurebi warmoadgens, romelic xuTi calia

aRmoCenili borniReles #93 samarxSi (tab. XXV1,2). maT garda

am samarxSi aRmoCnda ori mrgvalganivkveTiani samajuri.

agreTve sxva samkaulic: sayureebi, sakinZebi, beWdebi, mZivebi,

aseve rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos hibriduli culi da sxv.

samarxi koleqtiuria.

oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi aRmoCenilia

afxazeTSi: merxeulisa da wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze

[baramiZe, 1977: 50. Трапш, 1969: 104-106. табл. VIII]. magram

borniReles samajurebisagan gansxvavebiT maT Tavebi

gabrtyelebuli aqvT. m. baramiZe varaudobs, rom am tipis

samajurebi mxolod afxazeTisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli

[baramiZe, 1977: 50]. masiuri oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi

dadasturebulia samTavros samarovnis baierniseul #600

samarxSic.

Semdegi tipi samajurebi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev

samarovnebzea aRmoCenili, mrgvalganivkveTiani, erTmaneTze

Tavgadadebuli brinjaos samajurebia, romelTa Tavebic zog

SemTxvevaSi wawvetebulia. am tipis samkauli aRmoCnda

rvelis #20, CiTaxevis #22 da borniReles #38 da 83

samarxebSi (tab. XXIV1,2,3).

msgavsi samajurebi kargadaa cnobili samxreT kavka-

siaSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isini gvxvdeba kolxeTis

dablobze – urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,

1985: 55. tab. XIX7, XXIII6]; wiTeli Suquras samarovanze (mag.

#32 samarxSi) [Трапш, 1969: 67-65], Tlias samarovanze, mag.

#263 samarxSi, romelsac b. texovi IX-VII saukuneebiT aTari-

Rebs [Техов, 1981: 16-17. табл. 74]. amave tipis samajurs, oRond

97

#104 samarxidan, igive avtori Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxev-

riTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [Техов, 1985. табл.221].

rvelis #48 da CiTaxevis #32 samarxebSi aRmoCenilia

rkinis samajurebi. cudi daculobis gamo maT Sesaxeb raime

arsebiTis Tqma ar SegviZlia. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom

rkinis samajurebi Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas da

ukve Zv.w. VI saukunis Semdgomi periodidan mTels samxreT

kavkasiaSi masiurad vrceldeba.

sawvive rgolebi. borniReles #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda

aTi sawvive rgoli, romlebic mcirewlovan micvalebulis

wvivis Zvalze iyo wamocmuli (xuTi erT fexze, xuTi meore-

ze). rgolebi oTxkuTxavanivkveTiania, Tavebi erTmaneTze aqvT

gadadebuli (tab. XXV6).

b. kuftini Seexo ra afxazeTSi aRmoCenil brinjaos

msxvil rgolebs. isini sawvive rgolebad miiCnia, romelsac

adamians fexze bavSvobaSi acmevdnen da sikvdilamde zed

hqonda. mkvlevari maT cvilis dakargvis meTodiT damzade-

bulad Tvlida da mxolod afxazeTisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad

miaCnda. maT analogias igi mxolod dunaispireTSi xedavda

da aqedan gamohqonda daskvna afxazeTsa da dunaispireTs

Soris SesaZlo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. fr. baierni sawvive

rgolebs `goliaTis rgolebs~ uwodebda da simdidris

maCveneblad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949b: 150-152].

brinjaos msgavsi rgolebi, rogorc oTxkuTaganivkve-

Tiani, ise mrgvalganivkveTiani, sakmaod gavrcelebulia

mTels msoflioSi. magram yvela maTganis sawvive rgolebad

miCneva albaT swori ar iqneboda.

borniReles #73 samarxSi aRmoCenili rgolebis

diametri 6 santimetria da amdenad igi adamians mTeli

cxovrebis manZilze, rogorc b. kuftini varaudobda, fexze

ver eqneboda wamocmuli. amas garda, maTi borjomis xeobaSi

aRmoCenis faqti uaryofs kuftinis varauds sawvive

98

rgolebis mxolod Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi arsebobis

Sesaxeb.

sayureebi. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze aRmoCenili

samkaulis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils sayureebi Seadgens.

isini damzadebuli arian rogorc brinjaosgan (rvelis #42

da #51, CiTaxevis #37, kviracxovlis #55 da borniReles

#44, 76, 92, 94 samarxebSi), aseve vercxlisagan (rvelis #7,

54, CiTaxevis #23, 82, borniReles #21, 22, 32 samarxebi (tab.

XXVI1-4).

vercxlis sayureebi Zalzed daSlilia, cudadaa Senaxu-

li, Tumca dgindeba, rom isini mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTuli-

sagan yofila damzadebuli. rvelis #7 samarxSi aRmoCenili

vercxlis sayuris boloebi gvelis Tavis stilizebul

gamosaxulebas warmoadgens (tab. XXVI3).

sayuris daniSnulebis mqone sxvadasxva masalisgan

damzadebuli rgolebis gavrcelebis geografiuli are da

qronologiuri CarCo Zalze didia. vercxlis mavTulisagan

damzadebuli sayureebis gavrcelebis dros ki r. abrami-

Svili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT

gansazRvravs [abramiSvili, 1957: 126].

msgavsi sayureebi gavrcelebulia rogorc aRmosavleT,

ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. agreTve CrdiloeT kavkasiasa

da somxeTSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isini gvxvdeba

nigvzianisa da wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985:

84. tab. XLVIII. Трапш, 1969: 185-186. Табл. XV]; aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi beSTaSenis, samTavros samarovnebze [davlia-

niZe, 1985: 81-82]. beSTaSenis vercxlis sayureebis Tavebic

gvelis Tavis stilizebul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens. am

nivTebs iseve rogorc maT Semcvel kompleqsebs b. kuftini

aqemeniduri xaniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 43].

99

beWdebi. borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT

daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili beWdebi, rogorc wesi,

brinjaos Txeli firfitisaganaa damzadebuli da Tavebi

erTmaneTze aqvT gadadebuli. isini aRmoCndnen CiTaxevis

#37 (2 c.) da borniReles #4, 55, 56, 92 (4 c.) samarxebSi

(tab. XXVI6,7).

al. kalandaZis azriT, am tipis beWdebi Cndeba gviani

brinjaos xanis adreul safexurze, ufro intensiur

gavrcelebas ki adreuli rkinis xanaSi iwyeben [kalandaZe,

1959: 185]. am dros maT ukve rkinisganac amzadeben. brinjaos

firfitovan, oRond ornamentirebul beWdebs, romlebic

samTavros samarovanzea aRmoCenili, r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII

saukunis meore naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs

[abramiSvili, 1957: tab. I19,21].

xatisuRlebi. mcirericxovnobis miuxedavad Cvens

sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenil nivTTa Soris xatisuRlebs

mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT. amgvari nivTebi samecniero

literaturaSi kirkalis, gvergvis da sakisre rgolis

saxeliTac aris cnobili. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze

sul oTxi xatisuRelia dadasturebuli. ori brinjaosi

(CiTaxevis #26 da 32 samarxSi) da oric rkinis (rvelis #7

da borniReles #32 samarxebSi. (tab. XXVII1,2,3).

rkinis xatisuRlebi mrgvalganvkveTiania da Zlier

korozirebuli.

b. kuftini xatisuRlebs mamakacis samkaulad da inisig-

naciis niSnad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949: 156]. simdidris damadas-

tureblad miiCnevda xatisuRlebs al. kalandaZe [kalandaZe,

1959: 185]. misi azriT, grexilReroiani, boloebgafarToebuli

xatisuRlebi saqarTvelos adreul ZeglTa Soris TiTqmis ar

gvxvdeba. maT prototipad ki gvevlineba mrgvalganivkveTiani,

boloebdaxveuli xatisuRlebi. amis damadasturebelia

Tlias samarovanze aRmoCenili xatisuRlebic. im fenebSi,

100

romlebic Zv.w. XVI-XII saukuneebiT TariRdeba, ZiriTadad

mrgvalganivkveTiani xatisuRlebia dadasturebuli. mxolod

Zv.w. VIII saukunis da Semdgomi xanis kompleqsebSi Cndeba

grexilReroiani egzemplarebi [Техов, 1985. табл. 1073].

mrgvalganivkveTiani boloebdaxveuli xatisuRlebi

aRmoCenilia urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,

1985: 83. tab. XVIII, XIX, XX]; brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 103],

guadixus, wiTeli Suquras [Трапш, 1969: 68. табл. III, VII],

beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941: 74. рис. 94] da samTavros samarovneb-

ze. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi – nesterovosa da lugovoes

samarovnebze [Крупнов, 1960: 205-206. табл.. XXIII]. g.

gobejiSvili miiCnevda, rom mrgvalganvkveTiani xatisuRlebi

damaxasiaTe-belia adreuli yobanuri kompleqsebisaTvis. m.

TrafSi, romelic mxars uWerda am mosazrebas, miiCnevda, rom

amgvari xatisuRlebi iyo Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi

gavrcelebuli grexilReroiani xatisuRlebis winamorbedia

[Трапш, 1969: 68-69]. m. baramiZe ki miiCnevs, rom

mrgvalganivkveTiani xatisuR-lebis arsebobis zeda

qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VI saukunemde unda Camodiodes

da garkveul periodSi grexil-Reroian xatisuRlebTanac

unda Tanaarsebobdes [baramiZe, 1977: 53].

mogviano xanaSi xatisuRlebi Zvirfasi liTonebisganac

mzaddeboda.

rogorc brinjaos, ise vercxlis grexilReroiani

xatisuRlebi aRmoCenilia merxeulis [baramiZe, 1977: 52-55] da

paluris [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974: 112] samarovnebze. is

garkveul msgavsebas iCens mTiani yirimis Tavrul

nakeTobebTan. baidaris velze, qvis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia

rogorc sada, ise grexilReroiani xatisuRlebi. m. baramiZe

varaudobs, rom isini aq SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTvelodan

iyos Setanili [baramiZe, 1977: 54].

101

Tlias samarovanze dadasturebul xatisuRlebze dak-

virvebiT SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom rac ufro

axalgazrdaa grexilReroiani xatisuReli, boloebi ara aqvs

daxveuli, is gabrtyelebuli da gafarToebulia. xolo

samTavros samarovnis masalebze dakvirveba gvaZlevs

varaudis safuZvels, rom orive tipis xatisuRlebi

Tanaarseboben. r. abramiSvili maT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore

naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957.

tab. I1,3]. borjomis xeobaSi am mxriv arsebuli viTareba

mxars uWers r. abramiSvilis TariRs, vinaidan, aq aRmoCenili

ori xatisuRlidan erTi mrgvalganivkveTiania da bolowawve-

tebulia (CiTaxevis #32 samarxi), xolo meore grexilRe-

roiani da bolomokauWebuli (CiTaxevis #26 samarxi).

grexilReroiani, bolomokauWebuli xatisuReli aRmoCenilia

mzeTamzes samarovnis #26 samarxSi [nasiZe, 1987]. yvela am

kompleqsSi aris iseTi nivTebi (rkinis danebi, rkinis culebi

da sxva), romelic maT Tanadroulobaze metyvelebs (Zv.w. VII

saukune – Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevari).

abzindebi. CiTaxevisa da borniReles rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia aTi abzinda

(CiTaxevis #25 da #72 da borniReles #23, 27, 44, 64, 79, 92

samarxebSi. tab. XXVIII). yvela maTgani brinjaosganaa damza-

debuli. morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT maTi dayofa or

tipad SeiZleba: marTkuTxedis moyvanilobis da e.w. `frTise-

bur~ abzindebad. yvela maTgans ukana mxares aqvs kavi

(mamali dugma) da saTasme naxvretebi met-naklebi

raodenobiT. magaliTad CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil

abzindas Tu aTi naxvreti aqvs (tab. XXVIII2). borniReles

#25 samarxSi aRmoCenilia mxolod xuTi (tab. XXVIII4).

bunebrivia, isini zomebiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.

aTi abzindidan gravirebulia mxolod ori – CiTaxevis #25

da borniReles #79 samarxSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebi.

102

pirvel maTgans naWdevi xazebiT Seqmnili rombuli ornamenti

amSvenebs, xolo meores paraleluri horizontaluri xazebi.

orive maTgani marTkuTxa abzindebs ganekuTvneba (tab.

XXVIII2,3).

amgvari abzindebis arsebobis qronologiuri CarCo

sakmaod didia. isini Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas

da Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT ganagrZoben funqcionirebas.

rac Seexeba maTi gavrcelebis geografiul sazRvrebs,

ZiriTadad kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi

gvxdebian [Крупнов, 1960: 103. Козенкова, 1982b: 51-54. fancxava,

1988: 33-34].

kolxeTSi dadasturebulia rogorc marTkuTxa, ise

frTiseburi tipis abzindebi. centralur kolxeTSi isini

mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba

[miqelaZe, 1985: 50]. magaliTad urekis da nigvzianis samarov-

nebze [miqelaZe, 1985: 50. tab. VI558,559; XIII647-652; XX754; XXI786],

ergetis [Хоштария, 1955: 46. рис. 9]; muxurCis [Гогадзе, Панцхава,

1977: 3. табл. VIII]; paluris [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974. tab.

XVII], wiTeli Suquras [Трапш, 1969: 46. . рис. 9] samarovnebze.

msgavsi nivTebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili yobanSi,

magram maTSi ufro metad marTkuTxaAabzindebi Warbobs

[Уварова, 1900: 39-50. табл. XIV-XXI]. gvxvdeba isini Tlias

samarovnis Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi

[Техов, 1985]. aseve somxeTis teritoriaze, amave saukuneebiT

daTariRebul Zeglebze, romlebsac a. martirosiani importu-

lad miiCnevs [Мартиросян, 1964: 276. . рис.. 109]. am tipis abzinda

cnobilia sof. awyuridan [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. sakmao raodeno-

biT aRmoCnda samTavros samarovanzec. mag., #70 samarxSi

aRmoCenil abzindas r. abramiSvili Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT

aTariRebs, xolo #93 samarxis SedarebiT didi zomis –

cxranaxvretian abzindas Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da

Zv.w. VI saukuniT [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I37,136]. rogorc

103

marTkuTxa, ise frTiseburi abzindebi dadasturebulia

mzeTamzes samarovanze. (mag. #4, 22, 27 samarxebSi), romlebic

amave periodiT TariRdebian [nasiZe, 1990].

fibulebi. eqvsi fibula aRmoCnda CiTaxevis samaro-

vanze: #4, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26 samarxebSi (tab. XXIX). yvela

maTgani warmoadgens martiv, erTwilad fibulebs. maTgan

xuTi brinjaosganaa damzadebuli da mxolod erTi rkinisa-

gan (CiTaxevis #20 samarxi. tab. XXIX4). am tipis nivTebi

samecniero literaturaSi `submikenuri~ fibulebis (mSild-

sakinZebis) saxeliTaa cnobili, vinaidan maTi warmoSoba

berZnul xmelTaSuazRvispireTs ukavSirdeba [Blinkeberg, 1926:

17-21].

CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCenili fibulebis Rero

mrgvalganivkveTiania, ena gabrtyelebuli, zogi maTgani uor-

namentoa, zogs ki irgvliv Semovlebuli e.w. `Tevzifxuri~

ornamenti amSvenebs.

kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil fibulebs anu mSvildsakinZebs

araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia, magram monografiulad jer-

jerobiT mxolod n. sulavam Seiswavla [sulava, 2006]. manve

mogvca am fibulebis tipologiuri klasifikacia. n. sulava

kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil fibulebs sam tipad yofs: pirvel

tipSi aerTianebs naxevradovalurrkalian anu dabalrkalian

fibulebs da maTSi xuT qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian;

2) erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli irgvlivi `Tevzifxuri~

ornamentiT rkalSemokrul; 3) grexilReroian; 4) naWedvebiT

rkalSemokrul da 5) dakenWilrkalian egzemplarebs. meore

tipSi aerTianebs odnav asimetriulrkalian fibulebs da

maTSi sam qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) erTmaneTisa-

gan daSorebuli, irgvlivi Tevzifxuri ornamentiT

rkalSemokrul da 3) grexilReroian egzemplarebs. mesame

tipad mkvlevari naxevarwrisebur, anu maRalrkalian

(nalisebur) fibulebs miiCnevs da maTSi ocdaxuT qvetips

104

gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) sigrZeze mimarTul `Tevzifxu-

riT~ rkalSemokrul; 3) irgvlivi `TevzifxuriT~ rkalSemok-

ruli; 4) yvaviliseburganivkveTian; 5) marTkuTxaganivkveTian;

6) mrgvalganivkveTian; 7) rombiseburganivkveTian; 8) rkalze

disokseburi SemsxvilebebiT; 9) mZiviseburrkalian; 10) irg-

vlivi zolebis segmentebiT rkalSemokrul; 11) dakenWilzur-

gian; 12) grexilrkalian; 13) firfiteseburrkalian;

14) daxorklilrkalian; 15) rkalze lursmniseburi Sverile-

biT; 16) rkalze verZis Tavis protomebiT; 17) `rozetuli~

rkaliT; 18) rkalis Tavsa da boloSi zoomorfuli gamosaxu-

lebebiT; 19) volutebiT budeSemokruli; 20) budeWvintiani;

21) baliSiseburzurgiani rkaliT; 22) Rrmamucliani rkaliT;

23) naviseburzurgiani rkaliT; 24) bibiloseburi rkaliT;

25) naxevradovalurrkalian egzemplarebs [sulava, 2006: 1-7].

Tavis naSromSi n. sulava exeba CiTaxevis #26, 58 da 20

samarxebSi aRmoCenil fibulebsac. pirvel ors, anu brinjaos

fibulebs, igi miseuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore

qvetipSi, xolo #20 samarxSi aRmoCenil rkinis fibulas

mesame tipis pirvel qvetipSi aerTianebs [sulava, 2006: 49-50].

rac Seexeba danarCen fibulebs: CiTaxevis #10 samarxSi

gamovlenili brinjaos fibula unda mivakuTvnoT sulava-

seuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore qvetips (dabal-

rkaliani fibulebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli `Tevzifxu-

riT~ rkalSemokruli); #16 samarxSi dadasturebuli fibula

meore tipis meore qvetipis (odnav asimetrulrkaliani

fibulebi erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli irgvlivi `Tevzi-

fxuri~ ornamentiT rkalSemokruli); xolo #20 samarxis

fibula mesame tipis pirvel qvetips (maRalrkaliani anu

naxevarwriseburi sada fibulebi).

CiTaxevis fibulebs mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT bevri

paraleli eZebneba. dabalrkaliani, sada fibulebi aRmoCe-

nilia urekis samarovanze. aqvea aRmoCenili Tevzifxurad

Semkuli amave tipis mSvildsakinZebi [miqelaZe, 1985. tab.

105

XXVII2]. dabalrkaliani, rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli

fibulebi nigvzianis samarovanzec dadasturda [miqelaZe,

1985: 82]. msgavsi nivTebi centralur kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia

agreTve ergetisa da dRvabas samarovnebze [sulava, 2006: 38-

44]; Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi yulanurxvis, soxumis

mTis, guadixus, wiTeli Suquras, janxutis samarovnebze

(sulava, 2006: 38-44); rkinis fibulebi gamovlenilia brilis

samarovanze [sulava, 2006: 45]; mzeTamzes samarovanze asamde

fibulaa aRmoCenili. maTgan bevri mSvenivrad ornamentire-

buli da gravirebulia [sulava, 2006: 48-49; nasiZe, 1987: 1991].

yvelaze meti 168 fibula Tlias samarovanzea aRmoCenili.

maTgan 139 brinjaosia da 29 rkinis [sulava, 2006: 50].

samTavros samarovanze dadasturebulia sami brinjaosa da

sami rkinis mSvildsakinZi.

baierniseul #591 da #600 samarxebSi aRmoCenil

fibulebs Seexo r. abramiSvili [abramiSvili, 1961: 228-230].

igi miiCnevs, rom am tipis mSvildsakinZebi SavizRvispira

regionebidan vrceldeba da maTi radiaciis arec kolxuri

kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis gavrcelebis

farglebs ar scildeba. saqarTveloSi fibulebi inarCuneben

im saxes, romelic berZnul SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad

SemuSavda (gansxvavebiT sxva qvaynebisagan, sadac isini

formas icvlian). es ki r. abramiSvils aZlevs safuZvels,

rom fibulebi saqarTveloSi berZnuli submikenuri mSvild-

sakinZebis arsebobis periodSi gavrcelebulad miiCnios.

submikenuri xana ki Zv.w. 1160-1050 w.w. farglebSi eqceva.

amdenad, r. abramiSvili samTavros baierniseul

samarxebSi aRmoCenil fibulebs Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebis

mijniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1961: 330].

g. nioraZes, iseve rogorc bevr sxva mkvlevars,

fibulebis samSoblod samxreT evropa miaCnia [nioraZe, 1931:

202-203].

106

g. gobejiSvilis azriT, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili

fibulebis berZnuli warmoSoba saeWvoa, radgan Zv.w. II-I

aTaswleulis kavkasiur materialur kulturaSi berZnuli

gavlenis araviTari kvali ar SeiniSneboda da arc fibulebi

iqneboda gamonaklisi [gobejiSvili, 1959: 136-137].

T. miqelaZe fibulebis kolxur samyaroSi gamoCenas

egeosel zRvaosnebs miawerda da b. kuftinisa da r. abrami-

Svilis kvaldakval Tvlida, rom am tipis fibulebi

sruliad ucxoa mcire aziisaTvis [miqelaZe, 1985: 47-49].

b. texovi Tvlis, rom kavkasiuri fibulebis prototipi

submikenuri fibulaa da rom is saqarTveloSi Zv.w. XII

saukuneSi Semovida [Техов, 1977: 146-147].

j. afaqiZe kolxur samyaroSi (Tlias samaovanze),

fibulebis gamoCenas Zv.w. XI saukunidan varaudobs (afaqiZe,

2002: 49). kolxuri samarovnebi ki, sadac amgvari nivTebi

dafiqsirda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VII

saukuniT TariRdeba (iseve, rogorc CiTaxevis fibulebiani

kompleqsebi). uZvelesi fibula wiTeli Suquras samarovnidan

swored am periodis kompleqsSia dafiqsirebuli [Квирквелия,

1981: 15].

n. sulavas azriT, `kavkasia iyo nawili im uzarmazari

sivrcisa, romelSic fibulis idea trialebda. amitom

kavkasiuri fibulebis genetikuri kavSirebis moZebna mTel am

samyaroSia SesaZlebeli~. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom martivi

rkaliseburi fibulebi (miseuli tipologiis meore tipi) ar

ganekuTvneba iseT saxeobas, sadac mkacrad dadgenili

normebi moqmedebs da amdenad yvelaze sicocxlisunariania.

kavkasiis masalebis mixedviT isini Zv.w. IV saukunis CaTvliT

arseboben. meore tipis fibulebs paralelebi ara aqvT.

msgavsi fibulebi kavkasiis gareT arsad dasturdeba. amdenad

igi kavkasiuri movlenaa [sulava, 2006: 186].

107

zarakebi. brinjaos patara zomis zarakebi aRmoCnda

borniReles #24 da #32 samarxebSi.

#24 samarxSi aRmoCenili zaraki cilindrulia.

korpusis erTi mxare SeWrilia. aqvs samkuTxa formis yunwi

(romelic gatexilia) da rkinis ena. korpusi Semkulia verti-

kalurad daSvebuli paraleluri xazebiT. simaRle udris

4.2; diametri 2,2 sm-s (tab. XXVI9,10).

#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili zaraki konusis formisaa. ena

aklia. aqvs momrgvalebuli yunwi. korpusis zeda nawili or

adgilas gaxvretilia. misi simaRlea 5,5; diametri 4,5 sm (tab.

XXVI11).

zarakebis funqciuri daniSnulebisa da tipologiuri

dayofis Sesaxeb azri ara erT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli

(d. qoriZe, l. wiTlanaZe, i. gagoSiZe da sxva). maT

specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna T. WaniSvilma [WaniSvili,

2005, 2007]. mkvlevari zarakebs korpusis formis mixedviT

oTx tipad yofs: konusiseburad, cilindrulad, naxevrad-

elifsurad da naxevarsferulad [WaniSvili, 2005: 19].

pirveli jgufis (konusuri) zarakebi gamoirCeva deta-

lebis mravalferovnebiT (aris gverdSeWrili, dafanjruli

egzemplarebi). cilindruli tipis zarakebisaTvis ki damaxa-

siaTebelia gverdSeWriloba, masiuri yunwi da korpusze ori

naxvreti, romelic enis Camosakidad keTdeboda.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi cilindruli zarakebis

qronologiuri diapazoni Zv.w. VIII-VII saukunidan Zv.w. IV-III

saukuneebis CaTvliT Semoifargleba. misi forma mTeli am

xnis ganmavlobaSi cvlilebas ar ganicdis, gansxvavebiT

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan, sadac maTi yunwis forma

qronologiur sxvaobas iZleva. adreuli zarakebi (Zv.w. VIII-

VII s.s.) zomiTac ufro didebia – maTi simaRle 2,5-dan 12 sm-

mde meryeobs. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki maTi zomebi sagrZnob-

lad mcirdeba.

108

cilindruli zarakebi aRmoCenilia muxurCis samaro-

vanze (Zv.w. VIII-VII da VII-VI s.s. fenebSi); eSeris samarovanze,

sadac isini cxenis ConCxTan da lagamTan erTad dadasturda,

brilis samarovnis #29 samarxSi, romelic Zv.w. VI-IV s.s.

TariRdeba, Tlias samarovnis VIII-VII saukuneebiT

daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [WaniSvili, 2007: 102]. am tipis

zarakebi xSirad Semkulia reliefuri kanalurebiT, wiwvo-

vani ornamentiT. wiTeli Suquras samarovanze - #8 samarxSi

aRmoCenil zarakze ki frTagaSlili orTaviani arwivia

gamosaxuli.

rac Seexeba konusur zarakebs, yvelaze adreuli

egzemplari dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ergetis samarovanze

aRmoCnda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT daTariRebul

kompleqsSi. aq is, iseve rogorc cilindruli zarakebi Zv.w.

IV-III saukunemde ganagrZnobs arsebobas. aRmosavleT saqarT-

veloSi ki yvelaze adreuli egzemplari aRmoCenilia

Trelis samarovanze da Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba.

aq is Zv.w. I saukunis CaTvliT gvxvdeba, oRond Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebis zarakebs momrgvalebuli yunwi aqvT, xolo Zv.w.

V saukunidan yunwi ukve samkuTxa xdeba [WaniSvili, 2005: 23].

am tipis zarakebi aRmoCenilia kurzuSi [qoriZe, 1961: 59],

wiTeli Suquras #20, 21, iaSTxvas #2, guadixus #21

samarxebSi, larilaris samarovanze, urekisa da ergetis

samarovnebze. [doliZe, 1999: 88-89], mzeTamzis samarovnis #29

samarxSi [nasiZe, 1991]. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, serJen-iurtis

#76 samarxSi, malaqlus kolumbariumSi. yvela CamoTvlili

Zegli Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [doliZe, 1999: 88-89].

rac Seexeba am nivTis funqciur daniSnulebas, is moiazreba

rogorc sakulto sagani, sakisre rgolis nawili, cxenis

aRkazmuloba da sxva.

gulsakidebi. brinjaos gulsakidebi aRmoCenilia

borniReles #24 da #32 samarxebSi. orive maTgani erTi

109

tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen samkuTxedis formis brinjaos

firfitebs, romlebic dafanjrulia mrgvali da oTxkuTxa

RiobebiT (tab. XXVI12,13).

msgavsi gulsakidebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli samkaulia

da drois sakmaod xangrZliv monakveTSi arsebobda. mag.,

mingeCauris samarovanze isini Zv.w. XIII-XI saukuneebis

kompleqsebSia dadasturebuli [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XIX].

Tlias samarovanze ki Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis fenebSi [Техов,

1981. табл. 102]. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba somxeTSi

aRmoCenili msgavsi gulsakidebic. [Хачатрян, 1975. рис. 92]. am

tipis nivTebi ufro metad samxreT kavkasiis centralur da

aRmosavleT regionebSi gvxvdeba.

mZivebi. rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniRe-

les samarovnebze aRmoCnda sxvadasxva masalis, formisa da

zomis uamravi mZivi. sardionis (sferuli, uproporcio,

msxliseburi, `daxeTqili~, cilindruli da sxva); minis

(uproporcio, irizebuli, cilindruli, sferuli, `Tvliani~

da sxva); agatis cilindruli da qalcedonis sferuli

formis; pastis; giSris, brinjaos (sferuli, cilindruli,

firfitovani) mZivebi (tab. XXX).

yvelaze meti raodenobiT mainc sardionis mZivebia

aRmoCenili. maT arsebobas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi tradicia

gaaCnia. g. lemleinis azriT, aq am mZivebis dasamzadeblad

xelsayreli pirobebi iyo, radgan saamiso masala

moipoveboda rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiro qviSnarSi, ise

ganamarxebul niadagSi. [Лемлеин, 1851: 68]. es mosazreba

SesaniSnavad daadastura muxurCis da oCxamuris mZivebis

saxelosnos aRmoCenam.

borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenil sardionis mZivebs

kavkasiis teritoriaze uamravi paraleli moepoveba da maTi

arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc sakmaod didia. isini

110

Suabrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan antikur da ufro

mogviano xanebamde gvxvdeba da ara marto samxreT

kavkasiaSi, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da mcire aziaSic.

aqatis mZivebi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze yvelaze

iSviaTi mZivebis kategorias miekuTvneba. yvelaze didi

raodenobiT isini urartuli xanis masalebs Soris gvxvdeba

[Мартиросян, 1954: 86]. aqatis mZivebi iranis samxreT

regionebSi jer kidev rkinis gamoCenamde yofila cnobili,

amitomac b. kuftini maTi warmoSobis centrad swored

iranis zegans miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1944: 47].

minis mZivebic Zalze didi xnis manZilze arsebobdnen.

TebeSi gamovlenil uadres egzemplarebs Zv.w. 3500-3300

wlebiT aTariRebdnen. mkvlevarTa azriT, maTi gavrceleba

xdeboda jer mesopotamiidan, xolo Semdeg xmelTaSuazRvis-

pireTis aRmosavleT raionebidan. saqarTvelos teritoriaze

minis mZivebi jer kidev Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulidanaa

cnobili, magram maTi raodenoba im periodSi Zalze mcirea.

mwiri raodenobiT gvxvdeba isini pirveli aTaswleulis

pirveli naxevris samarxebSic. amave aTaswleulis Sua xanebi-

dan minis mZivebis ricxvi mkveTrad matulobs da mis meore

naxevarSi pastis mZivebTan erTad masobrivad vrceldeba.

aRsaniSnavia rvelis #41 samarxSi aRmoCenili e.w. `Tvliani

mZivebi~. aris azri, rom am tipis mZivebis samSoblo egvipte

iyo. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, ki isini finikiis qalaqebSi

mzaddeboda [Крупнов, 1960: 251-253]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze

aseTi mZivebis gamoCenis TariRad Zv.w. VI saukune iTvleba.

kerZod, Rebis samarxebSi. isini Zv.w. VI saukunidan Zv.w. III

saukunemde arseboben. didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba brilis

adreantikul masalebs Soris [gobejiSvili, 1959: 198],

larilaris samarovanze, romelsac Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebiT

aTariReben [CarTolani, 1968: 310]. Sida qarTlSi isini

gvxvdebian zemo avWalaSi, kamaraxevSi; kaxeTSi – did

liloSi, sagarejoSi, lafanyurSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 100-101];

111

dasavleT saqarTveloSi – dablagomSi [Куфтин, 1950: 52],

dafnarSi, farcxanayanevSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 101], guadaxes

samarovanze [Трапш, 1969: 75]. bikonusuri formis minis mZivebi

aRmoCnda malaqlus samarovanze [Куфтин, 1944: 45-46], wofis

qvayuTebSi, asureTSi, gomareTSi, kuSCSi, samTavros Zv.w. VII-

VI saukuneebis samarxebSi; kaxeTSi – winandalSi, Toxliaur-

Si, iyalToSi; dasavleT saqarTveloSi – dafnarSi, farcxa-

nayanebSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 101]; CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi –

lugovoesa da nesterovos samarovnebze [Крупнов, 1960: 285].

minis movardisfro da molurjo mZivebi gvxvdeba goraZirSi

[davlianiZe, gogaZe, 1981: 51, 56].

pastis mZivebic, iseve rogorc sardionisa da minis

mZivebi, masiuradaa gavrcelebuli Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis

meore naxevridan. borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili pastis

mZivebsac uamravi paraleli eZebneba rogorc saqarTveloSi,

ise mis farglebs gareT.

112

Tavi IV. mcire plastika

borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda sami patara zomis

brinjaos qandakeba: mxedris, mamakacis (iTifaluri) da

mcuravi frinvelis.

mxedars aqvs sakmaod didi tani, didi Tavi da mokle

fexebi. saxis nakvTebi ar etyoba. Tavze wvetiani Tavsaburavi

(muzaradi) hxuravs. marcxena xeli cxovelis kiserTan aqvs

midebuli. marjvena ki idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili.

xelis mtevnebi sqematuria, TiTebis gareSe. taniT odnav win

gadaxrilia, fexebi muxlebSi aqvs moxrili. terfebi ara

aqvs. cxoveli, romelzedac isaa amxedrebuli, sakmaod

dabaltaniania. aqvs maRali, sqeli kiseri (fafari ar

etyoba), dacqvetili yurebi, wawvetebuli, sakmaod grZeli

drunCi, Cazneqili zurgi. fexebi gaSlili aqvs, wina

marcxena fexi odnav win gadadgmuli. Cliqebi an TaTebi ar

etyoba. aqvs sakmaod grZeli, sqeli da boloSi wawvetebuli

kudi.

miuxedavad sagrZnobi sqematurobisa, mxedris poza

(jdomis manera, gadaxrili tani da win gaSverili xeli)

mainc garkveul dinamiurobas sZens qandakebas da TiTqos

jiriTis an brZolis moments asaxavs.

Znelia imis garkveva, Tu romel cxovelze zis mxedari.

o. RambaSiZis varaudiT is mglis ojaxis romelime

warmomadgenels hgavs [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca arc isaa

gamoricxuli, rom antilopaTa ojaxis romelime warmomadge-

neli an sulac cxeni iyos (Tumca am ukanasknels yvelaze

naklebad hgavs).

figuris simaRle 7,5; sigane 2,9 sm-ia (tab. XXXI1).

imave _ #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda mamakacis iTifaluri

qandakeba. misi simaRle 6, sigane 1,4 sm-ia. figura ganasaxie-

113

rebs fexze mdgom mamakacs. saxis nakvTebi sustadaa gamokve-

Tili. Tavze sakmaod didi, naxevarmTvariseburi muzaradi

hxuravs. igi erT adgilas gaxvretilia, rac albaT imaze

miuTiTebs, rom qandakeba sakidad iyo gamoyenebuli. mxrebi

sakmaod farTo da araproporciuli aqvs. xelebi idayvSi

moxrili da win gaSverili. xelis mtevnebi ara aqvs. fexebi

ganze gaSlilia, terfebi sakmaod didi da mkveTrad

gamokveTili. aqvs aseve mkveTrad gamokveTili, aRgznebul

mdgomareobaSi myofi sasqeso organo (falosi). (tab. XXXI2).

brinjaos patara zomis anTropomorfuli qandakebebi

Zalian gavrcelebulia adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanis kavkasiaSi. agreTve mcire aziaSi, axlo

aRmosavleTSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi da samxreT da

centralur evropaSi.

samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi maTi aseulobiT

egzemplaria dadasturebuli, romelTa umravlesoba SemTxve-

viTaa aRmoCenili da mxolod mcire nawili arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli. bevri maTgani ruseTisa da

evropis sxvadasxva qalaqebis muzeumebSia daculi. nawili ki

saqarTvelos muzeumebSi, maT Soris erovnuli muzeumis

fondebSi.

maTi Seswavlac sakmaod xangrZliv periods moiTvlis.

pirvelad CrdiloeTY kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenili

figurebis Sesaxeb a. ipolitovma gaamaxvila yuradReba. 1868

wels gamoqveynebul publikaciaSi man mcire plastikis

nimuSebi, romlebic CeCneTis teritoriaze iyo aRmoCenili,

ZvelberZnul RvTaebaTa `Zalze uxeS minabaZad~ miiCnia

[Ипполитов, 1968: 49-52]. a. uvarovma yazbegis ganZis Seswavlis

Sedegad amgvari figurebi yobanur, TviTmyofad nakeTobebad

CaTvala da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT daaTariRa [Уваров, 1887: 2-

9. табл. 8-10].

fr. baierni yazbegis ganZsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

aRmoCenil figurebs ara kavkasiel, aramed ucxo tomis

114

warmomadgenlebs miawerda [Марковин, 1986:75]. J. muriem ki

pirvelma Seadara erTmaneTs kavkasiuri da evropuli

(sardiniuli) figurebi da pirvelma gansazRvra maTi

gavrcelebis geografiuli areali [Mourier, 1987:28-31]. i.

pantiuxovma daRestanSi aRmoCenil brinjaos qandakebebze

dakvirvebis Sedegad pirvelma gamoTqva varaudi, rom

brinjaos xanis garkveul etapze kavkasiaSi mcireaziuri

religiuri kulti yofila gavrcelebuli [Пантюхов, 1896: 58-

59, 142-148, табл. XVI1,4,6,7]. meoce saukunis ocian-ocdaaTian

wlebSi gamovida a. zaxarovis ramdenime naSromi, romlebic

kavkasiis mcire plastikis nimuSebs eZRvneboda. swored am

naSromebSi moxda maTi erT-erTi pirveli seriozuli

klasifikacia [Захаров, 1928; Zakharov, 1933]. o. daudovma,

romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla kavkasiuri (gansakuTre-

biT Crdilokavkasiuri) brinjaos figurebi, isini axlo

aRmosavleTis da mcire aziis mcire plastikis nimuSebs

daukavSira da amis safuZvelze gaakeTa daskvna kavkasiasa da

aRniSnul regionebs Soris uZvelesi eTnokulturuli

kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb [Даудов, 1974: 84-94]. samxreTkav-

kasiuri da mcireaziuri plastikis stilistur msgavsebaze

gaamaxvila yuradReba v. blekmac [Блек, 1981: 20-21]. vrceli

naSromi miuZRvna kavkasiuri mcire plastikis nimuSebs

v. markovinma. masSi ganxilulia rogorc samxreT, ise

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili qandakebebi, – mocemulia

maTi tipologiuri klasifikacia, paralelebi mcireaziur da

evropul nimuSebTan da gamotanilia daskvna am regionebs

Soris arsebuli uZvelesi kulturuli da religiuri

kavSirebis Sesaxeb [Марковин, 1886]. Crdilokavkasiuri nimuSe-

bi ganxiluli aqvT e. krupnovsa [Крупнов, 1960: 214] da

v. kozenkovas [Козенкова, 1982b: 67-71].

somxeTSi aRmoCenili figurebis Sesaxeb saintereso

mosazrebebi aqvT s. esaians, o. mnacakanians, b. piotrovskis

115

da sxvebs [Есаян, 1976: 222. Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 157-168.

Пиотровский, 1952: 50].

qarTveli mecnierebidan brinjaos mcire plastikis

nimuSebs araerTgzis Seexo S. amiranaSvili. igi am figurebs

adgilobriv, kavkasiur warmoSobisad miiCnevda da miuxedavad

imisa, rom zogierT maTganSi (mag. cageris muzeumSi dacul

`mxedarSi~) mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda, maTze aziuri

da mogviano xanaSi antikuri xelovnebis gavlena mainc

nakleb damajereblad miaCnda [amiranaSvili, 1944: 42-44; 70-72].

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil mcire plastikis nimuSebs vrceli

gamokvleva miuZRvna g. javaxiSvilma [javaxiSvili g., 1984]. am

naSromSi ganxilulia rogorc adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo

aTvisebis, ise neoliT-adrebrinjaosa da antikuri xanis

anTropomorfuli figurebi. mocemulia maTi qronologiuri

da tipologiuri klasifikacia. saintereso mosazrebaa

gamoTqmuli maTi genezisisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb mosazRvre

da Soreuli regionebis analogiur nimuSebTan. brinjaos

anTropomorfuli figurebis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebebi

aqvT gamoTqmuli k. ficxelaurs [fucxelauri, 1973: 115-120;

Пицхелаури, 1979: 51-58], l. fancxavasa da b. maisuraZes

[fancxava, maisuraZe: 2001]; b. kuftins [Куфтин, 1949b: 254];

T. miqelaZes [Микеладзе, 1990: 66-67]; o. lorTqifaniZes

[Lordkipanidze, 2000: 1-29]; l. wiTlanaZes [wiTlanaZe, 1963] da

sxvebs.

anTropomorfuli figurebis ramdenime klasifikacia

arsebobs (talgrenis, zaxarovis, markovinis, javaxiSvilis

da sxva). sxvadasxva avtori klasifikacias sxvadasxva

kriteriumebiT axdens. mag. a. zaxarovi am kriteriumad

figuraTa calkeul detalebs iRebs (iTifaluri, `rqiani~

`sadgariani~ da a.S.). v. markovini ki maT pozebs, ZiriTadad

xelebis mdgomareobas. man anTropomorfuli figurebi rva

jgufad, anu rogorc TviTon uwodebs rva `seriad~

116

daajgufa. mag. `orantis~ anu mvedreblis pozaSi gamoxatuli

adamianebis qandakebebi, romelTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli

niSnebia maRla aRmarTuli xelebi, Zalze didi

xelisgulebiTa da mkveTrad gamoyofili TiTebiT; S-is

magvari figurebi, romlebsac cali xeli maRla aqvT aRmar-

Tuli, meore ki dabla daweuli, idayvSi moxrili da win

gaSverili; doinjSemoyrili anu �-is magvari figurebi da

sxva [Марковин, 1986: 81-89]. mexuTe seriaSi man `meomari~

figurebi gaaerTiana. isini rogorc wesi, sxvadasxvagvari

(wvetiani, momrgvalebuli, Slapiseburi, maraoseburi,

naxevarmTvariseburi da sxva) muzaradiT arian Tavdaburuli.

umravlesoba fariT, umboniT, maxviliT da zogjer

SubiTacaa aRWurvili. magram maTi mTavari da aucilebeli

aqsesuari mainc CaCqania [Марковин, 1986: 95-97. рис. 12-13].

g. javaxiSvilma saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili

anTropomorfuli qandakebebi sam tipad dayo: moculobiT,

sibrtyobriv da brtyel figurebad [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 56-

58].

rac Seexeba brinjaos mcire plastikis gavrcelebis

geografiul areals: samxreT kavkasiaSi isini dadasture-

bulia saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanis (SedarebiT

iSviaTad) teritoriaze. CrdiloeTYkavkasiaSi: CeCneTSi, ingu-

SeTSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi, daRestanSi, yabardoSi da a.S. wina

aziaSi: xurvinSi, biblosSi, beiruTSi, ugariTSi,

luristanSi. mcire aziaSi – Tefe-hisarSi, boRaz-qoiSi da

a.S. evropaSi: rodosze, kretaze (heraklionSi), aTenSi,

olimpiaze, sardi-niaze, pirineis naxevarkunZulze, avstriaSi

da a.S.

maTi gavrcelebis qronologiuri CarCo saqarTvelos

teritoriaze Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis meore naxevridan

iwyeba. am periodiTaa daTariRebuli kaxeTSi, meliRele I-ze

aRmoCenili figurebi [Пицхелаури, 1979: 53]. magram yvelaze

intensiurad mainc Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi arian gavrcele-

117

buli. kidev ufro metad ki albaT Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi

(rogorc kavkasiaSi, ise mosazRvre regionebSi).

zogadad ki anTropomorfuli figurebi (ZiriTadad

qvisagan da Tixisagan damzadebuli) sakmaod gavrcelebuli

iyo adresamiwaTmoqmedo periodSi (Zv.w. VI-IV aTaswleu-

lebSi) da adrebrinjaos xanaSi (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore

naxevari – Zv.w. III aTaswleuli). rogorc kavkasiasa da

saqarTveloSi, ise mesopotamiaSi, wina aziaSi, mcire aziasa

da evropaSi [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 12-44].

gvianbrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde,

samxreT kavkasiaSi adamianis arc moculobiTi da arc

grafikuli gamosaxuleba ar gvxvdeba. g. javaxiSvili am

movlenas Suabrinjaos xanaSi mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas da

mwyemsur meurneobas ukavSirebs, rac misi azriT, xels ar

uwyobda Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis tradiciaTa

gagrZelebas. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sarwyavi miwaTmoqme-

debis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebas Tan mohyva baris xelaxali

moSeneba da miwaTmoqmedebis axleburi intensifikacia, kvlav

axali ZaliT iCens Tavs miswrafeba mkvidri saojaxo yofis

Sesaferisi garemos Seqmnisaken. amasTan, am xalxis

Sexedulebebma am xnis manZilze sagrZnobi cvlilebebi

ganicada da Sesabamisi gamovlinebac hpova. xelaxla Cndeba

anTropomorfuli gamosaxulebebi, magram maTi xasiaTi da

ieri uZvelesi xanis nimuSebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro

`gaadamianurebulia~. neoliT-adrebrinjaos periodSi anTro-

pomorfuli gamosaxulebebi bevrad pirobiTia. maTi

Semqmnelebi figuris romelime ZiriTadi nawilis gadmocemiT

ifarglebodnen. rogorc g. javaxiSvili maT Sesaxeb wers:

`es aris RvTaebrivi Zalis simbolo adamianis atributi-

kiTYan sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, RvTaeba adamianis niSniT~.

gviandeli brinjaos figurebis SemTxvevaSi ki sawinaaRmdego

viTarebaa: `gamoxatulia adamiani RvTaebis atributikiT~

[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 45-48].

118

gansxvavebulad xsnis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi saqarTve-

los teritoriaze brinjaos da Tixis anTropomorfuli

figurebis gamoCenis da intensiuri gavrcelebis mizezs o.

lorTqifaniZe. mas miaCnia, rom Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore

naxevridan kolxur kulturaSi SeiniSneboda garkveuli

siaxleebi: Tixis ormagTaviani figurebi, naviseburi

fibulebi, berZnuli formis Tixis WurWeli da maT Soris

yvelaze saintereso siaxle – anTropomorfuli qandakebebi.

Zv.w. VIII saukunesa da VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

kolxeTsa da berZnul samyaris Soris ormxrivi kontaqtebi

iCens Tavs. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom am axali kulturuli

elementebis, kerZod, anTropomorfuli figurebis kolxeTis

teritoriaze gamoCena arc adgilobrivi niadagiTYda arc

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis gavleniT ar aixsneba da rom maTi

paralelebi mxolod gviangeometriuli xanis saberZneTSia

saZebari [Lordkipanidze, 2000: 152]. am azrs iziareben l. fancxa-

va da b. maisuraZec [fancxava, b. maisuraZe, 2001. 152].

saberZneTSi, olimpiis gaTxrebisas, 1937 wels, aRmoCnda

SiSveli meomris brinjaos figura, romelsac wvetiani

Cafxuti exura. xelisgulebi gaxvretili hqonda. masSi albaT

saomari iaraRi, Subi an fari magrdeboda. cali xeli

idayvSi moxrili aqvs da maRla aRmarTuli. meore ki aseve

idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili [Марковин, 1986: 87. рис. 7.

15]. iTvleba, rom es qandakeba gviangeometriul stilSia

Sesrulebuli. erTi amgvari figura luvrSic inaxeba, msgavsi

egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia aTenis akropolisze da Zv.w. VIII

saukuniT TariRdeba [Марковин, 1986: 104]. amdenad xmelTaSua-

zRvispireTis ZiriTad regionebSi mcire plastikis TiTqmis

iseTive nimuSebia gavrcelebuli, rogoric kavkasiaSi. pozaTa

kanonikuroba aris is ZiriTadi ram, rac maT aerTianebT

(Tumca amasTan erTad calkeuli detalebiT, mag. tansac-

mliT, aqsesuarebiT da a.S. calkeuli regionebis figurebi

119

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba). es niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia

centraluri evropis mcire plastikis nimuSebisTvisac. zogi

mkvlevaris azriT, halStatis xelovnebaSic SeiZleba

kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili figurebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebis aRmoCena [Марковин, 1986: 104].

borniReles `mxedris~ zusti analogi arsad gveguleba.

cxovelebze amxedrebuli adamianebis miniaturuli qandake-

bebi ki ucxo araa arc kavkasiisaTvis, arc mcire aziisa da

evropisaTvis. dasavleT saqarTveloSi da kolxuri kultu-

ris gavrcelebis arealSi gvxvdeba cxenze Semjdari qalebis

figurebi. isini cxenze gverdulad, `qalurad~ zian. aseTi

figurebi aRmoCenilia samosSi da muxurCaSi. rogorc

T. miqelaZe aRniSnavs, es qandakebebi `didi dedis~ kults

ukavSirdeba [Микеладзе, 1990: 64. табл. XXVI5. 6].

borniReles qandakebis met-naklebad msgavsi figura

aRmoCenilia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sof. samaSkoSi. aqac

adamiani raRac cxovelzea amxedrebuli, romelsac borniRe-

les cxovelis msgavsad dacqvetili yurebi da wawvetebuli

drunCi aqvs. mxedari TiTqos uzangebze mTeli taniTaa aRmar-

Tuli (Tumc arc uzangi da arc sxva mosarTavi ar Cans),

orive xeli win sworad aqvs gaSverili da cxovelis kiserze

Cavlebuli. cxovelis zurgi sagrZnoblad Cadrekilia.

fexebis ganlagebiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos

mirbis. mxedars Tavze Cafxuti hxuravs. saxis nakvTebi ufro

metad gamokveTili aqvs vidre borniReles mxedars, – etyoba

cxviri, nikapi da Tvalebi. v. kozenkova, romelmac es figura

gamoaqveyna, cxovels cxenad moixseniebs da mas serJen-

iurtis namosaxlarze Zv.w. X-VII saukuneebis fenebSi dadas-

turebul cxenis Tavis qandakebebs amsgavsebs. amave periodiT

aTariRebs igi samaSkos brinjaos qandakebasac [Козенкова,

1982 б: 69. табл. XLII27].

120

mat-naklebad hgavs borniReles `mxedris~ figuras

CrdiloeT italiaSi, aRmoCenili mxedris qandakeba, romelic

hamburgis xelovnebisa da xelosnobis muzeumSia daculi.

Tumca isic iseve, rogorc samaSkos mxedari, cxovelze

muxlmouxrelad, `gaWimulad~ zis. iseve rogorc borniReles

figuris SemTxvevaSi aqac gaurkvevelia Tu ra cxovelzea

mxedari amxedrebuli [Марковин, 1986: 104. рис. 16. 3].

`mxedarTa~ mcire zomis brinjaos qandakebebi sxvac bevria

cnobili. magaliTad, cageris muzeumSi daculi muzaradiani

mxedari [amiranaSvili, 1944: sur. 58]. aseve mxedrebi didodan

da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan (aRmoCenis zusti adgili ucnobia).

Tumca es ukanasknelni ufro realisturad arian

gamosaxulni (rogorc cxenebi, ise adamianebi) [Марковин, 1986:

99. рис. 142, 3].

ufro mravldeba mxedarTa qandakebebi antikur xanaSi.

aq ukve isini gvevlinebian rogorc rTuli plastikuri

kompoziciis, an sxva raime nivTis nawili (axalgorisa da

yanCaeTis Standartebi, vanis oqros sayureebi da sxva)

[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 84-86. tab. XXII-XXIII].

miuxedavad imisa, rom brinjaos mcire zomis iTifa-

luri figurebi Zalze gavrcelebulia mTels kavkasiaSi,

borniReles qandakebis zusti analogia versad moviZieT,

Tumca mTeli rigi detalebiT is bevr saerTos poulobs sxva

qandakebebTan. maT Soris somxeTSi, airumSi aRmoCenil

masalasTan. aq aRmoCenil brinjaos figuras borniReles

qandakebis msgavsi muzaradi hxuravs. Tumca misi dgomis

manera gansxvavdeba borniReles qandakebis manerisagan. misi

saxis nakvTebic ufro metad gamokveTilia: etyoba piri,

warbebi da Tvalebi [Есаян, 1976: 222. табл. 1463]. meomari

iTifaluri figura cnobilia agreTve paravakaridan. masac

borniRelesa da airumis figurebis msgavsi muzaradi

hxuravs, oRond maTgan gansxvavebiT xelSi fari uWiravs,

121

romelic s. esaianisa da o. mnacakanianis azriT, asurul

bareliefze gamosaxul meomarTa farebs Camohgavs.

kompleqsi, sadac es figura aRmoCnda Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebiT

TariRdeba [Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 162]. marTalia yvela

maTgani e.w. `meomar~ figuraTa jgufs miekuTvneba, magram maT

Soris gansxvavebac TvalSisacemia.

dgomis maneriT borniReles figura yvelaze metad

zekarSi aRmoCenil da quTaisis muzeumSi dacul brinjaos

qandakebas hgavs, Tumca am ukanasknels arc Cafxuti hxuravs

da saxis nakvTebic ufro realisturad aqvs gamokveTili

[javaxiSvili g., 1984. tab. X26]. borniReles figuris

Tavsaburveli, romelic frigiul muzarads hgavs, o. Ramba-

SiZes miaCnda rogorc erT-erTi argumenti mcire aziidan

otebuli `xeTizebuli mesxebis~ borjomis xeobaSi Semosv-

lisa. msgavsi Tavsaburavi hxuravs cageris muzeumSi dacul

mxedris brinjaos figurasac. S. amiranaSvilis azriT, igi

ramdenadme hgavs rogorc Sua mefobis xanis xeTuri

xelovnebis nimuSebs, ise e.w. `frigiul~ muzaradsac. mkvle-

vari am qandakebis ganxilvisas gamoricxavs masSi frigiuli

da iranuli xelovnebis gavlenas da kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil

mcire plastikis nimuSebs ukavSirebs. S. amiranaSvili zeka-

ris qandakebasac exeba da mas `arqauli xanis qarTuli

xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSad~ Tvlis [amirana-

Svili, 1944: 70-81. sur. 58].

a. zaxarovi brinjaos miniaturul figurebze

dakvirvebis Sedegad arc kavkasiisa da xmelTaSuazRvispire-

Tis imdroindeli mosaxleobis eTnikur naTesaobas gamoric-

xavda [Zakharov, 1933: 115]. zogi mkvlevari ki figuraTa

erTgvarovnebas maTi Semqmnelebis religiuri rwmena-

warmodgenebis erTgvarobas ukavSirebs da ara mxolod

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi, aramed adreul epoqebSic

[Марковин, 1986: 107]. mkvlevaris azriT, warmarToba sulac ar

iyo amorfuli religia. mas, iseve rogorc dRevandeli

122

msoflios wamyvan religiebs (qristianobas, islams, budizms)

Taviseburi kanonebi hqonda. am kanonebs emorCileboda

gamomsaxvelobiTi simboloebic, maT Soris plastikuric.

v. markovins paraleli qristianul xatwerasTanac aqvs

gavlebuli, sadac moqmedebs saerTo kanonebi, magram amasTan

erTad arsebobs calkeuli, xSirad regionul an Tundac

eTnikur niadagze Seqmnili xatweris skolebi, romlebic

erTmaneTisagan mTeli rigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba [Марковин,

1986: 107].

amdenad, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom brinjaos anTropomor-

fuli figurebi warmarTuli kerpebia. maT Soris gamokveTi-

lad SeiZleba nayofierebis an omis mfarveli RvTaebebi

SevicnoT. an iseTni, romlebsac orive funqcia hqonda. amis

safuZvels is ZiriTadi atributika iZleva, rac am funqciebs

gamoxatavs: erTis mxriv muzaradi da iaraR-saWurveli,

meores mxriv falosi. cnobilia agreTve qalTa (maT Soris

mSobiareTa) anTropomorfuli qandakebebi, rac agreTve

nayofierebisa da gamravlebis kultTan iqneboda dakavSire-

buli da es figurebic albaT nayofierebis qalRmerTebis

(didi dedis ?) gamosaxulebebs warmoadgendnen. ganixilavs

ra nigvzianis samarovanze aRmoCenil brijaos iTifalur

qandakebas, T. miqelaZe mas da kavkasiis msgavs nimuSebs

mamrobiTi nayofierebis kults da warmarTul RvTaeba

boslokotros ukavSirebs, romelsac Tavidan xaris atribu-

cia unda hqonoda, xolo Semdeg, religiuri azrovnebis

garkveul etapze iTifaluri RvTaeba-mamakacis saxe miiRo

[Микеладзе, 1990: 66-67. табл. XXXVI]. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar

SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT ukanasknel xanebamde saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi, kerZod svaneTSi SemorCenili `saqmisais~, `adreki-

lais~ da `melia-tulefias~ religiuri ritualebi, romlebic

aSkarad mamrobiTi nayofierebis RvTaebis kultTan iyo

dakavSirebuli [javaxiSvili iv., 1979: 102-116]. aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dRemde scemen Tayvans `xatebs~ da

123

`RvTisSvilebs~, romlebic meomrisa da sqesobrivi cxovrebis

(gamravlebis, nayofierebis) mfarvel-momwesrigeblis funqci-

as iTavseben – mag. kopalas. borniReles qandakebasac orive

atributi aqvs: muzaradi da falosi da Cveni azriT, swored

amgvari warmarTuli RvTaebis gamosaxuleba unda iyos.

rac Seexeba `mxedrebs~, gvxvdeba rogorc iTifaluri,

ise ufaloso mxedarTa figurebi. agreTve mxedari qalebis

qandakebebic. amgvar figurebTan dakavSirebiT saintereso

mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli m. rostovcevs. is `mxedrebs~ ara

mxolod nayofierebis an omis RvTaebebad, aramed cxovelTa

samyaros mfarveladac miiCnevda [Rostovzeff, 1931: 55-57]. am

varaudis dadasturebad SeiZleba borniReles `mxedaric~

gamodges, vinaidan cxoveli, romelzedac isaa amxedrebuli

yvelaze naklebad swored cxens hgavs. gareul cxovelze

amxedreba ki albaT cxovelTa samyaroze gavlenis mqone

arsebas Tu SeeZlo. (gavixsenoT oCokoCi, oCopintre, mglebze

amxedrebuli jadoqrebi da sxva miTologiuri da zRapruli

personaJebi).

mesame qanadakeba, romelic borniReles #32 samarxSi

aRmoCnda mcuravi frinvelis plastikur gamosaxulebas

warmoadgens. mas aqvs qoCriani Tavi, sakmaod grZeli da

farTo niskarti, Tvalebis adgilas kopebi, maRali yeli,

wagrZelebuli da boloSi wawvetebuli tani. gverdebze

orive mxares, frTebis adgilas, mogrZo Riobebi aqvs

datanili, fexebi ori mcire SveriliTaa gadmocemuli (tab.

XXXI3).

mcuravi frinvelebis plastikuri figurebi rogorc

liTonis, ise Tixis sakmaod adreuli periodidanaa cnobili

samxreT kavkasiaSi da mis mosazRvre regionebSi. isini

xSirad sakidebad, Standartis Tavebad an sxva nivTebis

samSvenisad iyo gamoyenebuli.

124

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi saqarTvelos terito-

riaze amgvari figurebis koncentraciis ori ZiriTadi

centri arsebobda: ior-alaznis auzi da mesxeTi.

ior-alznis auzSi aRmoCenil figuraTa ricxvi

ramdenime aseul egzemplars moiTvlis. kaxuri tipis qandake-

bebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samkuTxeduri moyvanilobis

sxeuli, patara Tavi, maRali kiseri da gulmkerdis

gagrZelebaze wyvili fexi. [gomelauri, 2005: 9]. amgvari

figurebi aRmoCenilia, mag. gadrekilis samarovanze [Пицхе-

лаури, 1979. табл. XXIII-XXV] da kaxeTis bevr sxva Zeglze.

istoriuli qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze: taSiris #5

yorRanSi, romelic Zv.w. XIV saukuniT TariRdeba [kaxiani,

RliRvaSvili, 1998: 98-107]. didi zomis frinvelis brinjaos

qandakebebi aRmoCenilia somxeTSi, lori-berdis #2 da #7

yorRanul samarxebSi [Девержян, 1981. табл. V, XIII] artikis

samarovanze [ficxelauri, 2008. tab. CL1 ] da bevr sxva

Zeglze.

mesxeTSi brinjaos mcuravi frinvelebis ocdaaTamde

figuraa aRmoCenili, maT Soris borjomis xeobaSic. mag.

kviracxovlis samarovnis #40 samarxSi. kompleqsi sadac is

dadasturda, gviani brinjaos xanis adreuli etapiT

TariRdeba [Гамбашидзе, Квижинадзе, 1980: 58-59; табл.XXXVII169].

mcuravi frinvelis figurebi amSvenebs borniReles Zv.w. XV-

XIV saukuneebiT daTariRebul erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenil

diskosebur gulsakids [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. XLII7]. msgavsi

nivTi, romelic sakidad yofila gamoyenebuli, SemTxveviT

aRmoCnda borjomis raionSi, kaxisis tbasTan, adgil

dabaZvelSi [Гамбашидзе О., Гамбашидзе И., 1987: 31].

kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT am regionSi mcurav frinvelTa

brinjaos figurebis oTxi tipologiuri jgufia gavrcele-

buli. maTgan ori adgilobrivi warmomavlobisaa da regions

125

gareT ar gvxvdeba. ori ki somxur masalas ukavSirdeba

[gomelauri, 2005: 9-10].

adgilobrivi tipis figurebi ZiriTadad gaxsnilia da

geometriuli Riobis nacvlad maT morTulobas paralelur

zolebad daRaruli ornamenti qmnis (zveli, borniRele,

dabaZveli, kviracxoveli). adgilobrivi (mesxuri) warmomav-

lobis meore tips axasiaTebs profilSi naxevarmTvariseburi

sxeuli. zurgis centrSi sakidi rgoli da rkaluli formis

Riobebi (zveli, julRa, axalcixe). kaxuri figurebisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac geometrizirebuli sxeulia

ganmsazRvreli, mesxuri tipebi Seberili formebiT xasiaT-

deba [gomelauri, 2005: 10]. im tipebisaTvis, romlebic

`somxur~ figurebs emsgavsebian, damaxasiaTebelia sferuli

an zariseburi sxeuli, Tavis da tanis SeerTebis adgilas

yulfi, qvemoT rigebad ganlagebuli samkuTxedebiT [gome-

lauri, 2005: 10].

Sida qarTlSi gansxvavebiT kaxeTisa da mesxeTisagan

mcurav frinvelTa plastikuri figurebi naklebadaa aRmoCe-

nili. aq isini mxolod mcxeTis midamoebSia dadasturebuli

(samTavro, werovani, narekvavi) da kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli

figurebis identuria.

borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCenili mcuravi frinve-

lis qandakeba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba adreuli xanis

rogorc kaxuri, ise mesxuri figurebisagan. adreuli mesxuri

figurebi Tu ufro gedebs, yanCebs da yaryatebs mogvagonebs,

#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili figura, ufro bats an ixvsa hgavs.

n. gomelauri, romelmac specialuri gamokvleva

miuZRvna gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis aRmosavleT kavka-

siis mcire plastikis nimuSebs da gansakuTrebiT Wvirul

figurebs, Tvlis, rom Wviruli skulpturebis idea

saqarTveloSi anatoliidan Semotanilia, romelmac samxreT

kavkasiaSi mkvidrad moikida fexi da maTi momxmarebeli

126

sazogadoebis yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli gaxda

[gomelauri, 2005: 22].

Zv.w. XII saukunidan am kulturis centri samxreT

kavkasiaSi, (SesaZloa mis farglebs gareTac) sustdeba. Zv.w.

VIII saukunidan ki kvlav iCens Tavs, Tumca am gviandel

nimuSebSi, aRniSnuli kulturis tradiciebi gvxvdeba

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul sxva mxatvrul nawarm-

TaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSebTan erTad (igulisxmeba

qarTlis, raWisa da svaneTis mxatvruli kerebi). Zv.w. VI

saukunis Semdgom ki amgvari skulpturebi saerTod aRar

mzaddebian.

borniReles #32 samarxis frinvelis qandakebis msgavsi

figura, samecniero literaturaSi ver moviZieT. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Tavisi formiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi stiliT is

sakmaod unikaluria.

mcuravi frinvelebic ra Tqma unda religiur rwmena-

warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi pirvel yovlisa

samyaros erT-erT mTavar elements – wyals ukavSirdeba.

wyali ki sicocxlis dasabams. egviptur `mkvdarTa wignSi~

didi bati qaosidan amozidul borcvze debs kvercxs,

saidanac mzis RmerTi iCekeba [Матье, 1956: 18]. igive

faqtorTan gvaqvs saqme berZnul miTologiaSic, sadac ledas

gedad gardasaxuli zevsisagan uCndeba ori kvercxi da

maTgan ibadebian elene da dioskurebi.

da bolos riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom

brinjaos samive skulpturuli gamosaxuleba erT, borniRe-

les #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda? es samarxi e.w. `Sereul~, -

inhumaciur-kremaciul samarxs warmoadgens. masSi dafiqsirda

erTi micvalebulis marjvena gverdze dasvenebuli ConCxi

(damxroba W-O) da ori kremaciuli urna-qoTani. is erT-erTi

umdidresi samarxia borniReles samarovnis rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanis samarxebs Soris. masSi aRmoCnda rkinis

xatisuReli, brinjaos cilindruli zaraki, brinjaos

127

vardulebi, brinjaos samajurebi, brinjaos sakidi, vercxlis

sayureebi, brinjaos Zewkvi, brinjaos sakinZebi, sardionisa

da aqatis mZivebi, rkinis culi, rkinis Subispirebi. Tu

inventaris saxeobebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, samarxSi qalic

unda yofiliyo dakrZaluli da mamakacic. inventaris

simravle ki iq dakrZaluli adamianebis socialur da

qonebriv dawinaurebaze miuTiTebs. iqneb erT-erTi micvaleb-

uli kultis msaxuric iyo da swored mas Caatanes brinjaos

qandakebebi?

128

Tavi V. keramika

borjomis xeobis samarovnebis samarxeul inventars

Soris uxvad gvxvdeba Tixis WurWeli. rogorc Cans, am

WurWlis udidesi nawili sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebuli.

cnobilia, rom gviani brinjaos xanidan iwyeba misi

intensiuri gamoyeneba da WurWlis seriulad damzadeba.

amaze metyvelebs maTi formisa da damuSavebis teqnikis

erTgvarovneba. Tumc ki, arc ise iSviaTad, gvxvdeba

specialurad damzadebuli WurWelic, romelic gamoirCeva

formis daxvewilobiTa da ornamentaciiT.

am periodSi, miuxedavad sameTuneo Carxis gamoyenebisa,

rogorc Cans, kvlav xdeboda WurWlis Zveleburad, xeliT

Zerwva. aseTi WurWeli, gansxvavebiT adreuli xanis

analogiuri nivTebisagan, SedarebiT mdare xarisxisaa da

ugemovnod damzadebuli. xeliT naZerwi WurWeli gvxvdeba

oTxive samarovanze: kerZod, rvelis #6 samarxSi jami,

CiTaxevis #15 samarxSi tolCa, #16 samarxSi jami da tolCa;

#19 samrxSi tolCa; #30 samarxSi qoTani; #31 samarxSi jami;

#33 samarxSi tolCa; #73 da #74 samarebSi jamebi.

kviracxovlis samarovanze #31 samarxSi qoTani; #48

samarxSi qila; #95 samarxSi xelada. borniReles

samarovanze #34, 42, 56, 64, 65, 72, 73, 82 samarxebSi tolCebi

da sasmisi. #78 samarxSi koWobi, #2 samarxSi qoTani.

Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi keramikuli warmoeba rom

maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, metyvelebs Tixis damuSa-

vebis da gamowvis teqnologiac. gvxvdeba rogorc Savpriala,

ise wiTlad, movardisfrod, yavisfrad gamomwvari WurWeli.

maTi kecebic sxvadasxvagvaria; aris rogorc erTfenovani

Savi, yavisferi, ruxi, vardisferi da sxva, ise orfenovani da

samfenovani kecebic. Zalze xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac kecSi

gareulia kvarcisa da qarsis kristalebi. es imdenad xSiri

movlenaa, rom SeiZleba borjomis xeobis imdroindeli

129

keramikuli warmoebis erT-erT ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel

niSnadac miviCnioT. aris WurWlis SeRebvis faqtic. kvira-

cxovlis #48 samarxSi aRmoCenil qilas Ziri wiTlad aqvs

SeRebili. es ki im periodSi did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.

a. kalandaZe Tavis naSromSi `gviani brinjaosa da

adreuli rkinis xanis Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~

gamoyofs Semdegi daniSnulebis Tixis WurWels: 1. sufris

WurWeli: langari, TefSi, jami, badia, samarile da sxva.

2. siTxis Camosasxmeli WurWeli: koka, doqi, xelada, tolCa,

fiala, Tasi, kaTxa da sxv. 3. sanovagis Sesanaxi WurWeli:

dergi, qila. 4. samzareulo anu saduRi WurWeli: qoTani,

qvabqoTani, koWobi da sxva. 5. rZis produqtebisaTvis gan-

kuTvnili WurWeli: sawveleli, sarwyavi, sadRvebeli da sxva.

6. sagzao WurWeli: maTara. 7. sabavSvo miniaturuli WurWeli.

8. sakulto WurWeli.

borjomis xeobaSi dadasturda TiTqmis yvela daniSnu-

lebis WurWeli, garda sagzao da rZis produqtebisaTvis

gankuTvnili WurWlisa. sufris WurWlidan aq gvxvdeba jame-

bi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), samarile; siTxis Camosasxme-

li WurWlidan doqi, tolCebi, sasmisebi, sanovagis Sesanaxi

WurWlidan dergebi da qilebi. samzareulo WurWlidan

qoTnebi da koWbebi. gvxvdeba miniaturuli WurWelic. rac

Seexeba sakulto WurWels, aseTad e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli

SeiZleba miviCnioT.

am saxeobaTa raodenobrivi Tanafardoba sxvadasxva

samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavdeba: rvelis samarovanze aRmo-

Cenilia Tormeti xelada (#23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41, 44, 48,

58 samarxebSi). erTi jami (# 48 samarxSi) da sami koWobi

(#24, 30, 42 samarxebSi).

CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda: Teqvsmeti tolCa #2, 6,

8 (2 c.); 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22 (2 c.); 26 (2 c.); 73 samarxebSi,

cxrameti qoTani #12, 13, 16, 16a, 17, 26, 30, 33, 70 (2 c.), 73, 74,

76, 84 (2 c.), 85, 86, 87, 95 samarxebSi; Cvidmeti jami: #16 (3 c.),

130

16a, 23, 26, 31, 33, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 761, 84, 95 samarxebSi; ori

dergi: #16 da #85 samarxebSi; cameti sasmisi: #20, 22, 23, 26,

33, 70 (2 c.); 74, 75, 761, 82, 87, 89 samarxebSi; eqvsi qila: #70

(3 c.) da #73 (3 c.) samarxebSi, erTi koWobi - #70 samarxSi

da erTi samarile #84 samarxSi.

kviracxovlis samarovnis #29 samarxSi dadasturda:

erTi doqi, erTi tolCa, erTi jami da sami qoTani, #48

samarxSi qila, #95 samarxSi xelada.

borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda ormocdaTvrameti

qoTani: #1 (2 c.); 2 (2 c.), 4 (30), 7, 8 (2 c.), 11, 13; 21 (2 c.), 23,

25, 26, 27, 29, 32 (2 c.), 33 (2 c.), 34, 44, 46 (2 c.), 47, 48 (2 c.),

50, 51, 56 (2 c.), 58 (2 c.), 64 (2 c.), 65, 66, 71 (4 c.), 72 (4 c.), 76,

79, 80, 81, 89 (2 c.), 91, 94 samarxebSi. ocdaCvidmeti sasmisi:

#1, 4 (2 c.), 8, 15 (2 c.), 21 (2 c.), 22, 23 (2 c.), 24, 25, 26, 27, 32,

34 (2 c.), 38 (2 c.), 42, 47, 56, 58, 64 (2 c.), 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 73, 74,

76 (2 c.), 82, 92 (2 c.) samarxebSi. ocdarva tolCa: #2, 11 (3 c.),

17, 23, 29, 32 (2 c.), 34 (2 c.), 41, 44, 51, 64, 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 76,

77, 79, 80, 81 samarxebSi. ocdaxuTi jami: #21 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 11,

21 (2 c.), 22, 23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 80, 91,

92 samarxebSi. ori koWobi: #25 da 78 samarxebSi. ori dergi

#49 da #89 samarxebSi. Caidniseburi WurWeli #50 samarxSi.

TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva samaro-

vanze garkveuli saxeobis WurWeli raodenobrivad sagrZnob-

lad Warbobs sxva saxeobis keramikul nawarms. mag. rvelis

samarovanze xeladebi, CiTaxevis samarovanze ki tolCebi da

sasmisebi.

oTxive samarovanze yvelaze didi raodenobiT mainc

jamebi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), qoTnebi, tolCebi da

sasmisebia aRmoCenili. TiToeuli am saxeobis WurWeli

formiTa mravalferovnebiTac gamoirCeva. amitom maTze ufro

dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT.

131

jamebi. am saxeobis WurWeli oTxive samarovanaze met-

naklebi raodenobiTaa dafiqsirebuli. rvelis samarovanze

mxolod erT - #48 samarxSi. CiTaxevis samarovanze TerTmeti

#161, 23, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 761, 84, 95 samarxebSi, erTi

kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. yvelaze meti jami ki borniRe-

les samarovanzea gamovlenili #21 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 21 (2 c.), 22,

23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 761, 80, 91, 92

samarxebSi.

am saxeobis WurWlis zogi egzemplari savele davTreb-

sa da angariSebSi moxseniebulia rogorc badia (didi zomis

egzemplarebi) an fiala (patara zomis egzemplarebi). qarTu-

li enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT badia `didi

qusliani jamia~, xolo fiala `Rvinis sasmuri pirgadaSlili

dabali jami~ [qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. I:

943; t. VII: 98]. amitomac Cven maT jamebis saxeobaSi vaerTia-

nebT da maTTan erTad ganvixilavT.

maTSi sami tipi gamovyaviT: 1. pirmoyrili, muclgamobe-

rili, brtyelpiriani jamebi (tab. XXXII2,3,4). 2. sworpiriani

jamebi, romelTa gverdebic Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebulia

(tab. XXXII5) da 3. bakoiani jamebi, romlebic bakosa da

muclis SeerTebis adgilidan mkveTrad daqanebulia. aqvT

dabali qusli da brtyeli Ziri (tab. XXXIII). am tipis jamebi

zogjer arqeologiur katalogebsa Tu samecniero litera-

turaSi langrebad iwodeba. langari ki qarTuli enis

ganmartebiT leqsikonSi amgvaradaa ganmartebuli: `didi

brtyeli TefSi, mrgvali an ovaluri, Cveulebriv liTonisa~.

[qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. IV, 1974].

jamebic, iseve, rogorc sxva saxeobis WurWlis

absoluturi umravlesoba Carxzea damzadebuli. magram aris

gamonaklisebic: mag., rvelis #6 da CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi

aRmoCenili jamebi xeliT naZerwia. CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi

dadasturebuli jami vardisfradaa gamomwvari. pirgadaS-

lili da odnav gverdebgamoyvanilia. aqvs brtyeli Ziri.

132

pirmoyrili jamebi am saxeobis WurWlis erT-erTi

uZvelesi saxeobaa. kavkasiis teritoriaze is jer kidev

brinjaos xanis adreuli safexuridan gvxvdeba da Zalze

didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amdenad, mxolod

formis mixedviT, isini kompleqsis an Zeglis damaTriReblad

ver gamodgeba. am SemTxvevaSi misi faqtura da damzadebis

teqnologiaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCe-

nili pirmoyrili jamebi ki am mxriv savsebiT esadageba Zv.w.

VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi aRmoCenil WurWels.

meore tipis jamebic drois sakmaod did monakveTSi

funqcionireben. isini dadasturebulia borjomis xeobis

samarovnebis Zv.w. XV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxeb-

Sic [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. IX1,2,11]. Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi am

tipis jamebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia kolxeTSi. didi raode-

nobiT gvxvdebian mag. urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze

[miqelaZe, 1995. tab. II, XLIV49; XLV5] da sxva Zeglebze.

Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze yvelaze meti raodenobiT

mesame tipis – bakoiani jamebia aRmoCenili. formis detale-

bis mixedviT maTSi ramdenime qvetipis gamorCevac SeiZleba:

pirveli qvetipisTvis damaxasiaTebelia momrgvalebuli an

swori piri, CaRaruli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli wibo,

daqanebuli kalTa da uquslo an dabalqusliani brtyeli

Ziri. aseTi WurWeli dafiqsirda, magaliTad, borniReles

#22 da 23 samarxebSi. #23 samarxis jams yelze talRiseburi

ornamenti Semouyveba (tab. XXXIII2).

amgvari WurWeli sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlo-

baSi arsebobs. gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan (Zv.w.

XIV-XIII ss.), vidre Zv.w. VI saukunemde. amitom borniReles

jamebs Zalze bevri paraleli eZebneba. mag. samTavros Zv.w.

XI-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi (#101, 223, 234

samarxebSi); narekvavis samarovanze [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli,

2007. tab. XI895; XII909; XL1170]; Trelis samarovanze, Zv.w. XIII-XII

saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 116-120].

133

meore qvetipisTvis damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili

bakomomrgvalebuli piri, Sveuli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxa-

tuli wibo da uquslo an dabalqusliani brtyeli Ziri,

amgvari WurWeli dadasturda, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #70

samarxSi (tab. XXXIII3,4).

msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia samTavros [Tbilisi I

1978. 120], madnisWalis [TuSiSvili, 1972. 92-93]; beSTaSenis

[Куфтин, 1941. табл. LXIV. 1936] samarovnebze. amdenad isini

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi gvxvdeba, umTavresad Sida

da qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze.

mesame qvetipi gamoirCeva Zlier gadaSlili, momrgvale-

buli piriT da gverdiT, momrgvalebuli wiboTi da uquslo

an dabalqusliani brtyeli ZiriT. aseTi WurWeli fiqsirebu-

lia, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi (tab. XXXIII7).

analogiuri WurWeli napovnia samTavros samarovnis

Zv.w. XIV-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul #54, 58, 64, 73, 75, 118,

128, 254, 283 samarxebSi da Tlias samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-XII

saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1972: 161-162].

meoTxe qvetipi gamoirCeva sakmaod maRali, swori

bakoTi, `gamoyvanili~ gverdiTa da dabali qusliT. amgvari

jamebi dadasturda, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #73 da 74

samarxebSi (tab. XXXIII8).

msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia Sida qarTlis Zeglebze.

mag. xaSuris nacargoris #8 samarxSi [Рамишвили, 1995. табл.

110. 62. 64], xovles mesame horizontis masalebs Soris

[musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. LIII883] da sxva.

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis jamebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. XIII-VI

saukuneebiT daTariRebul Sida qarTlis Zeglebzea

gavrcelebuli.

134

qoTnebi. WurWlis es saxeoba yvelaze meti raodenobiT

aRmoCnda borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTari-

Rebul samarxebSi.

CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda cxrameti qoTani (#12,

13, 16, 16a, 17, 26, 30, 33, 70, 73, 74, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 95

samarxebSi. kviracxovelis samarovanze sami (#29 da 31 (2 c.)

samarxebSi). samocdaoTxi qoTani aRmoCnda borniReles

samarovanze (#1, 2, 21, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33,

34, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 761, 79, 80, 81,

89, 91,94, 102, 110, 111 samarxebSi). zog maTganSi ori an meti

egzemplaricaa dadasturebuli. am saxeobis WurWeli yvelaze

xSirad iyo gamoyenebuli kremaciul urnebad. bevrma maTganma

Cvenamde natexebis saxiT moaRwia. zogis aRdgena moxerxda,

xolo zogi mxolod nawilobriv aRdga da amdenad maTi

formis srulad gansazRvra gaZnelebulia. yvela maTgani Cven

or mTavar jgufad davyaviT: yurian da uyuro qoTnebad.

TiToeul jgufSi ki ramdenime qvetipi gamovyaviT.

uyuro qoTnebi. 1. pirgadaSlili, mucelgamoberili,

didi an saSualo zomis qoTnebi. maTi gverdebi Zirisaken

Tanabrad daqanebulia. aqvT Zalze proporciuli tani da

btyeli Ziri, zog maTgans ki koxtad gamoyvanili dabali

qusli. am tipis WurWlis umravlesoba ornamentirebulia,

zog maTgans yelisa da muclis are Semkuli aqvs nakawri an

amoRaruli paraleluri xazebiT. zogjer am xazebs Soris

moqceulia iribad Sveuli texili an talRiseburi zolebi.

aris egzemplarebi, romelTac muclis qveda nawilze wneviT

datanili kanelurebi dauyveba. iSviaTad gvxvdeba

uornamento nimuSebic. zogjer am tipis qoTnebs muclis

areSi miZerwili aqvT rqiseburi Sverilebi (mag. borniReles

#79 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) (tab. XXXIV3).

am formis qoTnebi da dergebi arsebobis Zalze did

dros iTvlis – Suabrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis

135

xanamde. am xnis manZilze icvleboda maTi faqtura,

ornamenti da formis zogierTi detali. gvianbrinjaosa da

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi (maT Soris borjomis xeobis

samarovnebzec) ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Savad, yavisfrad da

ruxad gamomwvari qoTnebi. ornamentSi ki Warbobs nakawri da

amoRaruli paraleluri xazebi, badiseburi, wiwvovani,

talRovani dekori, wneviT datanili kanelurebi da sxva

(tab. XXXIV).

msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia samTavros samarovnis

Zv.w. XII-VI saukuneebis kompleqsebSi. narkvevis samarovanze

[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV297, 298; XV942]. xovles

namosaxlaris mesame da meoTxe horizontebSi (Zv.w. IX-VI s.s.)

[musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. XIII1931,2371, L849]; xaSuris

nacargoraze [Рамишвили, 1995. табл. 99] da sxva.

bikonusuri formis qoTnebi. am tipis WurWlisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili piri, dabali yeli, bikonusuri

tani, romelic mucelze mkveTri nawiburiT iqmneba. zog

maTgans ki (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) ori

nawiburi aqvs (tab. XXXV4).

amgvari WurWelic drois sakmaod did monakveTSi

arsebobs. gvxvdeba agreTve msgavsi formis koWbebic

(romelTa Sesaxeb qveviT gveqneba saubari).

msgavsi qoTnebi aRmoCenilia Trelis samarovanze Sua

brinjaos xanis miwurulisa da Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebis

samarxebSi [Tbilisi, I133]: samTavros #3, 11, 137, 144, 152, 206,

246, 247 da sxva samarxebSi [Tbilisi I134]; kaspis [baramiZe,

1965. tab. 11]; armazis [mcxeTa I. tab. XVIII1, XIX10], madnisWa-

lis [TuSiSvili, 1972. tab. XXVI193], beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941.

табл. XLVIII]; RrmaxevisTavis [Абрамишвили и др., 1976: 22];

narekvavis [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. nivTi #320, 1153];

somxeTSi – evluqisa da artikis samarovnebze [Есаян, 1976.

136

табл. 92, 96, 105, 111, 114, 118, 135; Мартиросян, 1964: рис. 64].

CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili ornawiburiani WurWlis

msgavsi egzemplari aRmoCenilia xaSuris nacargoraze

[ramiSvili, 2001. tab. IV513].

amdenad bikonusuri formis WurWeli gavrcelebulia

Zv.w. XV-VI saukuneebis manZilze, umTavresad samxreT

kavkasiis centralur regionebSi.

wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi. am tipSi gavaerTianeT

pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani, mucelgamoberili, wagrZele-

buli formis qoTnebi. isini ZiriTadad Savad, movardisfrod

an ruxad arian gamomwvari. gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise

ornamentirebuli egzemplarebi. dekori ZiriTadad yelis,

mxris, muclis areSia datanebuli: horizontaluri,

paraleluri amokawruli an amoRaruli zolebi, zogjer maT

Soris moqceuli iribad Sveuli an jvaredini xazebi.

borniReles #81 samarxSi aRmoCenil amgvar WurWels ki

mTels korpusze wneviT datanili badiseburi ornamenti

amSvenebs. yelis areSi mas talRiseburi zoli Semouyveba,

xolo muclis areSi horizontalurad Semovlebul

paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli badisebri dekori

gasdevs. yvela maTgani Carxzea damzadebuli (tab. XXXVI).

am formis WurWelic Sua brinjaos xanidan Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebis CaTvliT arsebobs. Tumca am xnis manZilze

garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis, rac ZiriTadad faqturisa

da ornamentaciis cvlaSi gamoixateba. mag. Tu adreuli

egzemplarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo frCxiliseburi an

samkuTxeduri ornamenti, mogviano xanaSi ufro talRisebri

an badiseburi dekori amSvenebT.

amgvari formis qoTnebi dadasturebulia Trelis

samarovnis Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi

[Tbilisi I, 1978: 131], gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan

gvxvdeba isini samTavros samarovanzec (mag., #10, 12, 13, 19,

137

70, 75, 174, 183, 288 samarxebSi) [Tbilisi I, 132]. navTluRis

[qoriZe, 1955: 191]; Cardaxis [oqropiriZe, 1965. tab. II8] gviani

brinjaos xanis samarxebSi. analogiuri qoTnebi aRmoCenilia

kaxeTSic, gulgulas gvianbrinjaos xanis samarovanze.

agreTve iyalTos, Toxliauris, bakurcixis, maRaros,

sagarejos midamoebSi [ficxelauri, 1959: 144. tab. V2]. rkinis

farTo aTvisebis xanaSi msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia

Trelis #24 samarxSi [Tbilisi I, 1978: 132].

amdenad aRniSnuli tipis WurWeli gavrcelebulia Sida

qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa

da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi.

meoTxe qvetipSi gavaerTianeT pirgadaSlili, dabalye-

liani qoTnebi, romelTac aqvT odnav gamoberili muceli da

farTo, brtyeli Ziri. amgvari qoTnebi aRmoCnda borniReles

#2 da #11 samarxebSi. #2 samarxSi gamovlenili qoTani

xeliT naZerwia, legadia gamomwvari da ori reliefuri

kopiT damSvenebuli (tab. XXXV6).

am tipis WurWeli aRmoCenilia samTavros gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis xanis samarxebSi. xaSuris nacargoraze [Рамишви-

ли, 1997. табл. 363] da sxva Zeglebze.

yuriani qoTnebi. or mTavar jgufad iyofa: calyurian

da oryurian qoTnebad calyuriani qoTani mxolod erTi

calia aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi. igi ruxad gamom-

wvaria, zedapirgaprialebuli, pirgadaSlili da dabalye-

liani. aqvs brtyeli Ziri. formiT Zalze waagavs amave

samarovanze gavrcelebul tolCebs (romelTa Sesaxebac

qveviT gveqneba saubari). oRond maTTan SedarebiT didi

zomisaa: misi simaRle 17 sm-s udris; piris diametri 13,5;

Ziris diametri 9, muclis sigane ki 18 sm-s (tab. XXXVIII5).

138

oryuriani qoTnebi. am jgufis WurWelSic SesaZloa

ramdenime qvetipis gamoyofa: 1. pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani,

mucelgamoberili qoTnebi farTo brtyeli ZiriT,

romelebsac yurebi mxarsa da mucelze aqvs miZerwili (tab.

XXXVIII2).

2. pirgadaSlili, maRalyeliani, mucelgamoberili

qoTnebi, romlebic Zirisaken mkveTrad viwrovdeba. aqvT

brtyeli, viwro Ziri da dabali, koxtad gamoyvanili qusli.

momcro zomis yurebi umTavresad mxarsa da mucelze aqvT

miZerwili. zog SemTxvevaSi ki (mag., CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi

dadasturebul qoTans) yurebze unagirismagvari Sverili

aqvs daZerwili (tab. XXXVIII4). amave samarxSi aRmoCenil

meore qoTans ki ori patara, Sverilebiani yuri mxrebze aqvs

miZerwili (tab. XXXVIII3).

am tipis qoTnebis umravlesoba ornamentirebulia.

nakawri da amoRaruli dekori ZiriTadad yelis, mxris da

muclis areSi dauyveba.

3. pirgadaSlili an sworpiriani, mucelgamoberili,

wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi, romlebsac yurebi mucelsa

da mxarze aqvT miZerwili (tab. XXXVII5).

4. wagrZelebuli formis tandabali qoTnebi. dabali,

cilindruli yeliT, swori piriT, mkveTrad gamoberili

mucliT, farTo, brtyeli ZiriT (piri da Ziri erTi zomisa

aqvT). momrgvalebuli yurebi miZerwilia mucelsa da mxarze.

amgvari WurWeli mxolod ori calia dadasturebuli

CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #64 samarxebSi (tab. XXXVII3,4).

oryuriani WurWeli (qoTnebi, koWbebi, dergebi) sakmaod

gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanis samxreT kavkasiis centralur da samxreT

regionebSi. amgvari WurWeli zoomorfuli yuriT dadasture-

bulia magaliTad xovles IV horizontis masalebSi [musxe-

liSvili, 1978. tab. XLIII 1955], aseve samTavros samarovanze

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis

139

(Zv.w. IX-VII s.s.) kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981. nivTi #67, 132,

236; mcxeTa, VII, 1985. nivTi #20, 109]; narekvavis samarovanze

[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007: 319. nivTi #1008, 941, 1047; 320

nivTi #1085, 1364]; xaSuris nacargoris #160 samarxSi [rami-

Svili, 2001. tab. I104]; qvemo qarTlSi – kobalis samarovnis

#40 samarxSi [Тушиашвили и др., 1987: 19. табл. XIX1] da sxva.

(xaSuris nacargorisa da kobalis aRniSnuli kompleqsebi

Zv.w. XIV-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba).

aRniSnuli tipis WurWlis umravlesoba ornamentirebu-

lia. ZiriTadad Semkulia mxrisa da muclis areSi gavle-

buli paraleluri xazebiTa da zogjer maT Soris arsebuli

wertilovani, iribad Sveuli, wiwvovani an samkuTxeduri

dekoriT. yurebi xSir SemTxvevaSi zoomorfulia.

CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili oryuriani qoTnebi

formiT TiTqos uaxlovdeba kolxeTSi – urekSi aRmoCenil

e.w. `vazisebur WurWels~ [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XXVI8].

rac Seexeba me-3 qvetips, wagrZelebuli formis

oryurian qoTnebs, isini TiTqmis ucvlelad imeoreben amave

tipis uyuro WurWlis formas, gansxvaveba mxolod yurebSia.

amis magaliTia borniReles #81 samarxis uyuro da #89

samarxis yuriani qoTnebi (tab. XXXVI2 ; XXXVII5).

sakmaod originaluria borniReles #17 da #64 samar-

xebSi aRmoCenili qoTnebi, romlebic oryuriani qoTnebis me-

4 qvetipad gamovyaviT (tab. XXXVII3,4). amgvari WurWlis

zusti analogia samecniero literaturaSi ver moviZieT.

mxolod met-nakleb siaxloves iCens TrialeTSi aRmoCenil

erT-erT WurWelTan, romlis asakic Zv.w. VIII saukuniTaa

gansazRvruli [Менабде, 1973. табл.III59].

amdenad, Cvens sakvlev samarovanze gamovlenili

qoTnebi ganekuTvneba am saxeobis WurWlis im kategorias,

romelic faqtiurisa da formis met-naklebi cvlilebiT

gavrcelebuli arian gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da rkinis

farTo aTvisebis xanis Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, maT

140

momijnave kaxeTisa da somxeTis teritoriaze da nawilobriv

kolxeTSi.

koWbebi. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze, sakvlevi

periodis samarxebSi dadasturebuli koWbebi ZiriTadad

imeoreben aq aRmoCenili qoTnebis zogierTi tipis formebs.

gvxvdeba wagrZelebuli qoTnis formis borniReles

#761 samarxSi (tab. XXXVIII2); bikonusuri formis (sof.

dvirTan SemTxveviT mopovebuli masala)3 (tab. XXXIX1).

bikonusuri, ornawibu-riani koWobi (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi

aRmoCenili qoTnis msgavsi) (tab. XXXIX7); oryuriani

qoTnebis 3-4 qvetipis formis dabali cilindruli yeliT,

gamoberili mucliT da farTo brtyeli ZiriT, oRond

yurebis gareSe. borniReles #23 samarxSi (tab. XXXIX6).

amasTan erTad gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli formis koWbebic.

aseTia, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #28 samarxSi aRmoCenili

egzemplari: swori piriT, dabali yeliT, odnav daqanebuli

gverdebiT da brtyeli, farTo ZiriT (tab. XXXIX5).

koWbebi, iseve rogorc qoTnebis umravlesoba Carxzea

damzadebuli. gvxvdeba Savad, yavisfrad, vardisfrad gamom-

wvari egzemplarebi, magram qoTnebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi

absoluturi umravlesoba uornamentoa. mxolod zogierT

maTgans yelis areSi erTi an ori horizontalurad amoRa-

ruli xazi Semouyveba. borniReles #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil

ornawiburebian koWobs ki muclis are paralelur xazebs

Soris moqceuli. iribad Sveuli ornamentiT aqvs Semkuli

(tab. XXXIX7).

amgvari WurWeli centraluri samxreT kavkasiis

teritoriaze drois sakmaod did monakveTSia gavrcelebuli

Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebidan, vidre Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT.

3 borjomis raionis sof. dvirTan, adgilze, romelic `silis xevis~ saxeliTaa cnobili SemTxveviT aRmoCnda Tixis koWobi, tolCebi da brinjaos sakmaod originaluri rgoli. koleqcia Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.

141

doqi aRmoCnda mxolod kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. igi

monacrisfrodaa gamomwvari (emCneva Savi laqebic). pirgada-

Slilia, farTo yeliani, mxrebdaqanebuli da mucelgamobe-

rili. aqvs sakmaod farTo, brtyeli Ziri. yuri miZerwilia

pirsa da mxarze. yelze oTxi farTo Rari Semouyveba, mxarze

ki ori wriuli Rari. korpusis qveda nawili Semkulia wneviT

datanili iribad Sveuli zolebiT (tab. XLII,7).

msgavsi WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samxreT

kavkasiis centralur regionebSi. mag., dadasturebulia

samTavros samarovnis #49 da #132 samarxebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981.

nivTi #186, 242, 188, 409]; Trelis [Tbilisi I, 1978: 125. nax. 78];

narekvavis [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007: 322. nivTi #398,

1120]; xaSuris nacargoris [ramiSvili, 2001. tab. IV520];

winwyaros [menabde. davlianiZe, 1968. tab. X339-340] samarovnebze

da sxva Zeglebze.

tolCebi. am saxeobis WurWeli sakmaod didi raodeno-

biTaa aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT

daTariRebul samarxebSi. maTSi ramodenime tipi unda

gamovyoT. erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul tips cilindruli

tolCebi warmoadgens. maT axasiaTebs cilindruli formis

korpusi, romelic zogjer Zirisaken mkveTrad viwrovdeba,

xan ki `welSi gamoyvanilia~. aqvs erTi (zogjer zoomor-

fuli) yuri, romelic korpusis Sua adgilasaa miZerwili.

gvxvdeba rogorc viwro da maRali, ise SedarebiT dabali da

farTo egzemplarebi.

am tipis WurWeli ZiriTadad Savad da yavisfradaa

gamomwvari. bevri maTgani ornamentirebulia. dekori ZiriTa-

dad pirs qvemoT an korpusis SuaSi amoRarul, an nakawr

paralelur xazebs warmodgens. ramdenime maTgani ki ufro

rTuli dekoriTaa damSvenebuli. kerZod, iribad Sveuli

142

nakawri xazebiT Sevsebuli samkuTxedebiT da horizontalur

xazebs Soris moqceuli Tevzifxuri ornamentiT.

amgvari WurWeli ZiriTadad samxreT kavkasiis centra-

luri regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sakmaod didia maTi

arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc – Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukune-

ebidan, Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT. Tumca am xnis manZilze

garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis. adreul xanaSi naklebad

gvxvdeba Zirisken mkveTrad daqanebuli an `welSi gamoyva-

nili~ egzemplarebi. amis damadasturebelia gansxvaveba

erTis mxriv, Trelis da samTavros samarovnebis Zv.w. XIII-XI

saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 137-138. nax. 75;

mcxeTa V, 1981. nivTi #235, 236] dadasturebul tolCebs,

xolo meore mxriv xaSuris nacargoris [ramiSvili, 2007. tab.

VI839] am Cveni sakvlevi samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis

kompleqsebSi aRmoCenil nimuSebs Soris.

amgvari WurWeli gvxvdeba kolxeTis Zv.w. VIII-VI sauku-

neebis samarovnebzec [Микеладзе, 1990: 37. табл.. XII4]. (tab. XL).

calke tipad gamovyofT qilisebur da kasrisebur

tolCebs. amgvari tolCebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. axasiaTebT

gadaSlili piri met-naklebad gamoberili muceli (qilise-

bur tolCebs SedarebiT sustad, xolo kasriseburebs

mkveTrad), farTo da brtyeli Ziri, erTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi

zoomorfuli an kopebiani yuri, romelic mucelze da

mxarzea miZerwili. zog maTgans (mag., CiTaxevis #86 da

borniReles #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenil WurWels) yuris

magivrad rkaliseburi Sverili aqvs (tab. XLI6).

amgvari WurWlis sagrZnobi nawili uornamentoa. Tumca

gvxdeba ornamentirebuli nimuSebic. mag. borniReles #4

samarxSi aRmoCenil tolCas yelis areSi talRiseburi

nakawri xazi Semouyveba, an #64 samarxSi dadasturebul erT

tolCas aseve yelis areSi ramdenime paraleluri nakawri

xazi Semouyveba, meore muclis areSi naTiTuri ornamentiTaa

143

damSvenebuli. CiTaxevis #32 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels ki

iribad Sveuli kanelurebi dauyveba (tab. XLI3,7).

am tipis WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia Zv.w. VII-VI

saukuneebis kolxur samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIX742;

XX20; XXIII33 da sxva]; wiTeli Suquras #71 samarxSi [Трапш,

1969: 195. табл. XVIII], Tlias samarovanze amave periodiT

daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1980 а. табл.. 355; 386; 47; 908;

Техов, 1980 б. табл.915]. gvxvdeba agreTve kolxeTis adrerkinis

xanis namosaxlarebze, sadac ZiriTadad fragmentebis

saxiTaa moRweuli [miqelaZe, 1985: 22].

T. miqelaZem gamoyo tolCebis sami tipi:

1. qiliseburi tipis tolCebi, romlebisTvisac damaxa-

siaTebelia odnav momrgvalebuli korpusi. 2. Zirisaken

mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli tolCebi da 3. kasriseburi tolCebi.

mkvlevaris azriT, isini protokolxuri tipis tolCebis

Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens [miqelaZe, 1985: 21].

msgavsi WurWeli gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.

mag. samTavros samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-X saukuneebiT daTariRe-

bul kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V 188. sur. 259-260]; narekvavis Zv.w.

VIII-VI saukuneebis samarxebSi [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007:

238. nivTi #1287, 1300]; qvemo qarTlSi – pantianis samarovnis

gvaianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapis fenaSi [Тушишвили,

Амиранашвили, 1982. табл. XXXI6]; xovles IV horizontis masa-

lebSi [musxeliSvili, 1978: 103. tab. XVII]; Trelis samarovnis

Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi

[Tbilisi I. nax. 60. 615]. am Zeglebze aRmoCenili tolCebis

umravlesobac uornamentoa, Tumca ornamentirebuli nimuSe-

bic gvxvdeba. maT yurebs ki umravles SemTxvevaSi zoomor-

fuli Sverilebi amSvenebs. aris agreTve tolCebi (mag.,

samTavros samarovanze), romlebsac CiTaxevis #70 da

borniReles #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili tolCebis msgavsad

yuris magivrad rqiseburi Sverilebi aqvs.

144

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis tolCebi sakmaod didi drois

ganmavlobaSi arsebobs: gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli

safexuridan rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde. gvxvdeba

rogorc `centraluramier-kavkasiuri~ (samTavruli), ise kol-

xuri kulturis Zeglebze. Tumca am ukanasknelze isini

mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi Cndebian.

Rruqusliani tolCebi. am tipis tolCebi gvxvdeba

CiTaxevisa da borniReles samarovnebze. isini gamomwvari

arian yavisferi an ruxi Tixisgan. aqvT gadaSlili (iSviaT

SemTxvevaSi swori) piri, dabali yeli, gamoberili muceli,

kargad gamokveTili gulamoRaruli qusli. maT absolutur

umravlesobas aqvs erTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi zoomorfuli

kopebiani an cilindrulSveriliani yuri, romelic mucelsa

da mxarzea miZerwili. umravlesoba ornamentirebulia.

ornamentSi Warbobs wneviT datanili an amoRaruli kanelu-

rebi, romlebic zogjer mTels korpuss dauyveba, zogjer ki

mxolod mis qveda nawils, xan simetriulad, xan ki konebad

aris ganlagebuli, aseve gvxvdeba yelze da mucelze

gavlebuli paraleluri horizontaluri xazebiT da sxva

ornamentiT Semkuli egzemplarebic (tab. XI).

CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda Rruqusliani uyuro

tolCa, romelic formiT, faqturiTa da ornamentiT (korpu-

sis qveda nawilSi wneviT datanili kanelurebi) TiTqmis

zustad imeorebs, amave samarxSi aRmoCenili yuriani tolCis

moyvanilobas arc zomebSi SeiniSneba didi sxvaoba (tab.

XLII3,4). amgvari WurWeli sakmaod iSviaTia. misi paraleli

Cven mxolod erTgan vipoveT da is xovles namosaxlaris IV

horizontis masalebSia dadasturebuli. Tumca CiTaxevis

tolCasTan SedarebiT naklebad gamoyofili qusli aqvs da

kanelurebic yuridan Ziramde dauyveba [musxeliSvili, 1978.

tab. XLIII2320].

145

sakmaod originaluria agreTve CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi

aRmoCenili SedarebiT didi zomis tolCa. mas aqvs mkveTrad

gadaSlili piri, aseve mkveTrad gamoziduli mxrebi, viwro

Ziri, dabali, koxtad gamoyvanili qusli. mrgvalganivkve-

Tiani yuri mucelzea miZerwili. mucelzeve Semouyveba erTi

amoRaruli horizontaluri xazi. WurWlis forma bikonusu-

ris StabeWdilebas tovebs (tab. XII5).

aseve gamoirCeva CiTaxevis #70 samarxis gareTa kuTxes-

Tan dadasturebuli tolCa. mas aqvs gadaSlili piri, uCveu-

lod maRali cilindruli yeli, gamoberili muceli, dabali

koxtad gamoyvanili qusli. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da

mucelze. muclis areSi dauyveba wneviT datanili kanelu-

rebi (tab. DXII6).

am tipis tolCebs exeba m. baramiZe, rodesac ganixilavs

kaspis samarovanze aRmoCenil keramikul masalas. igi Tvlis,

rom am tipis WurWlis arseboba ZiriTadad gviani brinjaos

xanidan rkinis xanaSi gardamaval da rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi SeiniSneba [baramiZe, 1965: 38].

aRniSnuli formis tolCebs moWiqul calebTan dakavSi-

rebiT exeba k. ficxelauri. mas moWiquli WurWeli adgilob-

riv nawarmad ar miaCnia, vinaidan ZiriTadad asureTSia

gavrcelebuli da kavkasiaSi sul TiTo-orola calia

dadasturebuli. samTavros da sxva Zeglebze aRmoCenili

Savpriala tolCebi TavianTi formiT Zalian axlos dganan

asurul egzemplarebTan, rac mkvlevaris azriT, maT Soris

genetikur kavSirze unda miuTiTebdes – Savpriala tolCebi

moWiquli WurWlis mibaZviT unda iyos damzadebuli. amis

dasturad igi im garemoebasac miiCnevs, rom Savpriala

WurWeli moWiqul tolCebze adreul kompleqsebSi arsadaa

dafiqsirebuli.

k. ficxelauris am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba r. abrami-

Svili da amgvar WurWels adgilobriv nawarmad miiCnevs.

argumentad mas is moaqvs, rom Trelis samarovanze Zv.w. XIII

146

saukunisa da Zv.w. XII saukunis pirveli naxevris mraval

kompleqsSi dadasturebulia araerTi am tipis tolCa.

agreTve isic, rom msgavsi WurWeli damaxasiaTebelia Sida

da qvemo qarTlis gvianbrinjaos xanis ZeglebisaTvis.

kerZod, isini aRmoCenilia Trelis [Tbilisi I, 138. nax. 66,

663. tab. XLV]; samTavros [mcxeTa V. nivTi #276, 277, 313];

kaspis [baramiZe, 1965: 38]; flavismanis [makalaTia, 1930: 233.

nax. 15, 16]: dvanis [makalaTia, 1948: 360]: dmanisis [nioraZe,

1947: 51-53]; redkin-lageris [Мартиросян, 1964: 200. рис. 78] da

sxva Zeglebze. sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdebian mogviano,

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic. mag. xaSuris nacargoris

#208 samarxSi [ramiSvili, 2001: 158. tab. II357; III518]; dasavleT

saqarTveloSi wiTeli Suquras samarovnis #91 samarxSi

[Трапш, 1969. табл. XIV 4]; Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze da sxva.

qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT Rruqusliani tolCebis

arseboba Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebis farglebSi eqceva [Tbilisi

I, 1976: 140].

sasmisebi. calke unda gamovyoT CiTaxevis #87, borni-

Reles #4, 8, 76, 82 samarxebSi dadasturebuli da CiTaxevis

#82 samarxis maxloblad, kulturul fenaSi napovni

sasmisebi.

CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisi Savad gamom-

wvaria, aqvs naprialebi zedapiri. kargad damuSavebuli ruxi

keci da Carxzea damzadebuli. gaaCnia dabali, odnav gada-

Slili piri, sakmaod maRali yeli da gamoberili muceli.

aqvs maRali, koxtad gamoyvanili fexi da brtyeli Ziri.

muceli Semkulia vertikaluri oTx-oTxi da horizontaluri,

zigzaguri, amoRaruli xazebiT. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da

mucelze.

simaRle – 11,6; piris diametri – 7,8; muclis diametri –

9,1; fexis diametri – 4; Ziris diametri 4.7 sm. (tab. XIII3).

147

borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic Savad

gamomwvaria. gamoirCeva naprialebi zedapiriT. aqvs odnav

gadaSlili piri, Sezneqili yeli, gamoberili, Zirisaken

mkveTrad daqanebuli muceli, maRali, koxtad gamoyvanili

fexi da brtyeli Ziri. ovalurganivkveTiani yuri miZerwilia

mxarsa da mucelze. gverdebi Semkulia paraleluri

vertikaluri xazebiT Seqmnili samkuTxedebiT, romlebic

wveriT Zirisaken arian mimarTuli.

simaRle 11; piris diametri 8; muclis diametri 9,6;

Ziris diametri 5,0 sm (tab. XLIII2).

borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisi ruxad

gamomwvaria. formiT da ornamentiT TiTqmis #4 samarxis

analogiuri WurWlis identuria. identuria maTi ornamenta-

ciac. gansxvaveba mxolod yuris formasa da zomebSia. #8

samarxis sasmiss yuri ufro didi zomisa aqvs da is

uSualod yels qvemoT da mucelzea miZerwili.

simaRle 11,5; piris diametri 7,3; muclis diametri 9,7;

Ziris diametri 4,5 sm (tab. XLIII1).

zemoaRniSnul WurWelTan formiT sakmaod axlos dgas

borniReles #76 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic. igi Savad

gamomwvaria, priala zedapiriT, sxva sasmisebisagan gansxvave-

biT uornamentoa.

rac Seexeba CiTaxevis #82 samarxis maxloblad,

kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenil sasmiss, igi yvela CamoTvlili

sasmisebisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. samwuxarod mis

Sesaxeb informacia arc savele davTarSi da arc angariSSi

ar moipoveba. SemorCenilia mxolod grafikuli naxati.

WurWeli sakmaod maRalia, pirgadaSlili, Cazneqili yeliT.

mxrebidan Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebuli. aqvs Zalze viwro

Ziri. yelidan Ziramde wneviT datanili kanelurebiTaa

Semkuli. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da mucelze (tab. XLIII5).

T. miqelaZem Tavis naSromSi «� ���������� �������»

mogvca Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxuri keramikis klasifika-

148

cia [Микеладзе, 1990: 37-39]. pirvel jgufSi man qiliseburi

WurWeli gaaerTiana. meore jgufSi WurWeli, romlis gver-

debi Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebulia. mesame jgufSi _

kasriseburi WurWeli. meoTxe jgufSi iseTi egzemplarebi,

romlebic axlos dgas meore jgufis (Zirisken mkveTrad

daqanebulgverdian) WurWelTan, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom

maT mkveTrad gamokveTili fexi axasiaTebT. es ukanasaknelni

ki arian mesame tipi sasmisebisa [Микеладзе, 1990. табл. XIII 3, 5],

romlebic gamoCenas Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis manZilze iwyeben

da kolxuri keramikis erT-erT wamyvan elementad gvevline-

bian [Микеладзе, 1990: 37].

swored T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis meoTxe jgufs

miekuTvneba Cvens mier zemoT CamoTvlili, CiTaxevisa da

borniReles samarovnebze aRmoCenili sasmisebi. msgavsi

nimuSebi aRmoCenilia kolxeTis araerT samarovansa da

namosaxlarze. mag. ergetis #4 dasakrZalav ormoSi

[Микеладзе, 1982. табл. XLIV, XLV1], romelic Zv.w. VII-VI saukune-

ebiTaa daTariRebuli.

borniReles samarovanze gamovlenil sasmisebs Seexo o.

RambaSiZe. manac xazi gausva aRniSnuli WurWlis kolxur

masalasTan msgavsebas. magram amasTan yuradReba gaamaxvila

borniReles sasmisebis kecis damuSavebis teqnikasa da

ornamentaciaze (gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelze), romlebic

samTavros samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi

aRmoCenil nawarmTan iCens msgavsebas [RambaSiZe o., 1984].

amdenad, am tipis WurWelSi gaerTianebuli unda iyos

rogorc kolxur, ise samTavrul kulturaTa keramikuli

warmoebis tradiciebi.

rac Seexeba #82 samarxTan, kulturul fenaSi aRmoCe-

nil sasmiss (tab. XIII4), Tavisi formiT ufro gviandelis

STabeWdilebas tovebs. miT umetes, rom #82 samarxis

inventari: vercxlis farakiani beWedi, vercxlis sayureebi,

149

da sxva nivTebi komp-leqss Zv.w. VI saukunis boloTi da V

saukuniT aTariRebs [RambaSiZe o., 1976].

calke aRsaniSnavia borniReles #71 da #99 samarxebSi

aRmoCenili sasmisebi. #71 samarxis sasmisi moSavo-

moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri naprialebia. aqvs gada-

Slili piri. gverdebi Sezneqilia (welSi gamoyvanilia).

gaaCnia koxtad gamokveTili qusli da viwro Ziri, yuri

miZerwilia gverdis Sua nawilze. Semkulia horizontalur

paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli vertikalurad daSvebu-

li da wertilebiT Sevsebuli paraleluri xazebiT. is sakma-

od originaluri formis da lamazi WurWelia (gamofenilia

borjomis muzeumis mudvimoqmed eqspoziciaSi, tab. ILIV2).

aseve sakmaod originaluri formiT gamoirCeva borniRe-

les #99 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic. mas aqvs odnav

gadaSlili piri, Sezneqili yeli, sakmaod maRali tani, aseve

maRali fexi da viwro, brtyeli Ziri. kopiani yuri

miZerwilia yels qvemoT da mucelze. yelis areSi Semouyveba

ori paraleluri amoRaruli xazi, romelic iribad Sveuli

xazebiTaa Sevsebuli, xolo gverdebi Semkulia or-ori

Sveuli paraleluri xazebiT, romelTa Soris are wertile-

biTaa Sevsebuli (tab. XLIV1).

am WurWlis analogebi ver moviZieT. im kompleqsebis

mixedviT ki, sadac isini iyvnen dadasturebuli (cilind-

ruli da kasriseburi tolCebi, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi,

rkinis Subispiri da sxva) Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT unda

daTariRdnen.

Caidniseburi WurWeli. borniReles #50 samarxSi

dadasturda Caidniseburi WurWeli, romelic erTad-erTi

egzemplaria borjomis xeobis samarovnebze. is monacisfro-

moruxodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri gaprialebulia. aqvs gada-

Slili piri, dabali yeli, iribad daqanebuli mxrebi, gamobe-

rili muceli, farTo da brtyeli Ziri. mrgvalganivkveTiani

150

yuri mxarze aqvs daZerwili. aqvs mrgvali da mokle siTxis

gadmosasxmeli mili. yelze erTi, xolo mxarze ori

amoRaruli xazi Semouyveba.

simaRle 20; muclis diametri 24; Ziris diametri 10;

milis sigrZe 2; milis ganivkveTa 2,6 sm (tab. XLIV4).

Caidniseburi WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia Zv.w. X-VIII

saukuneebSi rogorc mcire aziaSi (frigia), ise iransa da mis

mosazRvre teritoriebze. samxreT kavkasiaSi is ukidures

samxreT regionebSia gamovlenili (yizil-vanqi) [Погребова,

1977: 99. табл. XXIII1-5,7,9,10]. garda amisa, am tipis WurWeli

gamovlenilia mingeCauris yorRanebSi, romlebic Zv.w. XII-IX

saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XXXVII; XLII1;

XLII2]. magram arc mcireaziuri, arc iranuli da arc

mingeCauris Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles egzem-plars

arafriT ar hgavs, garda imisa, rom yvela maTgans siTxis

sadeni mili aqvs. ase rom, maT Soris raime geneti-kuri

kavSiris Zieba Cvenis azriT ar unda iyos marTebuli.

`sarkmliani~ WurWeli. borniReles #23 da #25

samarxSi aRmoCenil tolCebs ZirSi obsidianis natexi hqonda

Cadgmuli.

#23 samarxSi aRmoCenili tolCa Savad gamomwvaria,

pirgadaSlili, yelSezneqili, mucelgamoberili, aqvs dabali

qusli. mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri mucelzea miZerwili,

uornamentoa.

simaRle 8,5: piris diametri 7,5; muclis diametri 10;

Ziris diametri 4,2 sm (tab. XLI8).

#25 samarxSi aRmoCenili tolCa Savad gamomwvaria,

pirgadaSlili, mucelgamoberili. aqvs farTo da brtyeli

Ziri. yuris magivrad mucelze rqiseburi Sverili aqvs

miZerwili.

simaRle 9,5: piris diametri 9; Ziris diametri 6;

151

muclis diametri 10,2 sm (tab. XLI5).

e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens.

is sakmaod gavrcelebulia mcire aziaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa

da evropaSi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ki aRmoCenilia

Trelis [Tbilisi I138]; madnisWalis [Тушишвили, 1981: 94-95];

dmanisis [nioraZe, 1947: 51-53]; `SuSis qarxnis~ [Ниорадзе, 2006:

16-20]; flavismanis [makalaTia, 1930: 231] samarovnebze.

agreTve diliJanSi, axtalaSi [makalaTia, 1930: 234], redkin-

lagerze, musi-ierSi, SeiTan-daRSi, troaSi, Crdilo-

aRmosavleT evropaSi (germania, safrangeTi); skandinaviis

naxevarkunulze (SvedeTi, norvegia); britaneTSi da sxva

[Ниорадзе, 2006: 16-20].

evropul da aziur `sarkmlian~ WurWels Soris sakmaod

didi qronologiuri sxvaobaa. evropaSi is ZiriTadad ax.w.

I-IV saukuneebSi vrceldeba, maSin, roca aziuri da

kavkasiuri nimuSebi Zv.w. 2000-500 w.w. farglebSi gvxvdebian

[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17]. Trelis, madnisWalis, dmanisis, `SuSis

qarxnis~ samarovnebic zogadad Zv.w. XIII-IX saukuneebiT

TariRdebian. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos

teritoriaze aRmoCenili `sarkmliani~ WurWlis umravlesoba

(Treli, madnisWala, dmanisi, gomna, `SuSis qarxana~)

Rruquslian tolCebs warmoadgens. erTis mxriv, aziur da

kavkasiur, xolo meores mxriv, evropul `sarkmlian~

WurWels Soris kidev erTi arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. aziur da

kavkasiur nimuSebSi `sarkmlis~ funqcias obsidianis am mTis

brolis natexebi asrulebs, xolo evropul egzemplarebSi

mina. aziur da kavkasiur WurWels umravles SemTxvevaSi

erTi an ori (`SuSis qarxnis~ samarovani) `sarkmeli~ aqvs,

maSin, rodesac evropaSi gamovlenil amgvar WurWels umetes

SemTxvevaSi ramodenime `sarkmeli~ aqvs datanebuli

[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17].

152

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili WurWlis umravlesobas

`sarkmeli~ Zirze aqvs datanebuli (Tbilisi, madnisWala,

dmanisi, `SuSis qarxana~, borniRele da sxva) da rogorc

Cans, WurWlis gamomwvamdea Casmuli.

ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqonoda aseT WurWels? am

sakiTxze araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba

rogorc evropaSi ise saqarTveloSi.

evropel mecnierTa azri sakmaod gansxvavebulia. erTni

`sarkmels~ WurWlis samSvenisad Tvlis, sxvani amuletad,

zogi ki miiCnevs, rom miniT an obsidianiT ubralod,

WurWlis dazianebul, gaxvretil adgils avsebdnen. aris

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom `sarkmeli~ WurWels masSi

mdgari siTxis mdgomareobis gasagebad ukeTdeboda, zogi maT

sakulto daniSnulebis WurWlad Tvlida da a.S. [Ниорадзе,

2006: 18].

qarTvel mkvlevarTagan am sakiTxs Seexnen g. nioraZe

da s. makalaTia [nioraZe, 1947. Ниорадзе, 2006. makalaTia, 1930].

g. nioraZis azriT, sxvadasxva dros, sxvdasxva xalxi amgvar

WurWels gansxvavebuli mizniT akeTebda. amitomac isini did

cvlilebas ganicdidnen formis, zomis, saxeobis, `sarkmlis~

masalis mxriv. zogjer amgvari WurWeli dasakrZalav

urnadac gamoiyeneboda. ganixilavs ra `SuSis qarxnis~ da

dmanisis samarovanze aRmoCenil `sarkmlian~ WurWels,

g. nioraZe kategoriulad gamoricxavs maTze `sarkmlis~

raime praqtikuli mizniT datanebas da am movlenas mxolod

religiur warmodenebs ukavSirebs. amis argumentad mas is

garemoebac moaqvs, rom obsidiani WurWlis ZirSia Casmuli

(iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi gamovlenili analogiuri

WurWlis umravlesobaSi – r. k.) da amdenad arc WurWlis

samSvenisad da arc masSi mdgari siTxis Sesamowmeblad ar

gamodgeboda. aseve gamoricxavs is obsidianis WurWlis

SesakeTebel masalad gamoyenebas, vinaidan is WurWlis

gamomwvamdea Casmuli (iseve rogorc borniReles WurWelSi).

153

borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebi e.w. `Sereul~ samar-

xebs warmoadgens (sadac dadasturda rogorc inhumaciurad

dakrZaluli micvalebulebi, ise kremaciuli urnebi). magram

arc erT samarxSi `sarkmliani~ WurWeli urnad ar yofila

gamoyenebuli.

g. nioraZe aseve gamoricxavs `sarkmliani~ WurWlis

amuletebad gamoyenebas, vinaidan Tvlis, rom aseT SemTxve-

vaSi maTi ricxvi gacilebiT didi iqneboda. amasTanave

aRniSnavs, rom brinjaos xanaSi (iseve rogorc dRes zogierT

ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom tomebSi) obsidians

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. amis magaliTad,

mas zemo avWalis, samTavros, redkin-lageris samarovnebi

mohyavs, sadac brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebTan erTad

obsidianis ubralo anatkecebicaa dadasturebuli, romlebic

misi azriT, marTlac amuletis funqcias asrulebdnen

[Ниорадзе, 2006: 19-20].

CamoTvlili versiebis gamoricxvis Semdeg g. nioraZe

`sarkmlian~ WurWels mzis kults ukavSirebs. amis erT-erT

argumentad mas is garemoeba moaqvs, rom am WurWlis

funqcionirebis periodSi, im xalxSi, romelTa teritoria-

zec isinia dafiqsirebuli, mzis Tayvaniscema sakmaod

gavrcelebuli movlena iyo (mzis gamosaxulebebi da

simboloebi maT ornamentaciaSi did adgils ikavebda). Tanac

kavkasiur `sarkmlian~ WurWelSi ZiriTadad obsidiani da

mTis brolia gamoyenebuli, anu is minerali, romelic mzis

Suqs kargad atarebs. tolCa siTxis sasmeli WurWelia da

Suqi, romelic `sarkmlidan~ Sedioda, anaTebda da

`ganwmedda~ masSi mdgar siTxes. g. nioraZis azriT, am

WurWlidan sasmels SesaZloa mxolod dResaswaulebze

svamdnen. mkvlevari ar gamoricxavs, rom amgvar WurWels

saflavSi mxolod qurumebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs atandnen

[Ниорадзе, 2006: 20-21]. Tumca Cveni azriT, g. nioraZis am metad

sayuradRebo mosazrebas erTi kontrargumentic gaaCnia. Tu

154

`sarkmeli~ WurWels imisaTvis ukeTdeboda, rom mzis Suqs

masSi mdgari siTxe gaeSuqebina, ratom ukeTedeboda igi

yvelaze xSir SemTxvevaSi Zirze, anu im adgilze, saidanac

mzis sxivebi masSi yvelaze naklebad SeaRwevda?

s. makalaTiac ganixilavs ra flavismanis samarxSi

aRmoCenil `sarkmlian~ WurWels (Rruquslian tolCas), mas

aseve sakulto daniSnulebisad Tvlis. misi azriT, `sarkme-

li~ sinaTlis SegrZnebasTan da mzis kultTanac SeiZleba

yofiliyo dakavSirebuli da micvelebulis kultTanac,

vinaidan amgvari WurWeli xSirad dasakrZalavi urnis

funqciasac asrulebda [makalaTia, 1930: 236].

gaxvretili WurWeli. CiTaxevis #16 da #31 samarxebSi

aRmoCnda qoTnebi, romlebsac ZirTan erTi naxvreti hqondaT

datanili. aseve Zirgaxvretili iyo #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili

jamic. arc erTi WurWeli kremaciul urnad ar iyo

gamoyenebuli. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom naxvretiani

urnebi aRmoCenilia malaqlus kolumbariumze, sadac is

b. kuftinis azriT, micvalebulis kults da sulis

arsebobis rwmenas ukavSirdeboda [Куфтин, 1944: 70]. krema-

ciul urnebze da akldamebze msgavsi naxvretebi arc

evropisTvis yofila ucxo da yvelgan sulis arsebobis

rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli [Погребальный обряд племен...

1974]. mecnierebi mas `sulis sarkmelsac~ uwodebdnen

[makalaTia, 1930: 235]. aseTi `sarkmlebi~ gvxvdeba samTavros

qvayuTebze da kavkasiur dolmenebSi. Tumca ratom iyo

gaxvretili CiTaxevis samarovanze dadasturebuli WurWeli,

romelic urnebad ar yofila gamoyenebuli Zneli saTqmelia.

rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, borjomis xeobis

samarovnebze aRmoCenili keramikuli nawarmis didi nawili

Semkulia sxvadasxvagvari dekoriT. ornamentirebulia yvela

saxeobis WurWeli: ZiriTadad tolCebi da qoTnebi, iSviaTad

155

koWbebi da jamebi (mxolod borniReles #2 da CiTaxevis #23

samarxSi dadasturebul jamebs Semouyveba pirs qvemoT

talRiseburi nakawri zoli).

cilindruli tolCebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamen-

tia or paralelur horizontalurad amoRebul xazs Soris

moqceuli iribad Sveuli xazebi, Sveuli xazebiT Seqmnili

samkuTxedebi, romelTa wveri xan Ziriskenaa mimarTuli, xan

ki pirisken; amoRaruli da wneviT datanili kanelurebi;

pirTan, an korpusis Sua nawilze ramdenime paraleluri

horizontaluri nakawri an amoRaruli xazi da sxva (tab.

XV).

Rruqusliani tolCebi ZiriTadad Semkulia wneviT

datanili kanelurebiT da nakawri xazebiT Seqmnili

samkuTxedebiT, romlebic wveriT Zirisaken aris mimarTuli

(tab. XLV).

qoTnebi Semkulia yelze, mxarze, mucelze Semovlebuli

horizontaluri paraleluri xazebiT, maT Soris moqceuli

iribad Sveuli, wiwvovani, badiseburi an wriuli ornamentiT.

agreTve mTels korpusze wneviT datanili badiseburi

dekoriT, paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli wertilebiT,

wertilebiT Seqmnili samkuTxedebiT da sxva (tab. XLV).

kanelurebi zog WurWels piridan Ziramde dauyveba, zogs

muclidan Ziramde, zogs ki mxolod muclis areSi.

rac Seexeba WurWelTa yurebs: isini ZiriTadad mrgva-

lganivkveTiani an ovalurganivkveTiania. xSiria zoomor-

fuli yurebi, gvxvdeba agreTve yurebi e.w. `rqiseburi~ da

cilindruli SverilebiT, Riliseburi kopebiT, cilindruli

danaZerwiT da sxva (tab. XLV). zog WurWels yurebis

nacvlad e.w. `rqiseburi~ Sverili aqvs. gvxvdeba e.w.

`cruyuriani~ WurWelic (tab. XLV).

156

daskvna

rogorc cnobilia, borjomis xeoba istoriuli samcxis

(mesxeTis) Semadgeneli nawilia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da

rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis Zeglebi ki mxolod aqaa

gaTxrili da Seswavlili, Tumca jer-jerobiT mxolod

samarovnebi. Tu ar CavTvliT aspinZis raionis sof. saroSi

gvianbrinjaos xanis sawyisi periodiT (Zv.w. XV-XIV ss.)

daTariRebul 11 samarxs [RambaSiZe da sxv. 2000: 115-183].

sakmaod uxvadaa agreTve SemTxveviT mopovebuli nivTebi da

koleqciebic (ix. borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka, tab.

I2, 5, 9, 10, 13, 19, 22, 34, 38, 40).

mesxeTis rolsa da adgilze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanis samxreT kavkasiaSi, araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli

sayuradRebo mosazreba (g. nioraZe, o. jafariZe, T. miqelaZe,

o. lorTqifaniZe, t. CubiniSvili, a. javaxiSvili, o. Ramba-

SiZe, v. liCeli, l. saxarova, a. ramiSvili, i. RambaSiZe,

j. afaqiZe da sxva).

o. jafariZe exeba ra gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

samcxis (maT Soris borjomis xeobis) Zeglebs, Tvlis, rom

am periodSi aq sakmaod rTuli viTareba iqmneba da regioni

dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa mZlavr gavlenas

ganicdis. mkvlevari ZiriTadad gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli

etapis kompleqsebs eyrdnoba (CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da

borniReles adreuli samarxebi, gomnis samarovani) da midis

daskvnamde, rom am periodSi mesxeTSi ufro Sida qarTlis

gavlena igrZnoba, rac upiratesad iaraRis xasiaTSi aisaxeba

(masragaxsnili Subispirebi, foTliseburi satevrebi,

laxtisTavebi, brinjaos brtyeli isrispirebi da sxva). amave

dros imasac aRniSnavs, rom am regionSi dRemde araa

cnobili aRmosavlurqarTuli culis aRmoCenis SemTxveva da

amas imiT xsnis, rom aq sakmaod adre da sakmaod

intensiurad kolxuri culi iwyebs gavrcelebas. II

157

aTaswleulis bolosaTvis ki misi azriT, mesxeTSi TandaTan

sustdeba Sida qarTlidan momdinare gavlena. amas ki imiT

xsnis, rom TviT Sida qarTlSi am periodSi ior-alaznis

kulturis momZlavreba iwyeba da mesxeTi ukve kolxuri

kulturis mZlavr gavlenas ganicdis. amis erT-erT

TvalsaCino magaliTad mkvlevars waRveris metalurgiuli

saxelosnos arseboba miaCnia.

udes ganZze dayrdnobiT, sadac kolxuri kulturisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebi Warbobs, a. javaxiSvili da

t. CubiniSvili mesxeTs kolxuri kulturis gavlenis sfero-

Si Semaval regionad miiCneven [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili,

1959].

T. miqelaZe Tavis naSromSi: `Ziebani kolxeTisa da

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis

istoriidan~, sxva mraval sakiTxTa Soris mosxebis (mesxebis)

eTnikuri vinaobis problemebsac exeba. aRmosavlur da

berZnul wyaroebze, arqeologiur masalasa da samxreT

saqarTvelos, maT Soris borjomis xeobis toponimikasa da

onomastikonze dayrdnobiT midis daskvnamde, rom mosxebi

(mesxebi) dasavlur-qarTuli, zanurenovani tomia da rom

`mesxsa da qarTs Soris tolobis niSnis dasma ar unda iyos

gamarTlebuli~ [miqelaZe, 1974: 30]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

T. miqelaZis es sakmaod saintereso mosazreba dRevandel

qarTul istoriografiaSi ZiriTadad araa gaziarebuli da

mesxebi aRmosavlur-qarTul tomadaa miCneuli.

samxreT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi mimdi-

nare procesebs Seexo v. liCeli. igi Tvlis, rom Zv.w. II

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi samxreT saqarTveloSi

centraluramierkavkasiuri kultura dominirebs, Tumca

amasTan erTad garkveul eTnikur cvlilebebze metyvelebs

borjomis xeobaSi gaTxril samarovnebze mikvleuli

liTonisa da Tixis nawarmi, romelTa erTi nawili mkveTrad

gamoxatul lokalur xasiaTs atarebs (mag. borjomis

158

xeobaSi gavrcelebuli brinjaos diskoseburi gulsakidebi).

amave xanidan v. liCelis azriT, materialuri kulturis

xasiaTi mkveTrad icvleba da is dasavlur-qarTuli

(kolxuri) elementebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis magali-

Tad mkvlevars udesa da Telovanis ganZebi da mzeTamzes

samarovani moaqvs. Zv.w. IV saukunidan ki v. liCelis azriT,

samxreT saqarTveloSi materialuri kulturis xasiaTi

kvlav icvleba da isev aRmosavluri elementebi iwyebs

momZlavrebas [liCeli, 1999: 106-107].

am movlenebs o. lorTqifaniZe kolxuri kulturisa da

SesaZloa, kolxuri eTnikuri elementis mezobel regionebSi

(igulisxmeba samcxe da Sida qarTli) infiltraciiT xsnis

[lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 111-113].

rac Seexeba Sida qarTls: mkvlevarTa nawili (o. jafa-

riZe, k. ficxelauri da sxv.) miiCnevs, rom kolxuri kultura

aq ZiriTadad swored mesxeTidan gavrcelda.

al. ramiSvilis azriT, gvianbrinjaos xanis mesxeTi

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT jerac araa saTanado doneze

Seswavlili. mopovebuli masalis ZiriTadi nawili gamouqvey-

nebulia da amdenad, maTi gaTvaliswinebac SeuZlebelia.

amitom, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aseT viTarebaSi Znelia gadaW-

riT mtkiceba imisa, kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sedioda es

mxare Tu ara. kolxuri culebis da Tundac maTi dasamzade-

beli yalibebis aRmoCena, misi azriT ar unda niSnavdes

regionis maincdamainc kolxuri kulturis sferoSi yofnas

[ramiSvili a., 1998: 201].

am problemas Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi j. afaqiZec

Seexo. rvelis, kviracxovlis, CiTaxevisa da borniReles

samarovnebis gamoqveynebul masalaze dayrdnobiT igi Tvlis,

rom am mxareSi kolxuri kultura sakmaod adre iwyebs

gamoCenas da gavrcelebas. amis magaliTad Telovanis yalibi,

mitarbis culi da udes ganZic moaqvs. mkvlevars miaCnia, rom

mesxeTSi gvianbrinjaos xanis adreul safexurebze,

159

aRmosavlur-qarTuli da kolxuri kultura Tanabrad iyo

gavrcelebuli da amdenad, am regions `Sereuli kulturebis

zonad~ Tvlis. xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwurulidan

mesxeTi ukve kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis erT-erTi

regionia, sadac didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili kolxuri

keramikis, iaraRisa da samkaulis nimuSebi. amasTanave imasac

aRniSnavs, rom amgvari masalis Semcveli kompleqsebis

gverdiT gansxvavebuli nivTebis Semcveli kompleqsebicaa

dadasturebuli. Tumca sabolood Zv.w. II aTaswleulis

miwurulidan mesxeTs mainc kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis

arealSi aqcevs [afaqiZe, 2002: 282-285].

mesxeTSi da konkretulad borjomis xeobaSi kolxuri

da aRmosavlurqarTuli kulturis urTierTobis sakiTxs

araerTgzis Seexo o. RambaSiZe. garda am ori mZlavri

kulturuli Srisa, igi aq mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda,

rac misi azriT, ZiriTadad dakrZalvis wesSi iyo

gamoxatuli (vinaidan am sakiTxs ukve SevexeT, aq sityvas ar

gavagrZelebT).

ra masalas iZleva am TvalsazrisiT borjomis xeobis

samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebuli samarxebi?

samarxTa agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis Tvalsazri-

siT, es samarovnebi aRmosavlurqarTul sinqronul

ZeglebTan bevr saerTos amJRavnebs. kerZod, micvalebulTa

inhumaciurad dakrZalva, ormo-samarxebi, qviTnagebi samar-

xebi, kenotafebi. samarxSi mxolod Tavis qalebis aRmoCenis

faqtebi ZiriTadad `centraluramierkavkasiuri~ kulturis

arealSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca micvalebulTa inhumaciuri

dakrZalva arc kolxuri samyarosTvisaa mTlad ucxo, gansa-

kuTrebiT Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTisaTvis. amasTan erTad

borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi

kremaciiT, rac kolxuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli

movlenaa. magram borjomis xeobaSi kremirebuli Zvlebi

sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWelSia moTavsebuli

160

da xSir SemTxvevaSi inhumaciurad dakrZalul micvelebul-

Tan erTad, erT samarxSia dadasturebuli. am TvalsazrisiT

borjomis xeoba yvela sxva regionisagan gansxvavdeba da e.w.

`Sereuli~ samarxebi mxolod am mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

movlenaa.

liTonis iaraRis TvalsazrisiTac Cvens sakvlev

samarovnebze orive zemoaRniSnuli kulturisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli nimuSebia dadasturebuli. erTi mxriv kolxuri

brinjaosa da rkinis culebi, meore mxriv e.w. `samTavruli~

tipis maxvilebi da fuZeamoRaruli isrispirebi, kolxuri

tipis satevrebi, gravirebuli Subispirebi da `aRmosav-

luramierkavkasiuri~ kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkinis

Subispirebi, yunwiani da qediani isrispirebi. agreTve mxo-

lod mesxeTisaTvis da samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli e.w. `hibriduli~ (mesxuri) culebi.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sinqronuli periodis masa-

lasTan iCens msgavsebas samkaulsa da samoselTan dakavSire-

buli nivTebis zogi tipi. mag. e.w. `Tavgabrtyelebuli~

sakinZebi ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis-

Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (beSTaSeni, samTavro da sxva), magram

maT gverdiT iseTi nimuSebicaa dadasturebuli, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT

saqarTvelos ZeglebisaTvis. Tundac, e.w. `Tavgamsxvi-

lebuli~ sakinZebi, mrgvalganivkveTiani da grexilReroiani

xatisuRlebi, gvelis stilizebulTaviani samajurebi,

mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisagan damzadebuli sayureebi da

a.S. kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba borjomis xeobis

samarovnebze aRmoCenili brinjaos abzindebi.

rac Seexeba keramikas: sameTuneo warmoebaSi SeiniSneba

am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia – kvarcisa da

qarsis mineralebis intensiuri gamoyeneba. gvxvdeba WurWeli,

romelic ZiriTadad centraluramierkavkasiuri _ `samTavru-

li~ kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mag. bakoiani jamebi,

161

bikonusuri da wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi, sxvadasxva

formis yuriani qoTnebi. Tumca zogierTi maTgani did

siaxloves iCens Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxur Zeglebze

aRmoCenil e.w. `vazisebur~ WurWelTan. samTavruli kultu-

risaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli agreTve e.w. `Rruqusliani~

tolCebic. Zv.w. VII-VI ss. kolxur samarovnebze mopovebul

masalasTan amJRavnebs siaxloves borjomis xeobaSi

aRmoCenili kasriseburi da qiliseburi tolCebi da kolxuri

tipis fexiani sasmisebi.

yovelive es gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII

saukuneebis borjomis xeoba `centraluramierkavkasiuri~

(samTavruli) da kolxuri kulturebis Sexvedrisa da

Tanaarsebobis zonad miviCnioT. romeli kultura iyo

dominanti da romeli daqvemdebarebuli, Zneli saTqmelia,

miT umetes maSin, rodesac am periodis namosaxlarebi araa

Seswavlili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kolxuri kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli nivTebi sakmaod uxvadaa warmodgenili, ar

dadasturebula am kulturis mTavari elementebi: Toxi,

segmentiseburi iaraRi da waldi. Tumca es SeiZleba imiTac

iyos gamowveuli, rom maTi micvelebulTaTvis Catanebis

tradicia ar arsebobda, an iqneb borjomis xeobis

meurneobis TaviseburebebiTac.

kolxuri nivTebi sakmaod uxvadaa warmodgenili

borjomis xeobis adreuli periodis (Zv.w. XIV-IX ss.)

samarxebSic [RambaSiZe i., 1999]. ase rom es movlena kolxuri

kulturisa da rogorc o. lorTqifaniZe wers: `kolxuri

eTnikuri elementis infiltraciiT~ SeiZleba yofiliyo

gamowveuli [lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 113]. am varauds aZlierebs

xeobis toponimika da onomastikonic. kerZod, iseTi

toponimebi, rogoricaa CiTaxevi (WiTaxevi), Wobixevi da sxva.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa es ukanaskneli (Wobixevi),

radgan, rogorc arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs `Wob~ (wabli) Ziridan

nawarmoebi yvela toponimi, gamoyofs samcxeSi zanuri enis

162

uZveles fenas [Ciqobava, 1938: 167]. es ki aq zanurenovani

mosaxleobis adreul damkvidrebaze unda metyvelebdes.

amgvari tendencia rogorc Cans arc momdevno xanaSi

Secvlila da Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze rkinis farTo

aTvisebis xaniT daTariRebuli samarxebic amis dasturia.

rac Seexeba borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis

sameurneo yofas: brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis siuxve

metalurgiuli xeloxnobis maRalganviTarebaze unda

miuTiTebdes. aseve kargad yofila ganviTarebuli sameTuneo

warmoeba. WurWlis mravalgvaroba da mravalferovneba

soflis meurneobis sakmaod maRal doneze metyvelebs.

samwuxarod, am masalas ar Catarebia metalografiuli da

palinologiuri kvlevebi, Torem am mxriv gacilebiT meti

informacia gveqneboda. amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

borjomis xeobaSic, iseve rogorc sxvagan, aSkaraa

epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia: rogorc liTonis

nivTebis, ise keramikuli WurWlis seriuli warmoeba da

formaTa unifikacia. am periodSi naklebad gvxvdeba iseTi

daxvewili, maRalmxatvrul doneze damzadebuli nivTebi,

rogoric amave samarovnebis adreul samarxebSi (brinjaos

diskoseburi gulsakidebi, cxovelTa plastikuri gamosaxu-

lebiT damSvenebuli Tixis WurWeli da sxva).

brinjaos diskoseburi gulsakidebi da diskosebur-

Taviani sakinZebi, romlebic borjomis xeobis samarovnebis

adreuli samarxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, solaruli

simbolikis matareblad iTvleba da zogi mkvlevari mzis

qurumi qalebis atrubutadac miiCnevs [RambaSiZe i., 1999:34,

93]. mzis kults ukavSireben e.w. `sarkmlian~ WurWelsac

[nioraZe, 1944: 127-128; makalaTia 1930: 223-240]. Tu es marTlac

asea, borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili amgvari

WurWeli iqneb imaze metyvelebs, rom solarul RvTaebaTa

kulti borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSic

163

ganagrZobs arsebobas, magram sxva formiT da sxva sakulto

atribuciiT.

borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebul samar-

xebs Soris gamoirCeva SedarebiT mdidruli samarxebic,

sadac sxva samarxebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti raode-

nobis da ukeTesi inventaria dadasturebuli. mag. CiTaxevis

#32, 37, 70, an borniReles #8, 32, 71, 76,1 92 samarxebi. es

SesaZloa imdroindel sazogadoebaSi arsebul qonebriv an

iqneb socialur diferenciaciazec metyvelebdes.

164

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330-351.

Unterwags zum golden Vlies archeologiche Funde aus Georgien, 1995 –

Saarbrüken.

Morgan J. de., 1889. Mission scientibique au Caucase. Etudes

archeologiques – historiques. t. 1. Paris. 179-181.

Mourier J., 1887. Archeologie au Caucase. Paris.

Rostovzeff M., 1931. Dieux et chevaux. A propos de quelques bronze

d’Anotolie de Suzie at Armenie Syria. vol. XII. Paris. 55-57.

Tallgren A. 1912. Die Kurferner Flachäxte mit seitichen Zäpfen.

"Finsk. Forn. Tidskribt" XXVI. 24. Helsingfors.

187

SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi

kak – kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli.

mska – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiaSi.

mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriaSi.

sa – saqarTvelos arqeologia.

sin – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.

ssmae – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri

eqspediciebi.

sx – sabWoTa xelovneba.

Ziebani – Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi

Zm – Zeglis megobari.

АО – Археологические открытия.

ВИ – Вопросы истории.

ВЯ – Вопросы языковедения.

КСИИМК – Краткие сообщения о докладах и полевых исследованиях

Института Истории и материальной культуры АН СССР.

МАК – Материалы по археологии Кавказа.

ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования.

ТСА – Труды секции археологии Института археологии и

искусствознания РАНИОН - Российской ассоциации научно-

исследовательских институтов общественных наук.

СА – Советская археология

CAM – Cambridge Ancient History

EA – Eurasia antiqua.

188

tabulebis aRweriloba

I. borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka:

1. bakuriani. (botanikuri baRi). gvianbirjaos xanis

namosaxlari.

2. balanTa. (oqrosqvabis mRvime). adrebrinajoas xanis

kultu-ruli fena. gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.

3. bozaTxevi. (sof. Wobisxevis maxloblad) gvianbrinjaos

xanis kenotafi. antikuri xanis namosaxlari.

4. borniRele. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani .

5. borjomi. (Zveli abano). gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis

koleqcia.

6. borjomi. (parki). ax. w. I s. abazanis naSTi.

7. gomna. (yverbili). gvianbrinjao_adrerkinis xanis

samarovani.

8. dviri. samarxi-qvayuTi. (periodi daudgenelia).

9. dviri. (silis xevi). adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis xanis

keramikuli WurWlisa da Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. nivTebis koleqcia.

10. did cemi. (sajvare, naqerala). brinjaos xanis nivTebis

koleqcia.

11. vardevani. Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. samarovani.

12. TavkveTili. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.

13. Telovani. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqvia.

14. Tiselis seri. adrebrinjaos xanis namosaxlari da

samarovani.

15. Tofi-oli. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxi da

kulturuli fena.

16. kviracxoveli. (saTixis Rele). gvianbrinjao–adrerkinis

xanis samarovani.

17. kvirikiani. (sof. Wobisxevi). gvianbrinjao _ adrerkrinis

xanis kulturuli fena.

189

18. kodiani. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxi.

19. larebi. ax.w. I saukunis spilenZis, vercxlis da Tixis

WurWlis koleqcia.

20. maWarwyali. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani.

21. mzeTamze. adrebrinjaos, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da

antikuri xanis samarovani.

22. mitarbi. gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.

23. moliTi (cixe). kremaciuli urnebi. (savaraudod Zv.w. VIII-

V ss.). 24. moliTi. (jalili). brinjaos xanis yorRani da

nagebobebi.

25. moliTi. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.

26. rveli. (banisxevi). gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da

aqemeniduri xanis samarovani.

27. saTixe. sameTuneo saxelosnos naSTi.

28. sakire. (sanacreebi). elinisturi xanis samarovani.

29. sakire. gvainbrinjaos xanis namosxlari da samarovani.

30. sakoWavi. (bakurianis andeziti) qvis, brinjaos da

antikuri xanis kultruli fenebi. qvisa da metalurgiuli

saxelosnoebis naSTebi.

31. slesis cixe. samarxi-qvayuTebi (periodi daudgenelia).

32. tabawyuri. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi da

didi raodenobiT (112 kg.) brinjaos wida.

33. timoTesubani. (qvevrebis seri). antikuri xanis

ormosamarxi, parTiis mefis orod II-is monetiT.

34. qvabisxevi. gvianbrinjaos xanis kremaciuli urna-qoTnebi

da brinjaos nivTebis da Tixis WurWlis koleqcia.

35. quruxeTi. (Wobisxevi). antikuri xanis nagebobebi da

kulturuli fena.

36. qciis mindori. (sof. tabawyurTan). Zv.w. VII-V ss.

namosaxlari.

37. Ritoras miwebi. Suabrinjaos xanis samarxi.

38. yvibisi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.

190

39. CiTaxevi. (CiTaxevis miwebi). adrebrinjaos da

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani.

40. cemi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.

41. waRveri. brinjaos xanis namosaxlari, samarovani da

metalurgiuli saxelosno.

II. CiTaxevis samarovnis saerTo gegma. 1972 w.

III. borniReles samarovnis saerTo gegma.

IV. CiTaxevis #73 samarxi.

V. CiTaxevis #70 samarxi.

VI. CiTaxevis #18 samarxi.

VII. CiTaxevis #33 samarxi (qvayrili).

VIII. 1. CiTaxevis #21 samarxis aRmosavleT kedeli.

2. borniReles #91 samarxi kremaciuli urna.

IX. CiTaxevis #86 samarxi.

X. 1. borniReles #21 samarxi. 2. borniReles #26 kremaciuli

samarxi. 3. CiTaxevis #93 samarxi. 4. borniReles #78 samarxi.

XI. CiTaxevis #2 samarxi.

XII. CiTaxevis #761 samarxi.

XIII. 1. `bimetaluri~ maxvili borniReles #8 samarxidan.

2. maxvili CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.

3. brinjaos qarqaSi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.

XIV. 1. brinjaos satevari borniReles #4 samarxidan.

2. brinjaos satevari borniReles #23 samarxidan.

3. brinjaos satevari CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.

4. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #55 samarxidan.

5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.

XV. 1. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.

2. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #31 samarxidan.

3. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.

4. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.

5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.

6. `bimetaluri~ satevari CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.

XVI. 1. brinjaos xelSubispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.

191

2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.

3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #92 samarxidan.

4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.

5. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.

XVII. 1. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.

2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.

3. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.

4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.

5. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.

XVIII. 1. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.

2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #4 samarxidan.

3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.

4. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.

5. brinjaos Subispiris gravirebuli masra borniReles

#8 samarxidan.

XIX. 1-2. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.

3-4. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.

XX. 1-4. brinjaos isrispirebi CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.

5-6. rkinis isrispirebi rvelis #22 samarxidan.

7-8. brinjaos isrispirebi borniReles #761 samarxidan.

XXI 1. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.

2. brinjaos culi borniReles #92 samarxidan.

3. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.

4. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.

XXII 1. rkinis culi borniReles #65 samarxidan.

2. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.

3. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.

4. rkinis culi rvelis #22 samarxidan.

5. rkinis brtyeli culi borniReles #1 samarxidan.

XXIII. brinjaos sakinZebi CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da

borniReles samarovnebidan.

XXIV. brinjaos samajurebi rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis

da borniReles samarovnebidan.

192

XXV. 1-5. brinjaos samajurebi CiTaxevis da borniReles

samarovnebidan. 6. sawvive rgoli borniReles #73

samarxidan.

XXVI. 1, 2, 4. brinjaos sayureebi CiTaxevis da borniReles

samarovnebidan. 3. vercxlis sayure rvelis #7

samarxidan.

5,8. brinjaos vardulebi borniReles #32 samarxidan.

6-7. brinjaos beWdebi CiTaxevis #37 samarxidan.

9-10. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #24 samarxidan.

11. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #32 samarxidan.

12. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #24 samarxidan.

13. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #32 samarxidan.

XXVII. 1. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.

2. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.

3. rkinis xatisuReli rvelis #7 samarxidan.

XXVIII. 1-2. brinjaos abzindebi CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan.

3. brinjaos abzinda borniReles #79 samarxidan.

4-5. brinjaos abzindebi borniReles #64 samarxidan.

XXIX. 1. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #10 samarxidan.

2. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan.

3. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.

4. rkinis fibula CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.

XXX. mZivebi rvelis, kviracxovlis, CiTaxevis da borniRe-

les samarovnebidan.

XXXI. 1. brinjaos mxedris qandakeba borniReles #32

samarxidan.

2. mamakacis iTifaluri brinjaos qandakeba

borniReles #32 samarxidan. 3. mcuravi frinvelis

brinjaos qandakeba borniReles #32 samarxidan.

XXXII. 1. jami borniReles #761 samarxidan. 2. jami

borniReles #44 samarxidan. 3. jami CiTaxevis #75

samarxidan. 4. jami borniReles #27 samarxidan. 5.

jami CiTaxevis #16a samarxidan. 6. jami sof. dviridan

193

(silis xevi).

XXXIII. 1. jami borniReles #4 samarxidan. 2. jami

borniReles #23 samarxidan. 3-5. jamebi CiTaxevis #70

samarxidan.

6. jami borniReles # 8 samarxidan. 7. jami CiTaxevis

#14 samarxidan. 8. jami CiTaxevis #74 samarxidan.

XXXIV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 2. qoTani

borniReles #89 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles

#79 samarxidan.

4. qoTani borniReles #761 samarxidan.

XXXV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2. qoTani

CiTaxevis #761 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles #80

samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 5.

qoTani borniReles #11 samarxidan. 6. qoTani

borniReles #2 samarxidan.

XXXVI. 1. qoTani borniReles #27 samarxidan. 2. qoTani

borniReles #81 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles

#13 samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.

XXXVII. 1. qoTani borniReles #25 samarxidan. 2. qoTani

borniReles #16a samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles

#64 samarxidan. 4. qoTani borniReles #17

samarxidan. 5. qoTani borniReles #89 samarxidan.

XXXVIII. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2-5. qoTnebi

CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.

XXXIX. 1. koWobi sof. dviridan (silis xevi). 2. koWobi

borniReles #761 samarxidan. 3. koWobi CiTaxevis #73

samarxidan. 4. koWobi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 5.

koWobi CiTaxevis #28 samarxidan. 6. koWobi

borniReles #23 samarxidan. 7. koWobi borniReles

#25 samarxidan.

XL. 1. tolCa borniReles #65 samarxidan. 2-3. tolCebi

borniReles #1 samarxidan. 4. tolCa borniReles #32

samarxidan. 5. tolCa borniReles #13 samarxidan.

194

XLI. 1. tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan. 2. tolCa

borniReles #87 samarxidan. 3. tolCa borniReles #64

samarxidan. 4.tolCa CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan. 5.

`sarkmliani~ tolCa CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan. 6. tolCa

CiTaxevis #86 samarxidan.

7. tolCa borniReles #64 samarxidan. 8. `sarkmliani~

tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan.

XLII. 1. tolCa CiTaxevis #13 samarxidan. 2. tolCa CiTaxevis

#12 samarxidan. 3-4. tolCebi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.

5. tolCa CiTaxevis #14 samarxidan. 6. tolCa CiTaxevis

#7 samarxida (gareTa kuTxe). 7. doqi kviracxovlis

#29 samarxidan.

XLIII. 1. sasmisi borniReles #8 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi

borniReles

#4 samarxidan. 3. sasmisi CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 4.

sasmisi borniReles #82 samarxidan. 5. sasmisi,

aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #82 samarxis Tavze kulturul

fenaSi.

XLIV. 1. sasmisi borniReles #99 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi

borniReles #71 samarxidan. 3. kaTxa CiTaxevis #33

samarxidan. 4. Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles

#50 samarxidan.

XLV. 1. ornamentis nimuSebi Tixis WurWelze borjomis

Xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s. samarxebidan.

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