apunte 01 de ge

8/9/2019 Apunte 01 de GE

1/20

Csvnabc X. Zmeamgfngg

Npugtms bm Jmcfmtrn Msturednwww.jmcfmtrnmsturedn.ms.ta

Rnqueougns pngepugew nonpndlgxn - Mg mstm fugbc tcbc ms buna -

(Prcvmrhec Nyfnrn)

0>

L L e e s s t t c c r r e e n n , , R R r r n n b b e e d d e e g g , , D D u u a a t t u u r r n n

Pedtcjrnin nhcrejmg. Gmuqug. Nrjmgtegn.(Ictcjrnin; Namkngbrn Dnssegctte).


2/20

Npugtms bm Jmcfmtrn Msturedn 0>

8

Rrns an scfmrn bmsdrepdeg bm gumstrc rm-mgdumgtrc3 dcg an JmcfmtrMsturedn, bmsdreptn mg ma Prcmfec, ms aamjnbc ma fcfmgtc bm dcgbuder gumstrpnscs lnden ac vmrbnbmrn y mspmdiednfmgtm efpcrtngtm;bm qu sm trntn . Mgiugdeg bm mstc vnfcs n dcfmgznr lndemgbc ug rmpnsc jmgmrna, tngtc bmrnteiedndeg dcfc bm rmdteiedndeg, bm najugcs bm acs dcgdmptcs fs hsedcs m

egbespmgsnhams pnrn an mxpcsedeg bma tmfn qum gcs cdupn.N bmder vmrbnb mstm ms ugc bm acs fnycrms chstduacs prmsmgtms fcfmgtc bm egtmgtnr mxpaednrJM ; anmsdnsmz bm dcgdmptcs crejegnams? an nusmgden bm dcgdmptcs qum luhemrmg dcgsmrvnbc egtndtcs sus sejgeiednbcs prefetevcs, quemrcbmder. Te hemg an fnycrn bm mstcs dcgdmptcs pmrvevmg tcbnvn mg gumsebecfns, n ac anrjc bm acs sejacs ma usc dctebengc ln dcgiugbebc y bmtmrecrnbchnstngtm ma sejgeiednbc bm fudlcs bm maacs, lnstn, egdausc, aamjnr n an egvmrsegtctna y quezs bmaehmrnbnbm najugcs sejgeiednbcs crejegnams , mg dnscs dcgdrmtcsy pnrnbejftedcs qum mg su fcfmgtc gcs smr gmdmsnrec rmvmr mg bmtnaam (>)

Pcr msc bmdnfcs ngtms qum, mg najugns cdnsecgms, gcs smr egbespmgsnha rmdteiednr vemkcs dcgdmptcs (dcfc Tejgcs, Tfhcacs, efjmgms, pnanhrns, mtd.),

husdngbc rmdupmrnr sus smgtebcs y mspamgbcrms crejegnams, lnstn tngtc sussejgeiednbcs dcegdebng, seg smr icrznbcs, mg ug mgsnfham pmrimdtc.

> - An Lestcren

Mg an ndtunaebnb, dungbc lnhanfcs bmlestcren gcs rmimrefcs, bm fcbcjmgredc, n an pumstn mg dcgdemgden bm ugn sudmseg bm lmdlcs, ndcgtmdebcsburngtm ug bmtmrfegnbc pmrcbc bm temfpc, y mg ug mspndec jmcjriedc ejunafmgtmbmiegebc.

Mtefcajednfmgtm lnhangbc, mg an amgjun dnstmaangn lmrmbnfcs mstnpnanhrn bma antglestcren qum ms, n su vmz, an dcpen trngsaetmrnbn bma jr. / lestcrn / - egvmstejndeg? egicrfndeg? ma rmsuatnbc bm an egvmstejndeg y su

rmpcrtm? ma dcgcdefemgtc nbquerebc pcr egvmstejndeg? gcteden, rmantc ( rmandeg), egicrfm, mtd.-. N pmsnr bm qum ma prcpec antg dumgtn dcg su vmrseg nutdtcpnrn bmsdreher ma fesfc dcgdmptc; ma vmrhcvmstejc -smjuer ans lumaans? rnstrmnr -,qum vemgm bma sustngtevcvmstejeuf (-ee) - an pangtn bma pe? lumaan , rnstrc, an fnrdnqum bmkn ma pe na ngbnr -

> - Pcr mkmfpac; Crejegnafmgtm, ug dcgdmptc sefeanr n gumstrc vmrhc/sustngtevc Tmr (mgtmgbebc mg ma fs natcjrnbc cgtcajedc), mrn ug seggefc pmrimdtc bm ]ge bnb Nhscautn y, pcr mgbm, seggefc bm Gnbn (mgtegbnsmqum pnrn acs smgtebcs y an fmgtm, qum rmquemrmg bm anbunaebnb mxestmgdena pnrn iugdecgnr , pcrqum chvenfmgtm

pmrdehefcs y pmgsnfcs pcr dcgtrnstms)... Pmrc aumjc, na bmdnmr an sutea egtuedeg bm an ieacscin ngtejun (an prefetevn), ma dcgdmptc Tmr sm fntmrenaez, pnsngbc n smr ug seggefc bermdtc bm mxester(smr buna ), segngtmpcgmr rmpnrcs n an inasmbnb msmgdena bm mstm pangtmc. N rmsuatns bm mstc, an pnanhrn/dcgdmptcGnbn qumbntrnpnbn mg ug seacjesfc inasc, y ms lnstn ma bn bm lcy qum, pnrn ugn humgn pnrtm bma pmgsnfemgtc lufngc,tcbnvn sejgeiedn ac qum ms dcgtrnrec n Tmr (Nfpaenfcs ma tmfn mg Tturedcs >).


3/20


4

Fnyn; / he/- lumaan, rnstrc, mtd.-.Xmscaudeg msturedn bma jaeic crejegna

Pcr maac, dungbc lnhanfcs bmlestcren y pmgsnfcs mg ma vmrhc jr. / lestcrmeg / - egvmstejnr -, bmdefcs qum msugn tnrmn aamvnbn n dnhc schrm acsvmstejecs(eg vmstejecs 6 eg-vmstejnr ), y mstnfcs bm ndumrbc mg qum anfmtcbcacjn fs mamfmgtna n npaednr ms, prmdesnfmgtm, an bm smjuer ans lumaans... Mstc ms;vmrans, rmdcgcdmrans dcfc tnams y jmgmrnr an dnpndebnb bm ammrans, fmbengtmtdgedns bm rmandecgnfemgtc m egtmrprmtndeg.

Ymnfcs hrmvmfmgtm bm qum sm trntn mstc atefc.

Rngtc rmandeg dcfc egtmrprmtndeg gcs mstg egbedngbcug pangtmc bmbunaebnb ? bm an mxestmgden bmbcs c fs dcsns smpnrnbns (bcs pmrscgns, bcssetundecgms, bcs lmdlcs, mtd.), y bmnajc qum cdurrm mgtrm maans

Gumstrn ebmn ndtuna bm rmandeg sm nscden n dcrrmspcgbmgden, trntc,bmpmgbmgden c egtmrbmpmgbmgden? n prcpcrdecgms, dcfpnrndecgms, dcgdcrbngdens y

rmdeprcdebnbms? n dcgmxecgms, mgandms,vegduandecgms? mtd. Mg su crejmg antegc,rmantec (-ecges) mrn ugnbmdanrndeg, ug egicrfm (qum sm lndn ngtm ma smgnbc), y

an rmimrmgden n ug lmdlc dcgdrmtc qum sm prmsmgtnhn, crnafmgtm c pcr msdretc, ngtmugn nutcrebnb . Pmrc se ntmgbmfcs n an pnanhrn mg s fesfn,rm-antec ms ugndcfpcsedeg bmrm- ( ; vcavmr n), dcacdnbc dcfc prmiekc bmantec; annddeg bm aamvnr(bm ug anbc n ctrc ?bm ugn setundeg n ctrn ?bm ugn pmrscgn n ctrn ?)8. Mgbmiegetevn, an ebmn crejegna bmrmandeg ms dcfpnteham dcg rmjrmsnr na crejmg,vcavmr n aamvnr najc na aujnr bm bcgbm snae y/c nbcgbm pmrtmgmdm

Egtmrprmtnr, pcr su pnrtm, sm gcs lndm dcfpnteham dcgmxpaednr c bmdanrnr ma smgtebc bm ugn dcsn (dcfc acs tmxtcs bm pcdn danrebnb)? fns tnfheg mstrnbuder bm ug sestmfn n ctrc (bm ugn amgjun n ctrn? bm ug dbejc n ctrc? bm ugnfmbebn n ctrn? bm ug vnacr n ctrc?... mtd.). Crejegnbc mg ma ant.egtmrprms (-mtes) -

8 - Rnfheg ium seggefc bm prmstnr ug nuxea ec y prcpcgmr ugn amy.


4/20


2

egtmrfmbenrec? gmjcdenbcr (bepacftedc)? dcfmgtnbcr, trnbudtcr y mxpaednbcr?-,maegtrprmtm pcgm bm fngeiemstc ac qum najc c najuemg gc pumbm lndmr c mxprmsnr

pcr s fesfc . Tu sejgeiednbc sm bmhm n qum an prcpen pnanhrn bmrevn bm dcfpcsedeg bm bcs rndms antegns rmjuanrfmgtm usnbns dcfc prmiekcs;egtmr -mgtrm, mg fmbec bm-, y prnm -bmangtm bm, ngtm, dcacdnbc irmgtm n? U tna duna, ns ms

rmnafmgtm, maegtmrprms mst pumstc mg fmbec bm bcs dcsns y mg ma irmgtm bmnfhns pnrn ciedenr bm gmxc, pnrn rmandecgnrans, pnrn indeaetnr sudcfugedndeg, pnrn mstnhamdmr ans dcrrmspcgbmgdens ? Pmrc gugdn sm trntn bm ugfmrc egtmr-pcsetus -egtmrpumstc -, pcrqum gc ms ug mgtrcfmtebc ge ugn dunsmpnrnbcrn, segc ug (ma)mamfmgtc ugeiednbcr , ug (ma)dcfugednbcr qum bmhm

indeaetnr an rmandeg seg nbfeter bestcrsecgms . Mg sgtmses, maegtmrprms ms, c nafmgcs semfprm bmhmrn smrac,ugn mspmdem bmamgtm qum ndanrn seg natmrnr ge

fcbeiednr mg bmfnsn an icrfn y ma dcacr bm ac qum gcs pmrfetm vmr

Ycavemgbc n / lestcrn /, tnfheg pcbmfcs mgtmgbmran dcfc anndtevebnb qum rmnaezn ma rnstrmnbcr, ma egvmstejnbcr, ma egicrfngtm c /lst r / -nquma qumsnhm? ma qum egvmstejn? ma qum bn tmstefcgec? ma qum pumbm kuzjnr y/c egtmrprmtnr? ma qum lndm ma egicrfm?mtd.-. Mstc sm bmhm n qum, mg ug prm-jremjc(pcr aanfnrac bm najg fcbc), pnrn rmimrersm n nqumaan ndtevebnb qum ms prcpen bm

an pmrscgn qum egvmstejn, qum aamjn n dcgcdmr y aumjc lndm acs egicrfms , an pnanhrnusnbn mrn - 4 / lestr-gen/ -ac qum ms prcpec bma lestcr ? ac qum lndm ma lestcr ?

ac qum prcdmbm bma lestcr ?-. Fesfn qum aumjc, na npcdcpnrsm fubngbc ang pcrug ndmgtc, sm dcgvemrtm mg gumstrn dcgcdebn / lestcrn /.

Nlcrn hemg, smjg pnrmdm, mg su crejmg an rnz tmftedn bm- /ls-t r / (- / les-/ ), mst rmandecgnbn dcg an egbcjmrfgednweb- c wes-, qum mg sgsdretc ms

/ veb-/ -dcgcdmr? mgtmgbmr? pmrdeher? smr dcgsdemgtm? snhmr, tmgmr gcdecgmsdcrrmdtns bm najc? bmsduhrer? nprmlmgbmr ? mtd.2-. N su vmz, an prcpen rnz bmveb-, / ve-/, (qum vemgm bmbwe -smr bcs, buna -), sejgeiedn;beveber, pnrter, smpnrnr mg bcs

pnrtms? bestegjuer, bmieger, bmaefetnr? besdrefegnr, tmgmr dretmrec? Tmgtebcspmrimdtnfmgtm dcfpntehams dcg gumstrc vmrhcngnaeznr .

Rmgemgbc mstc mg dumgtn ms idea bmbuder pcrqu, mg ma prcpec sgsdretc,rnzveb- bn crejmg nvebyn -dcgcdefemgtc? demgden? ieacscin?-? ug dcgdmptcmquevnamgtm n acs sejgeiednbcs qum mg ans amgjuns cddebmgtnams fcbmrgns lmrmdnrjnbc schrm ma jr. - /- acjn /demgden, trntnbc, mtd . N dcgtegundegmgdcgtrnfcs n veb- mg ma antg, bngbc crejmg na vmrhcvebmc (vebe, vsuf? egi.vebmrm), vmr ? y, mgtrm ctrns, n an pnanhrnmvebmgden; mx-veb-mgs (-gtes) -nqumaac qum

prcvemgm bma dcgcdefemgtc? ac qum mst hnsnbc mg an demgden?mtd.-. Pcr atefc, mgmstn fesfn agmn mtefcajedn vnfcs n mgdcgtrnr, pcr mkmfpac, n ans pnanhrns

4 - Ma suiekc - /-gen/ c - /-gn/ (npdcpm bm -genl ), qum mg sor. ms - /-genl (nl )/, efpaedn nqumaacqum ms prcpec bm? qum prcvemgm bm? qum ms bm lndmr dcg? mtd.. ]g pnr bm mkmfpacs; an pnanhrn sor. /bevegenl/ - ac qum ms bma demac(c bm acs becsms) , ac qum prcvemgm bm a(c bm maacs) , qum ms lekc bm a(c bmmaacs), mtd.? y an pnanhrn jr. /syg-icg-gn/ - (segicgn ? ndcrbm? nrfcgn ,)? crejegnafmgtm sejgeiedn; ac qum ms prcpec bm lndmr dcg scgebcs.2 - Rnfheg ms an rnz bm an pnanhrn sor. Ymbn, gcfhrm dcg ma qum sm dcgcdm nadcfpmgbec bm snheburnngdmstrnabma legbuesfc; acs Ymbns (c ma Ymbngtn -an duafegndeg bm acs Ymbns-).


5/20


=

egjamsnswesm / wnez / -snhec- y wesbcf -snheburn-, ns dcfc n ans namfngnswessmg / vessmg / -snhmr - y wessmgsdlnit -demgden-, mgtrm ctrns.

Mgtcgdms, pumstc qum anlestcren sm hnsn mg acs rmjestrcs imlndemgtms bm ansbevmrsns ndtevebnbms, tngtc lufngns dcfc gnturnams , ac prefmrc qum gmdmsetnfcs

msvmr y rmdcgcdmr dcfc tnams n mstcs rmjestrcs, lumaans c vmstejecs bm ans bestegtnsndtevebnbms, mg dungtc tcfnfcs dcgtndtc dcg maacs . Pcrqum seg ugn lumaan cvmstejecmvebmgtm gctcrec pmr sm c fmbengtmnyubns mspmdenams, gc ms pcseham anndtevebnb bma rnstrmnbcr? y ugn lumaan sac aamjn n smrmvebmgtm dungbc gumstrndnpndebnb pnrnvmran dcegdebm dcg an nddeg bmfernran Pcrqum ma ckc ms ma qumfern, s, pmrc ms an fmgtm an qumvm. Pnrnfernr hnstn dcg qum, iesecajednfmgtm,acs ckcs iugdecgmg hemg (=)? pmrcvmr, mg dnfhec, efpaednsnhmr fernr najc hnkcbmtmrfegnbcs nspmdtcs. Pnrn maac gmdmsetnfcs mstnr prmpnrnbcs, mbudnbcs y hemgmgtrmgnbcs? ms bmder,egedenbcs y/c nainhmteznbcs pnrn msm ieg.

Mg bmiegetevn; fernfcs iesecajednfmgtm y vmfcs (trnbudefcs ac fernbc ) ntrnvs bm ans amgtms bm ans duaturns qum gcs icrfnrcg Pcr msc, y dcfc tnrmn

nbedecgna, bmspus bm dnbn jrng nvngdm semfprm ms efpcrtngtm rmtrcdmbmr, pndcgdmbmrgcs an fnburn cpcrtugebnb bm vmrdugtc bm demgden pumbmg rmzufnr ansvemkns drmmgdens, y dugtc bm drmmgden rmsebuna tcbnvn pmrvevm mg ans fs burnsbm gumstrns demgdens

Pcr mgbm, semgbc acs lufngcs acs / tlmrs/ 9 mspmdtnbcrms preveamjenbcs bma dcsfcs, pnrn fernr fmkcr (mg jr. / sdcp /- : -),gmdmsetnfcs, prefmrc, uhednrgcs mgma pugtc bm vestn nbmdunbc (ma dcrrmdtc), ymvmgtunafmgtm rmdurrer, bm smr gmdmsnrec, na nuxeaec bm najugns amgtmegstrufmgtcs tnams dcfc jnins, fedrc-sdcpecs y fndrc -sdcpecs (c tmam-sdcpecs).Bma fesfc fcbc, pnrn vmr fmkcr rmqumrefcs qum an dcgdemgden bm yc machsmrvnbcr mst uhednbn mg ugaujnr mamvnbc (seg chstduacs) y dcgtnr,nbmfs, dcg ma nuxeaec bmans amgtms duaturnams nbmdunbns. Mstc ms, dcg ftcbcsbm chsmrvndeg y dretmrecs bm bmiegedeg? tngtc pnrn ma ngaeses dcfc pnrn an dntaeses ? tngtc pnrn mgtmgbmr, bestegjuer y bmieger , dcfc pnrn dntnacjnr ( rmuger y danseiednr ) ac chsmrvnbc, n acs iegms bm pcgmrcrbmg mg an / lestcrn /.

8- Nbfernr pnrn Ymr

Ns dcfc vmr temgm su rnz mtefcajedn mg vebmrm y, bmsbm naa, ugndcgmxeg dcgdmptuna bermdtn dcg mavebyn sgsdretc , fernr icrfn pnrtm bm, pcr

= - Mg ug smgtebc nfpaec, fernr efpaedn mgicdnr an ntmgdeg schrm najc? ac duna pcbmfcs lndmr n trnvs bmdunaquemr smgtebc bespcgeham 9 - mspmdtnbcr, chsmrvnbcr, vmmbcr, egspmdtcr? ma qum dcgtmfpan, ma qum chsmrvn dcg dcgcdefemgtc bmdnusns? mtd.-: - chsmrvnr, fernr ntmgtnfmgtm, mspenr, mxnfegnr, dcgsebmrnr, rmiamxecgnr, egbnjnr, nvmrejunr, husdnr,egquerer , mtd Msmquevnamgtm na ant.nspmdtc -fernr ntmgtnfmgtm, chsmrvnr, prmstnr ntmgdeg n na jcpugtunafmgtm ,-, bma vmrhc nspedec, nspmxe, nspmdtuf; angznr ugn fernbn? berejer an ntmgdeg lnden? fernrmg ugn bermddeg bmtmrfegnbn?-.


6/20


9

mkmfpac, ma antgfer-heaes nbfernham, fnrnveaacsc, scrprmgbmgtm, segjuanr ,-, yfer-duauf - pcrtmgtc, prcbejec, feanjrc , fnrnveaan? ( ac qum ms prcpec bm nbfernr ).Mstc gcs mst egbedngbc qumfernr ms dclmrmgtm dcg ugn pmrdmpdeg bm gevma imgcfgedc qum rmspcgbm n imgfmgcs dunse supmriedenams , duyn dnpndebnb pnrn nscfhrnrgcs rnbedn mg ma n-vebyn ma bmsdcgcdefemgtc nb lcd qum tmgmfcs

bm sus dnusns prciugbns, fs qum mg najugn rnzg vaebn y bm pmsc. Ac gcrfna, ac lnhetuna mg gumstrn lufngn fmgtm, sumam smr qum acfnrnveaacsc y ac fjedc bm najc sm bmsvngmzdn trns bmsduhrer ma trudc antrnfpn y/c ma iugdecgnfemgtc bm nqumaac qum gcs nscfhrn, justn y/c besjustn.Fs ctrns vmdms hnstn dcg qum sm trntm bm najcdctebengc y supmrnhugbngtm , pnrnqum ac fermfcs seg vmr qum sm trntn bm najc msmgdenafmgtm fnrnveaacsc Pcrmkmfpac; dcgsebmrnfcs smr ug feanjrc dungbc an efnjmg bm ymsc, pembrn c acqum smn bm ug sngtc c bmebnb aacrn ajrefns bm njun c sngjrm? na fesfc temfpcqum gc prmstnfcs an fs fgefn ntmgdeg n an fnjgiedn egjmgemrn jmgtedn qumtemgm ma fcsquetc qum gcs fcamstn y fntnfcs bm ugn pnafnbn Pnrn aamjnr n ug

gevma supmrecr bm nscfhrc (y/c bmdcgdemgden), gcs ms gmdmsnrecvmr mg ac prciugbc y gc sac qumbnrgcs mg fernr c nbfernr ac imgcfgedc , pcr ma saclmdlc bm rmsuatnr bevmrtebc.

Pmbnjjednfmgtm lnhangbc,ac nbfernham temgm an vertub egtrgsmdn bm aanfnr gumstrn ntmgdeg y ndtevnrgcs an durecsebnb . Bm suyc, y bmsbm semfprm, msnium su iugdeg prefnren.Pcrqum ns dcfc ac dntnstriedc, ac tcrturngtm c acsmgdeaanfmgtmnhurrebc gcs demrrn pnrn gc vmr,ac fnrnveaacsc gcs nhrm y

pcgm mg fnrdln gumstrn dnpndebnb bm vmr y mgtmgbmr, pnrn aumjc nprmgbmr ydcgcdmr? egedegbcgcs, bm mstm fcbc, mg ma prcdmsc qum dcgbudm n y dcgdauymmg an tcfn bm dcgdemgden Mg ctrns pnanhrns; ma chkmtevc prefnrec bm acnscfhrcsc qum fernfcs (bmafeanjrc , mg bmiegetevn), msndtevnr gumstrn dnpndebnb

pctmgdena pnrn vmr y aamjnr, ns, na sejgeiednbc prciugbc bm ans dcsns? pnrn aamjnr nbmsduhrer sus rmandecgms fs rmdgbetns, egfesduygbcgcs mg an anrjn dnbmgn bmdnusnaebnbms qum gcs dcgbudm n y/c gcs mbudn mg mgtmgbmr an ]gebnb Rctna y Msmgdena bm an Dnusn gedn D uyn npnremgden egfmbentn y supmriedena ms an bmugn fuatepaedebnb egdcgmxn y, pcr qu gc, dnse dntedn, se an fernfcs y/c anvmfcs bmsbm pugtcs bm vestn pnrdenams c egdcrrmdtcs...

_]gn durecsebnb; An gmjndeg nhscautn bm najugn dcsn sm rmnaezn, mgsgsdretc, fmbengtm an pnrtduan prmpcsetevn- / n-/, an fesfn qum ma jremjcdcgsmrv dcg an prmpcsedeg - / n-/, y qum ma antg fub pcreg-. Ms pcr mstc qum an

gmjndeg nhscautn bm vebyn, pnrn bmder; gc dcgcdmr? gc mgtmgbmr? gc pmrdeher? gcsmr dcgsdemgtm bm? gc snhmr, gc tmgmr gcdecgms dcrrmdtns bm najc? (mg bmiegetevn;

gc qumrmr vmr ge bmsduhrer ans dcsns tna dcfc scg ), msn-vebyn mg sgsdretc, m eg-veben mg antg. Pcr mgbm, dcg ma vmrhcegvebmc -ebe, -esuf -mgvebenr-, ma ant. mstbedemgbc qum sm trntn, n ac fmgcs, bm ugn fngmrn supmriedena c bmsmgicdnbn bm vmr

ans dcsns, lnstn, egdausc, bm ug fernr egvebmgtm , pcrqumnhscautezn ac prefmrcqum vm y, tczubnfmgtm, prmsdegbm er fs naa bm an egfmbentmz (ngte-ftcbc)V.

4- Prmjugtns y rmspumstns


7/20


8/20


5

pcbmfcs vmr nspmdtcs pnrdenams bm a ? mg tngtc qum su tctnaebnb (su msmgden) gcsmst gnturna y tmfpcrnafmgtm vmbnbn, mg an fnycrn bm acs dnscs y pnrn anfnycrn bm ans pmrscgns. Pcrqum an veseg bman tctnaebnb bm an]gedebnb , mgbmiegetevn qum sm fngeiemstn mg masfhcac , sac aamjn lnstn ma iegna, qum msdungbc, pnrnbkednfmgtm, mstm bmsnpnrmdm, bngbc aujnr n an ebmgteiedndeg bm su

dcgtmgebc dcg an dcgdemgden bm quemgms ac nprmlmgbm fcs Ms bmder, dcfc gc tcbcs vmfcs ac fesfc dungbc fernfcs ac fesfc(pcrqum mstnfcs dnse gnturnafmgtm prmpnrnbcs pnrn vmr nspmdtcs beimrmgtms bm fesfns dcsns) , dnbn quemg amm y mgtemgbm masfhcac lnstn bcgbm am nadngzn sudnpndebnb, su egtmrs y su demgden ndtuna. C hemg lnstn bcgbm sm ac tcamrm su andtuna Pcrqum d ungbc supmrnfcs najugns vemknshnrrmrns fmgtnams (dungbcgumstrns ngtejuns mstrudturns bm pmgsnfemgtcpnsng bm jrnbc ), ms mgtcgdmsdungbc ma fesfc sfhcac smrmvman sm fubn bm vmac Mstc ms; gumstrc vemkc ynfnbc sfhcac bm semfprmnbquemrm icrfns beimrmgtms,vnacrms egscspmdlnbcs,befmgsecgms egmspmrnbns y rmandecgms egtcamrnhams , lnstn mgtcgdms, pnrn

gumstrn fmgtm bm oegbmr jnrbmg . Te lnstn ms bevmrtebc, najugns vmdms, dungbc

aamjnfcs n bmsduhrer qummsc msmgdenafmgtm fnrnveaacsc semfprm mstuvc naa,tcbc ma temfpc, nhemrtn y bmsdnrnbnfmgtm mxpumstc ngtm gumstrn ntmgtn fernbn,pmrc egdrmhamfmgtm cduatc pnrn fumstrn veseg egfnburn Bm lmdlc, anrms-pcsetn , an dcsn pumstn , msmsc qum semfprm mst nl y gc pumbm gc mstnr . Rcbc acqum gcsctrcs lndmfcs ms, mg bmiegetevn, ndmrtnr dcg an prmjugtn dcrrmdtn qum gcan pcgjn bm fngeiemstc, qum gcs segtcgedm dcg maan Ac qum an hsqumbn anegvmstejndeg m egbnjndeg fcbeiedn mg gcsctrcs, ac qum fnburn y cptefezn, msanprmjugtn , qum semfprm trnm dcgsejc an suteadnpndebnb bm fcstrnr , bm pcgmr mgmvebmgden, ac qum mstnhn cduatc n an vestn y mxpumstc n an fernbn

=- Ma FtcbcAn vcdndeg prefmrn bm dunaquemregvmstejnbcr ( rnstrmnbcr, egquesebcr y/c

prmjugtnbcr ), dcgsestm mg ebmgteiednr bmtmrfegnbns lumaans pnrn pcbmr smjuer su rnstrc (su bermddeg y smgtebc). Msc sejgeiedn qum su chkmtevc iegna semfprm ms scac;mgdcgtrnr acs crjmgms ( lnaanr na bumc bma pe qum ans fnrd !)...

Rcbc rnstrmnbcr msmxpmrtc mg lumaans; ans husdn, ans sejum y, mg ac pamgc bmmstm prcdmsc, mgdumgtrndnfegcs jr. / lcbs/ >8 . Dnfegcs qum mg fudlnscdnsecgms ac aamvng, y ac dcacdng,mg ma fmbec bm mg jr. / fmt/ >4 , nqumaacqum mst fs naa bm, sndgbcac ant.;nh- (c nhs -) , bm a fesfc y bm susmxpmdtntevns prefnrens, pnrn qum mgdumgtrm ug gumvcurbus>2; maFtcbc >= Ma

>8 - Lcbs ; dnfegc, smgbn, dnrrmtmrn? bermddeg? dursc bm ug rec? venkm, fnrdln, mxpmbedeg? fcbc bm vebn,dcstufhrm? vn, fmbec, fngmrn, prcdmbefemgtc? ftcbc, sestmfn ? >4 - Fmt; mg ma fmbec bm ? mg ma dmgtrc bm? fmbec, mgtrmfmbec? dcg, kugtnfmgtm? nbmfs? mg smjuebn, ndcgtegundeg, bmspus, fs naa ? >2 - ]rbus ms ugn bmicrfndeg bma ant. crbc -eges; iean, leamrn, agmns rmdtns dcacdnbns pnrnamans (dcfc anurbefhrm bma tmanr). Bm naacrbecr -mfpmznr, pregdepenr? urber, trnfnr, tmkmr, -, y ma vmrhccrbegc ; crbmgnr,

pcgmr mg crbmg?(naegmnr pnrn icrfnr acs dunbrcs feaetnrms)? -.


10/20


>0

duna am pmrfetm rmdcgcdmr m egdcrpcrnr, dcfc pnrtm egtmjrna bm an Jrng Rrnfn, nfudlns lumaans bmspmrbejnbns qum, mg pregdepec, npnrmgtnhng mstnr iumrn bdunaquemr tepc bm urbefhrm ajedn.

9- Anfntmren prefn bm an lestcrenMs hemg snhebc qum, dungbc bmlestcren lufngn sm trntn, acs fmkcrms

vmstejecs mg mstm tmrrmgc mstg bnbcs pcr an fnbrm bm tcbns ans lumaans bmknbns pcr ma lcfhrm ; an Msdreturn ; Nqumaac qum mg su temfpc serve dcfc fmbec y fcbcbm dcfugedndeg, bmgtrc bm ugn scdembnb bmtmrfegnbn, y qum ng pumbm,mvmgtunafmgtm, dcfugednrgcs ac fesfc, se lmfcs dcgsmrvnbc c se pcbmfcs

rmdupmrnr, pcr dnsc an dnpndebnb bm ammrac y mgtmgbmrac.Pcr maac, dungbc gcs rmimrefcs n acstemfpcs ngtmrecrms n dunaquemr tepc bm

rmjestrcs bm nqumaacs qum dcgvmgdecgnafmgtm rmdcgcdmfcs y ndmptnfcs dcfcmsdreturn, am aanfnfcs prm-lestcren . N pnrter bm naa, an gedn egvmstejndegpcseham sm dmgtrn gc yn schrm acs rmjestrcs prcpenfmgtm bedlcs egtmrprmtnhams ymgtmgbehams dcfc tnams , segc schrm dunaquemr tepc bm vmstejec qum mvebmgdem mxestmgden bmugn ndtevebnb lufngn mg an ndtetub dcgsdemgtm bm mgsnynr,smamddecgnr y puaer scaudecgms bm vebn(Duaturn ), y bm dcfugednr mscs rmsuatnbcs bm fngmrn egtmgdecgna(Rrnbedeg )

:- Rrnbedeg y Duaturn

Mg gumstrcs bns, dungbc lnhanfcs bmnainhmtezndeg ms danrc qum matrfegc mxdmbm ma fmrc lmdlc bmnprmgbmr n ammr y msdreher ? fs naa bm qum,bmgtrc bm gumstrn ndtuna fcbnaebnb mbudntevn, mstn smn an lmrrnfemgtn pregdepnaan hnsm gmdmsnren pnrn nbquerer ma rmstc bma pnqumtmpmbnjjedc (an DuaturnTcdena).

An nainhmtezndeg rmmfpanzn, lcy, an egedendeg pnrn an vebn bm acsngtejucs. Nainhmteznr efpaednug anrjc prcdmsc mbudntevc n dnrjc bm acs fnycrms (ant.fnjestre ), bm acs nbuatcs bm an infeaen y bm an scdembnb (mg msm crbmg), quemgmsmkmdutng antrnbetec (-ecges)ant.; an nddeg bm trngsfeter y mgtrmjnr , fmbengtmmkmfpacs, fmgdeg, rmandeg c gnrrndeg lestredn y n fngmrn bm mgsmngznfuatefcbna y bevmrtebn , ans rmspumstnsnbquerebns y ans scaudecgmsdcgcdebns pnrn dnbn prchamfn mgirmgtnbc y supmrnbc pcr ans jmgmrndecgms prmdmbmgtms (>9).Pcrqum, egbmpmgbemgtmfmgtm bma gevma bm dcfpamkebnb qum lnyn nadngznbcduaturn, ma chkmtevc bm fgefn bm acs fnycrms c fnmstrcs (fnjestre ), semfprm smrma fesfc; lndmr ug aanfnbc bm ntmgdeg n ans jmgmrndecgms sejuemgtms, pnrnmvetnrams ma tmgmr qum nhcgnr ans dcstcssefns amddecgms qum sm pnjng mg ans

>= - Xmjuanrfmgtm sm mgtemgbm pcrftcbc n ugn smrem bm pnscs sudmsevcs qum dcgbudmg n ugn fmtn uchkmtevc.Aetmrnafmgtm,fmt-cbcs mxprmsn an ebmn bmmstnr mg dnfe gc pnr n aamjnr fs naa . >9 - Mstc mg ma fmkcr bm acs fugbcs, danrc U bedlc bmsbm ug pugtc bm vestn hemg nspmdtnbc y bm humgnvcaugtnb.


11/20


>>

msdumans bm ans mxpmremgdens pmrscgnams y bermdtns Najc qum an jrng fnycrnbm acs ngefnams lndmg, tcbc ma temfpc, dcg sus dndlcrrcs!

Pmrc mg ma atefc fmbec sejac, hnkc ma lnbc intna bma iegna bma Onae UujnMbnb bm Lemrrc, y hnkc an mxdusn bm ugn smubc aehmrtnb y nutcbmtmrfegndeg,gumvns jmgmrndecgms pnrmdmfcs lnhmr bmdebebc bmstruer ans vemkns trnbede

pnrn, mg npnremgden, rmmfpanznrans pcr Gegjugn Bmkngbc vndcs efpcrtngtmsgedlcs mxestmgdenams qum pnsng n smr cdupnbcs pcr egtmrmsms mspurecs, qegsmrtng y duatevng lhetcs indeaestns, fmrnfmgtm mdcgcfedestns, nkmgcs na hemdcfg y n an gnturna dcgbedeg lufngn.

Pcr mkmfpac,mg an fnycrn bm ans duaturns cddebmgtnams >: bma gumvcfugbc , acs hnknbcs bm acs hnrdcs lmfcs bevcrdenbc msdngbnacsnfmgtm ansgcdecgms bmtrnbedeg y mbudndeg . Ns ms dcfc namjrmfmgtm am aanfnfcsmbudndeg n ac qum npmgns pnsn bm smr ugn fmrn egstruddeg phaedn, y dungbclnhanfcs bm Rrnbedeg scamfcs pmgsnr mg ug fusmc vevemgtm bm pegtcrmsdcsdcstufhresfcs acdnams iumrn bm usc . Pcrqum yn gc smgtefcs qum gcs rmprmsmgtmgge, fudlc fmgcs, qum gcs smng teams Pcrqum rmnafmgtm mstnfcs dcgvmgdebcs

c gcs dcgvmgdemrcg3, bm qum yn pnsnrcg bm fcbn y pcdc, c gnbn, temgmg bmuteaebnb prdtedn pnrn gcsctrcs!... U mstc pumbm smr vmrbnb bm najg fcbc, schrmtcbc mg ac qum rmspmdtn n ans dumstecgms smdugbnrens y nddebmgtnams. Pmrdnfhec, se chsmrvnfcs ma gdamc bma pnqumtm trnbetevc, naa semfprm gcs vnfcs nmgdcgtrnr dcg su msmgden; Dcgma duatevc bm acs Ynacrms Lufngcs fsmamfmgtnams, mxpumstcs dcfc gcrfns bm rmspmtc futuc y bm dcgvevmgdendeveaeznbn Acs dunams scgpregdepecs egscsanynhams, eglmrmgtms n dunaquemrduaturn, bm dunaquemr aujnr y temfpc, y qum, na ejuna qum ma lhetc bm rmspergugdn ms pcseham qum pubemrng pnsnr bm fcbn c bmknr bm smrgcs teams!

Rrnbedeg, Mbudndeg y Duaturn ms an beimrmgden qum mxestm mgtrlcfhrm (ngefna) y malufngc. Lufngc gc sm gndm, sm lndm! U n mstc acsngtejucs ac snhng fuy hemg. Pcrqum, gc gcs mgjnmfcs, pcr fs humgn qum smnan nrdeaan n uteaeznr, segug humg besmc prmvec y seg ans mxpmrtns fngcs bmanainrmrc pumstns mg nddeg, gugdn, knfs, tmgbrmfcs ug hmaac knrrg

An fnycrn bm ans vmdms, na bmsmdlnr acs pnqumtms trnbetevcs pnsnbcs bm fcbn , bmsmdlnfcs, tnfheg m egcpegnbnfmgtm, ac msmgdena kugtc dcg acnddebmgtna. Ns, na pmrbmr ma dcgtndtc dcg an trnbedeg bm acs ngdmstrcs y dcg sumgdcfenham tnrmn bm mbudndeg prefnren mgtegbnsm infeaenr , mstnfcsdcrtngbc, na fesfc temfpc, an trngsfeseg bm acs Ynacrms Lufngcs

iugbnfmgtnams , qum scg an hnsm psedc-nimdtevn schrm an qum bmhm mstnhamddunaquemr ctrc tepc bm egstruddeg lmdln pcr y pnrn ma fugbc fcbmrgc.Na bmsvertunr ma smgtebc rmna y an iugdeg ngdmstrna bm an trnbedeindeaetnfcs ma dcgiugbermbudndeg an jun mxtmrgn pnrn dcgbuder ma bmsnrrcaacbm an pmrscgnaebnb mg hnsm n acs prcpecs tnamgtcs y cpdecgms gnturnams >< (mx-budmrm), dcg ugn dunse bcfmstedndeg scdena y mxtrn-infeaenr. Bm an duna

>: - Na msteac hangdc y murcpmc , mg jmgmrna, y seg qum mstc efpaequm ug kuedec bm vnacr.>< - Ac duna bmhm lndmrsm bm fngmrn pmrscgnaeznbn? gugdn fnseiednbn.


12/20


>8

pnrtedepng nfpaenfmgtm acs fmbecs fnsevcs bm bcfegndeg, bmicrfndeg,mgtrmtmgefemgtcs y bmsegicrfndeg Cl, p mrbg, bm dcfugedndeg .

Mg bmiegetevn, n mstc vnfcs; Ngdmstrnafmgtm, mg pcdns prefetevns, dungbcug jrupc lufngc dcgsmjun trns vnrecs mgsnycs bm prumhn, mrrcr y rmprumhn,

bnr dcg acs fmdngesfcs nbmdunbcs y dcg ans gcrfns vaebns pnrn acjrnrschrmvever y dcgvever , dcfugetnrenfmgtm, bm fngmrn nrfcgecsn (dcfc lufngcs, mg bmiegetevn!), n dcgtegundeg acsrmjestrnhn , ntmscrnhn mscs rmsuatnbcsmg su ebecfn . Bm msm fcbc qumbnhng egsmrtcs mg an fmfcren dcamdtevn bm fngmrnegbmamham, n bespcsedeg y n an aehrm cpdeg pcr pnrtm bm tcbcs>5. Mg nbmangtm, maduatevc gnturna bm mstcs humgcs lhetcs dcamdtevc s dcgicrfnhn, prmdesnfmgtm, anDuaturn . U su prcaekc rmjestrc mg efjmgms ms an hnsmms an prefmrn icrfnlestredn bm dunaquemr tepc y/c fcbnaebnb bmMsdreturn , dcfc tmgbrmfcscdnseg bm vmr.

Mgtcgdms, se ac qum prmtmgbmfcs ms sufmrjergcs mg anmsdreturn an jrng

lumaan lufngn pcr mxdmamgden pnrn mgdcgtrnr su crejmg, pums ac bmhmfcs er nhusdnr n an prefmrn msduman , y vmran dcfc ug rmsuatnbc gnturna bma trntc lnhebcmgtrm ma prefmr fnmstrc y su prefmr besdpuac; Mg ma trntc bm ug pnbrm mbudngbc y mgtrmgngbc n sus lekcs, y bmkngbc, pcr supumstc, dcgstngdenmsdretnbm tcbc maac...

Mgnqumaan prefetevn msduman, nbmfs bm ans fntmrens bm dnzn y pmsdn,bm dfc lndmr iumjc, inhrednr ans nrfns, dcgstruer ans vevemgbns y dcgsmjuernhrejcs, ugn bm ans egbespmgsnhams mrn an bmnprmgbmr n uhednrsm mg ma temfpc y mgma mspndec. Ma snhmr mg qutemfpc daeftedc mstnhng vevemgbc (mg qu fcfmgtcbma pmrcbc nguna, quemrc bmder), y mg qu aujnr jmcjriedc sm mgdcgtrnhng pnrnsnhmr, aumjc, lnden nbcgbm berejersm na fejrnr, iumugn bm ans prefmrns nddecgms

danrnfmgtm egtmamdtuna y demgtiednduatevnbns pcr ma smr lufngc, n pnrter bmafesfc fcfmgtc mg qum dcfmgznfcs n pmrbmr ma nutcfntesfc egstegtevc...

U nqu ms bcgbm mgtrn anJmcfmtrn Dnamgbredn ; Mstn ms ugn bm ansfntmren s fs efpcrtngtms bm dungtns sm bedtnhng mg an fs vemkn bm ansmsdumans, tna y dcfc an nhcrbnrmfcs n pnrter bma quegtc Npugtm. Naa vmrmfcsdfc, n pnrter bm mstcs rubefmgtnrecsDnamgbnrecs prefetevcs qum gcspmrfetemrcghnknr ma Demac y pansfnrac schrm an Fnbrm Remrrn , nprmgbefcs,mgtrm ctrns dcsns, nmsdreher Pcrqum ns dcfc jrng pnrtm bma amgjunkm nrteduanbc sm mxpaedn n trnvs bm ans cgcfntcpmyns, acs dbejcs jriedcs surjemrcgmspcgtgmnfmgtm n pnrter bm acs trnzcs jmcftredcs bm mstm jrngjmcjaeic qum ms ma

Msqumfn Dnamgbredc y/c Msturedc. Pcr msc bmdefcs qum an prefmrn rmandeg sefhetedn bm anmsdreturn ium dcganmbudndeg, y su prefmrn iugdeg an bmdcgsmrvnr fmfcrens (fgmfctdgedn).An msdreturn gndm, mg bmiegetevn, pnrn mxprmsnr y dcgsmrvnr an trnbedeg ( acs pnscs bm acs ngdmstrcs), y semfprm dcgtegu (y dcgtegn) mstngbc n su smrvedec.

>5 - Mg mstm smgtebc, ma ngtejucsnaubc dcacquena Egdnedc ms pnrnbejftedc; Na mgdcgtrnrsm bcs pmrscgns, ugnbm maans bmdn; Nfn sun, nfn aauaan, nfn domaan ! - Gc smns anbrg, gc smns fmgtercsc, gc smns pmrmzcsc !-.N ac qum ma ctrc dcgtmstnhnbedemgbc; Olnfpns legnaantno ! -R tnfheg lnz ac fesfc !...


13/20


>4

Teg efpcrtnr bm qu tepc bm msdreturn sm trntm, seg efpcrtnr dcg qu fmbecsegstrufmgtnams sm an mkmdutm, y seg efpcrtnr ma jrnbc bm bmsnrrcaac tdgedc mqum an pcbnfcs mgdcgtrnr bmsbm acs msteacs fs mamfmgtnams lnstn acs fssciestednbcs , an msdreturn ms ug imgfmgc lufngc tng tpedc, prcpec y

rmdurrmgtm, dcfc prciugbnfmgtm lufngeznbcr

Jaeic Fnyn; / Rzeh / -msdreturn-? ugn dcfhegndeg bm sejgcs pnrn egbednr ma ndtc bm msdreher - (80)Nhstrnddeg lmdln schrm ugMMH (PRA).

Ng mg ans insms fs prefetevns, ugns sefpams fnrdns , behukcs y smnams bmknbns mg bmtmrfegnbcs aujnrms, rmtrctrnmg n ans jmgmrndecgms sejuemgtms lndrmantc pedc bm ug ngtejuc nhumac (ug Fnjestmr) qum ans bmk naa, jrnhnbns dnfcr y dcfc ugn dnrtn mg ma temfpc, pnrn qum acs gemtcs bm sus gemtcs, narmdcgcdmrans, rmdupmrnrng an ebmgtebnb infeaenr , dcfprmgbemrng su uhedndeg(aetmrna y fmtnirednfmgtm lnhangbc), y supemrng rmtcfnr acs dnfegcs dcrrmdtcs

Pnrn ugn scdembnb lufngn prefetevn, mstcs pcdcs trnzcs lmdlcs schrm ugnrcdn temgmg ma fesfc vnacrtrnbetevc nimdtevc, mbudntevc y bm dclmseg scdena qum temgmg lcy, pnrn gcsctrcs, acs tmxtc bm najg aehrc rmaejecsc qum, vnynpnrnbckn, sumam smr ma pnqumtm sefhaedc bm najugn trnbedeg mxtrnn qum aamjpnrn rmmfpanznr n an bm acs prcpecs nhumacs. U gc pcrqum quemgms an trnmgmgsmng (c trnmfcs y mgsmnfcs) tmgjng y/c lnyng tmgebc, tngtc ngtms dcfcnlcrn y rmnafmgtm!, an dcgveddeg bm mstnr cirmdemgbc ugn fmkcrcpdeg Tegcpcrqum an trngs -duaturezndeg an bmspmrscgnaezndeg scdena bma jrupc

egvnbebc , dnse semfprm dcgiejurn an mxdusn pmrimdtn pnrn indeaetnr npmtmgdendcbedens gcg sngdtns, fs qum ma pmrimdtcsmrvedec lufngetnrec qum sac dnpnz bmhregbnr ug vmrbnbmrc Fnmstrc (Fnjestmr), pnrn ma duna,ma rmspmtc bma stntus quc

gnturna y crejegna bm sus besdpuacs, ms ac prefmrsefc n tmgmr mg dumgtn.

< An Nhstrnddeg Msturedn Pmrftngfm, ngtms bm dcgtegunr, lndmr ug egtmrvnac mspmdena pnrn bmbedn

najc bm ntmgdeg n ug dcgdmptc tng efprmsdegbeham dcfc errmmfpanznham mg fhetc msturedc; N qum gcs rmimrefcs dungbc lnhanfcs bmnhstrnmr , bm nhstrnddeg, bm nhstrndtc, mtd.3... Pcrqum pumbmg vmr qum lndmfcs ug usc

80 - Iumgtm; INFTE ; Iugbndeg pnrn ma nvngdm bm acs mstubecs fmscnfmredngcs . (www.ingse.crj).


14/20


>2

egtmgsevc bm mstm dcgdmptc, y yn lnhrg gctnbc qum ma sejgeiednbc na dunrmjuanrfmgtm npugtnfcs gc semfprm dcegdebm dcg ma ndtuna, dcfg y dcrremgtm.

Ynynfcs pcr pnrtms.

Mg an fnycrn bm acs beddecgnrecs ndtunams ans bmiegedecgms bmnhstrnmr smpnrmdmg n ug fex mgtrmbmsteanr , bmsmgtmgbmrsm y nutesfc Pcr mkmfpac, pnrn ma beddecgnrec bm anXNM8>;

Bma ant.nhs-trnl rm, ms;>. tr. Tmpnrnr pcr fmbec bm ugn cpmrndeg egtmamdtuna ans dunaebnbms

bm ug chkmtc pnrn dcgsebmrnrans nesanbnfmgtm c pnrn dcgsebmrnr ma fesfcchkmtc mg su purn msmgden c gcdeg (bmsteanr!)

8. egtr. Prmsdegber, lndmr dnsc cfesc . ( bmsmgtmgbmrsm!) 4. prga. Mgnkmgnrsm bm acs chkmtcs smgsehams, gc ntmgbmr n maacs pcr

mgtrmjnrsm n an dcgsebmrndeg bm ac qum sm temgm mg ma pmgsnfemgtc (dunse

nutesfc !) Mg ugn tgedn pnrmdebn, ctrcs smnang qumnhstrnddeg ms;

>. tr. Dcgsebmrnr nesanbnfmgtm ans dunaebnbms msmgdenams bm ug chkmtc, cma fesfc chkmtc mg su purn msmgden c gcdeg.

8. prga. Prmsdegber najuemg bm an rmnaebnb mxtmrecr, pnrn dcgdmgtrnrsm mgans mauduhrndecgms bm su pmgsnfemgtc.

4. Dcgstruddeg fmgtna seg dcrrmspcgbmgden mxndtn dcg an rmnaebnb (ebmn nhstrndtn).

2. An rmbuddeg bm najc n su fgefn mxprmseg pcseham.

=. Ma bmsprmdec pcr acs nspmdtcs nddebmgtnams y supmriaucs bm najugndcsn c pmrscgn, pnrn tcfnr mg dumgtn sac ac msmgdena, rmfnrdngbc ans prcpembnbms fgefns, gmdmsnrens m egbespmgsnhams pnrn an ebmgteiedndeg y/c scaudeg bm ac mxprmsnbc

Ms bmder, dcgnhstrnddeg mg an ndtunaebnb sm npugtn;

>- N an dcgsebmrndeg nesanbn bm ans dunaebnbms msmgdenams bm ug chkbma fesfc chkmtc mg su purn msmgden c gcdeg.

8- N an dcgdmgtrndeg bma pmgsnfemgtc (c n acs mamfmgtcs bma prcpepmgsnfemgtc), prmsdegbemgbc bm an rmnaebnb mxtmrecr.

4- N an ebmn nhstrndtn dcfc fntmrena bmdcgstruddeg fmgtna, seg qum fngtmgjn dcrrmspcgbmgden mxndtn dcg an rmnaebnb .

2- N an prmsdegbmgden bm najc, n bmknr bm anbc ans icrfns gnturnams, armimrmgdens dcfugms, acs dbejcs mstnhamdebcs, mtd.

Pcr maac, dcfc vmrhc,nhstrndtc/tn ms;

8> - Xmna Ndnbmfen Mspncan.


15/20


>=

>. P. p. errmj. bm nhstrnmr.8. Nbk. Gc dcgdrmtc, gc iejurntevc, qum gc temgm rmnaebnb (c mgtebnb) prcpe

pcr smpnrnbc.4. Najc bm beidea dcfprmgseg? dcgiusc (n vmdms egdausc pnrn su prcpec

nutcr)

2.

Nrtm c nrtestn qum gc prmtmgbm rmprmsmgtnr dcsns dcgdrmtns, segc quntemgbm mxdausevnfmgtm n mamfmgtcs bm icrfn, dcacr, prcpcrdeg, mtd.=. Mg nhstrndtc (acd. nbv.), sm bedm dungbc sm quemrm egbednr najc qum gc

temgm nsebmrc rmna ge npaedndeg dcgdrmtn.9. Ngtgefc bermdtc bm rmna y dcgdrmtc.

Bm tcbc mstc sm bmsprmgbm qum acs seggefcs dcrremgtms bmnhstrnddeg smng; ebmnaezndeg, dcgdmptunaezndeg? dcgtmfpandeg, bestrnddeg,mfhmamsnfemgtc, mfhmhmdefemgtc, mgnkmgnfemgtc , mgirnsdnfemgtc ? Uvmrbnbmrcs ngtgefcs; fntmrenaezndeg, dcgdrmdeg, (rmnaebnb)

Pmrc tcbns mstns ebmns tmgbemgtms n bmieger ug sejgeiednbcnhstrnddeg smbmsbedmg, fs qum dcgbedmg, dcg ac qum msnhstrnddeg msturedn , dcfc vmrmfcsfs nbmangtm.

Nlcrn, se vnfcs n ac prciugbc bm su sejgeiednbc, vmfcs qum na fcfmgtc bmmstnhamdmr an mtefcacjn sm smnan, chvenfmgtm, na antgnhstrnlc (nhstnlmrm ), qumefpaedn ans cpmrndecgms bm smpnrnr , bmstndnr , nrrngdnr bm bcgbm ms y/c mst ,namknr (sm) bm? rmgugdenr n?sustrnmr (sm) bm? mtd.

Aumjc, tngtc ieacsiedn dcfc tdgednfmgtm,nhstrnmr ms an nddeg y mimdtc bmsmpnrnr dcgdmptunafmgtm najc bmsbm najc ? pcgmr najc (najugn dnrndtmrstedn y/c

prcpembnb ) fmgtnafmgtm npnrtm . Pnrn mstcs mimdtcs, an fmdgedn hsedn msnesanr

ac pregdepna bm nqumaac qum gc ms rmamvngtm na chkmtevc pangtmnbc, lndemgbclegdnpe mg rmsnatnr an iumrzn mxprmsevn bm najugns ebmns c nspmdtcs icrfnams .Pcr maac, y nugqum bm pcr s sm trntm bm ug dcgdmptc fuy ngtejuc,

fcbmrgnfmgtm y dcfc msteac bm Nrtm, sm dcgsebmrn qum ac nhstrndtc msug amgjunkm gc iejurntevc, gc-ictcjriedc, qum gc husdn rmprmsmgtnr acs chkmtcs bmafugbc gnturna (mg cdnsecgms ge sequemrn hnkcs sus nspmdtcs fs egbermdtcs cnddebmgtnams). Ngtms hemg, ma aanfnbc nrtm nhstrndtc drmn ug amgjunkm vesuna suejmgmres, uteaezngbc nb aehetuf ug mgtrnfnbc bm dcacrms y icrfns besmnbcs(ns)pnrn dcgsmjuer ug efpndtc purc qum smn beimrmgtm na gnturna, c hemg sefeanr nmstm, pmrc pcr vns beimrmgtms? bmkngbc, an fnycrn bm ans vmdms, n dumgtn ybma mspmdtnbcr cdnsecgna, ma kumjc bm ans nscdendecgms gmdmsnrens pnrn bmtmacs sejgeiednbcsc acs mimdtcs pcsehams. Pmrc mg an ndtunaebnb, dcfc na usnr an pnanhrnnhstrndtc scamfcs mgtmgbmrqum gcs rmimrefcsn ac qum gc ms dcgdrmtc , na prcpectrfegc iejurntevc am rmdnman sejgeiedndeg bm smr ac qum gc temgm mxestmgden y mg cdnsecgms ge sequemrnnpnremgden rmna y sustngtevn . Bm naa qum, sejuemgbc mstn fesfn agmn bmpmgsnfemgtc, pcr prcdmsc bm nhstrnddeg sm mgtemgbm nnquma qum ms dcgtrnrec nug prcdmsc bm tmftedn dcgdrmtn. N pmsnr bm qum an fnycrn bm vmdms sm pnrtm bnajc rmna y sustngtevc, qum n dcgtegundegsm besmdn, pcr bmderac bm najg fcbc,


16/20


>9

sm ac sefpaeiedn, rmbudegbcac n rnsjcs segtmteznbcs, fmtnfriedcs, dunsefcfeiednbcs y danrnfmgtm bmicrfnbcs, dcg ac duna sm husdn ma namknfemgtcegtmgdecgna bm an npnremgden egfmbentn. Pmrc seg pmrbmr, gc chstngtm, an dnpndbm fngtmgmr ug fgefc jrnbc bm ebmgteiedndeg dcg ma chkmtc bma duna prcdmbm

Nlcrn hemg, tcbc mstc, y pcr gcrfn jmgmrna, fuy pcdns vmdms sm lndm mgJM , bcgbm prdtednfmgtmtcbn rmprmsmgtndeg ms prmimrmgtmfmgtm iejurntevn (cstmgsevn). Nugqum, danrc mst, dcg ma egbmimdteham tcudlm mspmdena qum am bn, nan rmprmsmgtndeg bm ugn efnjmg gnturna, su pnsc pcr ans pnutns bma mgtrnfnbcmsturedc, su trgsetc pcr mstndcfpamkn mstrudturn bm agmns prcpcrdecgnams,nrfgedns y seftredns , na qum aanfnfcsMsqumfn Msturedc

N bmder vmrbnb, annhstrnddeg msturedn ms ug amgjunkm gmtnfmgtmiejurntevc (bm, dcg y pnrn acjrnr iejurns bm irngdc crejmg gnturna ), mg an jrngfnycrn bm acs dnscs, pmrc qum, dcfc ndnhnfcs bm bmder, pcrbmpmgbmr y rmspmtnr

iemafmgtm acs ndctnbcs frjmgms bma mgtrnfnbc Msturedc , najugns vmdms acsrmsuatnbcs npnrmgtng smr dnpredlcscs, namntcrecs m, egdausc, nhstrndtcs mg ma

fmkcr smgtebc fcbmrgc Pcr msc gmdmsetnfcs rmbmieger ma dcgdmptc bm Nhstrnddeg Msturedn .

Dcfmgdmfcs pcr ma ngaeses mtefcajedc.

Ac prefmrc danrc ms qum, fcricajednfmgtm lnhangbc, ma vmrhc nhs-trnl rm mst icrfnbc pcr bcs acdudecgms antegns; ma prmiekcnh - (88) y ma vmrhctrnlc (trnxe,trndtuf) - knanr najc ntrnygbcac lnden s (nrrnstrnr, trnddecgnr? aamvnrsm najcdcgsejc n an iumrzn? ntrnmr? smbuder, dnptnr? rchnr, quetnr, mxpcaenr? mtd.-). Gc bmhmsmr dcgiugbebc dcg ma vmrhctrnbc _bmtrngsbc V trnbebe, trnbetuf, qum ms;mgtrmjnr,bnr? pnsnram najc n ctrn pmrscgn? dcgienr najc, dmbmr, dcgtnr, gnrrnr, trngsfeter ,-?

y ma duna ms, pcr supumstc, ma crejmg bm an pnanhrntrnbedeg .Ymnfcs dnbn ugn bm sus pnrtms.

Ma prmiekcnh- ms tcbc ug tmfn mg s fesfc. Nbmfs bm smr ugn dnsermbugbngden bmtrnlc , dcfpnrtm ma fhetc bm sejgeiedndeg dcg ma prmiekcmx-, napugtc bm dcgiugbersm, futun y ideafmgtm, dcfc dungbc fna usnfcs ma vmrhcmxtrnmr (mx-trnlc), pcr mkmfpac. Pmrc sus smgtebcs scg hemg beimrmgtms

88 - An s, bedlc smn bm pnsc, ms ug fmrc gmxc muigedc,egsmrtc pnrn indeaetnr an icgmtezndeg bm an rnz qum prmdmbm.


17/20


>:

Mg pregdepec, nfhcs prmiekcs (nh y mx) rmspcgbmg n ac qum sm pangtmnjriednfmgtm mg an efnjmg ngtmrecr; na lmdlc bm smrug fcvefemgtc rmnaeznbcbmsbm ma pugtc > na pugtc 8... Bcgbm ma pugtc > sm mgdumgtrnnbmgtrc bm najc (ugn fntrez , pcr mkmfpac), y bmsbm naa pnsn n mstnrniumrn, mg ma pugtc 8 ...

N pnrter bm naa, an prefmrn dcsn qum acs beimrmgden rnbednafmgtm m an

npaedndeg bm an iumrzndcg an qum msm fcvefemgtc sm aamvn n dnhc ;Mx ms dcfpnteham dcg ma vmrhctrnbc , pcrqum ms ugnnddeg bm mgtrmjn, bm

bcgndeg , ms ugnsnaebn n fctu prcprec bnbc pcr efpuasc vetna. Mx bmsdrehmpmrimdtnfmgtm ma gndefemgtc, tna duna an fnbrm qum pnrm n su lekc84. Bm naa qummgdcgtrmfcs n mx y sus vnrengtms dcfc ma dnsc bma suiekc mspnca -mz ,npaednbcs n beimrmgtms npmaaebcs (Imrgngb-mz ms ma lekc bm Imrgngbc, pcrqum prcvemgm bm msm pnbrm, pcr mkmfpac). N su vmz, usgbcac dcfc prmiekc bma prcg.bmf. estm -mstm-, ma antg icrfnmx-s-estm -bmsbm mstm-, bngbc crejmg na vmrhc mxestmrm-mxester-, aetmr; ac qum snam bmsbm Msc

Nh-, mg dnfhec, egbedn qumma fcvefemgtc bmsbm ma pugtc > na pugtc 8 sm rmnaezn fmbengtm an npaedndeg bm ugn iumrzn mxtmrgn (mxtmrecr ), pcr pnrtm bm ugsukmtc qum ac knan bm bcgbm mst y ac ntrnm lnden s (trnlc ). Ctrc fcbc bm vmr mstnfesfn nddeg msdungbc ma sukmtc ac lndm dcgsejc fesfc , dungbc sm npnrtm n sfesfc bm ug aujnr, setundeg, derdugstngden, mtd.

_Dcfc mkmfpacs bm ac bedlc, dcg ma prmiekcnh - (c nhs -) mg antg sm icrfngvmrhcs tnams dcfcnhbc -bebe -betuf;namknr, rmternr ?nhmc -ee -etuf;namknrsm, pnrter,snaer, pnsnr n, bmsnpnrmdmr, rmternrsm? nhejc -mje -ndtuf; mdlnr niumrn, lndmrbmsnpnrmdmr, rmpubenr ?nhetus -us; snaebn, pnrtebn ?nhedec -emde -emdtuf;mdlnr bm s,ternr, nrrcknr, bmknr bm anbc (nhymdtc)?nhngtm; bmangtm? nhbedc ; rmdlnznr, gc

rmdcgcdmr, bmslmrmbnr, rmgugdenr, nhbednr ?nhbudc -buxe -budtuf; rmternr, quetnr, aamvnrsm pcr an iumrzn, nrrnstrnr ?nhsuf (egi.nhmssm) niue, niuturus;mstnr namknbc,bestnr, mstnr aehrm, gc smr prcpec bm, smr beimrmgtm,-? mtd. Rcbcs dcg ug smgtebcsefeanr, mg nddecgms tngtc trngsetevns dcfc rmiamxevns, bcgbm ma sukmtcnpnrtn c smnpnrtn , smpnrn c sm smpnrn , lmdln niumrn najc c sm snam a fesfc ,V.

Pmrc pnrn tmgmr ugn fmkcr ebmn bma nadngdm bm nh-, pcbmfcs dcfpnrnracdcg su pnremgtm sgsdretc, / npn /, ug prmiekc bm vmrhcs y sustngtevcs qum egbedn;namknr, npnrtnr, rmtcrgnr, hnknr ,? aumjc, dcfc prmiekc bm sustngtevcs, sumam cpmrnrdcfc pnrtduan gmjntevn (aumjc dcgtrnbn mg- / n-/). Rnfheg pumbm mxprmsnrbmtmrecrc m egimrecrebnb , y, dcfc pnrtduan smpnrnham c nbvmrhec (y dcg nhantevc),ms iumrn bm, schrm ma mxtmrecr bm, seg, dcg an mxdmpdeg bm, Mtd. / npn / tnfheg sm rmandecgn bermdtnfmgtm dcg ma jr.- / np -/ -nbv.; npnrtm, amkcs? prmp. jmg.;bmsbm? amkcs bm? iumrn bm? dcg, pcr,-? bm naa, p. mk., mavmrhc; - / npctfg / -smpnrnr, dcrtnr? (smpnrnr dcrtngbc )? nfputnr?

84 - Bmrevndecgms icgtedns bmmx y/c mo (bma jremjc, p. mk.), temgmg qum vmr dcg -mv, -cv , -ci , mtd., qum scgicrfns sefeanrms pnrn, tnfheg, bmder lekc bm mg najugns amgjuns bma cremgtm murcpmc. Nbmfs, an rnzcv - ,qum bn icrfn ma antgcvus -lumvc-, fumstrn pcr s fesfn an efnjmg dcgdmptuna qum bmsdrehefcs nqu.


18/20


>

>5

bmkngbc bm anbc n fudlns ctrns, lnstn c pnrn icrfnr ugn jrnin (efnjmg ciejurn), qum pnsn n tmgmr ebmgtebnb prcpen, ugn vmz qum ln sebc smpnrnbn bmamgtrnfnbc bm bcgbm an sndnfcs An gumvn jrnin, egbmpmgbemgtm nlcrn bmaMsqumfn, ms ugnnhstrnddeg c bmsteandeg bm agmns lmdln n pnrter bm a ?pmrc gugdn prmsdegbemgbcge bmsmgtmgbegbcgcs bm a

Pcr ctrc anbc,mg ma prcdmsc bmnhstrnddeg gc sm am quetn ge sm am rmstn dcsnnajugn naMM, segc qum ac nhstrnbc sm drmn schrm a, pcr an dcpen bm najugn bm sus pnrtms. Ac nhstrnbc npnrmdm n pnrter bm a (nh-s-estm), seg besfeguerac, segbmicrfnrac ge nimdtnrac mg nhscautc. Pcr ac qum annhs-trndtec gc ms ugnnhs-antec (nhandeg ; aamvnr lnden niumrn? quetnr, sndnr, mxterpnr )? pcrqum, ac rmetmrnfcs, naMsqumfn gnbn sm am pumbm quetnr mg mstm prcdmsc. Pcr ma dcgtrnrec,rmprcbuddeg bm iejurns dasedns bm beimrmgtms duaturns, fudlsefns vmdms gcnyubng n dcfpamtnr (c mspmdeiednr) ug Msqumfn Hsedc, ma duna dcgstruefcs npnrter bm ac qum, mg tmcrn, bmhmrn dcgstetuer ug Msqumfn fmbengnfmgdcfpamtc.

Mgtcgdms, nhstrnmr ms, mg ma fhetc msturedc,sndnr najc bm bcgbm mstnhn3 pnrn lndmrac veseham (drmnrac), pnrn qum pnsm n tmgmr nhsestmgden. Ms bmder, pnsn nsmr ugn icrfn efnjmg c iejurn egbmpmgbemgtm, pmrc seg vebn.U ntmgdeg,tnfpcdc ms ug mx-trnlc , pcrqum ma prcpec Msqumfn gc sm ac sndn pcr, ge pnrn, s

fesfc . Ge ms ugmx-trnbc ? n gc smr, danrc, qum mstmfcs lnhangbc bm an Drmndeg Bevegn, bcgbm ma Jrng Estm mgtrmjn ans dcsnsbmsbm T Fesfc y n trnvs bmamgtrnfnbc jmcftredc qum bmiegm ans icrfns ? ans dunams dcsns semfprm dcgaamvngugn fnjgiedn efprcgtn nbedecgna qum gugdn pumbm bnram ma nrtestn lufngc; an

Yebn ( an mxestmgden)8=.

N fcbc bm rmpnsc bm ebmns bejnfcs qum; mg ma prcdmsc bm NhstrnddegMsturedn , ma Msqumfn, irutc bm ug Prcdmbefemgtc na qum aanfnfcs JmcfmtrnMsturedn, ms ma pugtc >. Bmsbm a, ma nrtestn/jmfmtrnknan c trnddecgn ugnjrnin , ac qum dcgstetuym ma pugtc 8? y annhstrnm seg natmrnr ge fcbeiednr ma stntusquc bmaMM. Pcr mgbm, mg ma dcgtmxtc msturedc, y se snhmfcs junrbnr ansegmaubehams beimrmgdens, ma fmkcr seggefc bmnhstrnmr, c ma fs dmrdngc se smquemrm, msDXMNX. U ans beimrmgdens n ans qum fm rmiemrc rnbedng mg ac qundnhnfcs bm fmgdecgnr;ma nrtestn lufngc am bn nhs-estmgden y gc mxestmgden n su chrn bm nrtm, pcrqum gc pcbmfcs bctnran bmvebn nutgcfn.

U mstc bmdrmnr vemgm n dumgtns bm qum, se hemg mg maMM yn mxestmgcpctmgdenafmgtmpumbmg aamjnr n mxester tcbns ans agmns qum bng icrfn n c qummstnhamdmg acs afetms bmans iejurns qum nhstrnmfcs bm a, bm tcbcs fcbcs, ymstredtnfmgtm lnhangbc,ugn iejurn nhstrnbn bma MM gc mxestm ge nhsestmdcfc tnangtms bm qum ma nrtestn an mgdumgtrm? ngtms bm qum ma nrtestn maekn usnr ans agmns(durvns c rmdtns ) qum am servmg y quetnr ans qum am schrng Mstc ms ns, ugn iejurngc mxestm ge nhsestm ngtms bm qum ma nrtestn Bevegc c luf ngc an egvmgtm89, anmgdumgtrm y an nhstrnejn bm ans dcgiusns mgtrnns bma mgtrnfnbc msturedc...

8= - Prcfmtc nfpaenr mstm tmfn mg Tturedcs >.89 - Mg ma mstredtc y crejegna smgtebc antegc bma vmrhcegvmgec -vmge -vmgtuf; mgdcgtrnr, lnaanr, bmsduhrer ,


20/20


80

Dcsn qum sac sm pumbm lndmr bm fngmrn egtmgdecgna. Dcsn qum sac ac pumlndmr ugn Dcgdemgden pumstn mg nddeg. Tm mgtemgbm3

Iegnafmgtm, pnrn dcfpamtnr ma pmriea bma sejgeiednbc msturedc bmnhstrnmr , hnstn njrmjnr qumma smgtebc egvmrsc bm annhstrnddeg , ns mgtmgbebn, ms,smgdeaanfmgtm,rmandeg? smjg ma fesfc dcgdmptc bmrm-antec qum vefcs nadcfemgzc. U ms n mstn nddeg n an qum gcs rmimrefcs dnbn vmz qum lnhanfcs bm rm-nhstrnmr ? mstc ms; bm aamvnr bm rmjrmsc ugn jrnin na Msqumfn, pnrnmgdcgtrnran naa y mstnhamdmr ans dcrrmspcgbmgdens nrfgedns dcg su fntrezcrejegngtm, pcr ug anbc, y dcg dungtn ctrn jrnin lnyn sebc nhstrnbn bm mstmfesfc hndc Jmcftredc/Dnamgbredc? tna dcfc aumjc vmrmfcs na lnhanr bm annpaedndeg bmaFtcbc Msturedc pnrn ma mstubec bm acs Tejgcs y acs Tfhcacs.

Mg ma Npugtm sejuemgtm, tetuanbc; Msdreturn m Ebecfn , gcs nbmgtrnfcs n mstubenr bm dmrdn nugc bm acs dcrcanrecs fs mvebmgtms bm an prdtedn msturedn y, quezs, an fs tea y jmgena bm tcbnsans nhstrnddecgms; acs sestmfns bm msdreturn .

Acs mspmrc.

Csvnabc X. Zmeamgfngg

Drbchn? Nrjmgtegn.80>0

Ymrseg rmvesnbn

apunte 01 de ge

Documents