RAY PLUORESC.E NCE XRE) X_ayiar 9eneraied bybo bombarding matter_wth thelhigh ehergyparticle ui as s,a orbhofond when

iectecd om me othe unner hells tha akoO 1his acan.cHil UMmediaily lldby an e o gheL nergY- hel ereaating a oean. Cy uh ihat. helLthat istn um Alied b Qnolectont

analom lko Lbm-barded Qn electrond-

ieoby asdezontm yeta highel. 8LallThus by a Lexiei of tnniiicnsLK tonitLcnz L>K M L N>M. Coc mew nsan is ldusul ho extitid alem_AetnnLdo uuts qraundAtati.

eac elecbontt. dmnsitiom 0ulk_h thi emssion L OCkaractoALAtia XmYApechml inushoie eneg U. mu etain elecronictransitions are permittod 6 quantuuM MAchancal Lelectionrulo

EMCCo 9pecha-

k>L. M k

N-k

ML

N M N M

In X Ycu ehLLgtm he Lamble isbcmbaroleal unith

emittug X-T bha ten Ye_Meas LuRcl

an electrom beom h_an.X-0Y tuhl ahdthe

X- y -hlam ha.uth e- enuiltrd_X- my_ uth On

Lat a lenger A ) usut and

AILONeSCenAA X

MedX- yechnigue or oLLattitotie analyu

PIXE Partuete 9nctuccdX Ray EMLARIon

PLxE Charged partiela rodued Lt an accele-_

de ceu o a radio- btclhe

LtJed o ole ctrcn

ralr

nucleLd

met

Mtod Cr

eAcikoionIhe are

his purpose bartuete COmmc

Thery=lhe balisbro.p2a PIXEs. ha- OXCLttien-Or orLnizali C_orbi.tol elertron b4 a heama ehegetue.Charged batuuLel Th xcitation ellouoeolb dheenLaten oChaal-

teriiic X 4a electrontuncerg unterna Nearrahgemchis. to returm ta tha aD m)L_Qundd.

2)

e moast utdaly o urescence 2pectnAcop tuec x- y le.chnique or oLart tativ£_analy2u

PIXEPartele 9ncduced xRo eMLARIOm rodued bt ah Qccole-

the de coo. raio

nPLXE- rater Cr

nucleid

met

Charge pariiclo

are. LLOed orele ctran bastuelLe teolL or lhis purpose t Commc

-Jhtoy-1hebasie. roce2 _PlX£ ha exLtatiemOr UmLzalLon oforbi.toleterrami b a beam a energctitCharged postielekThui-

excitatuon Lu ellotoeol b dhe eLLen OChaat eruiic X rayC electrma ndergo nternal. Marrahgemchis to return- to <tha aiom2 qmund

tAccelemtor m X-mY mLOnpzotanbeam o

do3 Mer are gene rally _Ued. Accelerotor are

w orrooucing. he energetic Chargedpautie

beam For e9 Va de Graa# 0ccele mtor, Cockroft_

Wallaoacceleroator

Beam unlen 3ily of a ud nanocmperes are.

enerly wed.

a Calli m.torsfocJbest AeAuls, he proton beam

&heuld Aaue parallel drayoclemed and have a

unmareal uintenkity._shenit&trnkethe

arget Collinuaiar are wedor hdburpose

Ihe heuld dha wi

gLLnd1.

Macla of a Materio.. Luch a-mpiik.

produce minimum. X- of andY-rasbüak-

3 Samble- Samnple ioplaced.n ahamhe unce. aound 106 torr... Sample hould not. ba. a vacuum a

ery hitk

udininishd inúntunsitybeamlensityd

bLam lune

he beom hakesthrough irtually 4) Eamday uu

LaLured by a- Faradoy up t he end of th

Aod ers ae mad »_Contoin everal lampl Saumple

loniz aluon shen a bastuctLbream m clh ac ike he

Uoget tJhtrack_ahd andund.attm 0ccurs.

---

Alaa Aemaval_ nelectrma m an Lnn

tAccelemlo m X- my_eMLRLOn_ o3 3 Mey Merare genemly weo. Accelerokr are wedor prooucing. he energetia Chargedpautobeam For 29- Van de Graaff accele rator, CockrofA

pmtonbeam o

Wallan acAelorator

Beam untensity of a eu nanocumperes are. 9enerolyH wed

2 Callimators- focbest ACAul hepruton beam beom Should haue paralleldaecae andhave a wnam arealunten&ity henitstrke the targct Collinatos are usedoihis purpose

he huld be_Made o a DMaterio uhu-4mplik that wll produce MinLmum. X- ray and-Y-rapbatk- rLndd

3 Sample--Sample uia-platsddn a chambe_uncl a vacuum.a around 10" torr..Samble hould not ha

ery dhtk _

4) farmday cuuh he beamhasehrough irtualty diminishra nuntnil beamunluntityil

- akured iby aFarodoy uup at the nd ofthe

bLam lne

Sample od ers_are Made o ConloLnaeveral amplen

lonizalLon

lashen apashel bream Arm dlhu accHukuhe

inLge htraLs_And uenLatm Accurs

Al AemvalA an eleclrm m_an

nnel &hell ,electcn reanrangemOnt QLLLLM ID he vacant &pot..This eletrom_renTrangimO .

Atuulkstn 1o. omasian he ettad X-m_Cacroipand Denerg -

Levesare Chara cterufe of dhe aguk nueleus.

Detectiom and analysii a X- 0yt> nearlie days

Specamuter. Nou a dou Si.LLi) deterer

LLARAar A-ray.dutection

delector sed ws Cntbi.

lheX- ry &tke_dhe S1(Li) dede chaL,where.

they Undergoe. nteraclion and lae1heir hLra

lheignalranthe olete char are ddto ulti ckannel analuzerand L2pecrumi

displayed oud2 ecrded

are

Conolter an '2nerg eSoluton o O1S lb 18 keV fr PIxg dh detecbor s placed at ah

Okgle a tht&amplouwhieki iodiustol h iunimlze tho aMoLund_ af bak orotuhd raoliatuon TEALn9 iE.

Zn

Sr: Pb

Acvantaa_ oPIXE

1Senaitiity 0-iha.wethodul very grob even

i a mullu elemenatal deehntque eanalyis. MOTehn dhon_ on atom can be dlDneat dhe

3 9L a nm destrLotive Jeohnuque

fum arnund diaeis compaiatively Amailer 5 nlike NAA it us net ka hagaros

dhitcehni�usal bypeo anple Can be ahaysecdAutha inlogucol,Enricntn

9ndustatol &ampls er.

2uoL 20mpte

Mehtol

Ver

Linutations cf PIXE

T bombarclung bartclLhould Aase dhbmber

enert X- X nducac k ouerent_ma terials

ouDh charowteriitics Or a Jheis

3 he Lample Lhatuld not be_dhisk. 3-

Callimeter 2ould.be o whrt motea

-AR_E

9u-an alomucc phenoMenm X- r0ysare-

rps CCnBs electro Mogne tue radiatign

X-rCLt-absopton>A Ma the eined aithl.

ab&orplion o ehergetie X-rouus hat0ceurS whin

Qneleclron.us emovearom Us Orbital uelatnd

ohe abtorbing4pecre toJhe

Cmßion->YmX- roy2NLLLLon.tL amble

ibombarcleduith anele ctnbeamh an- X-. T -. lube anclthe enittnoX-ra phoond_are

Meaoureot

he amble iik X RuuoresCence-= d.hiu

bomharded uih an X-a+ beam Qndth 2e-euted

X-radtatioo ncasured.

Eugsiom.o -rCu uis quantitative.or Seniquantalatiue

lnstrumthtattton An X Rf _instrUMInt.

--

Aneole farozE)_ nolou)

X-Yay bea

enLonatueter eleccn boaM

otloment Cohad -X-TOY_Quer

An u uoresCenC pechmmeter needs an

rouLource,a..Means.o dioper&1ng dhiX=Tays amplRanoladetectorc_

he.comventtono)X rat SpechrouiM

CAondilts.a a-gh thtensi -roy tuhe with a Ltabiliged g vo.ltoge. bou0er Auppt

A ultisample chamber that can be

ecauoded a.9cnio elerJerNeaurngdhe d =methonongteuiih cithera paralle-plata Collinatar gr 8u. 214stem.a

A-mportiom.al.-ar bcintillobon cotnter oLete chor-togelher..wit ik...ssociateoelechroniu.

whit includo.a DC pauuer kupply Delectar Ma be eMILmclueJor ofcounter

Scnllalr on

dleler inatiom is oaur qooel and Ccn worh,

olctecas. are wed-or. Quanditouve

at room jemp.alla

qas tilled typcleiees are also Aedsueh ao-

Geuger Cseunter. and Gaaaudþmoportional deiecar.

Jhese cd eterkor ar Cheopest.

Semecmolur-ypt odetecerareSi(Li)Silicm

hwm er. icL)Germantvmluthium. hese ae

lquio tiogen: For cdhiskighy uMGnts an uue

Lophis_iicatsd heetelhansptnerPh abta.tn álimumplulte

esalutLon Ahd errMOnCe LuHhlhean dechers, ,atneNAR

ee anaplukeiancl ampliersare eQured.

Generotwn o XoS m marY rays areprolu cecl ba bombardling Pamar

Q Suutable ctarget wilh 1o to 1oo kev eS Diogum andDiscnpion o Ar9g's pon

iciency

X-myScturce he eey pmi mar A-ro productionui lu ihanone percent, tht olher Q9bercentol 1he electrom.energy isTeleased lhn helar�etas Beat

E WHM_

Cci nu0us untensitp ool. i proportisnalinihzL Lguare of e opplLied mltage As Jhe voltaqe ia MACreaAec ihe eak a h ConlnLLm_matues e a hiqhelenerg- Llhere Y-otential b alk _

p lanks Canstant

C Speed oght hac um

Charaateri iiu Lihta o The eliogeRequnae lo podliiCe eAch 9pecal2eALeJ alko nCreaithg uth hcreaamg atomie

k, Serte r"Na

LSeries 1:2.far 2n L Eacho Uhcie MLniumYOLtog03Comepcnding lo the

nwmbeL

30

Lhum phedon celectron ner Can Qxpel ath

oma qiven Levet uh theatom_is kpawn aR ha Jeuel r dhe bartice Llor absciionccdgeo

ement.

Soturce Radioacltve

ued Commn{E Radtio actu otopes are

heu--dlishersLm analyh d- enutters &tueh ous Po 2 lo ahd Ce-242 are

advanto olarqe 2ignal iobatk-

LAed do generate. conunus plus

Lcd toCxcile2miicm ow- ener roik er the.

-9ound ralw

Cmittersare

Charaeterislu X-ray hat_Collectuely oxuta he &eemple-

3A Co are dh ContinumuA Luree m Oncl

d- TadatiOnd

(11 uanliatveX- RayEuores ccnce Analiysiu achiued uoyCombaring uniensiiie xom

unknons lhose_-rom rmary Cr eLoncon itancdarcl. Depencling On Jhe. teqree of. Bimilari-sbchoeen. unknoton ahd &tandard. errechonaci Mt be

0

ne ceSSary

Imtensi oftheMealured3-ro orecPnca úncreaae uk he kample hiwme3

une will not

ncreased he..uhtensit of uores cenco rom element. w relaieol_doccrnCentroiion b-

l+LA

whee 1x= Meaeured an ntenabj wr_trauon lhe lement heng detemiud da Av: lunear absarplon CoekiLcaentor theineident

h Av. unear. abserplun coejcant o ihLampla

eth oreCent_adiaton Aa: KapoparlionalitCnktant.

Analyt-u-kaeaelequntekgatoledge seqamlung he compOgitucn -o he unkYouon hat udu mininure

the CDmbokiluonal dependence. hs dependenc e.

ui commonly phupte&ourco ystenaolu enor uh quanti tatlue_

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