20-capa fisica
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8/14/2019 20-CAPA FISICA
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Comunicaciones de datosComunicaciones de datos
•Analisis de Fourier
•Señales Limitadas en unAncho de Banda
•Máxima velocidad de Datosde un canal
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Bandwidth-Limited SignalsBandwidth-Limited Signals
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Bandwidth-Limited Signals (2)Bandwidth-Limited Signals (2)
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Bandwidth-Limited Signals (3)Bandwidth-Limited Signals (3)
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Medios de TransmisiónMedios de Transmisión•MediosElectromagnéticos
•Pares Trenzados•Cable Coaxil
•Fibra Optica
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Par Trenzado (Twisted Pair)Par Trenzado (Twisted Pair)
(a) Category 3 UTP.
(b) Category 5 UTP.
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Cable CoaxialCable Coaxial
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Fibras OpticasFibras Opticas
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Transmisión de Luz a través de
una Fibra
Transmisión de Luz a través de
una Fibra
Atenuación en la región infrarroja
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Cables de FibrasCables de Fibras
(a) Fibra única.
(b) 3 Fibras Recubiertas
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Dos fuentes diferentes de luz
Cables de FibrasCables de Fibras
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Redes de FibrasRedes de Fibras
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Conexión pasiva en
Estrella
Redes de FibrasRedes de Fibras
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Transmisión WirelessTransmisión Wireless
•El Espectro Electromagnético•Transmisión de Radio
•Microondas
•Ondas Infrarojas y Milimétricas
•Transmisión de Luz
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The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Transmisión de RadioTransmisión de Radio
(a) Bandas VLF, LF, MF .
(b) Banda HF y la Ionósfera
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Bandas no licenciadasBandas no licenciadas
Bandas ISM
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Transmisión de LuzTransmisión de Luz
Efecto de la atmósfera en la
propagación de la luz.
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SatélitesSatélites
•Geostacionarios
•Medium-Earth Orbit•Low-Earth Orbit
•Satélites versus Fibra
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SatélitesSatélites
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Bandas Satelitales.
SatélitesSatélites
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SatélitesSatélites
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Low-Earth Orbit
Iridium
Low-Earth Orbit
Iridium
(a) Iridium (b) 1628 celdas
(a) (b)
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GlobalstarGlobalstar
(a) Repetidor espacial
(b) Repetidor terrestre.
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Public Switched Telephone
System (PSTN)
Public Switched Telephone
System (PSTN)
•
Estructura•Política
•El Local Loop: Modems, ADSL yWireless
•Trunks y Multiplexing•Switching
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Estructura del sistema
Telefónico
Estructura del sistema
Telefónico
(a) Red Full mesh.
(b) Switching Centralizado
(c) Switching jerárquico en 2 niveles
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Circuitos para Distancias “Medias”.
Estructura del sistema
Telefónico
Estructura del sistema
Telefónico
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PSTNPSTN
.
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Componentes PrincipalesComponentes Principales
• Local loops (Bucle de abonado)
Pares trenzados Señales Analógicas óDigitales ( ISDN)
• Trunks ( Troncales) Fibras Opticas Digitales conectando los
nodos de conmutación (centrales)
• Switching offices ( C.O.) ( Centrales)
Servicios de conmutación
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Bucle Local ( Local Loop):
Modems, ADSL, y Wireless
Bucle Local ( Local Loop):
Modems, ADSL, y Wireless
SERVICIOS ANALOGICOS Y DIGITALES
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ModemsModems
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Modems (2)Modems (2)
QPSK QAM-16. QAM-64.
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Modems (3)Modems (3)
(a) (b)
V.32 para 9600 bps. V32 bis para 14,400 bps.
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Digital Subscriber Lines DSLDigital Subscriber Lines DSL
Bandwidth / Distancia sobre categoría 3 UTP
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Digital Subscriber Lines (2)Digital Subscriber Lines (2)
ADSL usando
Modulación discrete multitone
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Digital Subscriber Lines (3)Digital Subscriber Lines (3)
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Wireless Local LoopsWireless Local Loops
LMDS
Frequency DivisionFrequency Division
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Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Wavelength DivisionWavelength Division
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Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
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Time Division MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing
T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps).
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Time Division Multiplexing (2)Time Division Multiplexing (2)
Delta modulation.
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Time Division Multiplexing (3)Time Division Multiplexing (3)
Multiplexing T1 streams into higher
carriers.
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Time Division Multiplexing (4)Time Division Multiplexing (4)
Dos Tramas SONET back-to-back .
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Time Division Multiplexing (5)Time Division Multiplexing (5)
SONET y SDH
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Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Packet switching.
Circuit switching.
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S
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Packet SwitchingPacket Switching
Si C l lSi C l l
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Sistema CelularSistema Celular
• Primera Generacion Celular:
Voz analogica
• Segunda Generación Celular:Voz Digital
• Tercera Generación Celular:Datos y Voz Digital Data
Advanced Mobile PhoneAdvanced Mobile Phone
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Advanced Mobile Phone
System AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone
System AMPS
(a) Reuso de frecuencias.
(b) Aumento de Tráfico , necesidad de mas
celdas menores
C l AMPSC l AMPS
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Canales AMPSCanales AMPS
832 canales y 4 categorías:
Control (base a móvil)
Paging (base a móvil) llamadaAcceso (bidireccional) para call setup y
asignación de canales
Datos (bidireccional) para voz, fax, o datos
Digital Advanced Mobile PhoneDigital Advanced Mobile Phone
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Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
System (D-AMPS)
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
System (D-AMPS)
Packet switching. Canal D-AMPS con 6 usuarios.
Global System for MobileGlobal System for Mobile
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Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM)
Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM)
GSM usa 124 canales de frecuencias, cada
uno usa TDM de 8 slots
GSM (2)GSM (2)
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GSM (2)GSM (2)
Estructura de Trama GSM
CDMA – Code Division MultipleCDMA – Code Division Multiple
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C Code s o u t p e
Access
p
AccessBinary ChipSequences
Para 4Usuarios
BipolarChip
Sequences
RegeneracionEn usuario C
Tercera Generación Celular:Tercera Generación Celular:
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Voz y Datos DigitalesVoz y Datos Digitales
Servicios IMT-2000
Transmisión de voz de alta calidad
• Mensajeria (reemplazo e-mail, fax, SMS,chat, etc.)
• Multimedia (música, videos, films, TV, etc.)• Internet (web surfing, w/multimedia.)
Television por CableTelevision por Cable
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Television por CableTelevision por Cable
•Antenas Comunitarias
•Internet over Cable•Spectro de Frecuencias
•Cable Modems
Antenas ComunitariasAntenas Comunitarias
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Antenas ComunitariasAntenas Comunitarias
An early cable television system.
Internet over CableInternet over Cable
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Internet over CableInternet over Cable
CablemodemsdomiciliariosDOCSIS
Espectro de FrecuenciasEspectro de Frecuencias
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Espectro de FrecuenciasEspectro de Frecuencias
Cable ModemsCable Modems
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Cable ModemsCable Modems
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