vrhr ds izsjd hkkjrh; oskkfud - wordpress.com...fo"k;&lwph vjnkflj dqjlsrth 1 uus flga jkor...

vrhr ds

izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud

vjfoUn xqIrkfp=kkadu% dSju gSMkWd

fo"k;&lwph

vjnkflj dqjlsRth -------------------------------------------- 1uSu flag jkor --------------------------------------------------- 6txnh'k panz cksl -------------------------------------------- 10iziQqYy panz js ------------------------------------------------- 14#fp jke lkguh ---------------------------------------------- 18Mh-,u- okfM;k ----------------------------------------------- 22Jhfuokl jkekuqtu ------------------------------------------- 26lh-oh- jeu ---------------------------------------------------- 30f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk ------------------------------------------ 35chjcy lkguh ------------------------------------------------ 39ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu -------------------------------------------- 44iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl ---------------------------------- 49es?kukn lkgk --------------------------------------------------- 53lR;sUnz ukFk cksl --------------------------------------------- 57'kakfr Lo:i HkVukxj --------------------------------------- 61;sykizxnk lqCckjko ------------------------------------------- 65lyhe vyh ---------------------------------------------------- 69ds-,l- Ñ".ku ------------------------------------------------ 74oh-,u- f'kjksMdj -------------------------------------------- 78Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh ------------------------------------------------ 82iapkuu ekgs'ojh ---------------------------------------------- 86bjkorh dosZ ---------------------------------------------------- 90ch-ih- iky ----------------------------------------------------- 94Mh-Mh- dkslEch ---------------------------------------------- 98gkseh HkkHkk ----------------------------------------------------- 103lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj --------------------------------------- 107foØe lkjkHkkbZ ----------------------------------------------- 111deyk lksgksuh ------------------------------------------------ 115ykSjh csdj ----------------------------------------------------- 119vUuk ef.k ----------------------------------------------------- 123oh- jkekfyaxkLokeh ----------------------------------------- 127th-,u- jkepanzu --------------------------------------------- 131gjh'k panz ------------------------------------------------------ 135,-,l isUVy -------------------------------------------------- 138,-ih- fe=kk ---------------------------------------------------- 142,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw ------------------------------------------ 146ih-ds- lsBh --------------------------------------------------- 150f'kojkekÑ".ku panz'ks[kj ---------------------------------- 154vfuy vxzoky ---------------------------------------------- 158

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eSa cgqr g"kZ ds lkFk ikBdksa ls vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud iqLrdi<+us dh fliQkfj'k djrk gwaA bl lqUnj iqLrd dks vjfoUn xqIrk us fy[kkgS vkSj dSju gSMkWd us blds eueksgd fp=k cuk, gSA bafM;u uS'kuylkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) viuh LFkkiuk ds 75 o"kZ iwjs gksus ijIySfVue tqcyh euk jgk gSA bl miy{k esa bUlk iwjs o"kZ Hkj vusdksa iqLrdsaizdkf'kr djsxkA buesa ls vf/dka'k oSKkfud vuqla/ku dh Hkkjh&HkjdeiqLrdsa gksaxhA bl ekSds ij ge ,d yksdfiz; iqLrd izdkf'kr djuk pkgrsFks & vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa ijA ge cPpksa dks ilan vkus okyh,d vkd"kZd iqLrd Nkiuk pkgrs FksA tc eSa bl ckjs esa lksp jgk FkkrHkh eq>s vjfoUn xqIrk }kjk ,d ysDpj dh vè;{krk djus dk ekSdkfeykA iQjojh 2008 dks jk"Vªh; foKku fnol ij vjfoUn xqIrk dks foKkuizlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkA mudk Hkk"k.k lquus dsckn eSa mudh {kerkvksa dks ysdj iwjh rjg vk'okLr gqvk vkSj bl iqLrddks fy[kus ds fy, eSaus mUgsa vkeaf=kr fd;kA vjfoUn xqIrk us bl fueU=k.kdks Lohdkjk vkSj dSju gSMkWd dks iqLrd ds fp=k cukus ds fy, jkthfd;kA iqLrd ds fy, ,d lykgdkj desVh dk xBu gqvk ftlesa iz[;kroSKkfud t;ar ukfyZdj] ek/o xkMfxy vkSj Fkuq i|eukHku 'kkfey FksAlkjk dke le; ij lEiUu gqvk vkSj mldh otg ls ;g ;g lqUnj vktgekjs gkFk esa gSA eSa ys[kd] fp=kdkj vkSj lykgdkj lfefr dk 'kqØxqtkjgwaA eq>s iwjk fo'okl gS fd bl iqLrd ls cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk O;Ldksa dkHkh euksjatu vkSj Kkuo¼Zu gksxkA

,e fot;uvè;{k

bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku

bl iqLrd ds fopkj us 28 iQjojh 2008 dks tUe fy;kA ekSdk Fkk jk"Vªh; foKku fnoldk vkSj LFkku Fkk bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl vlksfl,'ku (bUlk) ubZ fnYyhA eq>s ogka bUlkds vè;{k izks fot;u ds gkFkksa foKku izlkj ds fy, bafnjk xak/h iqjQLdkj feyuk FkkAckrphr ds nkSjku izks fot;u us eq>ls bUlk ds 75 o"kZ (IySfVue tqcyh) iwjs gksus dsmiy{k esa ^foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa* ds ckjs esa ,d yksdfiz; iqLrd fy[kus dk vkxzgfd;kA mUgksausa dgk] ^iqLrd vrhr ds oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa gks vkSj iBuh; gksA iqLrdesa vPNs fp=k gkas ftlls cPps mls pko ls i<+saA*

izks fot;u us vius vkxzg ij xaHkhjrk ls vey fd;kA dqN fnuksa ckn mUgksaus izks t;arukfyZdj ls laidZ dj mUgsa bl iqLrd desVh dh vè;{krk laHkkyus ds fy, jkth fd;kAizks ukfyZdj us izks ek/o xkMfxy vkSj izks Fkuq in~eukHku dks iqLrd dh lq>ko lfefresa vkeaf=kr fd;kA eSa bl desVh ds fo}ku lnL;ksa dks csgn vkHkkjh gwaA ;s yksx u dsoynqfu;k ds pksVh ds oSKkfud gSa ijarq os lHkh csgn laosnu'khy balku Hkh gSaA

oSKkfudksa dk p;u

dqN cSBdksa ds ckn 40 oSKkfudksa dh lwph rS;kj gqbZA oSKkfudksa dks fdl vk/kj ijpquk x;k\ lcls igys ukscsy izWkbTk ls lEekfur oSKkfudksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA fiQjmu oSKkfudksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dslnL; pqus x, FksA uSu flag jkor dk uke ,d lkglh losZ;j ds:i esa mHkjkA mUgksauas oks dke fd;k ftls xksjs vaxzst [kqn djus esafoiQy jgsA mUgksauas fgeky; esa frCcr vkSj Ygklk tSls nqfeZy {ks=kksadk losZ{k.k fd;kA bl dke ds fy, mUgsa Lo;a vaxzstksa us foDVksfj;kesMy ls lEekfur fd;kA bUlk us dqN uke lq>k,A buesa ls iatkcds iz[;kr foKku izlkjd jQfp jke lkguh vkSj djksM+ksa yksxksa dhtku cpkus okys & VsVjklkbZfDyu ds vUos"kd ;sYykiznk lqCckjko

izLrkouk

ds uke pqus x,A ns'k ds lcls iz[;kr i{kh fujh{kd vkSj la'kks/d lyhe vyh vkSjHkkjrh; Lisl dk;ZØe ds laLFkkid foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds uke Hkh 'kjhd fd, x,A dqNde iz[;kr oSKkfudksa dss ukeksa dks Hkh lwph esa tksM+k x;kA bu foy{k.k yksxksa dk ;ksxnkuHkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA izks nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslEch & xf.krK ,oa bfrgkldkj] f'kjksMdjfLVp ds vkfo"dkjd MkDVj f'kjksMdj] t;iqj iQqV ds fMtkbuj MkDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh]i;kZjoj.kfon~ vfuy vxzoky vkSj gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, lLrs ?kjksa ds vkdhZVsDV ykWjhcsdj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 1978 esa eq>s ykWjh csdj ds lkFk dqN le; dke djusdk ekSdk feyk FkkA blfy, lwph esa mudk uke ns[k dj eq>s vikj izlUurk gqbZA

^blesa efgyk oSKkfud D;ksa ugha gSa\* izks xkMfxy us ,d fnu iwNkA mUgksausa iz[;krekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikWyksftLV) izks bjkorh dosZ dk uke Hkh lq>k;kA lkSHkkX; ls mlh le;,d vuwBh iqLrd ^yhykorhl MkWVlZ* dk foekspu gqvkA blesa 100 Hkkjrh; efgykoSKkfudksa us vius thou dh la?k"kZ xkFkk;ksa dks vius 'kCnksa esac;ka fd;k FkkA bl iqLrd dh lgk;rk ls ge nks vU;iz[;kr efgyk oSKkfudksa & vUuk ef.k vkSj deyk lksgksuhds ukeksa dks tksM+ ik,A enZ&iz/ku foKku ds {ks=k esa buefgykvksa dk ;ksxnku okLro esa cstksM+ FkkA

efgyk oSKkfudksa dh la[;k de D;ksa\

;g ,d laxhu fo"k; gS & pkyhl 'kh"kZ Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh lwph eas dsoyrhu gh efgyk,a D;ksa\ chl D;ksa ugha\ dkj.k Li"V gS & iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa vkxs c<+usds fy, efgykvksa dks vikj la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA lkS lky igys tc efgykvksa dh f'k{kkij lkekftd lq/kjdksa dh utj iM+h rc Hkh tksj mUgsa ,d ifrozrk iRuh vkSj vPNhx`g.kh cukus ij gh FkkA lkearh vkSj iqjQ"k&iz/ku lekt esa dsoy eqV~Bh Hkj mPp tkfr@ oxZ dh efgykvksa dks gh mPp f'k{kk dk ekSdk feykA bu efgykvksa dks Hkh foKku ds{ks=k esa vius iSj tekus esa ,sM+h&pksVh dk la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA

,d mnkgj.k ysaA deyk lksgksuh cEcbZ fo'ofo|ky; dh VkWij FkhaA mlds ckotwn ukscsyiqjQLdkj fotsrk lj jeu us mUgsa nkf[kyk nsus ls badkj fd;kA eSa viuhlaLFkk esa fdlh Hkh yM+dh dks ugha ywaxkA* tc deyk us jeu ds nÝrjesa tkdj /juk fn;k rc jeu FkksM+k uje iM+sA mUgksauas vkf[kj esa deykdks nkf[kyk rks fn;k ijarq ,d ^fo'ks"k* Nk=k ds :i esaA ckn esa deykus ,d foy{k.k 'kks/drkZ ds :i esa viuh lk[k tekbZ vkSj dsfEcztls ih,pMh gkfly dhA 'kq: dh efgyk oSKkfudksa dks iqjQ"k&iz/kufoKku ds {ks=k esa vius iSj tekus esa cgqr esgur&e'kDdr djuh iM+hAmuds la?k"kksZa vkSj dqcZkfu;ksa ls Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, jkLrk iz'kLr gqvkA

vkt fLFkfr igys ls fuf'pr gh csgrj gSA ,d vuqekuds vuqlkj orZeku esa nl yk[k ls vf/d Hkkjrh;efgyk oSKkfud gSaA ;g lpeqp ,d g"kZ dh ckr gSA

iqLrd fy[kus dh ftEesnkjh Lohdkj djus ds ckn eSamleas iwjh rjg Mwc x;k vkSj /hjs&/hjs blesa eq>s yqRiQHkh vkus yxkA lkSHkkX; ls Mk dSju gsMkSd us iqLrd dsfp=k vkSj mls fMtkbu djus dh ftEesnkjh dks LohdkjkAdSju] ckW;ksfiQftDl esa ih,pMh gaS vkSj oks fiNys 20lkyksa ls Hkkjr esa gSaA muds ekrk&firk nksuksa fp=kdkj Fks vkSj ;g dyk mUgsa olh;r esafeyh gSA mUgksausa gks'kaxkckn foKku dk;ZØe dh ^cky&oSKkfud* iqLrdksa esa vius lthofp=kksa ls ,d ubZ tku iQwadhA dSju dh jtkeanh ds ckn eq>s ,d vPNh vkSj lqanj fdrkcrS;kj gksus dk Hkjkslk gqvkA bl iqLrd esa esjk ;ksxnku cgqr FkksM+k gSA vxj ;g iqLrdyksdfiz; gksxh rks bldk iwjk Js; dSju ds lqanj fp=kksa dks tk,xkA

yksxksa ds tgu esa oSKkfudksa dh ,d f?klh&fiVh Nfo gksrh gS & ,sls yksxtks liQsn dksV igus fnu&jkr iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs gSaA ijarq vkeyksxksa dh rjg oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA iqLrdesa oSKkfudksa dh thoup;kZ vkSj 'kks/dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk dqN jkspdtkudkfj;ka Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;kcpiu dk dksbZ [kkl vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk

ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr & mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd Fkk\ iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa dsthou ds dqN O;fDrxr i{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA dqN dfork,a fy[krs FksA dqN dksfp=kdkjh dk 'kkSd FkkA dqN dks rst jÝrkj ls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk pLdk Fkk!thou ds ekuoh; i{kksa dks tksM+us ls oSKkfudksa ds O;fDrRo dh ,d cgq&vk;keh NforS;kj gksrh gSA

iqLrd dh lykgdkj lfefr bl ik.Mqfyfi dks vaxzsth vkSj fganhesa ,d&lkFk izdkf'kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA lfefr us iqLrd dsO;kid izpkj&izlkj ds fy, mls baVjusV ij Mkyus dh fliQkfj'kHkh dhA eq>s vk'kk gS fd ikBd bl iqLrd dks ilan djsaxs vkSjbldk reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gksxkA eSa viuh iRuh lquhrkvkSj lkFkh dk;ZdrkZ fonqyk ds lg;ksx dk rgs&fny ls'kqØxqtkj gwaA bu nksuksa us 'kqjQvkr ds esjs lHkhys[kksa dks i<+k vkSj mUgsa csgrj cukus dsvusdksa lq>ko fn,A

vjfoUn xqIrk02 vDVwcj 2009

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cgqr de Hkkjrokfl;ksa us gh vjnkflj dqjlsRth dk uke lquk gksxkA cgqr de yksx blckr ls voxr gksaxs fd cEcbZ dk ;g ejhu baftfu;j 27 ebZ 1841 dks jkW;y lkslk;Vhdk igyk Hkkjrh; lnL; cukA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh vxyh iQsyksf'ki 75 o"kZ ckn iz[;krxf.krK Jhfuokl jkekuqtu dks iznku dh xbZA

vaxzsth 'kkld Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd vkSj jktuSfrd izHkqRo dks dk;e j[kuk pkgrsFksA blds fy, mUgksausa foKku vkSj mHkjrh ubZ rduhdksa

dk lgkjk fy;kA mUgksausa Hkki&pfyr tgktksa }kjkbaXySaM vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ;k=kk ds le; dks defd;kA jsy vkSj VsyhxzkiQ dk rkuk&ckuk cqudjvaxzstksa us dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh idM+ vkSj

etcwr dhA lapkj ds bu ekè;eksa ls yxkuvkSj VSDl dh olwyh Hkh T;knk gqbZA eqV~Bh Hkjvaxsztksa ds fy, brus cM+s fganqLrku dks fu;a=k.k

esa j[kuk ,d vlaHko dk;Z FkkA ;g dke fganqLrkfu;ksadh enn ds fcuk dj ikuk ukeqefdu FkkA 'kq#esa vaxzstksa us dqN fganqLrkfu;ksa dks ukSdfj;ka nh

& mís'; lkiQ Fkk & fganqLrku vkSjmldh teha dks le>ukA ckn esa vaxzstksaus DydhZ vkSj eqa'khfxjh dh Vªsfuaxnsus ds fy, dqN Ldwy Hkh LFkkfirfd,A bl ubZ f'k{kk ls dqNHkkjrh;ksa esa jk"Vªh; eqfDr dhHkkouk Hkh tkx`r gqbZA

vjnkflj dqjlsRthvjnkflj dqjlsRthvjnkflj dqjlsRthvjnkflj dqjlsRthvjnkflj dqjlsRth(1808 - 1877)

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dqjlsRth us vc ,d lky baXySaM eas xqtkjus dh lksphA ogka oks ikuh ds tgktksa esa yxusokys batuksa dh uohure tkudkjh gkfly djuk pkgrs FksA bl ;k=kk esa dqjlsRth viusukSdjkas dks Hkh lkFk ys x, D;ksafd oks dsoy ikjfl;ksa ds gkFk dk idk [kkuk gh [kkrsFksA /kfeZd ekeyksa esa dqjlsRth dkiQh dV~Vjoknh FksA baXySaM esa mUgsa ,d ukStoku ikjlhfeyk tks ikjlh Vksi ugha igus FkkA dqjlsRth dks ;g ckr vkifRrtud yxhA baXySaM esadqjlsRth dks ogka dh laln & gkWml vkWiQ dkWeUl dh cSBd esa Hkh vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA

O;Lr jgus ds ckotwn dqjlsRth yanu ls T;knk izHkkfor ugha gq,A baXySaM dh jkW;yVdlky mUgsa cEcbZ dh Vdlky dh rqyuk esa dgha xbZ&xqtjh yxhA mUgsa cEcbZ dh rqyukesa yanu dh lM+dsa Hkh T;knk xanh yxhaA

O;olkfld f'k{k.k ds fygkt ls dqjlsRth dk ;g nkSjku cgqr liQy jgkA oks dbZ fczfV'kukeh&fxjkeh laLFkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh cus ftuesa & bafLVV~;w'ku vkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ]lkslkbVh vkWiQ vkV~Wl ,UM lkbUl vkSj fczfV'k ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj n ,MokalesaV vkWiQlkbUl 'kkfey FkhaA okil ykSVus ij dqjlsRth dh fu;qfDr vaxzstksa dh LVhe dEiuh vkSjiQkmaMªh esa] phiQ baftfu;j vkSj baLiSDVj ds in ij gqbZA mudh ru[okg vc 600 #i,

eghuk Fkh] tks igys dh ru[okg ls Ngxquk T;knk FkhA

1841 esa tc dqjlsRth baXySaM esa Fks rcmUgsa iz[;kr jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'kils uoktk x;kA mudk uke dbZizHkko'kkyh yksxksa us izLrkfor fd;kAbuesa ls nks yksx ckn esa bafLV~V;w'kuvkWiQ flfoy baftfu;lZ ds vè;{kcus] ,d bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dkps;jeSu cuk vkSj ,d vU;

jkW;y lkslkbVh dk vè;{kcukA

dqjlsRlh ds ifjokj us ,d yEcs vlsZ ls vaaxzstksa dh tgkt cukus esa enn dhFkhA muds ,d iqj[ks ykvksth uqljokuth (okfM;k) lwjr ds cUnjxkg esa c<+bZFksA ckn eas vaxzst mUgsa u, cUnjxkg dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, cEcbZ yk,A 'kq#esa vaxzst tgktksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cka> (vksd) ds isM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrs FksAijarq rsth ls iQSyrs fczfV'k lkezkT; esa tYn gh ^vksd* ds isM+ksa dk liQk;k gksx;kA mUgsa ^vksd* dk fodYi êykckj Vhd* esa feykA Vhd ;kuh lkxkSu dhydM+h etcwr gksrh gS vkSj ikuh esa lM+rh ugha gSA izpqj ek=kk esa lkxkSu vkSj dq'kyc<+bZ;ksa dh miyC/rk ds dkj.k cEcbZ tgkt cukus ds izeq[k dsUnz ds :i esamHkjkA tgkt cukus ds dke esa yxs dqjlsRth ifjokj dks cgqr izfr"Bk feyhA

mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq#vkr esa LVhe&pfyr tgktksa dk mn~xe gqvkA yxHkxmlh le; dqjlsRth dk Hkh tUe gqvkA dqjlsRth dh #fp tgkt fuekZ.k esa deijarq LVhe&pfyr e'khuksa esa T;knk FkhA mUgksaus tYn gh 1&gklZikWoj ds bUtu dkfuekZ.k dj viuh dq'kyrk dk ifjp; fn;kA ;g Hkkjr esa cuk igyk bUtu FkkA1833 esa dqjlsRth us baXySaM ls ,d 10&gklZikWoj dk bUtu eaxk;k vkSj mls^baM~l* uke ds tgkt esa fiQV fd;kA mlh lky mUgsa e>xkao cUnxkg esa ukSdjh

feyhA dqjlsRth us vius ?kj ij yksgk <ykbZ dh ,d NksVh îQkmaMªh*LFkkfir dhA ;gka oks tgktksa dh Vafd;ka <kyrs FksA

mudk vxyk dfj'ek Fkk & xSl ls tyus okyh lM+d cRrh dk fuekZ.kA1834 esa dqjlsRth us e>xkao fLFkr vius caxys vkSj cxhps dks xSl dhcfRr;ksa ls jks'ku fd;kA

tYn gh mUgsa îzSfDVdy* Dyklsl ysus ds fy, ,yhiQsaLVu bafLVV~;wV esacqyk;k x;kA mUgksaus ogka Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dks ;akf=kdh vkSj jklk;fudfoKku fl[kk;kA rhu lky ckn oks baXySaM fLFkr jkW;y ,f'k;kfVdlkslkbVh ds vizoklh lnL; pqus x,A

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le; Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds v/hu Fkh vkSj 1863 esa mldk fo?kVu gqvkA dEiuh cUn gksusds ckn dqjlsRth us mlls bLrhiQk fn;k vkSj mlds ckn oks fjpeaM] baXySaM esa tkdj clx, tgka 18 uoEcj 1877 dks mudk nsgkUr gqvkA

;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd reke miyfC/;ksa ds ckotwn dqjlsRth xqeuke gh jgsA Hkkjrh;oSKkfud 'kks/ dk dsUnz cEcbZ ls gV dydRrk pyk x;k FkkA dydRrs ds yksxksa dksdqjlsRth ds dke ds ckjs esa dqN irk ugha FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls Hkkjr dk igykvk/qfud baftfu;j dHkh Hkh gekjs ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy, ,d jksy&ekWMy ugha cu ik;kAHkkjr ljdkj us ns'k ds bl egku iq=k dh Le`fr esa ,d Mkd fVdV vo'; tkjh fd;kA

jkW;y lkslkbVh dh orZeku esa Nfo] iz[;kr oSKkfudksa ds ,d laxBu ds :i esa gSA ijarqchloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq# esa jkW;y lkslk;Vh lEHkzakr yksxksa dk egt ,d Dyc FkkA ;g yksxizÑfr] xf.kr vkSj baftfu;fjax ds vykok izk;ksfxd* foKku dh reke 'kk[kkvksa esa Hkh#fp j[krs FksA ml le; dh ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj ogka ds lekt us dqjlsRth dks ,ddq'ky baaftfu;j vkSj foKku ds izlkjd ds :i esa ns[kkA

jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk dqjlsRth ds fy, egt ,d O;fDrxr miyfC/ gh jghA blf[krkc ls u rks muds ns'koklh izHkkfor gq, vkSj u gh mudh dksbZ is'ksoj mUufr gqbZZAtc 1 vizSy 1841 dks dqjlsRth Hkkjr ykSVs rks dbZ ;wjksih; viQlj muds v/hu FksAdqjlsRth igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftuds uhps xksjs yksxksa us dke fd;kA muds LVkiQ esa pkj xksjsiQksjeSu] 100 xksjs ckW;yj&esdj vkSj baftfu;j FksA lkFk esa 200 fgUnqLrkuh dkjhxj HkhFksA mudh fu;qfDr ls dbZ xksjs ukjkt Hkh gq,A vaxztksa dh rjiQnkjh djus okys v[kckjckWEcs VkbEl us viuh ukjktxh tkfgj djrs gq, fy[kk] pkgsa okss fdruk Hkh i<+k&fy[kkvkSj dkfcy D;ksa u gksa fiQj Hkh ckWEcs LVhe iQSDVªh tSlh dEiuh dh deku ,d fgUnqLrkuhdks lkSaiuk xyr gSA ,d fgUnqLrkuh cgqr ls ;wjksih; yksxksa ij fu;a=k.k djs ;g ckr Bhdugha gSA*

ijarq dqjlsRth us viuh bl ftEesnkjh dks c[kwch fuHkk;kA 1849 esa dqjlsRth vejhdkx, vkSj ogka mUgksausa ydM+h dk dke djus okyh dqN e'khusa [kjhnha vkSj mUgsa cEcbZ HkstkAml le; vejhdh yksx Hkkjrh;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k lksprs Fks oks bl fooj.k ls Li"V gksrkgS%

ml le; ds fons'kh esgekuksa esa gesa lcls T;knk vk'p;Z rc gqvk tc gekjk fe=k,d thfor ikjlh dks vius lkFk pk; ij gekjs ?kj yk;kA mlds flj ij ,dmQaph Vksih FkhA eq>s cgqr rkTtqc gqvk tc ml vfXu ds mikld us lk/kj.k yksxksads lkFk pk; ihuk Lohdkj fd;kA ij oks dksbZ gkfudkjd 'ksj ugha FkkA oks cgqrgYds ngkM+kA mlus vkSjksa ds lkFk vkjke ls McyjksVh eD[ku [kk;k vkSj pk; HkhihA mlus cEcbZ esa viuh ftanxh ds ckjs eas gesa dbZ jkspd dgkfu;ka Hkh lqukb±Aeq>s lkiQ ;kn gS & oks cgqr /hjs&/hjs vkSj Li"V 'kCnksa esa cksyk tSls fd oks fdlhNksVs cPps ls ckr dj jgk gksA mlus gekjs iz'uksa dk mRrj cgqr l/h gqbZ vkoktesa fn;kA mldh vaxzsth ge yksxksa dh vaxzsth ls dgha csgrj FkhA

iQjojh 1851 esa dqjlsRth us ,d LVhej ykap fd;k ftldk uke ykvksth iQSfeyh* FkkALVhej dk gjsd dy&iqtkZ nslh Fkk vkSj dqjlsRth ds ?kj esa yxs dkj[kkus esa cuk FkkAcEcbZ 'kgj dk ifjp; flykbZ e'khu] iQksVksxzkiQh vkSj ,yDVªks&IysfVax ls djkus okysdqjlsRth igys O;fDr FksA

1861 esa mUgksaus baM~l ÝyksfVyk dEiuh esa phiQ lqifjaVsaMsUV dk in lEHkkyk vkSj bldEiuh dh dksVjh] fla/ fLFkr lHkh iQSfDVª;ksa dh ckxMksj lEHkkyhA ÝyksfVyk dEiuh ml

6 7

flag] uSu flag ls cM+k FkkA 1863 esa ekaVsxksejh us nksuksa HkkbZ;ksa dkslosZ{k.k dk dfBu izf'k{k.k fn;kA ;g Vªsfuax ckn essa gj losZ;j ;k^psu&eSu* ds fy, vfuok;Z gks xbZA mUgsa ,d fuf'pr xfr lspyuk fl[kk;k x;k ftlls mudk gj dne ,d fuf'pr & 33bap dh nwjh gh r; djsA dneksa dh la[;k fxuus ds fy, mUgsa 100

eksfr;ksa okyh ekyk nh xbZ Fkh (lkekU; ekykvksa esa 108 eksrh gksrs gSa)A ,d ekyk [kRegksus ij oks dqy 10]000 dne pys gksaxsa vkSj mUgkasusa 5&ehy dh nwjh r; gksxh!

/kfeZd lSykuh ds Hks"k esa uSu flag ds cksjh&fcLrj esa dbZ ;a=k fNis FksA pk; ds ex esa,d fNik rg[kkuk Fkk tks ikjs ls Hkjk Fkk & ftlls {kSfrt (gksjkbtu) <wa<us esa enn feyrhFkhA mldh NM+h esa ,d rkiekih (FkjekehVj) fNik Fkk ftls oks mcyrsikuh esa Mqcksdj ogka dh mQapkbZ ekirk FkkA gj Ldwyh Nk=k tkurk gS fdikuh mcyus dk fcUnq mQapkbZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

ij lcls egRoiw.kZ phtsa uSu flag dh izkFkZuk&pØ esa fNih FkhaA lkekU;r%izkFkZuk&pØ esa dkxtksa ij fy[ks ea=k Hkjs gksrs gSa tSls & vkse eus i|%gqe* vkfnA ijarq uSu flag dk fo'ks"k izkFkZuk&pØ mlds iQhYM&uksV~l &nwfj;ksa] uD'kksa] mQapkbZ;ksa ds vakdM+ksa ls Hkjk FkkA bu iSny losZ;jksa ds ukeHkh vthc FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, uSu flag dk uke phiQ iafMr* vkSj mldsppsjs HkkbZ dk uke ^lsdaM iafMr* FkkA ;g fo'ks"k uke losZ djus okyksaij lnk ds fy, fpid x, vkSj ckn esa lHkh losZ;j iafMr* ds uke lsiqdkjs tkus yxsA

1865 esa nksuksa iafMrksa us viuk igyk vfHk;ku 'kq# fd;kA frCcrh ckMZjikj djrs oDr mUgsa viuk Hks"k cnyuk iM+kAusiky igaqpus ij nksuksa HkkbZ vyxgq,A uSu flag Ygklk tkus dsfy, frCcr ds ckMZj dh vksjc<+kA ,d O;kikfj;ksa ds ny esafey dj mlus frCcr esa izos'kfd;kA jkLrs esa O;kikfj;ksa us mls /ks[kk fn;k vkSj mlds lkjs iSls ywVfy,A lkSHkkX; ls mlds losZ dsmidj.k cp x, tks ,d fMCcs ds>wBs isans esa fNis FksA

uSu flag jkordh Mk;jh dk

,d i`"B

Hkkjr esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir djus ds ckn ;g r; Fkk fd vaxzstksa dh fuxkgsa fgeky;{ks=k dh vikj lEink ij iM+saxhA ij ;g dke vklku u FkkA phu ds lezkV us frCcrdh lhek,a fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, lhy dj nh Fkha vkSj mYya?ku dh ltk ekSr FkhA losZ{k.kfoHkkx ds dbZ lwjek bl nqxZe {ks=k dk losZ djrs gq,'kghn gks pqds FksA var esa FkkWel ekaVsxksejh dks ,dfoy{k.k mik; lw>kA D;ksa u ykekvksa ds os'k esaHkkjrh; tklwl* ogka Hkstks vkSj bu nqxZe LFkkuksads uD'ks cuokvksA pqus yksxksa ds ukd&uD'kfrCcfr;ksa tSls gksa] os igkM+h rkSj&rjhdksa ls okfdiQgksa] i<+s fy[ksa gksa vkSj T;knk ru[okg u eakxsaAfgeky;h losZ{k.k ds bl dke ds fy, ekaVsxksejhus uSu flag vkSj mlds ppsjs HkkbZ e.kh flag dkspqukA

uSu flag dk cpiu vFkkg xjhch esa chrk FkkA mudhdksbZ iq'rSuh tehu&tk;nkn ugha Fkh vkSj ifjokj cgqrcM+k FkkA muds fy, ?kj [kpZ pyk ikuk Hkh eqf'dyFkkA mUgkasusa tokuh esa dtZ ysdj O;kikj 'kq# fd;kij mlesa Hkh oks vliQy jgkA dqN le;mUgkasusa fgeky; ds feyu xkao esaLdwy dh ekLVjh Hkh dhA e.kh

uSu flag jkoruSu flag jkoruSu flag jkoruSu flag jkoruSu flag jkor(1830 - 1895)

8 9

mlds ckn Hkh oks dbZ lkyksard vU; iafMrksa dks losZ vkSjtklwlh dh dyk fl[kkrk jgkAvius dke esa uSu flag cgqrikjaxr FkkA

nsgjknwu esa uSu flag ds uD'kksads vk/kj ij csgrj uD'kscuk, x,A bl dke dks xzsVfVªXkukseSfVªdy losZ* dh LFkkiukds ckn vf/d cy feykA bl

foLr`r losZ esa 'kq¼rk ls v{kka'k vkSj n{kka'k LFkkfir fd,x, vkSj fiQj /hjs&/hjs fcUnqvksa ds chp f=kdks.k cukdjHkkjr ds rVorhZ vkSj vanj ds {ks=kksa dk iwjk uD'kk cuk;k

x;kA

uSu flag ds dke dh [;kfr vc nwj&nwj rd iQSy pqdh FkhA 1876 esa uSu flag dhmiyfC/;ksa ds ckjs esa T;ksxzkfiQdy eSxthu esa fy[kk x;kA mlds ckn rks cl iq#Ldkjksadk rkark gh yx x;kA lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us uSu flag dks c['kh'k esa ,dxkao vkSj ,d gtkj #i, dk buke fn;kA 1868 esa jkW;y T;ksxzkfiQd lkslk;Vh us uSuflag dks ,d lksus dh ?kM+h iq#Ldkj esa nhA 1877 esa blhlaLFkk us uSu flag dks foDVksfj;k isVªUl eSMy ls HkhlEekfur fd;kA eSMy ij ;g 'kCn vafdr Fks% ;g oksbalku gS ftlus ,f'k;k ds ckjs esa gekjs Kku dks csgnle`¼ fd;kA ml le; dksbZ vU; O;fDr ;g dke ughadj ldkA* iSfjl fLFkr lkslk;Vh vkWiQ T;ksxziQlZ us HkhuSu flag dks ,d ?kM+h HksaV dhA twu 27] 2004 dks Hkkjrljdkj us ^xzsV fVªXkukseSfVªdy losZ* esa uSu flag ds vge jksy ds miy{k esa ,d MkdfVdV tkjh fd;kA

uSu flag dks dkiQh cw<+h mez esa gh reke lEekuksa ls vyafÑrfd;k x;kA vkf[kj D;ksa mlus ek=k chl #i, ekgokh ijnqxZe igkM+h bykdksa esa 16]000 ehy dh dfBu ;k=kk dh\'kk;n mlus tks dqN Hkh fd;k] Bhd gh fd;kA uSu flag ustks djds fn[kk;k mls dHkh dksbZ xksjk ugha dj ik;k!

uSu flag us 1865 dh xfeZ;ka vius iqjkus fdLe ds midj.kksa ds lkFkYgklk eas ?kwers gq, fcrk;haA [kkus ds fy, oks xqtjrs yksxksa ls Hkh[kekaxrkA tuojh 1866 esa oks Ygklk igqapk vkSj ogka ,d iQdhj tSlsjgus yxkA mlus ,d /eZ'kkyk esa dbZ gÝrs fcrk,A jkr ds le;oks /eZ'kkyk dh Nr ls rkjksa dk vè;;u djrkA ikuh mcyus dsrkieku ds vk/kj ij mlus leqnz rV ls Ygklk dh mQapkbZ dkvuqeku 3240 ehVj yxk;kA vkt uohure midj.kksa }kjk ;gmQapkbZ 3540 ehVj ekih xbZ gS! rkjksa dh dks.kh; mQapkbZ ukidj uSuflag us Ygklk ds v{kka'k dk vuqeku Hkh yxk;kA

vizSy esa uSu flag vius lkjs midj.k cVksj dj ,d dkjoka ls lkFk okil Hkkjr ykSVkAdkjoka frCcr dh ,d izeq[k unh lkaxiks ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe dh vksj c<+ jgk FkkA,d jkr uSu flag pqids ls dkjoka NksM+dj Hkkx fudykA fiQj mlus mRrj dh vksj c<+kvkSj 27 vDVwcj 1866 dks oks losZ ds nsgjknwu fLFkr eq[;ky; esa igqapkA

uSu flag us nks vkSj ;k=kk,a dhaA 1867 dh viuh nwljh ;k=kk ds nkSjku mlus if'peh frCcrdk nkSjk fd;k vkSj ogka fLFkr iz[;kr Bksd&tkyqax lksus dh [knkuksa dks ns[kkA ogka dsetnwj dsoy lrg dks gh [kksn jgs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd xgjh [kqnkbZ djuk i`Fohds f[kykiQ ,d vU;k; gksxk vkSj mlls i`Foh dh moZjrk de gksxhA

1873&75 ds chp uSu flag us d'ehj esa ysg ls Ygklk dh ;k=kk dhA fiNyh ckj okslkaxiks unh ds fdukjs x;k Fkk blfy, bl ckj mlus mRrj dk jkLrk pqukA ipkl lkyrd bl {ks=k dh Bksl tkudkjh dk vk/kj uSu flag }kjk cuk, uD'ks gh FksA vafrevfHk;ku dk uSu flag dh lsgr ij cqjk izHkko iM+kA mldh vka[ksa cgqr detksj gks x;haA

10 11

1875 esa mUgksausa dydRrs ds lsaV tsfo;lZ Ldwy esa nkf[kyk fy;kA Ldwy esa oks vius tsc[kpZ ds lkjs iSls ikS/ksa vkSj ikyrw thoksa ij yqVk nsrsA 1879 esa mUgksausa lsaV tsfo;lZ dkWystls foKku dh fMxzh izkIr dhA ;gka mudh HksaV HkkSfrdh ds izsjd f'k{kd iQknj ykiQkSaVls gqbZA txnh'k baXySaM tkdj bafM;u flfoy lfoZl dh ijh{kk nsuk pkgrs FksA ijarq mudsfirk dks ;g ckr jkl ugha vkbZA og ugha pkgrs Fks fd mudk csVk vaxzstksa dh ukSdjhdjsA txnh'k MkWDVjh lh[ks bl ckr ij ij firk jkth gks x,A mUgsa yxk fd MkWDVjcudj txnh'k xjhcksa dh lsok dj ik,xkA

1880 esa txnh'k panz baXySaM x, ijarq ogka ij oks tYn gh chekj iM+ x,A cgqr mipkjds ckn Hkh mudh dkyk&vtkj dh chekjh Bhd ugha gqbZA esfMdy i<+kbZ ds nkSjkuphj&iQkM+ ds dejs dh rst xa/ ls mudh chekjh c<+us dk Mj FkkA blfy, txnh'kpanz dks MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ NksM+uh iM+hA ckn esa mUgksausa dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds ØkWbLVppZ dkWyst esa izkÑfrd foKku lh[kus ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA ;gka muds f'k{kd fo[;kroSKkfud ykWMZ jSys FksA txnh'k panz dh vius f'k{kd ds lkFk xgjh fe=krk gks xbZA

1885 esa Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn mudh izslhMsalh dkWyst esa izksiQslj ds in ij fu;qfDr gqbZAijarq ;gka muds lkFk [kqysvke HksnHkko gqvkA ml le; leku dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjrh;ksadks vaxzstksa dh rqyuk esa dsoy nks&frgkbZ gh ru[okg feyrh FkhA txnh'k panz us bl'kks"k.k dk ,d vuwBs rjhds ls fojks/ fd;kA mUgksausa rhu lky fcuk ru[okg fy, ru&euls dke fd;kA muds firk igys ls gh dtZ esa Mwcs FksA 1887 esa txnh'k panz dk vcykcksl ls fookg gqvkA blls mudh vkfFkZd ftEesnkfj;ka vkSj c<+haA ijarq fiQj Hkh cksl ?kksjdfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, fcuk rU[okg ds dke djrs jgsA var esa dkWyst iz'kkluuje iM+k vkSj mUgsa iwjs dky dh ru[okg nh xbZA bl jkf'k ls oks firk dk dtZ pqdkik,A

izslhMsalh dkWyst esa cksl dh lk[k ,d ;ksX; vkSj yksdfiz; f'k{kd ds :i esa mHkjhAHkkSfrdh ls mUgsa csgn yxko Fkk vkSj mldk tknw oks Nk=kksa ij ljy iz;ksxksa vkSj ekWMyksals cqursA ckn esa muds dbZ Nk=k iz[;kr oSKkfud cusA muesa tkus&ekus HkkSfrd'kkL=kh

lR;sanz ukFk cksl Hkh FksA muds lEeku esa dqN vk.kfod d.k^ckslkWu* ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSa!

txnh'k panz cksl }kjk izslhMsalh dkWyst esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds lHkhiz;klksa ij vaxzstksa us vadq'k yxk;kA var esa rax vkdj cksl usHkkSfrdh foHkkx ds xqly[kkus esa ,d NksVh&lh iz;ksx'kkyk cukbZA;gka de&ykxr ds midj.kksa vkSj ;a=kksa lsmUgksausa tsusjs'ku] izlkj.k] viorZu] foorZu]iksyjvkbZts'ku vkSj fo|qr&pqacdh; rjaxksaij 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA vkt izpfyr ekbØksoso

cksl us bl Lik;jyfLizax fjlhoj dkvkfo"dkj fd;k Mcy fizTe ,fVuq,Vj

1895 esa eWkjdksuh us okW;jysl ds ekè;e ls ,d lans'k Hkstk vkSj mls ,d ehy nwjhij fjlhoj }kjk idM+kA ijarq blls nks lky igys izslhMsalh dkWyst ds txnh'k panz ckslus yxHkx blh oSKkfud iz;ksx dks turk ds chp fn[kk;k FkkA mUgksaus oWk;jysl dh ennls ,d ehy nwj fLFkr ?kaVh ctkbZ FkhA cksl us jsfM;ks rjaxksa vkSj ikS/ksa ds oSKkfud {ks=kksaesa ekSfyd ;ksxnku fn;kA ikS/ksa dh laosnu'khyrk dk mUgsa xgjk Kku FkkA vDlj mudsNk=k etkd djrs vkSj vius izksiQslj ij ikS/ksa ls ckrphr djus dk vkjksi yxkrs!

cksl dk tUe 30 uoEcj 1858 dks eSeuflag] ckaXYkkns'k esa gqvkA muds firk Hkxoku panzcksl ,d ljdkjh vf/dkjh FksA mUgsa viuh ekr` Hkk"kk ckaXyk vkSj xjhc yksxksa ls csgnyxko FkkA mUgksauas csjkstxkjksa dks dke nsus dh dksf'k'k dh ijarq bl iz;kl esa oks [kqn

xgjs dtZ esa Mwc x,A firk ds vkn'kks± us txnh'k panzdks thou Hkj izsfjr fd;kA

cpiu esa txnh'k panz ,d ckaXyk ekè;eds LFkkuh; Ldwy esa i<+sA ;gka mudklEidZ xjhc&vehj lHkh i`"BHkwfe dscPpksa ls gqvkA bldk mu ij tknqbZizHkko iM+k vkSj oks thou Hkj tkr&ikr]mQap&uhp vkSj /kfeZd ca/uksa ls eqDrjgsA xjhc fdlkuksa ds cPpksa ls esytksyds dkj.k mUgsas i'kqvksa] ikS/ksa vkSjif{k;ksa ls vFkkg izse gqvkA 'kk;ncpiu ds blh vuqHko ds dkj.k ghmUgksausa ckn esa ikS/ksa dk xgu vè;;ufd;kA

txnh'k panz cksltxnh'k panz cksltxnh'k panz cksltxnh'k panz cksltxnh'k panz cksl(1858 - 1937)

12 13

ckn esa cksl ikS/ksa vkSj thoksa ds chp lekurk [kkstusesa tqV x,A muds 'kks/ us yksxksa dks vk'p;Zpfdrfd;kA mUgksausa fn[kk;k fd thoksa dh rjg ikS/ksa esaHkh Luk;q&ra=k gksrk gSA thoksa dk Luk;q&ra=k fdlhfo|qr /kjk] Å"ek vkSj jklk;fud mRrstuk ijviuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrk gSA D;ksafd fo"k;,dne u;k Fkk blfy, cksl us Lo;a iz;ksx ds fy,dbZ u, midj.kksa dk fMtkbu vkSj fuekZ.k Hkhfd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, ikS/ksa dh o`f¼nj ukius dk ;a=k & ØsldksxzkiQ A blmidj.k ls ikS/ksa ij jklk;fud[kkn vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ds izHkkoksadks rsth ls uki ikuk laHko gksik;kA

cksl us foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, cakXyk esa vke yksxksa ds fy, <sjkas ys[kfy[ksA cksl ds dky esa jk"Vªh; eqfDr vkanksyu tksjksa ij FkkA ,d lPpsjk"VªHkDr gksus ds ukrs cksl ml le; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds vxz.kh usrkvksa dscgqr lehi vk,A buesa jchUnzukFk Bkdqj] iziQqYy pUnz js] vkSj LokehfoosdkuUn dh fczfV'k f'k";k flLVj fuosfnrk 'kkfey FkhaA

1915 esa cksl viuh 'kSf{kd ukSdjh ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A 1917 esa mUgsa ukWbVgqM ds f[krkiQls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k vkSj oks lj txnh'k panz cksl cu x,A mlh o"kZ vius tUefnuokys fnu cksl us cksl fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g laLFkk var%fo"k;(baVjfMflIyhusjh) vuqla/ku dks lefiZr FkhA jchUnzukFk us bl laLFkk dk dqyxhr jpkA

1920 esa cksl jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ds fy,euksuhr fd;k x;kA

23 uoEcj 1937 dks txnh'k panz cksl dk nsgkUrgqvkA dqN fnu ckn gh mudk vLlhoka tUefnu FkkA oksHkkjr esa Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds vuqlj.k ds fy, ,d le`¼ijEijk NksM+ x,A

midj.kksa ds dbZ dy&iqtksZa & osoxkWbM] ysal ,aVsuk] iksyjWkbtj] MkbZ&bysfDVªdysal] fizTe vkSj fMiQjSD'ku xzsfVaXl dh >yd gesa igyh ckj muds iz;ksxksaesa feyrh gSA buesa ls dbZ midj.kksa ds os [kqn vkfo"dkjd Fks & blesatwV dk iksyjvkbZtj 'kkfey gS! cksl }kjk xyhuk ls cuk, fjlhoj dks1904 esa isaVsUV Hkh feykA

1977 ds ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk vkSj VªkaftLVj ds vfo"dkjd izks- fczVuds vuqlkj cksl oks igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksausa lsehdaMDVj dk mi;ksx djloZizFke jsfM;ks rjaxsa idM+haA 1977 ds ,d vU; ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk usfoy ekWV dsvuqlkj cksl vius vuqla/ku esa nqfu;k ls 60 o"kZ vkxs FksA mUgksausa ;gka rd dgk fdcksl dks ^,u&VkWbi vkSj ih&VkWbi lsehdaMDVj ds ekStwn gksus dk iwokZuqeku FkkA*

cksl dh #fp ?kVukvksa ds dsoy oSKkfud i{k esa Fkh mls isVsUV dj mlls /u dekusesa ughaA tcfd muds ledkyhu ekWjdksuh dh utj mlds O;kolkf;d i{k ij FkhAekWjdksuh us rRdky u, vkfo"dkj dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj okW;jySl midj.kfuekZ.k dj muls [kwc equkiQk dek;kA

cksl ,d 'kSf{kd nkSjs ij ;wjksi x, tgka mudh HksaV ykWMZ dsfYou vkSj fÚVtsjYM lsgqbZA ;g yksx ml le; ds vxz.kh oSKkfud FksA 1897 ds vklikl cksl dh #fp esa,dne cnyko vk;kA tks fjlhoj (dksfgjj) mUgksaus fofdj.k <wa<+us ds fy, cuk;k Fkkoks dHkh ^rst* vkSj dHkh ^ean* izn'kZu fn[kkrk FkkA blls mudkdqrwgy txkA blesa mUgsa euq"; tSls gh Fkdku* vkSj ubZ mQtkZ*dk lekurk utj vkbZA mUgsa yxk tSls fjlhoj Hkh vk.kfodLrj ij dke] Fkdku vkSj iquthZou ds pØ ls xqtj jgk gksAblds vk/kj ij cksl us ,d 'kks/i=k fy[kk ^thfor vkSjvthfor inkFkksZa ij fo|qr dk izHkko*A bl 'kks/i=k ij yksxksaus rh[kh izfrfØ;k dhA blds dbZ n'kdksa ds ckn tcckW;ksfiQftDl vkSj lkWbcjusfVDl dk mn~xe gqvk rkscksl dh ckr lgh lkfcr gqbZA

V~fofLVM twViksfyjkbZtj

14 15

iziQqYy us MkDVªsV vkWiQ fiQykliQh dh fMxzh gkflydhA mlds ckn mUgksaus ^gksi* iq#Ldkj thrk vkSj;wfuoflZVh dh dsfedy lkslkbVh ds mikè;{k cusA,fMuczk izokl ds nkSjku mUgsa dsfeLVªh ;kuh jklk;u'kkL=k ls xgjk izse gks x;kA

1888 esa tc oks Hkkjr ykSVs rks mUgsa ;wfuoflZVh dhukSdjh <wa<+us esa fnDdr gqbZA ml le; ;wfuoflZVhesa ukSdfj;ksa vaxzstksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gksrh FkhaA cknesa mUgsa izslhMsalh dkWyst esa ukSdjh feyh tgka ijmUgksausa iwjs 27 o"kZ i<+k;kA js viuh d{kk esa reke oSKkfud iz;ksx fn[kkrsA blls mudhd{kk,a izsjd vkSj izHkkoh curhaA muds nks foy{k.k Nk=kksa & es?kukn lkgk vkSj lR;sanz ukFkcksl us ckn esa foKku esa ekSfyd ;ksxnku fn;kA dbZ vU; gksf'k;kj Nk=k & uhy jRu ?kks"k]ts-lh- ?kks"k vkfn iziQqYypanz js dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj bl izdkj jklk;u 'kkL=k dsigys Hkkjrh; Ldwy dk tUe gqvkA /hjs&/hjs bldh [;kfr nwj&nwj rd iQSyhA

jsfM;ks&rjaxksa ds vkfo"dkjd txnh'k panz cksl dkWyst esa js ls rhu lky lhfu;j FksAchloha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa ;g nksuksa fe=k Hkkjrh; foKku ds d.kZ/kj FksA

baXySaM izokl ds nkSjku js foKku vkSj m|ksx ds chp ds lEca/ dks vPNh rjg le> ik,FksA fczfV'k lkezkT;okfn;kas dh #fp dsoy Hkkjr ds dPps eky esa Fkh] ;gka ij m|ksxLFkkfir djus esa ughaA ;g dke js us fd;kA mUgksausa nokbZ;ka] jklk;u vkSj dbZ dke dhoLrq,a cukus ij vuqla/ku fd;k vkSj lu 1901 esa caxky dsfedy ,UM iQkekZL;wfVdydh LFkkiuk dhA ;g daiuh vkt Hkh dk;Zjr gSA ;g dke cgqr dfBu FkkA uhacw ls lkbfVªdvEy cukus dk mudk iz;kl vliQy jgkA xa/d vEy dks O;olkf;d Lrj ij cukusesa Hkh oks vliQy jgsA var esa oks tkuojksa dh gfM~~M;ksa ls dkfLVd lksMk cukus esa dke;kcgq,A bl flyflys esa mUgsa dbZ ckj iqfyl dks liQkbZ nsuh iM+h fd oks euq";ksa dh gfM~M;ka

ugha mi;ksx dj jgsgSa! ij muds buiz;klksa ds vussdksaykHk gq,A tSls&tSlsmudh dEiuh us

rjDdh dh oSls&oSls vU; yksx Hkhm|ksx yxkus ds fy, izsfjr gq,A js usphuh&feV~Vh (lsjsfed)] lkcqu vkSjfMCck cUn iQyksa ds m|ksx Hkh yxk,A

Undaunted spirit,true grit and passionsaw the rise of aformidableorganisation, whichlater became BengalChemicals &Pharmaceuticals Ltd.as we know it today.

^;dhu ugha gksrk fd lkns fyckl vkSj ljy vkpj.k okyk;g O;fDr bruk cM+k oSKkfud vkSj izksiQslj gksxkA*

& xak/h

1860&69 ds n'kd esa vius ns'k esa dbZ egkjfFk;ksa us tUe fy;k & jchUnzukFk Bkdqj]eksrhyky usg:] enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj Lokeh foosdkuanA bl lwph esa ,d vU; izcq¼

O;fDr dk uke Hkh 'kkfey gS & iziQqYy panz jsA

iziQqYy panz js dk tUe 2 vxLr 1861 dks ,d xkao esagqvkA ;g xkao vc cakXykns'k ds [kqyuk ftys esa fLFkr gSA'kq# ds pan lky rks iziQqYy us xkao esa gh fcrk,A mlds cknmuds firk gjh'k panz vius cPpksa dh vPNh f'k{kk dh

[kkfrj dydRrs vk x,A cpiu ls gh lekt lq/kjdksa dk & fo'ks"kdj cãks lekt dk iziQqYyij xgjk vlj iM+kA oks izsthMsalh dkWyst esai<+s D;ksafd esVªksikSysfVu dkWyst (bZ'oj panzfo|klkxj }kjk LFkkfir) eas oks lqfo/k,amiyC/ ugha FkhaaA ml tekus esa ,iQ ,(iQkWbu vkWV~Zl) dh fMxzh ds fy, jklk;u'kkL=k dk fo"k; vfuok;Z FkkA 1882 esavR;ar dfBu ifjJe ds ckn iziQqYy usfxyfØLV LdkWyjf'ki thrk vkSjfoKku dh vkxs dh i<+kbZ ds fy,,fMuczk x,A ogka ij e'kgwj jklk;u'kkL=kh ,-lh- czkmu muds fiz;Vhpj vkSj xkWbM cusA 1887 esa

iziQqYy panz jsiziQqYy panz jsiziQqYy panz jsiziQqYy panz jsiziQqYy panz js(1861 - 1944)

16 17

1919 esa mUgsa ukWbVgqM ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1934esa mUgsa yanu dsfedy lkslkbVh dk lnL; euksuhrfd;k x;kA dbZ ;wfuoflZfV;ksa us Hkh mUgsa lEekfurfd;kA 1924 esa LFkkfir bafM;u dsfedy lkslkbVh usmUgsa viuk igyk vè;{k pqukA

lj lh- oh- jeu vkSj js us dqN le; rd lkFk&lkFk,d gh laLFkk esa dke fd;kA jeu ds dke ls js csgnizHkkfor Fks vkSj jeu ds ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus ls cgqrigys gh mUgksasusa ;g mn~?kks"k.k dh Fkh] ^vxj bllaLFkk us dsoy ,d jeu iSnk djus ds vykok vkSjdqN ugha fd;k gksrk rks Hkh mlus vius laLFkkidksa dhmEehnsa iwjh dh gksrhaA*

iziQqYy panz js dk nsgkUr 16 twu 1944 dks gqvkA vius thoudky esa js us vius ns'k vkSjns'kokfl;ksa dks cgqr izxfr djrs gq, ns[kkA bl nkSjku muds cgqr ls lius lkdkj gq,vius ijarq ns'k dks vktkn gksrs gq, oks ughaa ns[k ik,A ij muds }kjk rS;kj dh oSKkfudksadh ubZ ih<+h us Lok/hu Hkkjr esa jklk;u 'kkL=k ds vuqla/ku dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA buoSKkfudksa us iziQqYy panz js dks ^iQknj vkWiQ bafM;u dsfeLVªh* dk f[krkc fn;kA tqykbZ1944 esa uspj if=kdk us viuh J¼katfy esa fy[kk] Hkkjr esa fiNys ipkl lky esa gqbZoSKkfud izxfr dk lcls vf/d Js; lj iziQqYy dks gSA*

js ds 'kks/ dk {ks=k dkiQh O;kid FkkA 'kq# esa mUgksasuas Hkkstu esa feykoV ds fo"k; ij dkefd;kA ihfj;kfMd Vscy ds vKkr rRoksa dks <wa<+rs gq, mUgksauas ejD;wjl ukbVªsV dks [kkstfudkykA dbZ lkyksa rd mUgksaus ml ij 'kks/ fd;kA mUgksaus 100 ls Hkh vf/d 'kks/i=kfy[ksA

js us Ldwyksa vkSj dWkystksa esa ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{k.k dh iqjtksj iSjoh dhA ckaXyk Hkk"kk dhmUufr ds fy, dk;Z djus ds dkj.k oks 1931&34 rd cax lkfgR; ifj"kn ds vè;{kcus jgsA js dh bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; esa xgjh #fp FkhA oks vk/k ntZu fons'kh Hkk"kkvksaesa Hkh ikjaxr FksA mUgsa vDlj yxrk fd ^oks xYrh ls dsfeLV cu x,*A

js ,d izcq¼ oSKkfud FksA os izkphu Hkkjrh; oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa dks mtkxj djuk pkgrsFks ftlls vke yksxksa dks viuh fojklr vkSj ijEijkvksa ij xoZ eglwl djsaA mUgksausa nfgLVªh vkWiQ fgUnw dsfeLVªh ds nks [kaM fy[ksA mUgksausa ykbZiQ ,aM ,Dlihfj;safll vkWiQ ,csaxkyh dsfeLV ds uke ls viuh vkRedFkk Hkh fy[khA

,d O;fDr vius thoudky esa D;k&D;k gkfly dj ldrk gS js dh ftanxh bl ckrdh ,d vf}rh; felky FkhA 1916 esa oks izslhMsalh dkWyst ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A vxys 20lkyksa rd oks lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ds vkxzg ij dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ds ,d u,dkWyst vkWiQ lkbUl esa dsfeLVªh i<+krs jgsA muds Nk=kksa us jklk;fud 'kkL=k ds dbZ {ks=kksaesa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA

js us ubZ vkSj iqjkuh nksuksa ijEijkvksa dks xys yxk;kA oks ,dvke Hkkjrh; tSls diM+s igurs FksA mUgsa Hkkjr dh

izkphu ijEijk ij vikj xoZ FkkA mudk jgu&lgu,dne lknk] fcYdqy xka/hth tSlk FkkA lkjhftanxh oks dkWyst ds mQij fLFkr ,d dejsesa jgsA blh dejs esa muds lkFk dbZ xjhcNk=k Hkh jgrs ftudh iQhl oks [kqn Hkjrs FksAmUgksausa tkfr&Hksn feVkus vkSj fo/okvksa dsiqu% fookg ds fy, dke fd;kA vdky vkSjck<+ tSlh vkinkvksa esa oks enn djus ds fy,lcls vkxs jgrsA oks vfookfgr jgs vkSj

thou Hkj tudY;k.k ds fy, dkedjrs jgsA muds fiz; Nk=kksa us mudks

^vkpk;Z* dh mikf/nhA

18 19

ij tYn gh #fp jke dks ,d xgjk >Vdk yxkA dbZ tgktksa ds flU/q unh esa Mwcus dsdkj.k muds firk dk O;kikj rckg gks x;kA #fp jke dk nkf[kyk ppZ ds fe'ku Ldwyesa djk fn;k x;kA Ldwy ds rhu Nk=kksa }kjk blkbZ /eZ viukus ds ckn Ldwy can djfn;k x;kA mlds ckn eaMh esa fcdh mit ds nku ls ,d lkeqnkf;d Ldwy 'kq# fd;kx;kA ianzg lky dh mez esa #fp jke fefMy Ldwy ijh{kk esa loZizFke mRrhZ.k gq, vkSjmUgksaus >ax fLFkr gkbZ Ldwy esa nkf[kyk fy;kA dqN gh fnuksa ckn firkth dh rfc;r [kjkcgksus ds dkj.k mUgsa okil ?kj tkuk iM+kA <+kbZ lkS fdyksehVj dh ;g dfBu ;k=kk mUgksausacSyxkM+h] uko] ÅaVxkM+h ij r; dhA iSls cpkus ds fy, oks yEch nwj iSny gh pysA 1879esa muds firk dk nsgkUr gks x;k ftlls ifjokj ij vkfFkZd ladV ds ckny Nk x,A#fp jke us viuh i<+kbZ tkjh j[khA 1884 esa mUgksausa xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj ls ch, dhijh{kk ikl dh vkSj ;wfuoflZVh esa loZizFke LFkku izkIr fd;kA #fp jke okn&fooknizfr;ksfxrkvksa ds vykok vU; reke xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA

vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls #fp jke us dydRrs ds ekSle foHkkx esa ukSdjh dhA muds izsjdf'k{kd izksiQslj vkseu us mUgsa ukSdjh ds lkFk&lkFk dydRrs ds izfl¼ izsflMsalh dkWystls ,e , dh fMxzh gkfly djus dh lykg nhA dydRrs esa jgrs gq, #fp jke czãks lektds dk;Z dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, tgka ij vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ] iziQqYypanz js vkSj txnh'k panzcksl tSls oSKkfudksa vkSj lekt lq/kjdksa ls mudk esytksy c<+kA dqN le; ckn #fpjke dk rcknyk ekSle foHkkx ds eq[;ky; f'keyk esa gqvkA ;gka oks ^nSfud* vkSj^ekfld* ekSle fjiksVZ cukrs FksA ,d ckj mUgksausa caxky dh [kkM+h esa vkus okys rwiQkudh Hkfo";ok.kh dh vkSj cgqr ls tgktksa dks u"V gksus ls cpk;kA

^eSa ,d iaMs ls xf.kr lh[krk FkkA gjsd igkM+s dks ;kndjds fcuk #ds lqukus ij esjs firkth iaMs dks pkj vkusnsrs FksA ;g mQij dh iQhl FkhA vkerkSj ij ckdh Nk=kiaMs dks gj gÝrs vkVk] xqM+ vkfn nsrs FksA iaMs ls fonkysrs le; eq>s 20 xq.kk 35 rd ds igkM+s vkSj fHkUu Hkheqag&tqckuh ;kn gks x, FksAi<+kbZ ds ckn eq>s ,d&nks eghus ,d nqdkunkj ds lkFkfcrkus iM+s tgka eq>s lh[ks igkM+ksa dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa ykxw djus dk ekSdk feykA tgka rd eq>s ;kn gS phtksads fglkc&fdrkc tksM+us esa eq>s dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZAbl Vsªfuax dk mís'; eq>s jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa xf.kr dsegRo dks le>kuk FkkA igkM+sa egt jVus dh pht ughaFksA mudk thou ls ljksdkj Fkk vkSj dqN xyrh djus ij/a/s esa uqdlku gks ldrk FkkA lgh vkSj rsth ls fglkcyxk ikuk O;kikj dh mUufr ds fy, t:jh FkkA*

#fp jke lkguh#fp jke lkguh#fp jke lkguh#fp jke lkguh#fp jke lkguh(1863 - 1948)

#fp jke lkguh ,d izcq¼ f'k{kkfon Fks mUgksausa iatkc ds nwj&njkt bykdksa esa foKku dsizlkj dk egRoiw.kZ dke fd;kA mudk tUe 5 vizSy 1863dks Msjk bLekby [kku uke ds NksVs 'kgj esa gqvk FkkA ;g'kgj vc ikfdLrku esa gSA dqN le; rd ,d vukSipkfjdLdwy esa i<+us ds ckn 5&6 cjl dh mez esa mUgsaO;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k ds fy, ,d nqdku esa Hkst fn;kx;kA

20 21

Ldwyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa iz;ksx'kkykvksa dk vHkko lkguh dkscgqr v[kjrk FkkA ml tekus esa foKku ds lHkh midj.kfons'kksa ls vk;kr fd, tkrs FksA 1888 esa mUgksausa vius gh?kj esa foKku midj.k cukus dh ,d odZ'kki LFkkfir dhAmlds fy, mUgksauasa jsYos ds ,d rduhf'k;u vYyk c['kdks fu;qDr fd;kA ;gka cus foKku ds midj.kksa dks Ldwyksaesa ;k rks eqÝr esa ;k fiQj ykxr dher esa ns fn;k tkrk Fkkftlls fd Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa esa foKku ds iz;ksx djus dhizo`fÙk c<+sA ckn esa bl odZ'kki esa ,d [kjkn&e'khu (ysFk)yxh vkSj /hjs&/hjs mldh [;kfr mPp&dksfV ds oSKkfudmidj.k fuekZrk ds :i esa iQSyhA 1906 esa dydRrs esa yxh,d vkS|ksfxd izn'kZuh esa bu foKku ds ekWMYl dks Lo.kZind feykA izfr;ksfxrk ds ttksa dh Vhe esa izksiQslj txnh'kpanz cksl Hkh FksA

1983 esa izksiQslj lkguh dks tkus&ekus lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ Jh uketks'kh us ,d dkaÚsalds fy, iwuk cqyk;kA lkguh us bl ekSds ij vius }kjk cuk, lHkh oSKkfud midj.kksadh izn'kZuh yxkbZA rhu yksxksa dh ,d mPp Lrjh; lfefr dks bl izn'kZuh ij viuhfliQkfj'ksa is'k djus dks dgk x;kA ;g lkjs midj.k ykgkSj ;k Hkkjr esa cusa gSa bl ckrij lnL;ksa dks ;dhu gh ugha gqvkA mUgsa midj.k baXySaM fufeZr yxsA lfefr dks yxkfd (ih,lvkbZ) us cl mu ij Hkkjrh; okjfu'k iksrdj mUgsa esM&bu&bafM;k tSlk :ifn;k gS! lfefr dks ;g fo'okl gh ugha gqvk fd brus mÙke oSKkfud midj.k Hkkjresa vk/h dher ij cuk, tk ldrs FksA

1918 esa lkguh xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj esa dsfefLVªh ds ofj"B izksiQslj ds in ls fjVk;jgq,A rHkh mudk lEidZ egkRek xka/h ls gqvk vkSj mlds ckn oks lfØ; :i ls jk"Vªh;vkanksyu esa tqM+sA oks ykgkSj ls izdkf'kr gksus okys v[kckj VªC;wu ds VªLVh FksA oks n;kyflag dkWyst vkSj ykbczsjh ds Hkh laLFkkid FksA

izksiQslj lkguh ds rhu csVs vkSj ikap csfV;ka FkhaA muds iq=k chjcy lkguh izfl¼ thok'efo'ks"kK Fks vkSj ,iQvkj,l ls uokts tkus okys igys Hkkjrh; ouLifr'kkL=kh FksA viuhvkRedFkk lsYiQ jsosys'kUl vkWiQ ,u vkWDVksftusfj;u* esa #fp jke lkguh us vius thouds la?kZ"kksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k gSA muds iksrs izksiQslj v'kksd lkguh] iatkofo'ofo|ky; ds HkwfoKku foHkkx esa izfl¼ Hkw&oSKkfud FksA mudh iksrh izksiQslj eksfguhefyd us vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj esa Nk=kksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa dks rdZ'kkL=k ds uqL[ks fl[kk,Aiatkc esa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vFkd dke djus okys izksiQslj #fp jke lkguhdk nsgkUr 87 o"kZ dh mez esa 3 twu 1948 dks cEcbZ esa gqvkA

1887 esa lkguh us xojesaV dkWyst ykgkSj esa vflLVsaV izksiQslj ds in ij foKku i<+kuk'kq# fd;kA ckn esa oks dsesfLVªh fMikVZesaV ds foHkkx vè;{k cusA oks vius ysDplZ dksfoKku ds ekWMy vkSj iz;ksxksa }kjk thokar vkSj yksdfiz; cukrsA ,d fczfV'k izksiQslj lkguhdh yksdfiz;rk ls tyrs Fks vkSj mUgksausa #fp jke dks ijs'kku djus dh dksbZ dlj ughaNksM+hA var esa lkguh us ukSdjh NksM+ nh vkSj dsfedYl cukus dh iQSDVªh 'kq# dh tks mUgsatYn gh cUn djuh iM+hA 1914 esa lkguh MkW- iQktUl ds lkFk jsfM;ks /feZrk ds mHkjrs{ks=k esa 'kks/ djus ds fy, teZuh x,A ijarq ogka igqapus ds rqjar ckn gh izFke egk;q¼'kq# gks x;k vkSj mUgsa baXySaM Hkkxuk iM+kA

baXySaM esa lkSHkkX; ls lkguh dks fo'o fo[;kr HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ykMZ jnjiQksMZ vkSj uhYlcksgj ds lkFk dke djus dk ekSdk feykA mUgksausa jnjiQksMZ ds lkFk la;qDr :i ls vYiQkd.kksa ds LdSVfjax ij nks 'kks/i=k fy[ksA ;q¼ dh otg ls baXySaM esa Hkh ifjfLFkfr [kjkcgksus ds dkj.k mUgsa tYn gh Hkkjr okil ykSVuk iM+kA

ykSVus ds ckn lkguh us iatkc lkbUl bafLVV~;wV (ih,lvkbZ) ds la;qDr lfpo dk inlaHkkykA bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk izksiQslj vkseu us dh FkhA laLFkk dk mís'; iwjs iatkc esafoKku dk izpkj&izlkj & yksdfiz; Hkk"k.kksa] iz;ksxksa vkSj ykyVsu ds LykbM~t }kjk djukFkkA mu fnuksa iatkc dh lhek fnYyh ls ysdj is'kkoj rd iQSyh FkhA f'keyk esa dkedjrs le; lkguh us ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh* ij dqN ysDpj fn, FksA ;g ysDpj vkeyksxksa dks cgqr ilan vk,A pkgsa xkao gks ;k 'kgj] etnwj vkSj nqdkunkj lHkh bu ysDpjksadks lquus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa bdV~Bs gksrs vkSj nks&vkus dk fVdV [kjhn dj vkuanls foKku dk 'kks ns[krsA bl iQhl ls vkus&tkus dk dqN [kpZ fudy tkrkA lkguh dsysDpj vke] jkstejkZ dh phtksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ij gksrs tSls & lkcqu fuekZ.k* 1880 iwoZykgkSj esa ikuh ds lzksr* ^LoPN vkSj xUnh gok*^euq"; dh lsok esa fo|qr* ^bysDVªks&IysfVax* ^dkapfuekZ.k* ^iatkc vkSj mldh ufn;ka* (bls oks ,dfeV~Vh ds rhu&vk;keh uD'ks }kjk le>krs)A

foKku ds ;g yksdfiz; ysDplZ vDlj NksVs 'kgjksavkSj xakoksa esa [kwc HkhM+ bdB~Bk djus ds fy,R;kSgkjksa ds le; vk;ksftr fd, tkrs FksA ysDplZ dksvkd"kZd cukus ds fy, mUgsa flusek tSls insZ ijizkstsDV fd;k tkrk FkkA bu ysDplZ dh otg ls yksxksadh foKku esa cgqr #fp c<+hA lkguh ds ysDplZ dsfy, turk dh Hkkjh ekax jgrh vkSj mUgksausa dqyfeykdj 500 ls vf/d ysDpj fn,!

gky gh esa #fp jke lkguh dhthouh dks foKku izlkj us Nkik gSA

22 23

1907 esa okfM;k us tEew fLFkr fizal vkWiQ osYl dkWyst esa 14 o"kZ rd ft;ksfyth dsizksiQslj ds in ij dke fd;kA ckn esa bl dkWyst dk uke cny dj egkRek xak/h dkWystgks x;k vkSj oks tEew fo'ofo|ky; ds vk/hu gks x;kA ft;ksfyth ds lkFk&lkFk okfM;kvaxzsth Hkh i<+krs FksA mudh vaxzsth ij tksjnkj idM+ FkhA tEew esa jgrs gq, okfM;k us viuhgjsd NqV~Vh esa fgeky; dh igkfM+;ksa dh lSj dh vkSj ogka ds Hkw&'kkL=k dh tkudkjhgkfly dhA mUgksausa [kfut] iRFkj] thok'e bdV~Bs fd, vkSj bu uewuksa }kjk ft;ksfythdh i<+kbZ dks jkspd cuk;kA

oks vius Nk=kksa dks f'kokfyd ioZrekyk vkSj tEew {ks=k esa vuqla/ku ds fy, ?kqeDdM+hdjus ys tkrsA viuh l/h gqbZ fuxkg ls oks cgqr lh nqyZHk oLrqvksa dks [kkst ik,A ,d,sls gh ifjHkze.k ds nkSjku mUgksausa ,d rhu ehVj yEck Hkhedk; thok'e & LVsxsMkWux.ks'kk <wa< fudkykA ;g [kkst cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA fgeky; ioZrekyk dh jpukvkSj Hkw&'kkL=k dks le>us ds fy, okfM;k us vFkd iz;kl fd,A okfM;k igys O;fDrFks ftUgksausa mRrj&if'peh fgeky; esa iRFkj fuekZ.k dh ,d vlkekU; Js.kh ij nqfu;kdk è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA mUgksausa uaxk icZr ds bnZ&fxnZ fLFkr ioZrekyk esa ,d vuwBseksM+ uh&csaM* Hkh [kkstkA fgeky; ds la'kks/u ij iwjh rjg lefiZr okfM;k varr% nsgjknwu

uaxk icZr

nkjk'kkg ukS'ksjoku okfM;k Hkkjr ds lcls izcq¼ Hkw&'kkL=kh FksA mUgksausa ns'k esa Hkw&foKkudh uhao j[khA Hkkjrh; Hkw&'kkL=k ij mudk 'kks/ vkSj n`f"Vdks.k vkt Hkh loZekU; gSA

okfM;k dk tUe 23 vDVwcj 1883 dks lwjr esa gqvkA oks vjnkflj dqjlsRth ds ifjokjds FksA vjnkflj dqjlsrth lqizfl¼ tgkt fMtkbuj Fks vkSj ,iQvkj,l ls lEekfur fd,tkus okys igys Hkkjrh; FksA okfM;k ds firk LVs'ku ekLVj Fks vkSj mudh iksfLVax ,dnwj&njkt fLFkr LVs'ku ij FkhA ogka vPNs Ldwy u gksus ds dkj.k okfM;k viuh nknhds lkFk lwjr esa jg dj gh i<+sA 'kq# esa oks ,d xqtjkrh Ldwy esa i<+s vkSj fiQj lj tsts bafXy'k Ldwy esaA tc oks X;kjg o"kZ ds Fks rc mudk ifjokj cM+kSnk f'kÝV gqvkA ;gkaij mudk foKku vkSj oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh vksj yxko c<+kA blesa muds cM+s HkkbZ dk

vge jksy FkkA

1903 esa okfM;k us ouLifr'kkL=k vkSj tho'kkL=kesa ch,llh dh fMxzh gkfly dhA 1906 esa,e,llh ds nkSjku muds fo"k; tho'kkL=kvkSj Hkw&'kkL=k FksA cM+kSnk dkWyst esa mudhHkw&foKku esa #fp iSnk djus dk Js; mudsf'k{kd ,-,e- elkuh dks tkrk gSA elkuh

dks izÑfr ls xgjk yxko Fkk vkSj oks izkÑfrdfoKku ds izksiQslj FksA cM+kSnk dh E;wft;evkWiQ vkWVZ vkSj lkbUl esa ft;ksfyth ds <sjksa

uewuksa dk Hkh okfM;k us Hkjiwj mi;ksxfd;kA

Mh- ,u- okfM;kMh- ,u- okfM;kMh- ,u- okfM;kMh- ,u- okfM;kMh- ,u- okfM;k(1883 - 1969)

24 25

izse Fkk vkSj mUgksausa Hkkjrh; Hkw&foKku ij igyh iqLrd fy[khA bl iqLrd dks cgqrizfl¼h feyh vkSj 1966 rd bldk NBoka laLdj.k fcd pqdk FkkA bl iqLrd ijfVIi.kh djrs gq, fo[;kr Hkw&oSKkfud ds ,d okfYM;k us fy[kk% ^n ft;ksfyth vkWiQbafM;k dks 1919 esa eSdfeyu] yanu us NkikA iqLrd esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; egk}hi &ikfdLrku] Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k] E;kaekj vkSj Jhyadk ds Hkw&foKku dk fupksM+ gS vkSj blesaokfM;k ds Kku vkSj xgjs 'kks/ dh lkiQ >yd feyrh gSA bl Dykfld iqLrd us udsoy okfM;k dks ;'kLoh cuk;k mUgsa lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa ds fy,ft;ksfyth dk xq# Hkh cuk;kA* okfM;k dke eaas cgqr esgurd'k vkSj pqLr Fks vkSj mUgksausalkjh ftanxh cgqr lknxh esa xqtkjhA

1945 esa tokgj yky usg# dh jk"Vªh; ljdkj us okfM;k dks Hkw&foKku ijke'kZnkrk dsin ij fu;qDr fd;kA okfM;k us gh ns'k dh [kfut uhfr dh uhao j[khA 1963 esa Hkkjrljdkj us mUgsa igys uS'kuy izksiQslj vkWiQ ft;ksfyth dk in ij vklhu fd;kA Hkkjrljdkj us mUgsa 1958 esa in~e Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA 1957 esa okfM;k iQsyks vkWiQn jkW;y lkslkbVh] yanu ds lnL; euksuhr gq,A mUgsa reke jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; indksals lEekfur fd;k x;k vkSj dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa us mUgsa MkWDVjsV dh mikf/;ka nhaA

okfM;k us dbZ mEnk yksdfiz; oSKkfud ys[k Hkh fy[ksA muesa ^LVksjh vWkiQ LVksu* okdbZesa csfelky gSA ;g ,d iRFkj dh vkRedFkk gSA bl dgkuh dks i<+rs gq, Hkw&foKku dhtfVyrk,a lgtrk ls le> esa vk tkrh gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd iRFkj dh Hkh tqcku gksrh

gSA Hkkjrh; Hkw&foKku dh uhao j[kus okys blegkjFkh dk nsgkUr 86 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 15 twu1969 gks gqvkA

okfM;k dslEeku esa NikMkd fVdV

fgeky; esa fLFkruaxk icZr dk

,d Hkw&oSKkfuduD'kk

esa bafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth LFkkfir djus esa liQygq,A 1968 ls ,d o"kZ rd oks mlds laLFkkid funs'kd HkhjgsA ckn esa mudh ;kn esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj okfM;kbafLV~V;wV iQkWj fgekfy;u ft;ksfyth dj fn;k x;kA mUgksausa dbZvU; jk"Vªh; Lrj dh laLFkkuksa ds LFkkiu esa vge HkwfedkfuHkkbZ buesa uS'kuy ft;ksfiQftdy fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] gSnjkckn vkSjxksok fLFkr uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ vksf'kuksxzkiQh izeq[k gSaA

1921 esa okfM;k us fizal vkWiQ osYl dkWyst NksM+ dj ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k(th,lvkbZ) esa lgk;d lqfizaVsaMsUV dk in laHkkykA ml le; mudh mez ek=k 38 lkydh FkhA oks igys Hkkjrh; Fks tks fcuk fdlh ;wjksih; fMxzh ds th,lvkbZ esa HkrhZ gq,Ath,lvkbZ eas dke djus ls mUgsa mRrj&if'peh fgeky; esa 'kks/dk;Z dk Hkjiwj ekSdkfeyk vkSj mUgksausa ;gka cgqr cqfu;knh dke fd;kA vkj-Mh- osLV us okfM;k ds dke dsckjs esa fy[kk% ^okfM;k fgeky; esa tgka Hkh x, mUgksausa ogka 'kSy&foKku dh vulqy>hleL;kvksa ij egRoiw.kZ izdk'k MkykA*

okfM;k us Hkw&'kkL=k lEca/h yxHkx lkS 'kks/&i=k fy[ksA 1928 esa mUgksaussa ,d thok'e[kksiM+h ,DVhuksMkWu [kkst fudkyhA ;g [kkst d'ehj esa igkM+ksa fuekZ.k ds ;qx dks fuf'prdjus esa liQy jghA oks rkacs] fufdy] lhls vkSj tLrs tSls [kfutksa ds vikj HkaMkj [kkstusesa Hkh liQy jgsA

ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k esa dke djrs le; okfM;k us viuh NqfV~V;ka fczfV'kE;wft;e esa fcrk;haA ;gka mUgksausa d'ehj esa [kksts jh<+ okys izkf.k;ksa ds thok'eksa ij 'kks/fd;kA blh nkSjku mUgksausa teZuh] vkWfLVª;k vkSj psdksLyksokfd;k esa fLFkr reke Hkw&foKkuls lEcaf/r laLFkkvksa dk nkSjk Hkh fd;kA

e`nk foKku (lkWby lkbal) dh utjankth ij okfM;k dks nq[k gqvk vkSj mUgksausa bldksBhd djus ds fy, [kqn Bksl dne mBk,A 1935 esa] ,e-,l- Ñ".ku vkSj ih-,u- eq[kthZdh enn ls mUgksausa igyh ckj lkWby eSi vkWiQ bafM;k ladfyr fd;kA bls ft;ksykftdylosZ vkWiQ bafM;k us izdkf'kr fd;kA bl igy ds ckn yxkrkj bl izdkj ds uD'ks NirsjgsA

ft;ksykftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k lss lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn okfM;k us Jhyadk (rc lhyksu)esa [kfut&oSKkfud dk in laHkkykA mUgksausa Jhyadk }hi ds mRre ft;ksykftdy uD'ksrS;kj djok,A mUgksausa ikuh lIykbZ] cka/ fuekZ.k vkSj vU; bathfu;fjax izkstsDV~l dhHkwHkxhZ; tkap&iM+rky Hkh dhA okfM;k us dksyEcks dk igyk ft;ksykftdy uD'kk rS;kjfd;kA

1947 esa okfM;k us bafM;u C;wjks vkWiQ ekbUl dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj 1949 esa ,VkfedfefujYl fMfotu dh uhao j[khA oks ,d ,slh jk"Vªh; uhfr ds i{k/j Fks ftlds varZxrns'k ds [kfutksa] ikuh] xSl vkSj rsy lEink dk leqfpr nksgu gks ldsA mUgsa iqLrdksa ls

26 27

Jhfuokl jkekuqtuJhfuokl jkekuqtuJhfuokl jkekuqtuJhfuokl jkekuqtuJhfuokl jkekuqtu(1887 - 1920)

^gekjs ns'k esa HkkLdjkpk;Z ds vkB lkS lky ckn dsoy ,d vU; fo'o&Lrjh;xf.krK iSnk gqvkA mldk uke Fkk jkekuqtu vkSj oks dkWyst dk izFke o"kZ Hkh iklugha dj ik;kA Hkkjr us mls tUe] Hkq[kejh] {k;jksx vkSj vlkef;d e`R;q nhA fczfV'kxf.krK gkMhZ dks bl ckr dk iwjk Js; gS fd mUgksausa jkekuqtu dh foy{k.krk dksigpkuk vkSj mUgsa baXySaM cqykdj mudh izfrHkk dks iQyus&iQwyus fn;kA*

& nkeksnj /ekZuan dkslach

Hkkjrh; xf.krK jkekuqtu us ?kksj xjhch vkSj f'k{kk dsvHkko esa Hkh xf.kr ds {ks=k esa fo'oLrjh; dke fd;kAvkt mudk uke nqfu;k ds pksVh ds xf.krKksa esa fxuk tkrkgSA

jkekuqtu dk tUe 22 fnlEcj 1887 dks enzkl ls 400fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr bjksM esa gqvkA muds firk ,d lkM+hdh nqdku esa ukSdjh djrs FksA ?kj esa xjhch dk cksyckykFkkA jkstejkZ dh phtksa dh tqxkM+ dj ikuk Hkh cM+knq'okj FkkA jkekuqtu dh eka dkseyFkkvEey viusfopkjksa dh iDdh Fkha vkSj vius csVs ds mRFkkuds fy, n`<+ izfrK FkhaA muls jkekuqtu us xgjh/kfeZdrk lh[kh tks lkjh ftanxh muds thoudk vfHkUu vax jghA jkekuqtu ikl ds'kgj dqEHkdks.ke esa viuh ufugky esa ghiys&c<+sA

mudh xf.krh; iz[kjrk 10 lky dh mez esa gh lkiQ fn[kus yxhA oks xf.kr u dsoyvklkuh ls [kqn le> ysrs ijarq vius ls maQph d{kkvksa ds Nk=kksa dh 'kadkvksa dk Hkh lek/ku dj nsrsA gkbZ Ldwy esa mUgksausa th-,l- dkj dh iqLrd , flukSifll vkWiQ ,yhesaVªhfjtYVl bu eSfFkeSfVDl dk vè;;u fd;kA iqLrd dh fof'k"Vrk Fkh & fcuk rjhdkle>k, vafre ifj.kke fy[kukA jkekuqtu us Hkh ;gh i¼fr viukbZ vkSj ml otg ls cknesa bl iqLrd dks dkiQh izfl¼h feyhA mUgksausa enzkl fo'ofo|ky; dh izos'k ijh{kk dhrS;kjh ds fy, dqN le; ,d dkWyst esa nkf[kyk Hkh fy;kA ijarq xf.kr esa exu jgusds dkj.k mUgksausa ckdh fo"k;ksa ij dqN è;ku gh ughsa fn;kA oks ijh{kk esa iQsy gq, vkSjLukrd dh fMxzh ikus esa vleFkZ jgsA

vxys dqN o"kZ jkekuqtu ds fy, foifÙk;ksa ls Hkjs jgsA mUgksausa Nk=kksa dks izkbosV V~;w'kunsus dh lksphA ij blesa Hkh oks vliQy jgsA xf.kr i<+krs le; oks mldh mPp Lrjh;O;k[;k djus yxrsA Nk=k mudh fo}Rrk dk vknj djrs ijarq i<+k;k x;k mUgsa dqN le>esa ugha vkrkA ,slh ?kVukvksa us jkekuqtu dks lkjh ftanxh ijs'kku fd;kA mudh ekSfydrkreke xf.krKksa dh le> ds Hkh ckgj FkhA yksx ges'kk bl Hkze esa jgrs & jkekuqtu lpesa ,d fnXxt xf.krK gSa ;k fiQj dksbZ cgq#fi;k!

izfl¼ uksVcqDl vkWiQ jkekuqtu Hkh blh dky esa jph x;haA jkekuqtu dk vadksa ls ,dfof'k"V yxko FkkA gj vad mudk vfHkUu fe=k FkkA dBksj izek.k nsus dh mUgsa dHkht:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA ;g fof'k"Vrk ik'pkR; xf.krKksa dh FkhA mudh izfrHkkfoy{k.k FkhA oks ,d mQaph ekufld mNky ds ckn fliQZ iz'udk vafre gy fy[krs FksA ml gy ds pj.kkas dksfyfic¼ djus dh mUgksausa dHkh ijokg ughadhA xf.krK nks ihf<+;ksa ls muds izfriknuksads gy [kkst jgs jgs gSaA vkt Hkh oks bldk;Z esa iwjh rjg liQy ugha gq, gSaA

jkekuqqtu vc chl lky ds gks x, FksA fj'rsnkjksadh fuxkg esa oks viuh gh nqfu;k esa [kks, Fks*Ajkekuqtu dh eka us mUgsa viuh ftEesnkfj;ka dkcks/ djkus ds fy, iqjkuk Hkkjrh; rjhdk viuk;k& mUgksausa jkekuqtu dh 'kknh dj nh! D;ksafd mufnuksa cM+ksa ds vkns'k dks ekuus dk fjokt Fkkblfy, jkekuqtu us 14 tqykbZ 1909 dks vius ls 11lky NksVh tkudh vEey ls fookg fd;kA 'kknh dsckn jkekuqtu ifjokj pykus ds fy, ukSdjh [kkstus ds

28 29

The famous Landau Ramanujan constant,K = 0.7642236535892206629906987...The equation, as shown here, is very, very slow to approach K!

fy, etcwj gq,A 1912 esa mUgsaenzkl iksVZ VªLV ds ys[kk&tks[kkfoHkkx esa ,d DydZ dh ukSdjhfeyhA ogka ds izeq[k vdkmUVsUVukjk;.k jko ,d xf.krK FksAiksVZ VªLV ds ps;jeSu lj ÚakfllfLizax vkSj jko nksuksa us jkekuqtudh xf.krh; izfrHkk esa [kwcfnypLih yhA

jkekuqtu us vius dk;Z dksewY;kadu ds fy, baXySaM dsxf.krKksa dks HkstkA ij D;ksafd jkekuqtu ds ikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha Fkh blfy,fdlh us Hkh muds dke dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA 1913 esa jkekuqtu us th-,p- gkMhZdks ,d jkspd i=k fy[kkA gkMhZ dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds fVªuVh dkWyst esa ,d iz[;kr

xf.krK FksA i=k esa jkekuqtu us fcukfdlh izek.k ds 120 xf.krh; izes;gkMhZ dks HksthaA ^eSaus ,slh izes; igysdHkh ugha ns[kha]* gkMhZ us fy[kk] ^,d>yd esa eSa le> x;k fd mUgsa dksbZvOoy ntsZ dk xf.krK gh fy[k ldrkFkkA mudk lp gksuk vfuok;Z Fkk D;ksafdvxj oks lp ugha gksrha rks mUgsa egtdYiuk }kjk jp ikuk vlaHko Fkk*A gkMhZij jkekuqtu ds i=k dk xgjk vlj gqvkvkSj muds gh iz;klksa ls jkekuqtu dsfEcztigqapsA

'kq# esa jkekuqtu ds /kfeZd ifjokj usmuds lkr leUnj ikj tkus ij vkifÙktrkbZA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj jkekuqtudh eka dks ,d liuk vk;k ftleasukefxjh nsoh us mUgsa vius csVs ds jkLrsesa jksM+k ugha cuus dk vkns'k fn;kAmlds ckn ifjokj dk fetkt ueZ iM+k

vkSj 1914 esa jkekuqtu dsfEczt igqapsA ogka muds vuqla/ku us tksj idM+k vkSj mUgksausa uEcj F;ksjh] vuar Js.khvkfn fo"k;ksa ij 'kks/i=k fy[ksA 1917 esa mUgksausa lqizfl¼gkMhZ&jkekuqtu fu;e jpk tks iw.kkZ±d ds foHkfDrdj.k*ds ckjs esa gSA jkekuqtu ds dke dh fof'k"Vrk gS mlesadqN [kkl jgL;e;h fpUgksa vkSj fu;eksa dk lekos'kAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd lius esa ukefxjh nsoh muds dkedks fn'kk vkSj izsj.kk nsrh FkhaA

1916 esa dsfEczt fo'ofo|ky; us jkekuqtu dks cSpyj vkWiQ lkbal dh fMxzh iznku dhA1919 esa jkekuqtu dks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhrfd;k x;kA fo'kq¼ 'kkdkgkjh gksus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu viuk Hkkstu [kqn idkrs FksA dkeds vR;f/d ncko vkSj Bhd Hkkstu u feyus ds dkj.k jkekuqtu dks baXySaM esa {k;jksxgks x;k vkSj mUgsa vLirky esa nkf[ky gksuk iM+kA gkMhZ tc muls feyus x, rc mUgksausadgk] eq>s yxrk gS fd esjh VSDlh dk uEcj 1729 Fkk tks eq>s dksbZ [kkl fo'ks"k utjugha vkrk gSA* jkekuqtu us tokc fn;k] ugha gkMhZ] ;g ,d vR;Ur jkspd uEcj gSA ;goks lcls NksVh la[;k gS ftls nks ?ku&la[;kvksa ds tksM+ }kjk nks vyx&vyx izdkj lsfy[kk tk ldrk gSA* vktdy bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks VSDlh&dSc iz'uksa ds ukels tkuk tkrk gS ftudk gy ;g lehdj.k gS

i3 + j3 = k3 + l3

bu uEcjksa dks vc jkekuqtu uEclZ* ds ukels tkuk tkrk gSA dbZ iz[;kr xf.krKksa usjkekuqtu dh uksV~cqDl ls muds dk;Z dksle>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

1919 esa jkekuqtu baXySaM ls okfil ykSVs vkSjmlh o"kZ dqEHkdks.ke esa mudk nsgkUr gksx;kA muds dke dks cgqr ljkgk x;kA 1962esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mudh 75oha o"kZxakB ij ,d Mkd fVdV Hkh tkjh fd;kA

fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds xf.krKksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, baVjus'kuylsaVj iQkWj F;ksfjfVdy fiQftDl (vkbZlhVhih) us jkekuqtu ds ukeij ,d iq#Ldkj LFkkfir fd;k gSA iq#Ldkj baVjus'kuy eSfFkeSfVdy;wfu;u ds lg;ksx ls fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh laLFkk iq#Ldkj nsus okyhlfefr ds lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djrh gSA

30 31

jeu dk NksVk 'kjhj baXySaM ds dM+d ekSle dks cnkZ'r ugha dj ik,xkA Hkkjr esa jgdj dke djus ds fy, jeu ml MkWDVj ds fy, lkjh ftanxh Í.kh jgsA

jeu us HkkSfrdh esa ,e, djus ds ckn D;k fd;k\ mu fnuksa oSKkfudksa ds fy, cgqr deukSdfj;ka FkhaA vU; fodYi [kqys u gksus ds dkj.k jeu us dydRrs esa foÙk foHkkx esa'kkldh; ukSdjh dh!

jeu dh 'kknh] mudh iwjh ftanxh dh rjg Mªkes lsHkjh FkhA vius fj'rsnkjksa ds ?kj ij mudh HksaV 13o"khZ; yksdlqanjh ls gqbZ vkSj oks rqjar ml ij fiQnkgks x,A ,d Øakfrdkjh vankt esa mUgsa [kqn viukC;kg jpk;kA jeu dh igyh HksaV ds le; yksdlqanjh,d vR;Ur mi;qDr dukZVd xhr xk jgha Fkha ftldscksy Fks & gs jke] rqEgkjk lkFkh Hkyk dkSu gS\

foÙk foHkkx esa ukSdjh djrs gq, Hkh jeu dh #fp HkkSfrdh esa yxkrkj cuh jghA mUgksausa?kj esa gh ,d NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk cukbZ vkSj ogha iz;ksx djrs jgsA ,d fnu dke ls ykSVrsle; mUgsa ,d lkbZucksMZ fn[kkbZ fn;k ftl ij bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj dfYVos'ku vkWiQlkbUl (vkbZ,lh,l) fy[kk FkkA jeu pyrh Vªke ls dwn dj ogka igqaps tgka mudkLokxr ve`ryky ljdkj us fd;kA ve`ryky laLFkk ds laLFkkid egsanzyky ds csVs FksA1876 esa LFkkfir laLFkk dk mn~ns'; Hkkjrh; foKku dks izksRlkfgr djuk FkkA vc jeu'kke dks vius nÝrj ls ykSVdj ogka dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke djus yxsA tYn gh oks mPpdksfV ds oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kus yxs ftudh vksj fo'ks"kKksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr gqvkA

1917 esa dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ds midqyifr lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ us jeu dksrkjdukFk ikfyr ps;j Lohdkj djus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA jeu rks iQwys ugha lek,A foÙkfoHkkx ds cgh[kkrksa ls cjh gksdj vc oks vius fiz; fo"k; ij 'kks/ djus ds fy, eqDrFksA

1921 esa ,d dkUÚsal esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, jeu fons'k x,A mudh leqnzh ;k=kk HkkSfrdhds fy, cgqr ykHknk;d fl¼ gqbZA oks leqnz ds xgjs uhys ikuh dks fugkjrs jgsA lkxjdk ikuh uhyk D;ksa gS\ D;k ikuh vkleku ds izfrfcEc ds dkj.k uhyk fn[krk gS\ jeudks yxk fd lkxj dk uhykiu ikuh vkSj lw;Z ds izdk'k ds varl±ca/ ds dkj.k gSA tctgkt ds vU; eqlkfiQj rk'k vkSj fcUxks ds [ksy esa eLr Fks rc jeu ogka ,d LisDVªksehVjls iz;ksxksa esa exu FksA ckn esa mUgksausa vyx&vyx ekè;eksa esa izdk'k ds fc[kjko (izdhZ.k)ij ,d oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kkA

vkt oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa va/k/qa/ iwath fuos'k vkSj uohure midj.kkas dk cksyckykgSA fiQj Hkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa lcls eagxk midj.k vkt Hkh euq"; dk fnekx gS! bl ckrdh lPpkbZ dk izek.k gesa lj lh- oh- jeu ds thou ls feyrk gSA oks vdsys ,sls oSKkfudFks ftUgsa Hkkjr esa dke djus ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ftumidj.kksa dk mUgksausa vius 'kks/ esa mi;ksx fd;k mudh dher ek=k ikap lkS #i, vkadhtkrh gSA

bl foy{k.k oSKkfud dk tUe 7 uoEcj 1888 dks rfeyukMq ds 'kgj fr#pkiYyh esagqvkA muds firk HkkSfrdh vkSj xf.kr ds O;k[;krk FksA jeu dks cpiu eas fofHkUu fo"k;ksadh iqLrdsa i<+us dks feyhaA mUgsa vius firk ls laxhr dk izse Hkh feykA laxhr ds fo"k;ij ckn esa jeu us dkiQh cqfu;knh 'kks/ fd;kA

jeu dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk fo'kk[kkiV~ue esa gqbZA mu fnuksa vk;q dh ikcanh u gksus ds dkj.kmUgksausa X;kjg o"kZ dh de mez esa gh gkbZ Ldwy dh ijh{kk ikl dj yh Fkh! 1902 esajeu us izslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k vkSj ogka ls 1904 esa ch, ikl fd;kA bl ijh{kkesa mudk igyk uEcj vk;k vkSjlkFk esa HkkSfrdh dk Lo.kZ indHkh thrkA 1907 esa ,e , dhijh{kk esa oks loZJs"B Nk=k ?kksf"krfd, x,A jeu dk Mhy&MkSy NksVk Fkkftlus muds fy, reke eqf'dysa [kM+hdhaA vDlj muds f'k{kd iwNrs] ^D;k rqelp esa bl d{kk ds Nk=k gks\* dkWyst dhi<+kbZ lekIr gksus ds ckn jeu dks mPp f'k{kk dsfy, fons'k tkus dh lykg nh xbZA ijarq enzkl esaflfoy ltZu us tc mudh tkap dh rks mUgsa yxk fd

lh- oh- jeulh- oh- jeulh- oh- jeulh- oh- jeulh- oh- jeu(1888 - 1970)

32 33

lfn;ksa rd fons'kh rkdrksa }kjk 'kklu fd, tkus ds ckn bl varjkZ"Vªh; xkSjo lss Hkkjrh;oSKkfudksa dk vkRe&lEeku cqyan gqvkA ,d Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ftlus lkjk 'kks/ Hkkjresa gh jg dj fd;k gks dsfy, nqfu;k dk lcls cM+klEeku feyuk lp esa cgqrxoZ dh ckr FkhA

tqykbZ 1933 esa jeu] VkVkbafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl (cknesa bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQlkbUl) ds funs'kd fu;qDrgq,A jeu us vxys 15 o"kZbl laLFkk esa xqtkjs vkSjbl nkSjku mUgksausa

ogka ,d fo'o&Lrj dk fiQftDlfoHkkx LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksausa ;gkavarjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ds reke oSKkfudksadks Vªsfuax vkSj izsj.kk nhA mUgksausa,Dl&js fMÚSD'ku vkSj viusfiz; fo"k; izdk'k ,oa inkFkZ dschp varlZEca/ksa ij dke 'kq#fd;kA

Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn jeu us bl fo"k; ij xEHkhjrk ls 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA mUgksausa izdk'kdh fdj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu rjyksa ls xqtkjk vkSj muds izHkko dk vè;;u fd;kA 1928esa mUgksausa LFkkfir fd;k fd tc ,d jax dk izdk'k fdlh rjy ls xqtjrk gS rks izdk'kds d.k vkSj rjy ds ijek.kq ,d nwljs ds lkFk Vdjkrs gSa vkSj izdk'k dks fc[kjkrs gSaArc ckgj fudyus okyh izdk'k&fdj.k dk jax vkus okys fdj.k ls fHkUu gksrk gSA vkusokyh fdj.k dh vis{kk ckgj fudyus okyh fdj.k mQaps vkSj uhps Lrj dh mQtkZ dh vksjf'kÝV gksrh gSA ;gh oks lqizfl¼ ^jeu izHkko* gS ftlds dkj.k jeu dks ckn esa ukscsyiq#Ldkj feykA mudh [kkst ls fo'oLrjij oSKkfud 'kks/ esa rsth vkbZA muds 'kks/ls vyx&vyx oLrqvksa ds <kapksa ds vè;;uesa cgqr enn feyhA

bl cqfu;knh 'kks/ ds ckn jeu ij lEekuksa dh ckSNkj yx xbZA lj vjusLV jnjiQksMZ us^jeu biQSDV* dh [kkst dh tkudkjh jkW;y lkslkbVh dks nh ftlds ckn fczfV'k ljdkjus jeu dks uWkbVgqM ds lEeku ls uoktkA 10 fnlEcj 1930 dks mUgsa nqfu;k ds loksZPpukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jeu foKku ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okysigys ,f'k;u vkSj v'osr O;fDr FksA muls igys jchUnzukFk Bkdqj dks lkfgR; ds fy,;g lEeku feyk FkkA jeu ds Hkkuts lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj dks yxHkx ipkl o"kZ ckn1983 esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj feykA

34 35

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk us Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks foKku dh uhao j[khA mUgksausa vk;u&eaMy(vk;uksLiQh;j) ij Hkh cgqr 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA

f'kf'kj dk tUe 24 vDVwcj 1889 esa dydRrs esa gqvkA mudsfirk t;Ñ".k ,d Ldwy f'k{kd Fks vkSj eka 'kjrdqekjh MkWDVjFkhaA t;Ñ".k us 'kknh ifjokj dh jtkeanh ds fcuk dh FkhAblfy, mUgsa ?kj NksM+uk iM+k vkSj ikfjokfjd lEifÙk dk dksbZfgLlk Hkh u feykA f'kf'kj ds tUe ds le; mudh eka dSEicsyesfMdy Ldwy dh Nk=kk FkhaA 1989 esa 'kjrdqekjh dks ysMhMiQfju vLirky esa ukSdjh feyh vkSj t;Ñ".k dks HkkxyiqjE;wfuLiSYVh eas DydZ dh ukSdjh feyhA f'kf'kj dh izkjfEHkdi<+kbZ Hkkxyiqj fMfLVªDV Ldwy esa gqbZA ckn esa oks Vh-,u-ts- dkWyst esa i<+sA ukS cjl dh mez esa mUgksausa ,d xeZgok dk xqCckjk ns[kkA bldk mu ij xgjk izHkkoiM+k vkSj mUgsa vkxs foKku i<+us dh izsj.kk feyhAiQkWbu vkV~lZ (,iQ,) dh ijh{kk ds igys mudsfirk dk nsgkUr gks x;kA mlls rckgh vkbZ ijUrqf'kf'kj dh eka us cgqr fgEer vkSj /S;Z lsf'kf'kj dk ykyu&ikyu fd;kA

vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds ckotwnf'kf'kj dh eka us mUgsa dydRrsds izslhMsalh dkWyst ls ch,llhdjus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA ;gka[kq'kfdLerh ls mudh HksaV nks egku f'k{kdksa

jeu dh foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa xgjh #fp FkhA oks ,dvkstLoh oDrk Fks vkSj os foKku ds fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vusdksa Hkk"k.k

fn,A foKku ,d jkspd fo"k; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lekftd izxfr esa Hkhmldk ,d vge jksy FkkA vius Hkk"k.kksa esa os xw<+ fo"k;ksa dks ljy vkSj vR;ar jkspdcukrs FksA vius yksdfiz; Hkk"k.kksa ds 'kks esa oks n'kZdksa dks nax dj nsrs FksA vius ysDpjesa oks vDlj dksbZ Bksl oSKkfud iz;ksx djds fn[kkrs FksA mudk ysDpj vkleku uhykD;ksa gksrk gS\* vkt Hkh yksdfiz; foKku izlkj dh,d vuwBh felky gSA blesa iQkeZwyksa vkSj mckmQrF;ksa dk mi;ksx u dj foKku dks iz'uksa dh ,dÜk`a[kyk tSls le>k;k x;k gS vkSj rkfdZd rjhds lsizÑfr ds fu;eksa dk mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA

oks bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh (bUlk) dslaLFkkid FksA

jeu us ok|;a=kksa ds foKku ij Hkh dke fd;kA /uq"k&Mksj ls ctus okys ok|;a=kksa ds dEiu vkSj mudh HkkSfrdh ij Hkh mUgksausa izdk'k MkykArcys vkSj enaxe ls fdl izdkj laxhre; èofu fudyrh gS mUgksausa bl ij Hkh 'kks/ fd;kA

1943 esa mUgksausa ,d dEiuh 'kq# dh & VªSosUdksj dsfedYl ,aMeSU;wiQSDpfjax dEiuhA

1948 esa lsokfuo`fÙk ls igys jeu us cSaxyksj esa jeu fjlpZbafLVV~;wV dh LFkkiuk dhA bl laLFkk dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fdmldh LFkkiuk ds fy, lkjh iwath futh nkrkvksa ls vkbZA mUgksausa1970 rd viuk oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA ges'kk dh rjgmUgksausa 2 vDVwcj 1970 dks jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa egkRekxka/h le`fr O;k[;ku fn;kA mlds ckn oks rqjUr chekj iM+ x,vkSj 21 uoEcj dks mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kkf'kf'kj dqekj fe=kkf'kf'kj dqekj fe=kkf'kf'kj dqekj fe=kkf'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk(1890 - 1963)

36 37

'kks/ dk lw=kikr gqvkA jsfM;ks lEca/h i<+kbZ] 'kks/dk;Z vkSj iz;ksx'kkykvkssa ij rsth ls dke'kq# gqvkA tYn gh dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d fo'o&Lrjh; jsfM;ks fjlpZ Ldwyfodflr gqvk tks vkt bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ jsfM;ks fiQftDl ,aM bysDVªkfuDl ds uke ls tkuktkrk gSA

jsfM;ks dh vlyh dgkuh rks vk;uksLiQh;j dh [kkst ds ckn gh 'kq# gqbZA fe=kk usvk;uksLiQh;j dk xgu vè;;u fd;k tksfd nwj&njkt ds jsfM;ks lEizs"k.k (dE;wfuds'ku)ds fy, csgn t:jh gSA ;g okrkoj.k dk oks mQijh {ks=k gS tks NksVh yEckb;ksa okyh jsfM;ksrjaxksa dks ijkofrZr djrk gS vkSj blh otg ls i`Foh dh eqM+h lrg ij VªkafLe'ku gks ikrkgSA dydRrk fLFkr bafM;u Lisl czkWMdkfLVax lfoZl ds VªkafLeVj dk mi;ksx dj fe=kkus igyh ckj vk;uksLiQh;j esa fLFkr bZ&{ks=k ds lcwr tqVk,A fe=kk ds vuqlkj jkr dsvkdk'k esa fn[kus okyh nhIrh dk dkj.k ,&{ks=k esa fLFkr vk;u FksA bl izdk'k ds dkj.kgh jkr dk vkdk'k L;kg dkyk u fn[kdj FkksM+k eVeSyk fn[krk FkkA mUgksausa dydRrsds mQij fLFkr vk;uksLiQh;j dh ijrksa dk vè;;u dj dbZ 'kks/i=k fy[ksA mUgksaussa lk/s&ljy midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj vk;uksLiQh;j ds vPNs uD'ks cuk,A ml tekus esavk;uksLiQh;j dsfeLVªh ij vuqla/ku cl izkjaHk gh gqvk FkkA ;gka Hkh fe=kk us vkstksu dsfuekZ.k vkSj mlds èoLr gksus dh izfØ;k dk foLr`r vè;;u fd;kA

fe=kk us vk;uksLiQh;j ij ,d vuwBh iqLrd fy[kh & n vij ,VeksLiQh;jA fons'khizdk'kd bl iqLrd dks Nkius ls drjkrs jgs D;ksafd mUgsa yxk fd ;g fdrkc vU;fons'kh iqLrdksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ djsxh vkSj mudh fcØh de gksxh! ij tc bl iqLrddks 1947 esa ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh us Nkik rks mldh 2000 izfr;ka dsoy rhu o"kZ esa fcdx;haA jsfM;ks dE;wfuds'ku] vk;uksLiQh;j] mPp okrkoj.k dh HkkSfrdh] ft;kseSfXufVTevkSj Lisl lkbal ds Nk=k ih<+h&nj&ih<+h bl iqLrd ls ykHkakfor gq, gSaA fe=kk us bl iqLrdesa ,d ubZ igy dj vk;uksLiQh;j dks i`Foh] lw;Z vkSj okrkoj.k dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlkekukA

& txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js ls gqbZA f'kf'kj us tc cksl }kjk fufeZr de&dherds midj.kksa dks ns[kk rks oks mudh vksj cgqr vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj mUgksaus i<+kus dslkFk&lkFk 'kks/ djus dk fu'p; fd;kA 1912 esa ,e,llh dh ijh{kk esa oks loZizFkevk,A dqN le; ds fy, mUgksausa cksl ds lkFk 'kks/dk;Z fd;k ijUrq ifjokj pykus dsfy, mUgsa rqjUr ,d ukSdjh dh t:jr FkhA blfy, mUgksausa dqN lkyksa rd Hkkxyiqj dsVh-,u-ts- dkWyst vkSj fiQj cadqjk fØfLp;u dkWyst esa vè;kiu fd;kA 1914 esa mudkfookg yhykorh nsoh ls gqvkA

ml le; dydRrk fo'ofo|ky;ds mi&dqyifr lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ,e ,llh Lrj dh i<+kbZ vkSjoSKkfud 'kks/ 'kq# djus ds fy,iz;kljr FksA 1916 esa oks ;wfuoflZVhlkbUl dkWyst dks LFkkfir djus esaliQy gq, vkSj ogka mUgksausa fe=kklesr vusd dq'ky 'kks/drkZvksadks HkkSfrdh foHkkx esa dke djusds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA bu fnXxtksadh lwph esa lh-oh- jeu] lR;sanz ukFk cksl vkSj es?kukFk lkgk Hkh 'kkfey FksA fe=kk us jeuds ekxZn'kZu esa izdk'k ds baVjiQh;jsal* vkSj fMÚSD'ku* ij 'kks/ 'kq# fd;kA dsoy rhulkyksa esa mUgksausa viuh Fkhfll iwjh dh vkSj 1919 esa dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; ls Mh,llhdh fMxzh izkIr dhA

mlds rqjUr ckn oks vkxs vuqla/ku djus ds fy, fons'k x,A 'kq# esa mUgksausa pkYlZ iQkjchds lkFk isfjl dh lksjckWu ;wfuoflZVh esa dke fd;kA 1923 esa mUgksausa nwljh Mh,llh fMxzhgkfly dhA mlds ckn mUgksausa eknke D;wjh dh jsfM;e bafLVV~;wV esa dke fd;kA dqNvof/ ds fy, mUgksausa bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ fiQftDl] uSUlh esa xVu ds Hkh lkFk dke fd;kA;gka ij fe=kk dh #fp jsfM;ks okYol vkSj muds mi;ksx esa txhA mUgksausa Hkfo"; esa u;smHkjrs jsfM;ks fjlpZ ds {ks=k esa dke djus dh BkuhA rc rd ;g fo"k; fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh;fo'ofo|ky; esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA blfy, mUgksasusa lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ ls ok;ySl*fo"k; dks ,e,llh ds ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey djus dk vkxzg fd;k vkSj lkFk esa ml ijBksl dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d iz;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir djus ds fy, dgkA

lj vk'kqrks"k us fe=kk ds izLrko dk Lokxr fd;k vkSj muls Hkkjr okfil ykSVus ij blij foLrkj ls dke djus dk vuqjks/ fd;kA 1923 esa Lons'k ykSVus ds ckn fe=kk us [kSjkizksiQslj vkWiQ fiQftDl ds in ij dke fd;kA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks bysDVªkfuDl

iFoh,aVsuk

vk;ksLiQh;j

xzkmaM oso

38 39

,d u, thok'e (iQkWfly) dh [kkst thou&fodklØe ds bfrgkl dh fn'kk cnyldrh gSA izksiQslj chjcy lkguh dks Hkkjr esa thok'e foKku dh uhao j[kus dk Js; tkrkgSA muds firk izksiQlj #fp jke lkguh us ,d la?k"kZe; thou fcrk;k FkkA mUgksausa fiQftDlds ukeh&fxjkeh oSKkfudksa & jnjiQksMZ] FkkWelu vkSj cksgj ds lkFk dke fd;k vkSj cknesa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, iatkclkbal bafLVV~;wV dh LFkkiuk dhA #fpjke us lkcqu ds cqycqyksa] fo|qr]pqEdRo vkSj VsfyxzkiQ dh dk;Zi¼fr ij yksdfiz; ysDpj fn,Axzkeh.k ,oa vke yksx muds butknqbZ ysDpjksa dks lquus Hkkjh la[;kesa vkrs vkSj lg"kZ ,d&nks vkusdk fVdV [kjhnrsA #fp jke usvius tekus dh lkekftddqjhfr;ksa dh iqjtksj f[kykiQr dhAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk vkSjfoKku ds ekè;e ls gh Hkkjr dhxjhc turk dk thouLrj lq/kjktk ldrk gSA eksrhyky usg#] xksikyÑ".k xks[kys] ljkstuh uk;Mq vkSjenu eksgu ekyoh; tSls izeq[k usrkvksadk vDlj muds ?kj vkuk&tkuk gksrkFkkA chjcy lkguh blh Kku lEiUuokrkoj.k esa cM+s gq,A

1955 esa mudh iqLrd dk :lh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gqvkA tc Liwrfud & 1 dk ykap gqvkrc lksfo;r oSKkfudksa dks mixzgksa ds thoudky dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, fe=kk dhiqLrd n vij ,VeksLiQh;j esa gh okrkoj.k ds lcls mi;qDr ekWMy feysA

;wfuoflZVh ls uoEcj 1955 esa lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn fe=kk ogka izksiQslj ,ejsVl dh gSfl;rls dke djrs jgsA caxky ds eq[; ea=kh Jh fc/ku panz jkW; ds vkxzg ij mUgksausa if'pecaxky ds f'k{kk cksMZ dks iquxZfBr fd;k vkSj mls ,d dq'ky laxBu dk :i fn;kA f'k{kkcksMZ dk cksf>y dke lEHkkyrs gq, Hkh mUgksausa viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA fe=kk us ,slsreke dq'ky oSKkfudksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k ftUgksausa ckn esa iFkizn'kZd dke fd;kA buesals dqN izeq[k uke gSa izksiQslj ,-ih- fe=kk (,iQvkj,l)] ,e-ds- nklxqIrk (jsfM;ks,LVªkWueh) vkSj flxul&, uked jsfM;ks xSyDlh ds [kkstdrkZ vkSj izksiQslj ts-,u- HkkjA

iRuh vkSj cM+s iq=k MkW- v'kksd fe=kk ds vlkef;d fu/u ds dkj.k fe=kk dk O;fDrxrthou nq[kh jgkA iq=k ds fu/u ls mUgsa xgjk /Ddk yxkA ij mlds rqjUr ckn mUgsa iQsyksvkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA mUgsa ljdkj usuS'kuy izksiQslj Hkh cuk;kA oks viuk T;knkrj le; ?kj ij gh fy[krs&i<+rs gq, xqtkjrsAgj 'kke oks vius ?kj ds ikl fLFkr Dyc esa euksjatu ds fy, tkrs vkSj dHkh&dHkh ogka'krjat ds ,d&nks [ksy Hkh [ksyrsA

f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk dks cgqr ls jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lEeku feysA 1958 esa ,iQvkj,l]bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh ds vè;{k (1959&60) uS'kuy izksiQslj (1962) vkSjmlh o"kZ mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj us i|Hkw"k.k ls Hkh lEekfur fd;kA dqN fnuksa chekj jgusds ckn mudk nsgkUr 13 vxLr 1963 dks gqvkA fe=kk ds lEeku esa panzek ij fLFkr ,dxM~<s (ØsVj) dk uke ^fe=kk* j[kk x;k gSA

chjcy lkguhchjcy lkguhchjcy lkguhchjcy lkguhchjcy lkguh(1891 - 1949)

40 41

dsfEczt izokl ds nkSjku chjcydh vius f'k{kd izksiQslj lhoMZds lkFk xgjh nksLrh gks xbZ FkhAizksiQslj lhoMZ dks tc dqNHkkjrh; thok'e ds uewusvè;;u ds fy, Hksts x, rksmUgksausa mUgsa ;g dg dj ykSVkfn;k fd mu ij 'kks/ djus dsfy, Hkkjr esa chjcy lkguhekStwn gSaA izksiQslj lhoMZ dhbl fVIi.kh ds ckn chjcyxEHkhj vuqla/ku esa tqV x,A

1921 esa oks y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky; esau;s&u;s [kqys ouLifr'kkL=k foHkkx esaigys izksiQslj cusA oks u dsoy ch,llhds Nk=kksa dks i<+krs ijarq muds izSfDVdydke esa Hkh enn djrs vkSj mUgsafu;fer :i ls isM+&ikS/ksa ds voyksduds fy, ifjHkze.k ij ys tkrsA viusJe ls oks ouLifr'kkL=k esa vuqla/kudk ,d thokUr vkSj mPp dksfV dkdsUnz LFkkfir dj ik,A oks vius fo"k;esa n{k FksA oks nksuksa gkFkksa ls cgqr rsthls ouLifr;ksa ds fp=k CySdcksMZ ijcukus esa ekfgj FksA oks cgqr esgurh FksvkSj lnSo vius dke esa Mwcs jgrs FksAoks fnu&jkr vius gkFkksa ls thok'eksads irys lsD'ku dkVrs] f?klrs vkSjmUgsa iWkfy'k djrs FksA tYn gh oksiQkflYl vkSj iRFkjksa ds oSKkfud uewusrS;kj djus esa ekfgj gks x,A

chjcy lkguh dk tUe 14 uoEcj 1891 dks HksM+k esa gqvk tks vc ikfdLrku esa gSA cpiuls gh mUgsa lkglh dkeksa esa cM+k vkuan vkrk FkkA pkSng lky dh mez esa os ,d fnu viusNksVs HkkbZ vkSj cgu ds lkFk ^dsadM+s idM+us* ds vfHk;ku ij fudysA #eky vkSj dqNfVu ds fMCcksa ds lkFk oks xgjh ?kkfV;ksa esa mrjs vkSj mQaph pV~Vkuksa ij p<+s vkSj cgqrjkr chrus ds ckn gh ?kj okfil ykSVsA ij muds le>nkj firk us mUgsa blds fy, fcYdqyMkaVk&iQVdkjk ughaA chjcy vDlj vius firk ds lkFk fgeky; dh nwj&njkt fLFkrigkfM+;ksa ij ?kweus tkrsA bu vfHk;kuksa esa oks vius lkFk ouLifr'kkL=k dh iqLrd gqdlZÝyksjk ys tkuk ugha HkwyrsA ,d ckj tks&ftYyk njkZ ikj djrs gq, mUgksausa dqN yky&Luks*bdV~Bh dhA ckn esa oks ,d cgqr nqyZHk fdLe dh ciQZ esa mxus okyh 'kSoky (,Yth)fudyhA

chjcy dh izkjfEHkd i<+kbZ ykgkSj ds fe'ku vkSj lsaVªy Ldwy esa gqbZA 1911 esa mUgksausaxojesaV dkWyst] ykgkSj ls Lukrd dh fMxzh gkfly dhA muds firkth mlh dkWyst esadsfeLVjh ds izksiQslj FksA mlh lky mUgksausa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ds beSU;qy dkWyst esankf[kyk fy;kA muds ikl dksbZ fliQkfj'k&i=k ugha Fkk vkSj ;g nkf[kyk iw.kZr% mUgsa viuhdkcfy;r ij feykA ij dqN le; ckn mUgsa ?kj dh ;kn lrkus yxh vkSj oks Hkkjr ykSVusds fy, O;kdqy gks mBsA ijUrq lkSHkkX;o'k muds cM+s HkkbZ ml le; baXySaM esa MkWDVjhi<+ jgs Fks vkSj mUgksausa chjcy ls dkWyst okfil tkdj eu yxkdj i<+us dk vkxzg fd;kAml fnu ds ckn ls chjcy us th&tku yxkdj i<+kbZ dh vkSj 1914 esa mUgsa dsfEcztls Lukrd dh fMxzh feyhA ml le; #fp jke baXySaM esa gh ykMZ jnjiQksMZ dh iz;ksx'kkykesa dk;Zjr FksA NqfV~V;ksa esa chjcy vius firk ds dk;Z dh iQksVksxzkÝl ysrs! tokgjyky

usg# dsfEczt esa chjcy dh d{kk esa FksA nksuksa dksthok'eksa ls vFkkg izse FkkA chjcy vkSj tokgjykydh fe=krk lkjh ftanxh dk;e jghA

chjcy ds 'kks/dk;Z dh ifjf.kfr ts-lh- fofylds lkFk feydj fy[kh ,d iqLrd ykWlUlVsDlVcqd vkWiQ ckWVuh ds izdk'ku ds :i esa gqbZA

thok'e lEca/h 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, chjcy dks1919 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh us Mh ,l lh dh fMxzh

iznku dhA 1920 esa mudh Fkhfll fiQykSlkfiQdyVªkatSD'ku uked 'kks/ if=kdk esa NihA rc

rd lkguh dk uke ouLifr'kkL=k ds,d ekSfyd fpard ds :i esa mHkjpqdk FkkA

djksM+ksa lky igys ,d ikS/s dh iRFkj ij vafdr NkiA

thok'eksa ds fo'ys"k.k }kjk chjcy lkguh yqIr ikS/sfoyelksfu;k dk iqu%fuekZ.k dj ik,A

42 43

iSyks&ckSVsfudy lkslkbVh us y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;ds ,d NksVs dejs esa gh viuk dke vkjEHkfd;kA 1948 esa jkT; ljdkj us bl ubZ laLFkkds fy, ,d tehu vkoafVr dhA laLFkk dh uhao3 vizSy 1949 dks Hkkjr ds igys iz/kuea=khtokgjyky usg# us j[khA chjcy lkguh us blvolj ij laLFkk dk igyk Hkk"k.k fn;k tksnqHkkZX; ls mudk vafre Hkk"k.k Hkh FkkA ,dlIrkg ckn 9 vizSy 1949 dh eè;jkf=k dks fnyds nkSjs ls mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA chjcy dh

eR;q ds ckn lkfo=kh lkguh us vius ifr ds liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, vFkd iz;klfd,A mUgksausa vR;Ur la?k"kksaZ ds ckn laLFkk dks varjZk"Vªh; Lrj rd igqapk;kA lkfo=khlkguh ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 1969 esa i|Jh ls lEekfurfd;kA uoEcj 1969 esa laLFkk dk uke cny dj vxz.kh oSKkfud chjcy lkguh dhle`fr esa chjcy lkguh bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ iSyks&ckWVuh j[kk x;kA

oks igys Hkkjrh; ouLifr'kkL=kh Fks ftUgsa 1936 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki lslEekfur fd;k x;kA mUgksausa Hkkjrh; foKku dakxzsl ds dbZ l=kksa dh vè;{krk dhA mUgsavejhdu ,dsMeh vkWiQ vkV~Zl ,aM lkbUlsl dh lnL;rk Hkh iznku dh xbZA

foKku eas xgjh #fp ds lkFk&lkFk lkguh ds vU; cgqr ls 'kkSd FksA laxhr ls mUgsa vFkkgyxko Fkk vkSj oks flrkj vkSj okW;yu ctkrs FksA vius [kkyh le; esa oks fp=kdkjh vkSjfeV~Vh ds ekWMy cukrs FksA 'krjat mudk lcls fiz; [ksy FkkA Ldwy vkSj dWkyst ds fnuksaesa oks gkWdh vkSj Vsful [ksyrs FksA jk"VªHkDr gksus ds ukrs mUgksausa fczfV'k fyckl R;kx fn;kFkk vkSj oks ges'kk [kn~nj dh 'ksjokuh igurs FksA cpiu ls gh mUgsa laLÑr esa xgjh #fpFkh vkSj ;g #fp thou Hkj cuh jghA

lkguh us Hkkjrh; iSyks&ckWVuh ds yxHkx lHkh i{kksa ij dke fd;kA mUgksausa fcgkj dhjktegy igkfM+;ksa ls cgqr ls ikS/ksa ds thok'e ,df=kr fd,A ;gka mUgksaus thok'eksa dk,d u;k lewg [kkstk vkSj mls ^isaVkstk;ysbZ** uke fn;kA mUgksaus gh bafM;u ckWVkfudylkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk dhsA

lkguh dh dbZ {ks=kksa eas #fp FkhA mUgksaus izkphu Hkkjrh; flDds cukus dh fof/ ij 'kks/fd;k vkSj blds fy, mUgsa 1945 esa U;wfeLeSfVd lkslkbVh vWkiQ bafM;k us usYlu jkbVesMy ls lEekfur fd;kA flDdksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djrs gq, mUgsa Hkw&'kkL=k (ft;ksyth) dkHkh xgjk Kku gks x;kA muds 'kks/ us MsDdu VªSi* vkSj fgeky; ds mBku ij Hkh izdk'kMkykA

1920 esa chjcy lkguh dkfookg lkfo=kh ds lkFk gqvkAlkfo=kh muds lkFk ges'kk?kweha&fiQjha vkSj muds dke esayxkrkj lg;ksx djrh jghaAckn esa mUgksauas y[kumQ esa xkserhunh ds fdukjs viuk ?kjcuk;kA 1946 esa iSyks&ckWVuhfo"k; ds 'kks/ ds izksRlkguds fy, mUgksaus ,d VªLV dhLFkkiuk dhA lkguh vkSj mudhiRuh us bl izdYi ds fy,iwath] txg] iqLrdsa vkSjt ho k 'e n ku fn, A Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx us chjcy lkguh ds lEeku esa vusdksa Mkd fVdV

tkjh fd,A ,d iztkfr dk uke chjcylkgfu;k fnO;n'kZuh j[kk x;kA

44 45

ts-ch-,l- gSYMsuts-ch-,l- gSYMsuts-ch-,l- gSYMsuts-ch-,l- gSYMsuts-ch-,l- gSYMsu(1892 - 1964)

^;g lp gS fd dbZ ek;uksa esa eSa ,d fo'o ukxfjd gwaA ij eSa FkkWel tSiQjlu dsbl er ls iwjh rjg lger gwa fd gjsd ukxfjd dk ,d izeq[k drZO; gS fd oksminzoh cudj vius ns'k dh ljdkj dh ,slh dh rSlh djrk jgsA*

& ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu

tkWu cMZu lSaMjlu (tsch,l) gSYMsu foKku txr ds egku vkSj ekSth 'k[kfl;r FksAoks Lora=k] izfrHkk'kkyh] etsnkj vkSj fcYdqy vuwBs FksA muds firk

vkWDliQksMZ esa fiQft;kykWth ds izksiQslj Fks vkSj mudk foKku dkf'k{k.k vius firk ds lgk;d tSls 'kq# gqvkA cpiu esa fxuh&fix

ikyrs gq, mUgsa esaMy ds tsusfVDl ds fl¼akrksa dk Kku gks x;k FkkA

vius cpiu ds ckjs esa gSYMsu us fy[kk% ^esjk cpiu /kfeZd f'k{k.k ls iwjh rjg cjhFkkA ?kj eas /eZ dh ctk, foKku vkSj n'kZu dk ekgkSy FkkA ?kjesa foKku ds lkef;d fo"k;ksa ij eqDr cgl gksrhA blhfy, urks vkbaLVhu dh ckrsa esjh le> ds ckgj gSa vkSj u gh ÚkWbMdh ckrksa ls eSa FkjkZrk gwaA viuh tokuh esa eSaus ;q¼ eas Hkkxfy;k vkSj balkuksa ds oks i{k ns[ks tks vke cqf¼thoh ugha ns[kikrsA ,d tho'kkL=kh dh gSfl;r ls eq>s nqfu;k dks ,dvuwBh n`f"V ls ns[kus dk ekSdk feyk gS & tks iwjh rjg HkzkedHkh ugha gSA*

gSYMsu us vius 'kfDr'kkyh 'kjhj ij reke rjg ds oSKkfudiz;ksx djds viuh ikfjokfjd ijEijk dks dk;e j[kkA ,d iz;ksxesa mUgksauas gkbZMªksDyksfjd vEy ihdj mlls ekalisf'k;ksa ijiM+s vlj dk vè;;u fd;kA nwljs iz;ksx esamUgksauas dM+h oftZ'k djds vius iQsiQM+ksaesa iSnk gqbZ dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dknkc ekikA

i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn gSYMsu us ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst] yanu esa tsusfVDl vkSj ck;ksesVjhds fo"k; i<+kuk 'kq# fd,A yksdla[;k vuqoka'kdh (ikI;wys'ku tsusfVDl) dks LFkkfirdjus okys rhu fnXxtksa esa ls ,d gSYMsu FksA egRrk esa mudh x.kuk vkj-,- fiQ'kj vkSjlhosy jkWbV ds ckn vakdh tkrh gSA gSYMsu us Mk£ou dh izkÑfrd p;u dh ladYiukvkSj esUMsy dh tsusVsDl vo/kj.kkvksa dks xf.krh; vk/kj iznku dj ,d u, tho'kkL=kdh uhao x<+hA tsusfVDl ds vykok Hkh gSYMsu us tho'kkL=k] jklk;u'kkL=k vkSj xf.kr ds{ks=k esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd,A mUgksauas bfrgkl vkSj jktuhfr ij Hkh [kwc fy[kkA

1924 esa gSYMsu us ,d dkYifud dgkuh fy[kh fMMsyl*A ;g igyh iqLrdFkh ftlesa fcuk laHkksx ;k xHkZ /kj.k fd, ij[kuyh esa iztuu dk oSKkfudo.kZu FkkA ml le; bl dgkuh dks lkbUl fiQD'ku dk ,d ngykus okykuewuk ekuk x;kA ^fMMsyl* yksdfiz; vkSj izHkko'kkyh fl¼ gqbZ vkSj mluschloha lnh esa yxus okys /Ddksa dh ,d >ydh is'k dhA mlls gh izsfjr gks

,Myl gDlys us 1932 esa viuk miU;kl czso U;w OyZM* fy[kkAij[kuyh iztuu ls mits lekt dh bl dgkuh esa lq[k&le¼ dkvHkko gSA

Ñf=ke iztuu dh lEHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj djus ds ckn gSYMsuus lqtuu&foKku (;wtsfuDl) dh ?kksj fuank dhA mUgsa yxk fd]^euq";ksa dh vktknh ds nq'eu vc tsusfVDl F;ksjh dks rksM+&ejksM+dj mldk mi;ksx vius ladh.kZ jktuSfrd fgrksa ds fy, djsaxsA*

1926 esa gSYMsu us v[kckj Msyh ,Dlizsl dh fjiksVZj 'kkjysVctZjl ls 'kknh dhA

ckn esa mls rykd nsdj ,d tho'kkL=kh gsyu Lijos ls fookg fd;kA

gSYMsu dh vke yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh esa xgjh fnypLih FkhA vkWDliQksMZ esa i<+rs le;mnkjoknh gksus ds dkj.k oks okeiaFkh /kjk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj 1942 esa dE;wfuLVikVhZ esa nkf[ky gq,A ckn esa oks dE;wfuLV ikVhZ ds v[kckj Msyh odZj ds lEiknu eaMyds ps;jeSu cusA mUgksaus 300 ls Hkh vf/d yksdfiz; oSKkfudys[k fy[ks ftuesa mudh tueq[kh jktuhfr Hkh lkiQ mtkxjgksrh gSA

46 47

^vxj izksiQslj jktuhfr ls vyx jgus dhps"Vk Hkh djrs gSa rks Hkh jktuhfr izksiQsljksa dksugha NksM+sxhA*

gSYMsu lektoknh fdl fy, cus\ muds vuqlkj esgurd'k yksxksa dks Hkh oghlqfo/k,a miyC/ feyuha pkfg, tks mUgsa feyh FkhaA ckn esa lksfo;r :l dh?kVukvksa ls mudk eu f[kUu gqvk vkSj mUgksausa dE;qfuLV ikVhZ NksM+ nhA LVkfyu

ds fiz; oSKkfud yk;lsUdks us tc esUMsy dh vuqoakf'kdh F;ksjh ij dqBkjk?kkr fd;krks mUgsa Bhd ugha yxkA fiQj Hkh LVkfyu vkSj yk;lsUdks ds izfr mudh vkLFkk cuh jghA

gSYMsu ds f'k{kk lEca/h fopkj vkt Hkh lkef;d gSaA muds vuqlkj gekjh orZeku f'k{kkiz.kkyh cPpksa ds fy, vU;k;iw.kZ gS D;ksafd oks mUgsa mfpr volj ugha nsrhA u gh fdlhNk=k dks foKku euq"; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls i<+k;k tkrk gSA foKku dks fdlh #ds ;k xfr'khydkYifud fiaM }kjk i<+kus dh ctk, mls lh/s euq"; ds 'kjhj dk mnkgj.k ysdj i<+kukpkfg,A eSaus rhu o"kZ dh vk;q ls blh izdkj i<+uk lh[kkA*

vius fuca/ vkWu chbax n jkWbV lWkbt* esa gSYMsu us fy[kk fd tho dk eki gh varr%mlds 'kjhj ds vakrfjd <kaps dks r; djrk gSA ^dhV&iraxs brus NksVs gksrs gSa blfy,muesa vWkDlhtu igqapkus okyh jDrf'kjk,a ugha gksrhaA tks FkksM+h vkWDlhtu dh t:jr gksrhgS oks 'kjhj dh Ropk ckgj ds okrkoj.k ls lks[k ysrh gSA ij tc fdlh tho dk 'kjhjcM+k gksrk gS rks mls tfVy midj.k dh t:jr gksrh gS ftlls fd vWkDlhtu iEi }kjk'kjhj dh izR;sd dksf'kdk rd igqap ldsA*

1937 esa mUgksaus ekbZ ÚsaM feLVj yhdh* uke dhiqLrd fy[khA cPpksa ds fy, fy[kh mudh ;g'kk;n ,dek=k iqLrd gSA feLVj yhdh dk ik=kcPpksa dks cgqr ilan vk;k vkSj mUgksaus gSYMsu dkslkjh ftanxh gtkjksa i=k fy[ksA

gSYMsu us foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa vf}rh; dk;Zfd;kA muds ys[k Li"Vrk dh felky gSA oksfoKku dh xw<+ vo/kj.kkvksa dk vFkZ rksM+s&ejksM+sfcuk mUgsa ljy rjg ls is'k djrs FksA vius ys[kksa]fucU/ksa vkSj Hkk"k.kksa ds dkj.k oks yksdfiz;foKku esa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h gLrh ekus tkrsFksA mUgksausa [knku etnwjksa dks thok'e (iQWkflYl)[kkstus ds fy, izf'kf{kr vkSj izsfjr fd;kA vkSjtc dHkh dksbZ [knku etnwj i`Foh dh xHkZ lsdksbZ thok'e <wa< dj ykrk rks oks mls 10 fczfV'kikmaM ds iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur djrsA

1957 esa baXySaM vkSj Úakl }kjk lqbt vkØe.k ds fojks/ esa gSYMsu us baXySaM NksM+k vkSjoks Hkkjr vk,A Hkkjr vkus dk ,d dkj.k ;gka ij tsusfVDl vkSj ck;ksesVªh ds {ks=k esamiyC/ vPNh lqfo/k,a Hkh FkhaA mUgksaus iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl ds fuea=k.k ij dydRrsesa fLFkr bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV esa dke vkjEHk fd;kA

bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV ds lkFk vius lEca/ ds ckjs eas mUgksaus fy[kk] oSls eSa bllaLFkk dk cgqr vkHkkjh gwaA bldk lcls cM+k midkj gS fd mlus eq>s dqN egRoiw.kZ[kkst djus dk volj fn;k gSA ;gka eSa vius ls de mez ds dbZ ,sls ukStoku vuqla/kudrkZvksa dks [kkst ik;k gwa ftudh oSKkfud 'kks/ esa xgjh #fp gSA* 1962 esa gSYMsuHkqous'oj x, vkSj ogka mUgksausas tsusfVDl ,aM cWk;ksesVªh yScksjsVªh LFkkfir dhA

gSYMsu us viuh Vhe ds ;qok lnL;ksa dkstho'kkL=k ds fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=kksa esa vuqla/kudjus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA 'kks/dk;Z easlnk ukius&rksyus] lkaf[;dh vkSj fo'ys{k.kij tksj gksrkA blds fy, mUgksaus jkspdleL;k,a pquhaA felky ds fy, & ,d [ksresa dsapqvksa }kjk [kksnh feV~Vh dh ek=kk dkvuqeku] leku iztkfr ds iQwyksa esa ia[kqfM+;ksadh la[;k esa fofo/rk] ,d [ksr esa ,diztkfr vFkok fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ds /kuyxkus ls mudh mit dh rqyukA

Hkkjr esa tho'kkL=k ds f'k{k.k esagSYMsu ds iz;klksa ls xq.kkRedifjor Zu vk;kA Hk kjrh;fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds gkykr ls oks

nq[kh FksA muds 'kCnksa esa] ;gka tho'kkL=ki<+us okys Nk=kksa dks de mez ls gh xf.krvkSj lakf[;dh ds fo"k;ksa dks R;kxukiM+rk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i tho'kkL=kds Nk=k] vuqla/ku dh mu dq'kyrkvksals oafpr jgrs gSa ftudh ns'k dh Ñf"kdks l[r t:jr gSA*

48 49

^lkaf[;dh dk mís'; Li"V gksuk pkfg,] mldk ,d i{k oSKkfud fodkl gks rksnwljk yksxksa dh [kq'kgkyh vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl gksuk pkfg,A*

& iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl

iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl dks vDlj izksiQslj* ds uke ls lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA oksizf'k{k.k ls HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks] fny ls LVSfVVhf'k;u Fks vkSj fopkjksa ls vFkZ'kkL=kh FksA ;gckr xkSjryc gS fd mudk lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku mu {ks=kksa esa Fkk ftuesa muds ikl dksbZvkSipkfjd fMxzh ugha FkhA 'kk;n cgqr ls yksx muds mnkgj.k ij vey djuk pkgsaAiz[;kr tho'kkL=kh ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu Bhd gh dgk Fkk%

^;g ckr Bhd gh gS fd fdlh iq#"k ;k efgykdk ekSfyd 'kks/ ml fo"k; esa gks ftlesa mldsikl dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMxzh u gksA D;ksafd fMxzhgkfly djus ds fy, yksx csdkj ds rF;ksa dks rksrstSls jVrs gaSA ftl fo"k; esa mPp vad izkIr djusds fy, mUgksuasa phtsa jVh gksa mlesa dksbZ ekSfyddk;Z dj ikuk muds fy, cgqr eqf'dy gksxkA*

egkyuksfcl dk tUe 29 twu 1893 esa dydRrk esagqvkA nks HkkbZ vkSj rhu cguksa esa oks lcls cM+s FksAmudk ifjokj /uh Fkk vkSj czgeks lekt ds mnkjewY;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa fo'okl j[krk FkkA mudhizkjfEHkd f'k{kk czgeks Ldwy dydRrk esa gqbZA 1912esa mUgkasus dydRrk ;wuhoflZVh ls ch,llh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA oks dydRrs esaHkkSfrd'kkL=kh lR;sanz ukFk cksl vkSj es?kukFk lkgk ds ledkyhu FksA

gSYMsu ds vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnkuksa ds fy, mUgsa vusdksa lEeku feysA 1932 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQn jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l) pquk x;kA 1953 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh us mUgsa Mkjfou esMyls lEekfur fd;kA 1937 esa Úsap ljdkj us mu ij yhtu vkWiQ vWkulZ c['kk vkSj,dsMeh uS'kuSy n fyUlh us mUgsa 1961 esa iQsYVªhsusyh iq#Ldkj ls uoktkA 1932&36 rdoks tsusfVdy lkslkbVh ds vè;{k jgsA

e`R;q ds dqN fnu iwoZ dSalj ls ihfM+r gSYMsu us viuh chekjh ij ,d etkfd;k dforkfy[kh

dSalj Hkh D;k vtc pht gSdk'k esjs ikl gksrs gksej ds cksyftlls eSa djrk dSalj dh Lrqfr fny [kksybl chekjh ls brus T;knk yksx ejrs gSafd VªkW; dh yM+kbZ esa ejs yksx de yxrs gSaaA

bl dfork dks gSYMsu us vius reke fe=kksa dks Hkstk ftUgksauas bldk [kwc vkuan fy;kAgSYMsu us ,d csckd ftanxh th vkSj e`R;q esa Hkh mUgksauas fgEer ugha gkjhA

1 fnlEcj 1964 dks gSYMsu dk nsgkUr gqvkA olh;rukes ds vuqlkj muds e`r 'kjhj dksdkfdukMk fLFkr jaxjk;k esfMdy dWkyst dks nku Lo:i Hkst fn;k x;kA eSusa thou Hkj'kjhj dk [kwc mi;ksx fd;k gS*] gSYMsu us viuh olh;r esa fy[kk] vkSj e`R;q ds ckn]pkgas eSa jgwa ;k u jgwa] bl 'kjhj dk esjs fy, vc dksbZ vU; mi;ksx ugha gS vkSj bls eSanwljksa ds fgrksa ds fy, nku djrk gwaA esjs e`r 'kjhj ds j[k&j[kko ds fy, [kpZ esjs }kjkNksM+s /u esa ls lcls igys [kpZ djsaA*

iziQqYy panziziQqYy panziziQqYy panziziQqYy panziziQqYy panzegkyuksfclegkyuksfclegkyuksfclegkyuksfclegkyuksfcl(1893 - 1972)

50 51

lakf[;dh rkSj&rjhdksa ds xgu vè;;u ls vkdf"kZrgks egkyuksfcl us vius dkWyst esa ,d LVSfVfLVdyyScksjsVªh* dh LFkkiuk dhA 1932 esa ;gh iz;ksx'kkykfodflr gksdj bafM;u LVSfVfLVdy bafLVV~;wV(vkbZ,lvkbZ) esa ifjofrZr gqbZA mUgksaus 1933 esa^lak[;* uked Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh dk ,d if=kdkHkh 'kq# dhA 1950 esa mUgksaus uS'kuy lSEiy losZ(,u,l,l) vkSj 1951 esa lsaVªy LVSfVfLVdyvkSjfxukWbxs'ku (lh,lvks) LFkkiuk dhA

vkbZ,lvkbZ us fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds varlZEca/ksa ijfo'oLrjh; dke fd;k vkSj nqfu;k ds vxz.kh oSKkfudksa ds lkFk feydj dke fd;kAiz[;kr fczfV'k oSKkfud ts-ch-,l- gSYMsu us egkyuksfcl dk fueU=k.k Lohdkjk vkSjmUgksaus vkbZ,lvkbZ esa fu;fer 'kks/drkZ tSls dke 'kq# fd;kA gSYMsu ds ekxZn'kZu esavkbZ,lvkbZ tYn gh tho vkSj ikS/ tsusfVDl dk Hkkjr esa vxz.kh 'kks/dsanz cukA fo'oizfl¼ xf.krK vkSj lkbZcjusfVDl* ds firkeg ukWcZV okWbuj us vkbZ,lvkbZ esa izksiQslj dhgSfl;r ls Ng eghus fcrk,A

egkyuksfcl us lakf[;dh dk mi;ksx Hkkjr dh lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd ifjfLFkrksa dksxgjkbZ ls le>us ds fy, fd;kA 1920 esa mUgksausa dydRrs ds Hkkjrh;&blkbZ leqnk; dklosZ dj vakdM+ksa }kjk fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k/eksaZ dks ekius dk rjhdk [kkstkA1930 esa dsanzh; twV desVh us muls losZ }kjk iwjs caxky esa twV ds dqy mRiknu dk vuqekuyxkus dks dgkA 1950 esa cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;k ;g igyk los{k.k Fkk vkSj mlls ghuS'kuy lSfEiy losZ (,u,l,l) ds igys pj.k dh uhao iM+hA (,u,l,l) ds losZ{k.kksa}kjk gh ns'k esa xjhch vkSj yksxksa ds thou Lrj ds ckjs esa izkekf.kd tkudkjh fey ikbZA

mijksDr lwph dh dkSu lh miyfC/;ka mls egRoiw.kZ cukrh gSa\ (,u,l,l) dh 'kq#vkrls igys bl izdkj ds cM+s iSekus ds losZ{k.k xjhc ns'kksa esa rks D;k nqfu;k esa dgha Hkhugha gq, FksA Hkkjr dh vLlh izfr'kr turk xakoksa esa jgrh Fkh vkSj muesa ls dsoy,d&frgkbZ xako gh lM+dksa ls tqMs+ FksA (,u,l,l) dk dke de&[kpZ ds losZ{k.kksa }kjknwj&njkt ds bykdksa dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vakdM+s bdV~Bs djukFkkA blds fy, xgjs rduhdh Kku] mQtkZ] izfrc¼rk vkSj yhMjf'ki ds xq.kksa dh t:jrFkhA egkyuksfcl bu lHkh xq.kksa ls lEiUu FksA dbZ Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh fo'ks"kKksa usfo'o&Lrj ij uke dek;k gS vkSj oks lHkh (vkbZ,lvkbZ) ls tqM+s jgsA egkyuksfcl dhfof'k"Vrk Fkh fd mUgksausa cgqr&lh Bksl leL;kvksa dks mBk;k vkSj oSKkfud i¼fr }kjk

mudh iRuh fueZykdqekjh us thou Hkj muds lHkh dkeksa esa gkFk caVk;kA fueZykdqekjhdk ifjokj Hkh cgqr izxfr'khy fopkj/kjk okyk FkkA

egkyuksfcl us rhu izeq[k dk;Z fd, & cM+s iSekus ij losZ dh e'khujh xfBr dh]lkaf[;dh ds fl¼karksa }kjk ns'k dh Bksl leL;kvksa dks lqy>k;k vkSj fo'o&Lrjh;laLFkkvksa dks xfBr fd;kA dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh ls xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd'kkL=k dk mPpvè;;u djus ds ckn mUgksausa dqN le; rd dSfofUM'k yScksjsVjh esa dke fd;kA 1915esa oks vYi vodk'k ds fy, Hkkjr vk,A mUgas Hkkjr esa reke pqukSrhiw.kZ leL;k,a utjvk;ha vkSj 'kk;n blhfy, mUgksaus Hkkjr esa gh jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgksauas dydRrs dsizslhMsalh dkWyst esa HkkSfrdh 'kkL=k i<+kuk 'kq# fd;kA ogka mUgsa lakf[;dh }kjk ijh{kkifj.kkeksa ds fo'ys'k.k dk ekSdk feykA bl dk;Z esa mUgsa bruk etk vk;k fd mUgksausfiQftDl NksM+ nh vkSj fiQj rF;] vkadM+ksa] xzkÝl vkSj pkVZl esa gh lkjh ftanxh my>sjgsA egkyuksfcl ds vkus ls igys ns'k esa lakf[;dh dk fo"k; yxHkx unkjn FkkA blfo"k; dks fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA

egkyuksfcl losZ lSEifyax rduhd ds vxz.kh iz.ksrk FksA Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ds rqjUr cknmUgsa ljdkj us lakf[;dh lykgdkj dh gSfl;r ls fu;qDr fd;kA 1955 esa mUgksaus Hkkjrdh nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k ftlesa csjkstxkjh ?kVkus ds fy, rsthls vkS|ksfxdj.k dh nyhy nh xbZA mUgksaus bLikr m|ksx vkSj cM+s dkj[kkuksa esa Hkkjh iwathfuos'k dh vihy dhA mudk n`f"Vdks.k 1940 dh leL;kvksa dks izfrfcfEcr djrk FkkAml le; dh Hkkjh csjkstxkjh dks de djus ds fy, 'kk;n cM+h ek=kk esa vkS|ksfxdj.k

t:jh FkkA ijUrq 1970 esa bu vo/kj.kkvksa dh oS/rkij iz'ufpUg yxus 'kq# gks x, D;ksafd Hkkjh vkS|ksfxdj.kxjhch gVkus esa liQy ugha jgkA blfy, ckn dhvkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa xzkeh.k xjhch nwj djus ds fy,vU; ;kstuk,a cukbZ x;haA

52 53

cgqr xSj&cjkcjh okys lekt esa fupyh tkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk vDlj ukbUlkiQh gksrhgS vkSj mUgsa nck;k tkrk gSA blls oks viuh {kerkvksa dks iwjh rjg fodflr djus esavleFkZ jgrs gSaA ij ;gh vlekurk dh Hkkouk dbZ gksugkj yksxksa dks nklrk dh csfM+;ksadks rksM+us dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA MkW- es?kukn lkgk & ,d ,sls gh iz[;kr Hkkjrh; oSKkfudFks ftUgksaus vius la?k"kZ vkSj vFkd yxu }kjk lkekftd ca/uksa dks rksM+kA

es?kukn lkgk dk tUe 6 vDVwcj 1893 dks ls;ksjkryh esa gqvkA ;g LFkku vc ckaXykns'kesa gSA muds firk txUukFk ljdkj ,d NksVh ijpwu dh nqdku pykrs FksA tc es?kukn

dk tUe gqvk rc ?ku?kksj rwiQku vk;k Fkk vkSj /qavk/kj ckfj'k gqbZFkh] blhfy, uotkr f'k'kq dk uke es?kukn j[kk x;kA

es?kukn ds ekrk&firk xjhc FksA muds HkkbZ Ldwy esa iQsy gq, Fksblfy, ekrk&firk us es?kukn dks Ldwy Hkstus vkSj iSls O;FkZ djusdh dksbZ t:jr ugha le>hA ijUrq es?kukn cgqr gksf'k;kj Fks vkSj

mlls Hkh T;knk oks vius tUe vkSj tkfr ds ca/uksa dks rksM+uk pkgrsFksA D;ksafd fefMy Ldwy ?kj ls nwj Fkk blfy, Ldwy ds ikl

gh ,d nkuh O;fDr ds lkFk jgus dks etcwj FksA ijUrqoks nkrk Hkh Nqvk&Nwr vkfn lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls ijsugha FkkA es?kukn dks vius crZu Lo;a eka>us iM+rsFks D;ksafd ckdh yksx mUgsa Nwus ls Hkh badkj djrs

Fks! ij es?kukn us bu lc ckrksa dks /S;ZiwoZdlgkA 1905 esa mUgksaus fefMy Ldwy dhijh{kk ikl dh vkSj oks iwjs <kdk fMfotuesa loZizFke vk,A mlds ckn mUgksaus<kdk 'kgj esa gh dkfyft;sV Ldwy esankf[kyk fy;kA

xaHkhjrk ls mudk gy [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkyuksfcl ds vuqlkj] lakf[;dh dklkekftd mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,*A

fo'o dh dbZ vdknfe;ksa us lakf[;dh vkSj ;kstuk ds {ks=k esa mRd"kZ dk;Z djus ds fy,egkyuksfcl dks lEekfur fd;kA 1945 esa mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVh (,iQvkj,l)dh lnL;rk ds fy, pquk x;kA 1935 esa bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh (bUlk) dhLFkkiuk esa mudk ;ksxnku FkkA mUgsa dydRrk] fnYyh] LVkWdgksYe vkSj lksfiQ;k ;wfuoflZfV;ksaus MkWDVªsV dh info;ksa ls uoktkA Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls vyafÑr fd;kA

izfl¼ vejhdh LVSfVfLVf'k;u MCyw-,- MsfeUx us egkyuksfcl dh iz'kalk fuEu 'kCnksa esadh%

^fdlh Hkh ns'k & pkgsa oks fodflr gks ;k vfodflr ds ikl vius yksxksa ds [kpZ] cpr]chekjh ls O;FkZ le;] jkstxkjh] csjkstxkjh] Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ij bruhfoLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh ugha gSA*

vkSj bl lc ds fy, ge Hkkjrh; lakf[;dh ds Hkh"efirkeg & egkyuksfcl dk ueudjrs gSaA egkyuksfcl dk nsgkUr 79 o"kZ dh mez esa 28 twu 1972 dks gqvkA

es?kukn lkgkes?kukn lkgkes?kukn lkgkes?kukn lkgkes?kukn lkgk(1893 - 1956)

54 55

ds fl¼akr dh iqf"V dhA lkgkus Hkh bl {ks=k esa xgjh #fp yhvkSj vius 'kks/ ls bl fo"k; &rkjksa ds o.kZØe ij viuh vferNki NksM+hA 1814 esa ÚkWugkSiQj uslwjt ds o.kZØe esa cgqr lh dkyhjs[kk,a [kksthaaA 1859 esa ÚkWugkSiQjus ;g fl¼ fd;k fd o.kZØe dhjs[kk,a fuf'pr rRo (,yhesaV) n'kkZrhgSaA i`Foh ls igys ghfy;e xSl dh[kkst lw;Z esa gqbZ Fkh! csgrj LisdVªksehVlZ ls pedhyh vkSj L;kg nksuksa o.kZØe js[kk,a ns[kusdks feyhaA ijUrq pedhyh js[kkvksa dh la[;k Kkr rRoksa ls dgha vf/d FkhaA bldk D;kdkj.k gks ldrk gS bl ij cgqr yksxksa us vVdysa yxk;ha ijUrq var esa bldk gy lkgkus [kkstkA tc fdlh xSl dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc mlds dqN bysDVªkWu fudy tkrs gSvkSj mlls ?kukRed dsUnz vkSj ½.kkRed bysDVªkWu cp tkrs gSaA bls vWk;ksukbts'ku dhizfØ;k dgrs gSaA lkgk us FkeZy vWk;ksukbts'ku dh F;ksjh fodflr dh vkSj mlds vk/kj ij rkjksa ds o.kZØe dks le>k;kA lkgk }kjk bl xw<+ igsyh dks lqy>kuk foKku dsfodkl esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk gSA

,d vuqnku dh otg ls lkgk ;wjksi dk nkSjk dj ik,A teuhZ esa mudh HksaV iz[;kroSKkfud vkbaLVhu vkSj IySUd ls gqbZA dqN gh le; ckn mUgksausa lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ dsvkea=k.k ij dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh esa HkkSfrdh i<+kus ds fy, [kSjk izksiQslj dk in LohdkjkA1923 esa lkgk Hkkjr ykSVsA dqN le; i'pkr oks bykgkckn x, tgka fo'ofo|ky; esamUgksaus ianzg o"kZ dke fd;kA

1927 esa] fliQZ 34 o"kZ dh vYivk;q esa lkgkdks jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk ls lEekfurfd;k x;kA oks ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh (U;wfDy;jfiQftDl) ds fo'ks"kK FksA iWky fMjkd vkSjlkgk us feydj pqEcdh; ekWuksiksy dh 'kfDrekius ds fy, ,d iQkeZwyk btkn fd;k tksvkt Hkh 'kks/drkZvksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;ktkrk gSA

lkgk ,d ljdkjh vkSj laLFkkxroSKkfud ls dgha vf/d FksA mUgksauasvke yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dkslqy>us ds Hkjld iz;kl fd,Aturk d s chp foKku dkizpkj&izlkj djus ds Hkh mUgksausacgqr Je fd;kA

^ckaVksa vkSj jkt djks* ds fu;e }kjk gh vaxzst Hkkjr ij jkt djus esa liQy gq, FksA ykMZdtZu us caxky dks iwohZ vkSj if'peh nks fgLlksa esa ckaVus ds ihNss iz'kklfud ljyrk mldkdkj.k crk;kA ijUrq D;ksafd ,d Hkkx esa fgUnqvksa vkSj nwljs esa eqlyekuksa dk ckgqY; Fkkblfy, bl caVokjs ds ihNs fNih fczfV'k dwVuhfr Li"V tkfgj FkhA jk"Vªoknh caxkfy;ksaus bl caVokjs dk fojks/ fd;kA ;qok es?kukFk us fczfV'k fojks/h vkanksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;kvkSj mlds dkj.k mUgsa Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;kA lkSHkkX; ls ,d vU; Ldwy us mUgsankf[kyk ns fn;kA 1911 esa mUgksaus foKku fo"k; esa baVjehfM;sV ikl fd;k vkSj mldsi'pkr dydRrs ds iz[;kr izslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA

izsflMsalh dkWyst esa es?kukn dh HksaV vU; gksf'k;kj yksxksa ls gqbZA lR;sanz ukFk cksl mudslgikBh Fks] lqHkk"k panz cksl muds twfu;j vkSj iziQqYy panz egkyuksfcl muds lhfu;jFksA muds foy{k.k f'k{kdksa eas txnh'k panz cksl vkSj iziQqYy panz js Fks ftuds ukjs &^foKku bartkj dj ldrk gS ysfdu LojkT; ugha** dk es?kukn ij xgjk vlj gqvkA 1913esa ch,llh vkSj 1915 esa mUgksausa ,e,llh [kRe dh ftlesa oks iwjh dydRrk ;wfuoflZVhesa nwljs LFkku ij vk,A

lkgk dks dydRrk esa xjhch vkSj lkekftd izrkM+uk lguh iM+hA viuh vkthfodk dekusds fy, oks iwjs 'kgj esa lkbfdy ij V~;w'u nsus tkrsA Lukrd gksus ds ckn es?kukn iQkbuSallfoZl dh ijh{kk esa cSBuk pkgrs Fks ijUrq jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ gksus dh otg ls oks mlesaugha cSB ldsA 1918 esa jk/kjkuh jkW; ds lkFk mudk fookg gqvkA

mlds ckn lkgk us lR;sanz ukFk cksl ds lkFk dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh ds fiQftDl foHkkxeas ukSdjh dhA D;ksafd lkgk dk izf'k{k.k xf.kr esa Fkk blfy, mUgsa HkkSfrdh ds iz;ksxlh[kus esa dqN le; yxkA

ml le; rsth ls mHkjrs lkis{krk dsfl¼akr vkSj DokaVe fedsfuDl* ds fo"k;ksaus mUgsa vkdf"kZr fd;kA 1917 esa mUgksausaviuk igyk 'kks/i=k ^fiQykslWkfiQdyeSxthu** esa fy[kkA 'kh"kZd Fkk & vkWueSDloSYl LVªSfll dulfuZUx n bysDVªkseSXusfVd F;ksjh vkWiQ jsfM;s'ku*A* 1919esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa Mh,llhdh fMxzh iznku dhA

izFke egk;q¼ ds i'pkr oSKkfudksa usrkjksa ds izdk'k dks lw;Z ds xq#Ro dsdkj.k eqM+rs ns[kk vkSj bl izdkj vkbaLVhu

56 57

Hkkjr esa oSKkfud cgqr gSa fiQj Hkh mPp dksfV ds oSKkfudksa dh cgqr deh gSA lR;UsnzukFk cksl mu fcjys oSKkfudksa eas Fks ftUgksaus fo'oLrjh; dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd,A mUgksausvkWbUlVhu ds lkFk feydj dke fd;k vkSj ,d cqfu;knh d.k [kkstk tks vkt Hkh^ckslkSu* ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA

lR;Usnz ukFk dk tUe 1 tuojh 1894 dks dydRrs esa gqvkA muds firk jsyos ds ys[kk&tks[kkfoHkkx esa dk;Zjr FksA 'kq# esa lR;Usnz ukFk Hkh mlh Ldwy esa i<+s ftlesa cpiu esa dqN le;ds fy, jchUnzukFk Bkdqj i<+s FksA ckn esa lR;Usnz ukFk fgUnw Ldwy esa x, tgka muds f'k{kdmisUnz c['kh us mUgsa xf.kr dh ijh{kk esa 100 esa 110 vad fn,A dkj.k Fkk fd lR;Usnz ukFkus fuf'pr le; lhek esa leL;k dks gy djus ds dbZ rjhds lq>k, Fks!

Ldwy dh i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn lR;su us baVj dh ijh{kkikl dh mlds i'pkr mUgksaus dydRrs ds e'kgwjizslhMsalh dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA ;gka mUgsa iziQqYypanz js vkSj txnh'k panz cksl tSls foy{k.k f'k{kdksaus i<+k;kA lR;su i<+kbZ esa cgqr gksf'k;kj Fks vkSjmUgsa ^fiQfl;kyksth* dh ijh{kk esa 100 izfr'krvad feysA 1913 esa mUgksaus ch,llh (vkulZ) dhijh{kk ikl dh ftlesa oks esfjV fyLV esa loZizFkevk,A ,e,llh dh ijh{kk esa 92 izfr'kr vadikdj mUgksaus iwjh ;wfuoflZVh esa ,d u;k dhfrZekuLFkkfir fd;kA cksl ds lgikBh es?kuknlkgk nksuksa voljksa ij nwljs LFkku ijjgsA

1914 esa gh tc lR;su i<+ jgs Fks rHkh mudkfookg ,d MkWDVj dh csVh m"kkorh ds lkFk gqbZA

1936 esa lkgk ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk ds ,d yEcs nkSjs ij x,A iQehZ] gkbftucxZ vkSj cksgjds 'kks/dk;Z us nqfu;k dks ^,WVe cEc* dk rksgiQk fn;kA lkgk dk vk.kfod mQtkZ ds'kakfriw.kZ mi;ksxksa esa xgjk fo'okl FkkA 1940 esa VkVk }kjk 60]000 #i;ksa ds vuqnku lslkgk us ,d lkbDyksVªkWu dk fuekZ.k dj Hkkjr esa U;wfDy;j 'kks/ dh uhao j[khA usg#ds lg;ksx ls mUgksausa bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa bl laLFkkdk uke cny dj lkgk bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfDy;j fiQftDl iM+kA lkgk ckn esa bafM;u,lksfl,'ku iQkWj dfYVos'ku vkWiQ lkbUl ds funs'kd Hkh cusA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds fy,vFkd ifjJe fd;kA

1952 esa lkgk dydRrs ds mRrj&if'peh pquko {ks=k ls yksdlHkk ds lnL; pqus x,Amudk jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k okeiaFkh fopkjksa dh vksj mUeq[kh FkkA mUgsa va/fo'oklksa ls?kksj uiQjr FkhA Nqvk&Nwr] tkr&ikr ds nfd;kuwlh fopkjksa ls gVdj mudk euq"; dhrkfdZd 'kfDr esa fo'okl FkkA lkgk ,d ^jS'kusfyLV* FksA mUgksaus ^lkbal ,aM dYpj*uked if=kdk LFkkfir dj cgqr lkyksa rd mldk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA

vusd cqf¼thfo;ksa dh rjg lkgk Hkh ;kstukc¼ vFkZ O;oLFkk ls ns'k dh leL;kvksa dkslqy>kus esa fo'okl j[krs FksA mUgksaus caxky esa ck<+ ds rkaMo dks cpiu esa [kqn vuqHkofd;k FkkA blfy, oks ck<+ fu;a=k.k ds fy, ufn;ksa ij cka/ cukus ds i{k/j FksA mudsgh lq>ko ij nkeksnj oSyh dkjiksjs'ku us vusdksa cak/ cukdj ck<+ dk izdksi de fd;kA

Hkkjr esa gj HkkSxksfyd {ks=k eas vyx&vyx izdkj ds dSysUMj FksA mudh =kqfV;ksa dks lq/kjus ds fy, lkgk dh vè;{krk esa dSysUMj la'kks/u desVh dk xBu gqvkA ftu ij xgjserHksnksa ds dkj.k blesa vakf'kd liQyrk gh fey ikbZA lkgk Hkk"kkvksa ds vk/kj ij Hkkjrds iquZxBu ds Hkh i{k/j FksA

lkgk uS'kuy vdsMeh vkWiQ lkbfUll ds laLFkkidFksA oks dkmafly vkWiQ lkbafVfiQd ,UM baMfLVª;yfjlpZ dh dbZ desfV;ksa ds vè;{k FksA 1944&46 esaos jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWiQ caxky (orZekuesa ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh) ds izslhMsaV Hkh FksA

fnYyh nkSjs ds nkSjku 16 iQjojh 1956 dks fny dsnkSjs ls lkgk dk fu/u gqvkA muds la?k"kks± vkSjmiyfC/;ksa us fn[kk;k tkfr vkSj xjhch ds ca/uksa dksvFkd ifjJe vkSj yxu ls rksM+k tk ldrk gSA

lR;sUnz ukFk cksllR;sUnz ukFk cksllR;sUnz ukFk cksllR;sUnz ukFk cksllR;sUnz ukFk cksl(1894 - 1974)

58 59

cksl vkSj vkWbUlVhu dh tksM+h usf eydj c k sl&vk W b UlV huLVSfVlfVDl dh jpuk dh tksvkt Hkh DoakVe fedSfuDl esami;ksx gksrh gSA y?kq&vk.kfodd.k tk s c k sl&vk W b UlVhuLVSfVlfVDl dh vkKk ekurs gSadks cksl ds uke ij ^ckslkSu*dgk tkrk gSA

vU; y?kq&vk.kfod d.kksa dhrqyuk esa vufxur ^ckslkSu* ,dgh fLFkfr esa ,d le; esa jgldrs gSaA lHkh ^ckslkSu* lclsfuEu mQtkZ dh fLFkfr esa ,df=krgksdj cksl&vkWbUlVhu daMUlsV cukrs gSaA

vDVwcj 1924 esa cksl us ;wjksi dk nkSjk fd;kA ogka mUgksaus Úakl esa ,d o"kZ eknke D;wjhdh izfl¼ iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke fd;kA mUgksausa ,d lky teZuh esa Hkh fcrk;k tgkavkWbUlVhu ds vykok mUgksaus vU; izfl¼ oSKkfudksa & fyl ekWbVuj] vkWVks gkWu] okSYoxSaxikSyh vkSj gkWbflucxZ ls HksaV dhA ml le; cfyZu dks oSKkfud 'kks/ esa nqfu;k dh jkt/kuh ekuk tkrk FkkA cksl us cfyZu esa tks dqN lh[kk mldk mUgksausa <kdk esa Hkjiwj mi;ksxfd;kA vPNs dk;Z ds dkj.k muds foHkkx esa vPNs 'kks/ Nk=k vk,A mueas ls ,d Fksds-,l- Ñ".kuu & ftUgksaus eSXusfVd ,uhlksVªksih* ij cqfu;knh dke dj vusdksa 'kks/i=kfy[ksA

<kdk esa fcrk;k le; 'kk;n cksl ds thou dk lcls lq[kn dky FkkA lkeqnkf;d naxksadks mHkjrk ns[k mUgsa csgn nq[k gksrk FkkA blfy, 1947 ds caVokjs ds ckn mUgsa dydRrk;wfuoflZVh esa tc [kSjk izksiQslj ds in ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k rks mUgksausa mls rqjUrLohdkj fy;kA

ipkl ds n'kd ds eè; izksiQslj ih-,-,e- fMjkd viuh iRuh ds lkFk dydRrk vk,A,d fnu oks cksl dh dkj esa cSBs FksA cksl us mUgsa fiNyh lhV ij cSBk;kA vxyh lhVij oks Mªkboj ds lkFk Lo;a cSBsA txg dh deh Fkh] fiQj Hkh cksl us dqN Nk=kksa dksvius lkFk cSBus dk vkxzg fd;kA fMjkd dks bruh HkhM+ ls dqN vk'p;Z gqvkA ijUrqcksl us ihNs eqM+dj mUgsa 'kkar djrs gq, dgk] ^;gka ge cksl LVSfVlfVDl esa fo'okldjrs gSaA* fMjkd us viuh iRuh dks le>krs gq, dgk] ^cksl LVSfVlfVDl esa phtksa dh,d LFkku ij HkhM+ gksrh gSA*

1916 esa cksl ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst vkWiQ lkbUl esa ysDpjj cusA HkkSfrdh foHkkx esa mudslkFk muds iqjkus fe=k vkSj izfr}anh es?kukn lkgk Hkh FksA nksuksa uo;qod xf.kr esa izoh.kFks vkSj mUgksaus [kqn f'k{k.k dj fiQftDl esa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA

1918 esa cksl dk igyk 'kks/i=k n buÝyw,al vkWiQ n iQkbukbV okY;we vkWiQ ekWyhD;wYlvkWu n bDostu vkWiQ LVsV* fiQykslkfiQdy eSxthu yanu esa NikA muds vxys nks 'kks/i=k iw.kZr% xf.kr ls lEcaf/r FksA

lkgk ds lkFk feydj cksl us vkWbUlVhu ds F;ksjh vkWiQ tujy jsysfVfoVh* okys 'kks/i=k dk teZu ls vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA fczfV'k izdk'kd us bldk iqjtksj fojks/ fd;kijUrq vkWbUlVhu ls Lo;a bl ckr dh vuqefr bu ;qok Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dks nhA

1921 esa <kdk esa ,d ubZ ;wfuoflZVh dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlds iz'kkld izfrHkk'kkyh f'k{kdksadks fu;qDr djuk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus cksl dks jhMj dk in Lohdkjus ds fy, vkeaf=krfd;kA ubZ ;wfuoflZVh esa lqfo/kvksa ds vHkko esa Hkh cksl us viuh mRlqdrk dk;e j[khAoks eSDl IySUd dh dqN lehdj.kksa ls vler Fks vkSj mUgksaus ml fo"k; ij ,d vf}rh;

'kks/i=k fy[kk & IySUdl ykW ,aM ykWbV DokaVe gkbZikSfFkfll* ftlesa mUgksaus ,d ifjiDogy lq>k;kA

D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh oSKkfud if=kdk ml 'kks/i=k dks Nkius ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkh blfy,rhl o"kZ ds cksl us f>>drs gq, mls vYcVZ vkWbUlVhu ds ikl fVIi.kh ds fy, HkstkAvkWbUlVhu ml 'kks/i=k ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd mUgksauas mls [kqn teZu esa vuqokn djizfl¼ teZu oSKkfud tuZy thVf'kzÝV iQkWj fiQftDl esa Niok;kA D;k dksbZ ;qokHkkSfrd'kkL=kh blls cM+s lEeku dh vk'kk dj ldrk gS\

60 61

ml le; 'kks/ laLFkkvksa dh fjlpZ xzkaV cgqr de gksrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, cksl vkSjvU; izksiQsljksa dks ml dky esa dsoy 2500 #i, lkykuk dh vYi fjlpZ xzkaV gh feyrhFkhA ijUrq blds ckotwn dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh dh [;kfr ,d ekSfyd 'kks/dsanz ds :iesa iwjs Hkkjr esa iQSyhA ifjJe vkSj yxu us lk/uksa ds vHkko dh iwfrZ dhA

cksl dh iz;ksx'kkyk ,Dl&js fØLVyksxzkiQh ds {ks=k esa iz[;kr gqbZA 1945&48 ds dky esacksl dks bafM;u fiQftdy lkslkbVh dk vè;{k pquk x;kA 1954 esa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkjus i| foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k vkSj 1958 esa oks jkW;y lkslkbVh ds lnL; pqus x,Avius egRoiw.kZ vafre oSKkfud ;ksxnku esa cksl us ^;wfuiQkbM iQhYM F;ksjh* ij dkefd;k] ftlesa mUgksausa fo|qr&pqEcdh; cyksa vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds cyksa dks tksM+us dhdksf'k'k dhA ijUrq oSKkfud leqnk; bl vo/kj.kk ls vHkh Hkh e'kDdr dj jgk gSA

1956 esa cksl fo'oHkkjrh ds midqyifr cusA ;g laLFkk 'akkfrfudsru ds uke ls T;knkiz[;kr gS vkSj mldk uke lnk ds fy, jchUnzukFk Bkdqj ds lkFk tqM+k gSA foKku vkSjvkè;kRe] izkphu&iwoZ vkSj vk/qfud&if'pe ds chp lsrq dk dke djus okyh bl laLFkkus cksl dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA cksl LokHkkfod :i ls nksLrkuk vUnkt ds Fks vkSj mUgsa ogkayksxksa ls fe=krk cukus esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA ijUrq iz'kklu ds nkao&isap mUgsa ugha vkrsFks vkSj muds }kjk lq>k, dk;ZØeksa dks ?kksj fojks/ gqvkA blfy, oks [kq'kh&[kq'kh 1959esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh okil ykSVsA

cksl dk O;fDrO; tfVy Fkk vkSj mUgsa oxhZÑr djuk dfBu FkkA ,d foy{k.k xf.krKdh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus dsoy 25 'kks/i=k fy[ks & tks cgqr de Fks! Kku ds O;kid {ks=kij mudh idM+ FkhA mUgksauas jklk;u'kkL=k] [kfut foKku] e`nk foKku] n'kZu'kkL=k]iqjkrRo'kkL=k] yfyr dyk,a] lkfgR; vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ij dk;Z fd;kA mUgsa ok| laxhr dkcgqr 'kkSd Fkk vkSj oks bljkt uked ok|;a=k dks cgqr dq'kyrk ls ctkrs FksA vDljoks izfl¼ fp=kdkj tSfeuh jkW; ds lkFk fp=kdyk ij ppkZ,a djrsA jchUnzukFk Bkdqj usviuh iqLrd ^fo'o ifjp;* cksl dks lefiZr dhA cksl us cakXyk Hkk"kk esa foKkuizpkj&izlkj ds fy, cakfX;k fctuku ifjp; laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ^Kku vkSjfctuku* uked oSKkfud if=kdk dk izdk'ku 'kq# fd;kA muds vuqlkj mPp dksfV dkoSKkfud lksp dsoy ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh djuklaHko FkkA mUgsa ukSdj'kkgh vkSj fiQtwy dsrke>ke ls l[r uiQjr FkhA muls dksbZ Hkh]dHkh Hkh fcuk iwoZ lwpuk fn, gq, feyldrk FkkA oks vius fe=kksa ls ?kaVksa ckrsa djrsFks vkSj mls dHkh Hkh le; dh cjcknh ughaekurs FksA

'kakfr Lo#i'kakfr Lo#i'kakfr Lo#i'kakfr Lo#i'kakfr Lo#iHkVukxjHkVukxjHkVukxjHkVukxjHkVukxj

(1894 - 1955)

^eSa MkWDVj HkVukxj ds ckjs esa ;g fuf'pr :i ls dg ldrk gwa fd vxj oks ugksrs rks gesa bruh vf/d jk"Vªh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a ns[kus dks Hkh ugha feyrhaA* &

tokgjyky usg#

'kakfr Lo#i HkVukxj us HkkHkk] egkyuksfcl vkSj lkjkHkkbZ ds lkFk] Lora=k Hkkjr esa oSKkfudiz;ksx'kkykvksa ds fuekZ.k dk cqfu;knh dke fd;kA ,d foy{k.k oSKkfud gksus dslkFk&lkFk HkVukxj us ,slh reke laLFkkvksa dh LFkkfir fd;kftuls Hkkjr esa foKku dk fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa ;g Hkhfn[kk;k fd foKku lekt ds fy, rHkh lkFkZd gksxk tcoSKkfud mldk mi;ksx yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks gydjus ds fy, bLrseky djsaxsA

HkVukxj dk tUe 21 iQjojh 1984 esa HksM+k esa gqvk] tksvc ikfdLrku ds 'kkgiqj ftys esa fLFkr gSA muds firkus iatkc fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrddh fMxzh gkfly dh FkhA okscgqr izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds O;fDrFks vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds LFkkuh;gkbZ&Ldwy ds gsMekLVj cusAnqHkkZZX;o'k] tc 'kakfrLo#i dsoy vkB ekgds Fks rHkh mudsfirk dk nsgkUr gks

62 63

x;kA blls ifjokj dks ?kksj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+kA 'kakfr Lo#i dkykyu&ikyu muds ukuk Jh I;kjs yky ds ;gka gqvkA Jh I;kjs yky izfl¼ #M+dhbaftfu;fjax dkWyst ds i<+s Fks vkSj tkus&ekus baftfu;j FksA ukuk ds ?kj esa 'kakfr Lo#idh cpiu ls gh foKku esa #fp txhA oks fnu Hkj ;akf=kd f[kykSuksa dks tksM+rs&rksM+rs ;kfiQj vius ukuk ds vkStkjksa ls [ksyrsA ;gha ij mUgsa mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj vPNk lkfgR; lquusvkSj i<+us dks feykA

'kakfr Lo#i dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ,d futh edrc esa gqbZA 1907 rd mudh i<+kbZ ,-oh- gkbZ Ldwy] fldanzkckn eas gqbZA fiQj ,d fj'rsnkj dh fliQkfj'k ij oks ykgkSj pysx, vkSj mUgksaus n;ky flag dkWyst esa viuh f'k{kk tkjh j[khA ;gka mnwZ vkSj foKku nksuksafo"k;ksa esa mUgksausa Js"Brk gkfly dhA 17 lky dh mez esa mUgksauas foKku ij viuk igyk'kks/i=k fy[kk tks bykgkckn ds v[kckj ^yhMj* esa NikA blesa mUgksaus 'khjs dks mPpnkc ij xeZ dj cSVfj;ksa esa yxus okys dkcZu bysDVªksM dk fodYi lq>k;kA

1916 esa 'kakfr Lo#i us iQksjeSu fØfLV;u dkWyst] ykgkSj ls ch,llh vkSj ogha ls 1919esa dsfeLVªh esa ,e,llh dh ijh{kk ikl dhA ,slk yxrk gS fd ml le; f'k{kk O;oLFkkvf/d yphyh FkhA ml oDr dksbZ Hkh Lukrd Nk=k viuk fo"k; cny ldrk Fkk &

fiQftDl NksM+dj dsfeLVªh ys ldrk FkkA vktdy,slh dYiuk Hkh djuk vlaHko gS! mUgsa n;ky flagdkWyst ls othiQk feyk ftlls oks baXySaM ds jkLrsvejhdk i<+us ds fy, x,A D;ksafd ml le; igysegk;q¼ dk tksj Fkk blfy, mUgsa vejhdk tkus dsfy, tgkt feyus esa fnDdr gqbZA bl dkj.k mUgksauasbaXySaM esa gh jgus dk fuf'p; fd;kA mUgksausa ;wfuoflZVhdkWyst] yanu esa nkf[kyk fy;k vkSj ogka izfl¼jklk;u'kkL=kh izksiQslj ,iQ-th- MkWuku ds lkFk dkefd;kA 1921 esa mUgsa Mh,llh dh fMxzh feyhA muds'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk & vkWu lkY;wfcfyVh vkWiQ ckboSysaV,aM VªkbZoSysaV lkYVl vkWiQ gk;j iQSVh ,WfLMl buvkW;Yl ,aM ns;j biQSDV vkWu n ljiQsl Vsa'ku vkWiQvkW;Yl*A

1921 esa HkVukxj Hkkjr okil ykSVs vkSj cukjl fgUnw;wfuoflZVh (ch,p;w) esa dsfefLVªh ds izksiQslj cusAmUgksaus rhu lky ls de le; esa gh ogka dsfeLVªh ds,d lfØ; Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus ch,p;w dk

dqyxhr Hkh fy[kkA 1924 esa oks ;wfuoflZVh dsfedy yscksjsVªh dsfuns'kd cu dj iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj x, vkSj ogka 1940 rdjgsA bu lksyg lkyksa esa mUgksaus lkS ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA ekSfydoSKkfud vuqla/ku dk ;g mudk lcls lfØ; dky FkkAjklk;u'kkL=k ds fo"k; esa ;ksxnku ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksausa dbZvkS|ksfxd leL;kvksa ds gy Hkh [kkstsA felky ds fy,] ,SVkWdvkW;y dEiuh us rsy dh [kkst ds nkSjku ik;k fd muds cjes(fMªYl) dhpM+ vkSj uedhu ikuh esa vVd dj iQal tkrs FksAHkVukxj us bl leL;k dk ,d ljy mik; [kkstkA mUgksausaFkksM+k nslh xksan feyk;k ftlls feV~Vh dk xk<+kiu degqvk vkSj leL;k gy gqbZA bl de&ykxr ds gy lsdEiuh ds ekfyd brus [kq'k gq, fd 1925 esa mUgksausabl dke ds fy, HkVukxj dks Ms<+&yk[k #i,crkSj jkW;YVh fn,A bl jkf'k ls HkVukxj us iatkc;wfuoflZVh esa isVªksfy;e fjlpZ dk u;k foHkkx[kksykA vxys nl o"kks± esa HkVukxj vkSj muds Nk=kksa us dbZ jkstejkZ dh leL;kvksa ij 'kks/fd;k & ekse] feV~Vh ds rsy dh ykS dh mQapkbZ c<+kus] yksgs dks tax yxus ls cpkuk vkfnAblds fy, mUgsa dbZ isVsUV Hkh feysA jkW;YVh dk ipkl izfr'kr Hkkx ;wfuoflZVh esas oSKkfud'kks/dk;Z ds fy, [kpZ fd;k tkrk FkkA HkVukxj us nks egRoiw.kZ dke fd, & igykvxz.kh 'kks/ vkSj nwljk nSuafnu dh leL;kvksa ds gyA ;g nksuksa dke njvly ,d ghflDds ds nks igyw FksA mUgksausa Kku ds leqfpr mi;ksx ls iwath dekbZA ckSf¼d dk;Z dsewY; dks mUgksaus cgqr igys gh igpku fy;k FkkA

1930 esa ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, lalk/uksa dk leqfpr nksgu djus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh 'kks/laLFkk,a ugha FkhaA 1939 esa f}rh; egk;q¼ ls igys Hkkjr ljdkj us cksMZ vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd,aM baMfLVª;y fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj HkVukxj dks mldk lykgdkj fu;qDr fd;kA

26 flrEcj 1942 dks dkmafly vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd,aM baMfLVª;y fjlpZ (lh,vkbZvkj) dh LFkkiukgqbZA HkVukxj LFkkiuk ls ysdj vxys 15 lkyksa dslkFk mlds lkFk varjax :i ls tqM+s jgsA

HkVukxj us lh-,l-vkbZ-vkj- ds fy, ,d Li"V[kkdk rS;kj fd;kA iqjkus yksx vHkh Hkh bl fdLlsdks nksgjkrs gq, ugha Fkdrs gSaA HkVukxj iz/kuea=khusg# ds cgqr djhc FksA oks usg# ls lqcg&lqcg

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;sykizxnk;sykizxnk;sykizxnk;sykizxnk;sykizxnklqCckjkolqCckjkolqCckjkolqCckjkolqCckjko

(1895 - 1948)

^'kk;n vkius MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dk uke igys dHkh ugha lquk gksA D;ksafdoks tUes blfy, 'kk;n vki dqN vf/d lky th ik,aA* & MksjkWu ds varfje

U;w;kdZ gsjYM fVªC;wu us MkWDVj ;sykizxnk lqCckjko dks] ^'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.kMkWDVj]* dk f[krkc fn;kA lqCckjko us dbZ tkuysok chekfj;ksa dk bykt [kkstk vkSj vius'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa yk[kksa&djksM+kas yksxksa dh tku cpkbZA

lqCckjko dk tUe 12 tuojh 1895 dks vka/z izns'k ds if'peh xksnkojh ftys dsHkhekoje xkao esa gqvkA lkr HkkbZ&cguksa esa oks rhljs uEcj ds FksA muds firk txUukFkeus [kjkc lsgr ds dkj.k lsokfuo`fÙk ls cgqr igys gh fjVk;ZesaV ys fy;k FkkA bl dkj.k

ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,dne ttZjFkhA Ldwy esa lqCckjko [kks, jgrsvkSj mudk fcYdqy eu ughayxrkA ,d ckj mUgksauas LdwyNksM+dj cukjl tkdj dqNm|ksx djuss dh BkuhA ijUrqmudh n`<+ izfrK eka osudEekus mUgsa jkLrs esa gh idM+k vkSjmUgsa okil Ldwy HkstkA viusifr dh e`R;q ds ckn osudEekus viuh eaxylw=k cspk ftlls

fd lqCckjko dh i<+kbZ tkjh jgldsA

Vgyus ds le; feyrs vkSj muls ,d ubZ iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr ysrs vkSjnÝrj [kqyus ls igys mlds lkjs dkxtkr rS;kj dj nsrs! ;g mudh nwjnf'kZrk dk |ksrdgS fd HkVukxj ds nsgkUr ds le; ns'k esa 12 jk"Vªh; Lrjh; iz;ksx'kkyk,a dk;Zjr FkhaaAbues uS'kuy dsfedy yScksjsVªh vkSj uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVªh tSlh iz;ksx'kkyk,a Hkh'kkfey FkhaA HkVukxj us dsjy ds rVksa ij eksuktkbV jsr ds leqfpr nksgu ds fy, bafM;ujSj&vFkZ fyfeVsM dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dhA oks dbZ futh rsy fjiQkfuax dEifu;ka LFkkfirdjokus esa Hkh liQy jgsA HkVukxj dbZ mPp inksa ij vklhu jgsA oks ,WVkfed ,uthZdeh'ku ds lfpo Fks] dkmafly vkWiQ lkbfUVfiQd ,aM baMfLVª;y fjlpZ ds funs'kd vkSj;wfuoflZVh xzkaV~l deh'ku ds ps;jeSu jgsA 1936 esa muds mYys[kuh; dk;Z ds fy, mUgsavkMZj vkWiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa ukbWVgqM iznku fd;kx;k vkSj 1943 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;kA dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksaus mUgsa ekud fMfxz;ka Hkh nhaA

cpiu esa gh HkVukxj ij czgeks&lekt dk xgjk izHkko iM+k FkkA oks viuh iRuh yktoarhdks cgqr pkgrs FksA oks jksekapd izÑfr ds balku Fks vkSj fjVk;jesaV ds ckn ,d lk/kj.kfdlku tSls [ksrh djuk pkgrs FksA mudk liuk Fkk fd nksigj esa mudh iRuh muds fy,[ksr esa [kkuk vkSj ,d eVdh esa NkN ysdj vk,xh!

1 tuojh 1955 dks fny ls nkSjs ls HkVukxj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh mez ml le; ek=klkB o"kZ dh FkhA viuh vYivk;q esa HkVukxj us cgqr dqN gkfly fd;kA oks foKku dsmi;ksx ls ns'k dh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk pkgrs FksA ,d nwjn'khZ n`"Vk ds ukrsoks Hkkjr esa oSKkfud vuqla/kulaLFkkvksa dh ,d iq[rk Üka[kyk[kM+k djuk pkgrs FksA muds}kjk dkm a fly vk WiQlkbafVfiQd ,aM baMfLVª;yfjlpZ dk cks;k ikS/k vkt,d fo'kky o{k dk :i/kj.k dj pqdk gSA vktbu oSKkfud iz;ksx'kkykvksaesa ,WjksLisl] cWk;ksVsDukyksth]dsfeLVªh ls ysdj reke vU;vxz.kh {ks=kksa esa vuqla/ku pyjgk gSA

66 67

izslhMsalh dkWyst] enzkl esa i<+rs le; lqCckjko viuk vf/dka'k le; jkeÑ".k fe'kuds vkJe esa fcrk,A oks R;kx dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr Fks vkSj lk/q&lU;klh cuuk pkgrsFksA ijUrq mudh eka dks ;g fcYdqy ilan ugha FkkA var esa lqCckjko us enzkl esfMdydkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k ftlls fd MkWDVj cuus ds ckn oks fe'ku ds fdlh vLirkyesa lsok dj ldsaA D;ksafd ifjokj mudh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus esa vleFkZ Fkk blfy, mUgksausbldk Hkh ,d vuwBk gy [kkst fudkyk & mUgkssauas 'kknh dh vkSj vius llqj ls enndh xqgkj dh! lqCckjko dh eka dks 'kknh dk fu.kZ; ,d vU; dkj.k ls vPNk yxkAmUgsa yxk 'kknh ds ckn /eZ ds izfr lqCckjko dk ikxyiu dqN de gksxk! bl izdkj10 ebZ 1919 dks lqCckjko dk fookg muls 12 o"kZ NksVh 'ks"kkfxjh ls lEiUu gqvkAlqCckjko ds dke ds ca/uksa ds dkj.k 'ks"kkfxjh dk oSokfgd thou dkiQh nq[kn jgkA

egkRek xka/h ds Losns'kh vkanksyu ls izsfjr gksdj lqCckjko us fons'kh diM+ksa dk cfg"dkjfd;k vkSj [kqn ,d [kn~nj dk dksV iguus yxsA blls muds fczfV'k izksiQslj cgqr ukjktgq, vkSj bl otg ls lqCckjko dks ,echch,l dh fMxzh ls oafpr jguk iM+kA tc mUgsafupyh fMxzh ,y,e,l iznku dh xbZ rks lqCckjko us jks"k esa vkdj if'peh mipkj i¼frNksM+ nh vkSj enzkl vk;qosZn dkWyst esa O;k[;krk cu x,A

vejhdk ls vk, ,d MkWDVj us mUgsa mPp f'k{k.k ds fy, vejhdk tkus dh lykg nhA,d nkuh laLFkk ds vuqnku vkSj llqj dh vkfFkZd enn ls lqCckjko vejhdk ds fy,jokuk gq,A oks viuh vYi vk;q dh iRuh ls rhu lky esa Lons'k okil vkus dk oknkdjds x,A ijUrq fdLer dh ,slh ekj jgh fd oks nqckjk dHkh Hkh viuh iRuh dk eqagrd ugha ns[k ik,A tc 26 vDVwcj 1923 dks lqCckjko ckWLVu igqaps rc mudh tsc esaek=k 100 vejhdh MkWyj FksA ,y,e,l dh fupyh MkDVªh fMxzh ds dkj.k mudks uothiQk vkSj u gh dksbZ ukSdjh feyhA 'kq# esa izksiQslj fjpMZ LVªkax us mudh iQhl HkjhvkSj mudks tsc[kpZ ds fy, iSls fn,A [kkyh le; esa iSls dekus ds fy, lqCckjko vU;NksVs&eksVs dkeksa ds lkFk&lkFk vLirky ds 'kkSpky; Hkh lkiQ djrsA

var esa mUgksaus gkjoMZ esfMdy Ldwy ls ^VªkWfidy esfMflu* esa fMIyksek ikl fd;k vkSjmlds ckn MkWDVj lk;jl fiQLd dh ckW;ksdsfeLVªh dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa ukSdjh ij yxsA;gka mUgksaus jDr vkSj ew=k esa iQkWLiQkslj dh ek=kk ekius ds fiQLd&lqCckjko rjhds dkvkfo"dkj fd;kA ;g vR;ar laosnu'khy rjhdk vkt lHkh vLirkyksa esa mi;ksx gksrk gSvkSj ckW;ksdsfeLVªh ds lHkh Nk=kksa dks i<+k;k tkrk gSA vktdy bl l'kDr i¼fr }kjkvU; dbZ chekfj;ksa dh tkap Hkh dh tkrh gSA

bl rjhds }kjk lqCckjko us ,d vU; LFkkfir ekU;rk & fd XykbZdksftugh ekalisf'k;ksa dh fldqM+u dh mQtkZ dk lzksr gS] dks pqukSrh nhA bl nkosdh dkj.k 1922 esa fgy vkSj es;jgkSiQ dks esfMlu vkSj fiQft;kyksth dkukscsy iq#Ldkj feyk FkkA lqCckjko dh [kkst ds vuqlkj ,Mhukslhu VªkbZiQkWliQsV (,Vhih) gjsd ckW;ksdsfedy izfØ;k dks mQtkZ dk lzks=k Fkh &ftlesa ekalisf'k;kas dk fldqM+uk 'kkfeyFkkA blds dkj.k vkjke dj jgh ekalis'khesa Fkdh ekalis'kh dh rqyuk esa vf/d,Vhih gksxhA ;g [kkst vizSy 1927 dkslkbal uked foKku if=kdk esa NihA bl'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k lqCckjko dks ih,pMhdh fMxzh Hkh feyhA blls oSKkfud txresa vpkud lqCckjko dk flDdk pedkvkSj yksx muds dke dks cgqr vknj lsns[kus yxsA bl foy{k.k dk;Z ds dkj.kgh jkWdiQsyj iQkmaMs'ku us mUgsa ,d iQsyksf'kinhA

lqCckjko us mlds ckn jDr{kh.krk (vuhfe;k) ij dke fd;kA bl ,dcgqr vke jksx gSA mUgksausa lqvj ds ftxj (;Ñr) ls foVkfeu ch&12 dkfupksM+ fudkyk tks vuhfe;k ds f[kykiQ cgqr izHkko'kkyh fl¼ gqvkA bl[kkst us lkjh nqfu;k esa nwljs foVkfeuksa dks [kkstus dh gksM+ tSlh yxh vkSjblls vkus okys lkyksa esa foVkfeuksa ds reke vU; lzks=k [kksts x,A

;wfuoflZVh dh rqyuk esa lqCckjko dks cM+h iQkekZ dEiuh esa 'kks/dk;Z dhvf/d lqfo/k,a feyus dh lEHkkouk yxhA blfy, mUgksausa 1940 esa fo'ofo[;kr ysMjyh yscksjsVªh esa vuqla/ku 'kq# fd;kA ;gka ij dkiQh la?k"kZ dsckn oks iQkWfyd ,WflM dk la'ys"k.k djus eas liQy gq,A fiNys ipkllkyksa esa nksuksa iQkWfyd ,WflM vkSj foVkfeu ch&12 vuhfe;k ds bykt esacgqr dkjxj lkfcr gq, gSaA

ysMjyh yscksjsVªh esa lqCckjko dh Vhe reke chekfj;ka dk bykt [kkstus esarRijrk ls tqVh FkhA lqCckjko bl Vhe ds dIrku FksA ,d MkWDVj dhgSfl;r ls oks oSKkfudksa dks balkuh chekfj;ksa ds mipkj [kkstus ds fy,izsfjr djrs vkSj ,d oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls oks MkWDVjksa dks fof'k"V jksxhlw{e&dhVk.kqvksa ds [kkres ds fy, nokbZ [kkstus ds fy, mdlkrsAlqCckjko ,d lEiw.kZ oSKkfud Fks & oks jklk;u'kkfL=k;ksa ds chp dsfeLVvkSj MkWDVjksa dh laxr esa foy{k.k MkWDVj FksA

, Vh ih , Mh ihiQkLiQsV

foVkfeu ch&12

mQtkZ

68 69

lyhe vyhlyhe vyhlyhe vyhlyhe vyhlyhe vyh(1896 - 1987)

^vkids thou dk lans'k lHkh fn'kkvksa esa iQSysxkA gesa mEehn gS fd c;k vkidkuke vius ?kksalyksa esa cqusaxh vkSj fLoÝV i{kh vkids lEeku esa vkdk'k esa vaMkdkjxksrs yxk,axhA* & ikWy xSVh laj{k.k iq#Ldkj dk m¼`r

lyhe vyh chloha lnh esa fufoZokn :i ls Hkkjr ds lcls egku tho'kkL=kh FksA yksxI;kj ls mUgsa ^cMZeSu* ds uke ls lEcksf/r djrs FksA mUgksausa 80 o"kksZa rd Hkkjrh; egk}hids if{k;ksa dk voyksdu fd;k vkSj mudh tkudkjh dks fdrkcksa esa latks;kA

lyhe vyh dk tUe ,d /uh O;kikjh ifjokj eas gqvk FkkA cpiu esa oks dkiQh detksjFks vkSj bl dkj.ko'k mUgsa vDlj Ldwyls NqV~Vh ysuh iM+rh FkhA ij ckn esafu;fer dljr ls mudh lgu'kfDrc<+h vkSj oks ckn esa dfBu vkSj nqxZe;k=kk,a vklkuh ls r; dj ik,A nllky dh de mez esa gh muds ekrk&firkdk nsgkUr gks x;kA mlds ckn mudsekek ve#n~nhu rS;kcth vkSj ekeh gehnkus cgqr I;kj ls mudk ykyu&ikyufd;kA vius yEcs thoudkyes a lyhe vyhdHkh ljdkjhvuqnku ij fuHkZj u g h ajgsA muds izxfr'khy ifjokjus mudk thou Hkj lg;ksxfd;kA mUgksausa cEcbZ ds

vk[kjh nkSj esa oks ,d ,slh nok dh [kkst esa Fks ftlls lHkh izdkj ds cq[kkj dk byktgks ldsA 1928 esa ,fyXtSUMj Ýysfeax us dhVk.kqvksa ekjus okyh isfUlfyu iQiQwan dh [kkstdh FkhA blh ls ,aVhckW;ksfVd ds Lo.kZ ;qx dk izkjEHk gqvkA lqCckjko us rqjUr bl jkeck.kvkS"k/h dh laHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj [kqn ,aVhckW;ksfVDl ij vuqla/ku 'kq# fd;kAblds fy, mUgksausa ,d ouLifr'kkL=kh dks nqfu;k Hkj ls yk, feV~Vh ds uewuksa esa ls iQiQwandh lgh fdLesa NkaVus ds dke esa yxk;kA var esa oks iQiQwan ,&377 dks mxkus esa liQyjgsA bl iQiQwan dh fo'ks"krk Fkh fd oks ^?kkrd dhVk.kqvksa dks dkscjk lkai ds tgj tSls[kRe djrh ijUrq esgeku tho ds lkFk fcYyh tSlk nksLrkuk O;ogkj djrhA* bl 'kks/dk;Z dh ifjf.kfr VsVªklkbfDyu esa gqbZA ;g,aVhckW;ksfVd nqfu;k esa lcls vf/d bLrsekygksus okyh nok gSA

lqCckjko yxkrkj viuk vuqla/ku {ks=kc<+k jgs Fks vkSj vU; chekfj;ksa dk bykt[kkst jgs FksA vxys pj.k esa mUgksaus ydok(iksfy;ks) vkSj dSalj ij 'kks/ fd;kAmuds }kjk fodflr ,d nok Vs;ksjizsfVujDr dSalj esa mi;ksxh fl¼ gqbZA

9 vxLr 1948 esa tc lqCckjko dke ijugha vk, rks muds lkfFk;ksa dks fpUrk gqbZAlqCckjko us igys dHkh ,slk ugha fd;kFkkA ?kj [kksyus ij lqCckjko dks fny dsnkSjs ls e`r ik;k x;kA rc mudh vk;q ek=k53 lky dh FkhA 1923 esa Hkkjr NksM+us dsckn oks vius oru dHkh okil ugha ykSVsA

lqCckjko us vius oSKkfud 'kks/ dks dHkhugha csapkA mUgksausa [qkn vkfo"dkj dh nokbZ;ksa ij dHkh isVsUV ugha fy,A mUgksauas dHkh Hkhi=kdkjksa dks lk{kkRdkj ugha fn, vkSj lHkh lEekuksa vkSj indksa dks udkjkA lqCckjko dhtUe 'krkCnh 1995 esa eukbZ xbZA muds foy{k.k dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj mUgsa^Hkkjr&jRu* ind ls lEekfur djs bl ckr dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZA vejhdh ukxfjdrkds fy, mi;qDr gksus ds ckotwn oks lkjh ftanxh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd cus jgsA ;g lp gSfd mUgksausa vf/dka'k ;ksxnku vejhdk esa jg dj gh fd;k ijUrq ;g lc dqN mudhHkkjrh; izfrHkkvksa vkSj laosnuvksa ds dkj.k gh lEHko gks ik;kA /u vkSj izfl¼h esa mUgsadksbZ #fp ugha FkhA oks viuh lkjh ftanxh tkuysok chekfj;ksa dk bykt [kkstrs jgs vkSjmlls leLr ekuork dk dY;k.k gqvkA

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,d fu'kkuh&NYyk (fjax) iQalk dj mUgsaNksM+ nsrsA iSj esa yxs ^fjax* ls if{k;ksa dh;k=kkvksa ds ckjs eas Bksl tkudkjh feyrhA

muds vè;;uksa ls Ýykoj&isdj vkSj lucMZl}kjk felyVks (cka/k) ds ijkx.k vkSj chtizlkj ds ckjs esa izkekf.kd tkudkjh feyhAmUgksausa dPN dh [kkM+h esa Ýysfeaxks if{k;ksa dkxgu vè;;u fd;kA mUgksausa gSnzkckn] VªSosUdksj]dksphu] viQxkfuLrku] dSyk'k ekuljksoj(phu)] dPN] eSlwj] xksok] flDde] HkwVkuvkSj v#.kkpy izns'k ds if{k;ksa dk izkUrh;los Z{k.k Hkh fd;kA mUgks aua s fn[kk;k fdty&if{k;ksa dh dbZ iztkfr;ka iyk;u djlkbZcsfj;k rd tkrh gSaA vius iwjs vuqla/ku esamUgksausa lw{e uksV~l fy, vkSj bl vikj Kku ds HkaMkj dks vusdksa lfp=k iqLrdksa esafyfic¼ fd;kA 1941 esa mUgksausa cqd vkWiQ bafM;u cMZ~l fy[khA mlds ckn n cM~Zl vkWiQdPN] bafM;u fgy cM~Zl] cM~Zl vkWiQ dsjyk] cM~Zl vkWiQ flDde fy[khaA fiQj mUgksausanl [k.Mksa dh lqizfl¼ iQhYM xkWbM Vw n cM~Zl vkWiQ bafM;k ,UM ikfdLrku fy[khAif{k;ksa ij mudh vafre iqLrd iQhYM xkWbM Vw n cM~Zl vkWiQ bZLVªu fgeky;kl 1977esa NihA 1985 esa lyhe vyh us viuh fnyd'k thouh n iQkWy vkWiQ , LiSjks fy[khAi{kh thou ds xgjs Kku vkSj i;kZoj.k ds uktqd larqyu dh le> ds dkj.k gh oksi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A lyhe vyh dh fliQkfj'kkas vkSj iz;klksa dh otgls gh dsjy eas lkbysUV oSyh vkSj Hkjriqj i{kh vHk;kj.; lqjf{kr jg ik,A foKku vkSjizkÑfrd laj{k.k dh vksj mudk leiZ.k vuwBk FkkA 200 o"kZ iqjkuh laLFkk ckWEcs uSpqjyfgLVªh lkslkbVh (ch,u,p,l) ds thfor jgus ds fy, mUgksausa [kqn iafMr usg: dks i=kfy[kdj vkfFkZd vuqnku dh vihy dhA

tSfod fofo/rk ds fygkt ls Hkkjr dh fxurh fo'o ds izeq[k 12 ns'kksa esa gksrh gSA mldsokctwn gekjs ikl viuh tSfod lEink dh dh foLr`r izkekf.kd tkudkjh ugha gSA iqjkusnLrkostksa ds vuqlkj eqxy ckn'kkgksa us Hkkjr dh izkÑfrd lEink esa xgjh #fp yh FkhAmnkgj.k ds fy, ckn'kkg tgkaxhj us viuh Mk;jh esa lkjl i{kh ds iztuu O;ogkj dklqUnj o.kZu fy[kk gSA mUgksausa ,d dq'ky fp=kdkj ealwj dks if{k;ksa ds jaxhu fp=k cukusdk dke Hkh lkSaikA eqxydky ds ckn ,d yEcs le; rd tSfod fofo/rk dks ntZ djusdk dke iw.kZr% misf{kr jgkA Hkkjrh; n'kZu ckgjh okLrfodrk dks ek;k & feF;k ekurhgSA blfy, mls ntZ djus esa Hkh mldh dksbZ #fp ugha gSA blls /hjs&/hjs tSfod vkSjizkÑfrd foKku dk iru gqvkA

lsUV tsfo;j dkWyst esa tho'kkL=k i<+k ijUrq mUgsa chp esa gh viuh i<+kbZ NksM+ dj ifjokjds VaxLVu ds O;kikj dh ns[k&js[k ds fy, cekZ tkuk iM+kA ijUrq O;kikj dh nqfu;k esamUgsa jkl ugha vk;k vkSj oks tYn gh okil tho'kkL=k dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A 1918 esa,d nwj dh fj'rsnkj rsgehuk ds lkFk mudk fookg gqvkA

twvksykWftdy losZ vkWiQ bafM;k esa tc mUgsa ukSdjh ugha feyh rc mUgksausa dqN le; dsfy, fizUl vkWiQ osYl E;wftve esa xWkbM tSls dke fd;kA 1928 esa oks teZuh x, vkSjogka twvksykWftdy E;wftve vkWiQ cfyZu ds izksiQslj bjfou LVªsleSu lss izf'k{k.k fy;kA1930 esa vPNh ukSdjh u feyus dh otg ls oks cEcbZ ds fudV ,d rVorhZ xkao fdfgeesa cl x,A ogka mUgksauas epku ls c;k if{k;ksa dk lw{e voyksdu vkSj vè;;u fd;kAc;k if{k;ksa ds iztuu lEca/h tho'kkL=k us mUgas ,d fo'o&Lrjh; i{kh fujh{kd ds :iesa LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksauas ik;k fd uj c;k gh ?kksalyk cukrk gSA fiQj ,d fnu eknk c;kvkdj vk/s cus ?kksalys vkSj vius ifr dk Hkkj lEHkkyrh gS! c;k ds gtkjksa f'k'kq fliQZNksVs dhM+s [kkrs gSa D;ksafd os l[r vukt dks gte ugha dj ldrsA blfy, O;Ld c;ki{kh gkfudkjd dhM+s&edkSM+ksa dh vkcknh dks dkcw j[kus esa ,d vge jksy fuHkkrs gSaAlyhe vyh us vkfFkZd ouLifr'kkL=k ds fo"k; dks gjsd Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; eas i<+k,tkus dh fliQkfj'k dhA

dHkh&dHkh lyhe vyh us if{k;ksa dk Hkksstu ds fy, Hkh f'kdkj fd;k ijUrq T;knkrjckj mUgksausa mUgsa oSKkfud fujh{k.k ds fy,gh ekjkA /hjs&/hjs mUgksausa fpfM+;ksa dkf'kdkj iwjh rjg cUn dj fn;kA vc oksi{kh fujh{k.k dsoy ckWbukWD;wyj ls ghdjrsA dHkh&dHkh oks i{kh igpkuus dsfy, vo'; idM+rsA fiQj muds iSj esa

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lyhe vyh us vius thoudky esa Hkkjr esa gh ugha ijUrq iwjh nqfu;k ds i{kh izsfe;ksa dschp vikj izfl¼h ik;hA mUgsa cgqr lkjs iq#Ldkj feys & fczfV'k vkWjukFkkSfyth ;wfu;udk ;wfu;u esMy (1967)] oYMZ datjos'ku ;wfu;u dk fiQfyi vokMZ (1969)]i|foHkw"k.k (1976) vkSj oYMZ okbYMykbiQ iQaM dk ikWy xSVh okbYMykbiQ datjos'ku(1976)A mUgsa rhu MkDVªsV dh fMfxz;kas ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k vkSj 1985 esa jkT; lHkkdh lnL;rk ds fy, euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1987 esa MkWDVj lyhe vyh dk dSUlj lsnsgkUr gqvkA 1990 esa dksbEcksVwj esa lyhe vyh lsUVj iQkWj vkWjukFkkSfyth ,UM uSpqjyfgLVªh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa tSfod lEink dh Bksl tkudkjh dks vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa ds fy,ladfyr djuk 'kq# fd;kA lj tkstsiQ gqdj] g;w foLyj vkSj foaVj us fHkUu {ks=kksa esaHkkjrh; tSfod lEink dks ntZ dus dk foy{k.k dke fd;kA lyhe vyh fuf'pr :ils igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftudk dke lko/kuh ls fd, lw{e voyksduksa ij vk/kfjr FkkAblhfy, Hkkjrh; foKku ds bfrgkl esa mudk dke ,dne vuwBk gSA

lyhe vyh dh iRuh dk ,d NksVh ltZjh ds ckn 1939 esa nsgkUr gqvkA mlds ckn ipkllkyksa rd mudh cgu ds ifjokj us lyhe vyh dh lHkh t:jrksa dh ns[kHkky dhA lyhevyh vius iwjs thou dks lefiZr dj bruk vf/d 'kk;n blfy, dj ik, D;ksafd mudsifjokj us mUgsa Lohdkjk vkSj mUgsa lgkjk fn;kA dksbZ lkekU; ifjokj mUgsa fuf'pr gh^fljfiQjk* ;k ikxy* djkj nsrkA ts ch ,l gSYMsu us lyhe vyh ds mi;ksxh oSKkfudvuqla/ku dh iqjtksj iz'kalk dhA lyhe vyh bl vf}rh; 'kks/ dks egt ,d nwjchudh lgk;rk ls dj ik,A

,d ckj lyhe vyh us vkbZusds lkeus ?kksM+s dh iwaN ds ckyksa }kjk,d xzs&oSxVsy dks idM+kA fpfM+;kvkbZus esa viuh ijNkabZ ij okj djrhjgh (,d lkekU; {ks=kh; izfrfØ;k) vkSjckyksa ds tky esa iQal xbZA lyhe vyh usi{kh ds iSj esa ^fjax* Mky dj mls NksM+fn;kA lkbZcsfj;k esa iztuu djus okyh;g fpfM+;k dqN eghus cEcbZ eas fcrkrhgSA bl ?kVuk ds dbZ lkykas ckn rd ogh fpfM+;k gj vizSy dks lyhe vyh ds ckxesa fn[krh vkSj fiQj flrEcj esa lkbZcsfj;k ds fy, iyk;u djrhA blesa dksbZ rkTtqc ughafd bl vuqHko ds ckn lyhe vyh ges'kk ds fy, if{k;ksa ls tqM+ x,!

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Ldwy esa ,d ckj Ñ".ku ls vkdZfeMht ds fl¼kar ds mQij ,d fuca/fy[kus ds fy, dgk x;kA bl x`gdk;Z esa Ñ".ku us ?kuRo ekius dk [kqncuk;k ,d midj.k Hkh tksM+ fn;kA ckn esa mUgsa ;g tkudj vpjt gqvkfd oks midj.k igys gh btkn gks pqdk Fkk vkSj oks fudksyl gkbZMªksehVjds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA Ñ".ku dk 'kk;n ;g igyk Lora=k 'kks/ FkkA

Ñ".ku us 1914&1916 ds chp enqjbZ fLFkr vejhdu dkWyst es i<+kbZ dhAckn esa mUgksaus enzkl fØfLp;u dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k tgka 1918 esa] ,d foy{k.k Nk=kds :i esa mUgksauas HkkSfrd foKku dk ,cjMhu iq#Ldkj thrkA

vxys nks lkyksa rd Ñ".ku us enzkl fØfLp;u dkWyst ds jklk;u 'kkL=k foHkkx esaMsekWUlVªsVj dk dke fd;kA nksigj Hkkstu dh NqV~Vh esa oks HkkSfrdh] jklk;u'kkL=k vkSjxf.kr ij vukSipkfjd ppkZ,a vk;ksftr djrsA ;g yksdfiz; xksf"B;ka esa vklikl dsdkWystksa ds Nk=k Hkh Hkkx ysrs FksA

1920 esa dksMkbZduky fLFkr lksyj fiQftDl vkWCtjosVjh esa dke djus ds fy, Ñ".kuds uke dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZA ijUrq fdlh dkj.k ls ckr cuh ughaA ,d rjg ls ;gvPNk gh gqvk vkSj blls HkkSfrd foKku dks fuf'pr gh cgqr vf/d ykHk gqvkA

Ñ".ku dk fny oSKkfud 'kks/ esa FkkA 1920 esa mUgksausa ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst vkWiQ lkbal]dydRrk esa ,e,llh djus ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA jeu ogka Lo;a i<+krs FksA HkkSfrd'kkL=k dk vPNk Kku gkfly djus ds ckn Ñ".ku us jeu ds lkFk iwjs le; ,d 'kks/drkZ ds :i esa dke djuk 'kq# fd;kA oks lqcg Ng cts Vgyus tkrs vkSj BaMs ikuh lsugkus ds rqjar ckn vius 'kks/dk;Z esa tqV tkrs FksA mUgksausa izdk'k ds ijek.kq&LdSVfjax,oa rjy inkFkksZa esa ,Dl&jst ij dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus xSlh; ijek.kqvksa vkSj fØLVYl dheSxusfVd ,uvkblksVªksih ij Hkh vuqla/ku fd;kA mudk dk;Z dsoy oSKkfud 'kks/ rdlhfer ugha FkkA foKku ds lkFk mUgas lkfgR;] /eZ vkSj n'kZu dh iqLrdsa i<+us dk Hkhcgqr 'kkSd FkkA

vDVwcj 1928 esa teZuh ds izksiQslj vkuZYM lkSejÝysM us dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh esa DokaVeHkkSfrdh ij dqN ysDpj fn,AÑ".ku us mu ysDplZ dkvè;;u dj mUgsas ,d iqLrdesa ladfyr fd;kA lkSejÝysMbl iqLrd ls cgqr izHkkforgq, vkSj mUgksausa mls la;qDrukeksa ls Nkius dk izLrko j[kkAij tSlh vis{kk Fkh Ñ".ku usmls udkj fn;kA

ds-,l- Ñ".kuds-,l- Ñ".kuds-,l- Ñ".kuds-,l- Ñ".kuds-,l- Ñ".ku(1898 - 1961)

dfj;kef.kDde Jhfuokl Ñ".ku (laf{kIr esa ds,l,l) dk tUe 4 fnlEcj 1898 dksrfeyukMq esa fr#usosYyh ftys ds okVji xako esa gqvk FkkA muds firk ,d cqf¼thoh FksvkSj os rfey vkSj laLÑr fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr FksAÑ".ku dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk muds xako ,oaikl ds 'kgj JhfofyiqRrwj esa gqbZA

Ldwy esa mudh HksaV ,d izsjd f'k{kd Jhlqczkefu;k vÕ;j ls gqbZA Ñ".ku ds [kqnvius 'kCnksa esa] eq>s foKku fo"k; ls lclsigys izse gkbZ Ldwy esa gqvkA esjs f'k{kd dksbZis'ksoj oSKkfud ugha Fks ijUrq foKku dks Li"VvkSj jkspd rjhds ls le>kus esa mUgsa egkjr gkflyFkhA muds }kjk i<+k, ikBksa dks ge xgjh rjgle> tkrs FksA lkFk esa foKku ds ckjs vkSj vf/d tkuus dh Hkw[k Hkh txrh FkhA pkgsa dksbZ Hkhfo"k; gks HkkSfrdh] Hkwxksy vFkok jklk;u'kkL=kJh vÕ;j ds i<+kus dk vankt ,dnefoy{k.k FkkA oks fliQZ fdrkcls ugha i<+krs FksA oks ljyiz;ksx fn[kkrs vkSj Nk=kksa dksHkh iz;ksx djus dsfy, izsfjr djrsFksA*

Ñ".ku] lksejÝysM vkSj jeu

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Ñ".ku us /krqvksa vkSj feJ/krqvksa ds izfrjks/ (fjftfLVfoVh) dk ,d iQkewZyk fodflrfd;kA 1946 esa Ñ".ku dks ukbZVgqM* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ns'k dh vktknh ls dqNle; igys Ñ".ku dks uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVªh ds funs'kd dk in lEHkkyus ds fy,ubZ fnYyh vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA

pkyhl vkSj ipkl ds n'kd esa Ñ".ku us dkiQh le; dkmafly iQkWj lkbfUVfiQd ,aMbaMfLVª;y fjlpZ] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ,WVkfed buthZ dfe'ku vkSj vU;egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk fcrk;kA 1954 esa mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k vkSj 1957 esa 'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj ls vyaÑr fd;k x;kA

O;fDrxr thou esa Ñ".ku dks dbZ fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr FksA U;k; vkSj uSfrdrk ds ekuoh;ewY;ksa esa mudk xgjk fo'okl FkkA mUgsa laLÑr] rfey lkfgR; vkSj dukZVd laxhr esaxgjh #fp FkhA iafMr usg: ds vuqlkj gjsd HksaV esa mUgsa Ñ".ku ls dksbZ ubZ dgkuh vo';lquus dks feyrh! Ñ".ku Vsful [ksyrs vkSj mUgsa fØdsV eSp ns[kus dk tcjnLr 'kkSd FkkAfoKku dh xgjh tkudkjh gksus ds dkj.k oks foKku dh fouk'kdkjh 'kfDr ls vPNh rjgvoxr FksA 'kk;n blh dkj.k mUgksausa 'kakfr vkanksyuksa esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;kA

uS'kuy fiQftdy yScksjsVªh ds fuekZ.k ds le; ,d Bsdsnkj us eq[;}kj ds ikl nksleL;kewyd isM+ksa dks dkVus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA Ñ".ku us tc ;g ns[kk rks oks cgqr nq[khgq, vkSj mUgksaus vkjfdVsDV ls iwNk] rqe ;g isM+ D;ksa dkV jgs gks\* tokc esa vkfdZVsDVus dgk] ^lj bu isM+ksa ds dkj.k ySaMLdsi dk larqyu fcxM+ jgk FkkA* Ñ".ku us dgk]^rqe vHkh Hkh larqyu cjdjkj j[k ldrs gksA bu isM+ksa dks dkV dj ugha] cfYd ogka ,dvkSj isM+ yxkdjA* ;g ?kVuk Ñ".ku dh xgjh laosnukvksa vkSj lkSan;Z n`f"V dk |ksrdgSA tc Ñ".ku dk nsgkUr twu 13] 1961 dks gqvk rks oks vius ihNs iRuh] nks csVs] pkjcsfV;ka vkSj leLr Hkkjr dks 'kksdkdqy NksM+ x,A

jeu ds lkFk&lkFk Ñ".ku dk dke Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqvkA jeu ds vkxzg ijÑ".ku us fofHkUu rjy inkFkksZa ij izdk'k ds fodhj.k (LdSVfjax) dk izHkko tkapkA jeuds 'kks/ esa Hkh Ñ".ku dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA blh jeu izHkko* ij jeu dks 1930esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jeu us Lo;a Ñ".ku us ;ksxnku dk foLr`rmYys[k fd;k gSA gkyakfd Ñ".ku dk ^jeu izHkko* ds [kkst esa cM+k gkFk Fkk fiQj Hkhckn esa mUgksauas bl fo"k; ij vkxs 'kks/ ugha fd;kA mUgksausa pqEcdRo] mQ"ek vkSj^Fkjfe;kSfuDl* dh {ks=k pqukA Fkjfe;kSfuDl* bysDVªkfuDl dh oks 'kk[kk gS ftlesa inkFkksaZdks xeZ djus ij muesa ls fudyus okys bysDVªkal dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

fnlEcj 1928 esa Ñ".ku us <kdk ;wfuoflZVh esa jhMj ds in ij dke izkjEHk fd;kA mlle; izfl¼ HkkSfrd'kkL=kh izksiQslj lR;sanz ukFk cksl ogka ij fiQftDl foHkkx ds izeq[kFksA ogka dk izsj.kkLin ekgkSy Ñ".ku dks csgn ilan vk;k vkSj mUgksaus ogka iwjs tks'k dslkFk dke 'kq# fd;kA mudk dke lLrs] de&ykxr ds oSKkfud iz;ksxksa dk lt`u djukFkkA muds dke dks ,d fons'kh fe=kus etkd esa dM+kc ls tqxkM+* djukcrk;kA mUgksaus fofHkUu fØLVYl dspqEcdh; xq.k/eksZa dk xgu vè;;ufd;kA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, enzkl;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa Mh,llh dh mikf/iznku dhA

1933 esa Ñ".ku <kdk ls okildydRrk ykSVs tks ml le; ns'k esafoKku dk izeq[k dsanz FkkA ogka mUgksauzsbafM;u vlksfl,'ku iQkWj n dYVhos'kuvkWiQ lkbal esa izksiQslj vkWiQ fiQftDl(egsanzyky ljdkj ps;j) dk inlEHkkykA izdk'k ds fodhj.k vkSjpqEcdRo ds eki ij Ñ".ku ds dke bruk egRoiw.kZ le>k x;k fd 1940 eas mUgsa jkW;ylkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki iznku dh xbZA ml le; mudh mez ek=k 42 o"kZ dh FkhA

fnlEcj 1941 esa tkiku esa ;q¼ fNM+us ds dkj.k dydRrs esa thou cgqr vLr&O;Lrgks x;kA f'k{kk vkSj 'kks/ laLFkkvksa ds cUn djus dh ukScr vk xbZA blfy, tc Ñ".kudks bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh lssa izksiQsljf'ki dk U;kSrk feyk rks mUgksauas mls lg"kZ Lohdkjfd;kA bykgkckn esa cgqr le; iz'kklfud dk;ksZa esa [kpZ gksus ls mldk muds izk;ksfxd'kks/dk;Z ij vlj iM+kA ijUrq HkkSfrdh ds fl¼kafrd i{kksa esa Hkh ikjaxr gksus ds dkj.k

The crystal structure of graphite, composed of carbonatoms linked by covalent bonds (indicated by solid lines),and weaker van der Walls bonds (dotted lines).

78 79

ts-ts- vLirky nqfu;k dh ,d vuwBh laLFkk gSA bl fo'kky vLirky esa 4000 ejhtksa dsiyax gSaA ;gka 1500 Lukrd vkSj 650 iksLV&xSztq,V Nk=k i<+rs gSaA ,f'k;k esa if'pehfpfdRlk dh ;g lcls iqjkuh laLFkk gS vkSj mldk 175 lky iqjkuk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgklgSA ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur izfl¼ oSKkfud jkWcVZ dkp us mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds varesa risfnd (Vhch) ij viuk cqfu;knh 'kks/ blh laLFkk esa fd;k FkkA

1940 esa xzkaV esfMdy vLirky ds L=khjksx foHkkx esa f'kjksMdj us izksiQslj ds in ijdk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA 1941 esa os ukSjkslth okfM;k eSVjuVh vLirky ds lkFk tqM+sA bldslkFk&lkFk mudh tksjnkj futh izSfDVl Hkh tkjh jgh ftlesa oks lekt ds lHkh rcdksads ejhtksa dk bykt djrs FksA oks dEckyk fgy fLFkr viuh Dyhfud esa jkstkuk 14 ls16 ?kaVs dke djrs FksA muds gj vkijs'ku ds le; dbZ mRlqd vkSj izsfjr n'kZd gksrsFksA tYn gh mUgsa varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr izkIr gqbZ vkSj mUgsa ns'k&fons'k esa txg&txg ysDpjnsus ds fy, cqyk;k tkus yxkA oks mu igys yksxksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus vius fd, vkijs'kuksadh fiQYesa cuk;haA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj f'kjksMdj dks nqfu;k esa lcls vf/d^V;wcksDVeh* ds vkijs'ku djus dk fjdkMZ gkfly gS!

1950 ds n'kd esa nwljs frekgh esa xHkZorh L=kh }kjk LoSfPNd xHkZikr dh ckr ,d xw<+jgL; FkhA mlds fy, reke bykt lq>k, x, ijUrq dksbZ dkjxj lkfcr ugha gqvkAdHkh&dHkkj gksus okyh bl nnZukd leL;k ds fy, dqN u;k mipkj ,dne t:jh FkkAizksiQslj f'kjksMj oks igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksausa bl leL;k dk fo'ys{k.kkRed vè;;u fd;kAmUgksauas fL=k;ks dh tusafnz;ksa dk xHkZ ls igys vkSj mlds ckn vè;;u fd;k vkSj muesavk;s cnyko dks le>kA ckj&ckj LoSfPNd xHkZikr dh leL;k ds gy ds fy, f'kjksMjus ,d vkijs'ku lq>k;k ftlus mUgsa nqfu;k ds egku ltZuksa dh dksfV esa [kM+k dj fn;kA

oh-,u- f'kjksMdjoh-,u- f'kjksMdjoh-,u- f'kjksMdjoh-,u- f'kjksMdjoh-,u- f'kjksMdj(1899 - 1971)

MkWDVj oh-,u- f'kjksMdj dk uke iwjs fo'o esa f'kjksMdj fLVp (Vkads) ds vkfo"dkjdds uke ls e'kgwj gSA ,d esfMdy ltZu dh gSfl;r ls L=kh lEca/h chekfj;ksa ds mipkjesa mudk ;ksxnku cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA

foV~By ukxs'k f'kjksMdj dk tUe 1899 esa xksok ds f'kjksnk uke ds xkao esa gqvkA mudkikfjokfjd uke f'kjksMdj muds xkao ds uke ij gh iM+kA izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gqcyh esa gksusds ckn mUgksausa MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ xzkaV esfMdy dkWyst] cEcbZ esa iwjh dhA 1923 esa mUgsa

,echch,l dh fMxzh izkIr gqbZA mUgksausa L=khjksx foKku (xkbuhdksyksth) esa 1927

esa ,eMh dh fMxzh gkfly dhAmlds ckn mPp f'k{kk ds fy,oks baXySaM x;sA if'pe ns'kksa esafpfdRlk i¼fr;ksa ds ifjp;ls mUgsa cgqr ykHk gqvkA ;gkamUgk s au s uohure ltZjh dhiz.kkfy;ka lh[kha vkSj vusdksa izfl¼MkWDVjksa ls Hkh feysA 1931 esa

,iQvkjlh,l (baXySaM) dh mikf/feyus ds ckn oks Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj

cEcbZ ds ts-ts- vLirky esa L=khjksxfoKku ds izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls

dke djus yxsA

lkekU; xHkkZ'k; esa daB cUn gksrk gSA buDeihVsUV xHkkZ'k; esa daB [kqyk gksrk gSA

80 81

f'kjksMdj us esfMdy 'kks/xzaFkksa esa cgqrls 'kks/i=k Hkh fy[ksA 1960 esa viusvuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr mUgksauas dkafVªC;w'kUlVw vkClVsVfVªDl ,aM xk;uhdkSyksth* ij,d 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 1963 vkSj 1970 esaekbXl vkSj LVjfxl }kjk lEikfnr izksXkjslbu xk;uhdkSyksth* ds [kaM 4 vkSj 5 dsfy, mUgksausa ^budEihVsaV losZDl* ij,d&,d vè;k; fy[kkA tusfUnz;ksa dsHkza'k (tsuk;Vy izksySIl) ij mUgksausa viusfopkj 1971 esa ekjdl vkSj ekjdl}kjk lEikfnr [kaM ^,Mokafll buvkClVsVfVªDl ,aM xk;uhdkSyksth* esa fy[ksAmUgksaus xHkZ fujks/ ds fy, ljosDl ij,d gqM yxkus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;kA

7 ekpZ 1971 dks cEcbZ esa izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dk nsgkUr gqvkA mudh eka dk nsgkUrljfody dSalj ls gqvk FkkA 'kk;n blh otg ls muds csVs euksgj f'kjksMj us dSalj ij'kks/ djus dh BkuhA 'kq# esa mUgksauas tkWu gkWifdUl Ldwy vkWiQ ifCyd gsYFk esa jkmtljdksek* ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA 'kks/ ds nkSjku dSalj iQSykus okyk ;g igyk ok;jl ik;kx;kA mlds ckn euksgj us iq.ks fLFkr jkdsiQsyj iQkmaMs'ku ds okbjl fjlpZ lsaVj esa dk;Zfd;kA

Nk=kkoLFkk esa euksgj us MkDVjh ds is'ks ls viuk eqag eksM+kA ijUrq oks vius firk ds dkedk fny ls cgqr vknj djrs FksA 1976 esa euksgj vkSj mudh iRuh us MkWDVj oh-,u-f'kjksMdj eseksfj;y fjlpZ iQkmaMs'ku dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa mUgksaus [kqnds vkSj vius firkds liuksa dk latks;kA ;g laLFkk xjhc efgykvksa esa dSalj jksx dh tkap&ij[k djrh gSvkSj muds bykt ds fy, u, vkSj lLrs rjhds [kkstrh gSA

,d vR;Ur O;Lr esfMdy ltZu gksus ds ckotwn izksiQslj f'kjksMdj us cgqr ls 'kks/i=kfy[ks vkSj MkWDVjh mipkj ds lkekftd i{kksa esa xgjh #fp yhA oks xHkZikr ds fo"k; ijHkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr 'kakfryky desVh ds lnL; Fks vkSj iQSfeyh IySfuax ,lksfl,'kuds lnL; FksA 1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us izksiQslj f'kjksMdj dks i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfurfd;kA

1955 esa MkWDVj f'kjksMj us^lfoZdy ldZyst* ltZjh dkmYys[k fd;kA ;g oks vkijs'kugS ftldh dky ds yEcs varjkyus iqf"V dh gSA f'kjksMj us blvkijs'ku ds fy, dbZ fo'ks"ki zdkj d s midj.k k s a dkvkfo"dkj Hkh fd;kA le; dslkFk&lkFk bl ltZjh eas rekelq/kj gq, gSa ijUrq mudk lq>k;kvkijs'ku vkt Hkh ,d ekLVjihlgSA mUgksausa 1951 esa iSfjl esaloZizFke bl vkijs'ku dk ,dvarjkZ"Vªh; lsfeukj esa ftØ fd;kAfiQj 1956 esa usfiYl] bVyh dh,d dkaÚsUl esa mUgksasus bldsckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;kA bVyhdk lEca/ blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZgS D;ksafd rHkh ,d izfl¼ gkSyhoqM dh vfHkus=kh dk vkWijs'ku blh rduhd }kjk gqvkFkkA f'kjksMj rjhdk gj izdkj ds xHkZikr dk jkeck.k bykt ugha Fkk blls oks [kqn vPNhrjg okfdiQ FksA fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkWijs'ku liQy gksxk vkSj fdu esa ugha bldh Li"VO;k[;k f'kjksMj us [kqn djh FkhA

bl u;s vkWijs'ku dk fopkj 'kk;n f'kjksMj dks blfy, lw>k D;ksafd oks jkstejkZ dh?kVukvksa ij iz'u mBkrs FksA f'kjksMj us blds ckjs esa Lo;a fy[kk gS] ^iqjkus fnXxtksa dksiz.kke djrs gq, eq>s muds vkWijs'ku ds dbZ rjhds ,dne lgh vkSj vkn'kZ ugha tapsAesjs fnekx esa bu dky lEekfur rjhdksa dks csgrj cukus dk fopkj dkSa/kA*

1951 esa Úsap lkslkbVh vkWiQ xk;uksdkyksftLV~l ds jtr t;arh lekjksg ds miy{k esaizksiQslj f'kjksMj us vius vkijs'ku dh ,d fiQYe fn[kkbZA blesa mUgksausa ^dSVxV* dkmi;ksx fd;k FkkA ijUrq ?kqyu'khy gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa bldk bLrseky R;kxuk iM+kAmUgksaus viuh gh rduhd eas cnyko dj tka?k ls iQSfl;k ykVk* vkSj fyfuu* ds Vkadksadk mi;ksx dj LoSfPNd vkSj vknru xHkZikrksa dk bykt fd;kA ;g vkijs'ku vkt nqfu;kHkj esa f'kjksMj vkijs'ku ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA vkus okyh reke ihf<+;ka f'kjksMj dks bluokpkj ds fy, ;kn djsaxhA

f'kjksMdj fLVp }kjk iwjs xHkZ dky esa daB dks cUn j[krk gSA

dqN ltZjh ds vkStkj ftudk vkfo"dkj MkWDVjf'kjksMdj us fd;kA

82 83

izslhMsalh dkWyst ds dsfeLVªh foHkkx esa 'kks/dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA jklk;fud la'ys"k.k(dsfedy flfFkafll) esas muds mRÑ"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa enzkl ;wfuoflZVh us ljfofy;e osMcuZ vkSj dtZu iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kA

1927 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us baXySaM esa mPp f'k{kk ikus ds fy, 'ks"kknzh dks ,d othiQk fn;kAbaXySaM dh eSaupsLVj ;wfuoflZVh esa 'ks"kknzh us fo[;kr dsfeLV izksiQslj jkWcVZ jkWfculu(,iQvkj,l) ds ns[kjs[k esa 'kks/ dk;Z fd;kA izksiQslj jkWfculu ckn esa jkW;y lkslkbVhds vè;{k euksuhr gq, vkSj mUgsa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA 'ks"kknzh usesfyfj;k ds jksdFkke dh vkS"kf/;ksa vkSj jlk;uksa ds la'ys"k.k ij iFkizn'kZd dk;Z fd;kAbl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, 1929 esa mUgsa ih,pMh dh mikf/ iznku dh xbZZAizksiQslj jkWfculu ds lkFk fcrk, le; dks 'ks"kknzh us vius 'kks/dk;Zdk lcls vkuannk;h dky ekukA

MkWDVªsV dh mikf/ ikus ds ckn 'ks"kknzh us dqN eghu vkfLVª;k esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrkizksiQslj fÚV~t izsxy ds lkFk fcrk,A izksiQslj izsxy dsfeLVªh esa lw{e fo'ys"k.k ds viusdke ds fy, fo'o&fo[;kr FksA mlds ckn 'ks"kknzh us ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ,fMuczk dsdsfeLVªh foHkkx es izksiQslj tktZ cktZj (,iQvkj,l) ds lkFk dqN le; fcrk;kA 1930esa 'ks"kknzh Hkkjr okil ykSVsA

1934 esa mUgksaus vak/z ;wfuoflZVh esa dsfefLVªh ds foHkkx vè;{k ds in ij dke vkjEHkfd;kA ;gka mUgksaus cgqr esgur ls ubZ iz;ksx'kkyk,a [kksyha] u;k ikB~;Øe jpk vkSj dsfeLVªhds ,d vR;ar thoUr 'kks/ Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA bl chp ;wfuoflZVh us mu ij dsfedyVsDukfyth vkSj vkS"k/h; dsfeLVªh ds u, foHkkx LFkkfir djus dk nkf;Ro Hkh lkSaikA bldsckotwn mUgksausa viuk 'kks/dk;Z yxkrkj tkjh j[kkA bl nkSjku mUgsa vDlj vka/z esfMdydkWyst fLFkr ck;ksdsfeLVªh foHkkx dh vksj viuh lkbfdy ij ikap fdyksehVj dk liQjr; djrs gq, ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA dke ds izfr 'ks"kknzh ds leiZ.k ls izsfjr gksdj mudscgqr ls ;qok Nk=kksa us Hkh 'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k vkSj vuqla/ku dks vius thou dk mís';

cuk;kA tYn gh vak/z ;wfuoflZVh ns'k esajklk;u 'kkL=k ij ekSfyd 'kks/ dk ,dvxz.kh dsanz cuhA

nwljs egk;q¼ us 'ks"kknzh ds dke esa ck/k MkyhA ;q¼ ds dkj.k ;wjksi ls vkusokys dsfedYl vkSj midj.kksa dk feyuknq'okj gks x;kA mlh le; iQkSt dh ,dVqdM+h us okWYVs;j fLFkr dsfeLVªh foHkkx

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzhVh-vkj- 'ks"kknzhVh-vkj- 'ks"kknzhVh-vkj- 'ks"kknzhVh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh(1900 - 1975)

^/u vkSj lk/u vPNs 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, t:jh gSa ij i;kZIr ugha] mRre 'kks/ dsfy, balku lcls egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA*

& Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh

Vh-vkj- 'ks"kknzh dk tUe 3 iQjojh 1900 dks dqyhrykbZeas gqvk tks fr#pkiYyh ftys esa dkosjh unh ds iklfLFkr ,d NksVk 'kgj gSA muds firk Vh- vk;uxjLFkkuh; Ldwy esa f'k{kd FksA 'ks"kknzh dh izkjfEHkdf'k{kk] eafnjksa ds 'kgj Jhjaxe vkSj fr#pkiYyh esagqbZA muds f'k{kdksa us muesa drZO;ikyu] yksxksa lsizse vkSj Kku dh fiiklk HkjhA 1917 esa 'ks"kknzhus enzkl ds izslhMsalh dkWyst esa ch,llh (dsfeLVªh)ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA dkWyst ds nkSjku oksjkeÑ".k fe'ku }kjk lapkfyrNk=kkokl esa jgrs FksA vkJe dslU;kfl;ksa ls mUgksaus tks vkè;kfRedewY; lh[ks oks thou Hkj mudsdke vk,A izslhMsalh dkWyst esa mUgsach-ch- Ms vkSj ih- ukjk;.k vÕ;jtSls izsfjr f'k{kdksa us i<+k;kA buf'k{kdksa dks oks thou Hkj ugha HkwysAch,llh dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus dsckn 'ks"kknzh us ,d lky jkeÑ".kfe'ku esa dke fd;kA ckn esa mUgksaus

'ks"kknzh }kjk la'ysf{kr isMkysfVuA

pedalitin

84 85

izksiQslj 'ks"kknzh ds bl mPp Lrj ij igqapus ds ihNs mudh xgjh drZO; fu"Bk FkhA oSlsvius Nk=kksa dk izse mUgsa lcls fiz; FkkA mUgksausa vius Nk=kksa dh th&tku ls enn dh ftuesadbZ ckj vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh 'kkfey FkhA vius Nk=kksa ds chp cus jgus ds dkj.k gh mUgksausafo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh vè;{krk dks udkjkA Nk=kksa us vius izsjd f'k{kk ds izfrlEeku O;Dr djus ds fy, 'ks"kknzh ds lkBosa] iSlBosa] lRrjosa vkSj fiNRrjosa tUefnuij Lejks.kRlo xzaFk izdkf'kr fd,A Nk=kksa us 'ks"kknzh dh ;knxkj esa ,d VªLV Hkh LFkkfirdhA lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkh 'ks"kknzh vius Nk=kksa ds ekxZn'kZu vkSj lgk;rk ds fy, lnSoekStwn jgrsA fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh esa 'ks"kknzh ds yxHkx 25 Nk=k] Ng vyx&vyx bekjrksaesa fLFkr iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa 'kks/dk;Z djrs FksA oks fu;fer :i ls fnu esa de&ls&de pkjckj vius lHkh Nk=kksa ls feyus vo'; tkrs FksA 'ks"kknzh us lkspk fd lsokfuo`fRr ds ckndsfeLVªh foHkkx ftldh mUgksaus lkyksa lsok dh Fkh muds thou;kiu ds fy, dqN lk/u miyC/ djk,xkA 1965 esa mUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ futh iqLrdky; fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh dsdsfeLVªh foHkkx dks nku dj fn;kA oks 'kakfr ls viuh vk[kjh lkal rd blh foHkkx esadke djuk pkgrs FksA nqHkkZX; ls 1972 esa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh us dqN u, dkuwu ykxw fd,ftldh otg ls oks foHkkx ls dksbZ Hkh ikfjJfed ugha ys ldrs FksA blls mudh vkfFkZdO;oLFkk ,dne pjejk xbZ + + + muds ikl thou;kiu dk dksbZ lk/u ugha cpk + + + blizdkj Hkkjr ds bl egku liwr dk nsgkUr 27 flrEcj 1975 dks gqvkA

dh bekjr esa Msjk MkykA blds dkj.k igys rks 'ks"kknzh dks xqaVwj vkSj mlds ckn enzkltkuk iM+kA ij bl nkSM+&/wi esa Hkh mUgksaus viuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA f}rh; egk;q¼ dsi'pkr okWYVs;j dh iz;ksx'kkyk dk iqu%fuek.kZ gqvk vkSj 'ks"kknzh ogka okil ykSVsA

1949 esa 'ks"kknzh dks fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr lj ekSfjl Xok;j us dsfeLVªh foHkkxdk lEiw.kZ dk;ZHkkj lEHkkyus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA 'ks"kknzh us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkjk vkSjcgqr vYidky esa izkÑfrd mRiknksa* ij fo'o Lrjh; dsfeLVªh foHkkx LFkkfir fd;kA ns'kds dksus&dksus ls vkSj ckn esa nqfu;k Hkj ls Nk=k muds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Z djus dsfy, vkus yxsA mudh fo'kky Vhe esa baXySaM] Úkal vkSj teZuh ds 'kks/Nk=k Hkh 'kkfeyFksA 'ks"kknzh us 160 ls vf/d ih-,p-Mh- Nk=kksa dk ekxZn'kZu fd;k vkSj dqy feykdj1000 ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA muds Nk=k vkt nqfu;k Hkj esa iQSys gSa vkSj ns'k&fons'kdh 'kks/ laLFkkvksa esa lEekfur inksa ij vklhu gSaA 'ks"kknzh us ,d iqLrd dsfeLVªh vkWiQfoVkfeUl ,aM gkjeksUl Hkh fy[khA lsokfuo`fRr ds rqjUr ckn mUgsa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh dsloZizFke izksiQslj besjsVl ds in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA

ouLifr;ksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa ds jaxksa esa 'ks"kknzh dh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA 'kq# esa mUgksasusadikl vkSj xqM+gy (fgfcLdl) ds iQwyksa ds jaxksa ij 'kks/dk;Z fd;kAmUgksauas dbZ u;s ;kSfxdksa ds <akpksa dh O;k[;k dh vkSj lkFk&lkFk fo'ys"k.kds dbZ u;s rjhds btkn fd, tks vkt dsfeLVªh esa vke cu x, gSaA mudhtSo&la'ys"k.k (ck;ksflaFkflt) esa xgjh #fp Fkh vkSj bl {ks=k esa mUgksauas iFkizn'kZd dk;Zfd;kA fgeky; ij ik, tkus okys tSokd (ykbfdu) ij jklk;fud 'kks/ 'kq# djus okys'ks"kknzh igys Hkkjrh; FksA

'ks"kknzh ds vikj vuqHko vkSj xEHkhj vè;;u dk cgqr ls laxBuksa dkss ykHk feyk & blesalh,lvkbZvkj] vkbZlh,evkj] vkbZlh,vkj vkSj Mh,Mh 'kkfey gSaA 'ks"kknzh us f'k{kk]LokLF;] foKku] Ñf"k vkSj lqj{kk ls lEcaf/r fo'ks"kK lfefr;ksa dh vè;{krk dhA oks

laln vkSj ;wusLdks ds oSKkfud lykgdkj Hkh jgsAmUgsa cgqr ls lEekuksa ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;kA1961 esa 'ks"kknzh dks iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslkbVhds lEeku ds fy, pquk x;kA dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksaus mUgsa MkDVªsV dh fMxzh ls uoktkA oks bafM;ulkbUl dkaxzsl vkSj bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMehds vè;{k Hkh jgsA oks varjkZ"Vªh; 'kks/ if=kdksa &VsVªkgsMªu vkSj iQkbVksdsfeLVªh ds lEiknu eaMy dslnL; Hkh jgsA 1963 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us 'ks"kknzh dksi|Hkw"k.k iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kA

ODAP

L-glutamate

'ks"kknzh us [ksljh nky dh fo"kkDrkdk vè;;u fd;kA

'ks"kknzh us iQsuksy ds feFkkbys'kudh rduhd btkn dh tksvkt cgqr mi;ksx dh tkrhgSA

86 87

ekgs'ojh i<+kbZ esa cgqr gksf'k;kj FksA mUgksaus ,e,llh (1927) vkSjMh,llh (1931) dh i<+kbZ MqMX;ksu ds ekxZn'kZu esa iwjh dhA mUgksauasiQwy mRiknu djus okys ,aft;ksLieZl ikS/ksa (iq"iikndksa) ds vkÑfr&foKku]lajpuk vkSj iztuu dk vè;;u fd;kA i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds cknekgs'ojh vius f'k{kd MqMX;ksu dks xq#nf{k.kk nsus x,A xq# us dgk]^vius Nk=kksa ds lkFk ogh djks] tks eSaus rqEgkjs lkFk fd;k gSA* ;g lans'kekgs'ojh dHkh ugha HkwysA mlds ckn oks tgka Hkh x, & vkxjk] <kdk;k fiQj fnYyh esa mUgksausa vius xq# dks fn;k opu fuHkk;kA

1931 esa vkxjk dkWyst esa ukSdjh yxus ds ckn mUgksausa rqjUr ikS/ksa ds iztuu ij 'kks/dk;Z vkjEHk dj fn;kA lk/uksa ds vHkko esa Hkh mUgksauas iSls ,df=kr dj ,d lw{en'khZvkSj ,d ekbØksVkse [kjhnkA ?kj esa mudh iRuh 'kakfr & tks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;ha FkhamPp dksfV ds LykbM~l cukus esa mudh enn djrh FkhaA

gesa ekywe gS fd tc fdlh dhM+s ;k gok ds >ksads ls ikS/s ds fMEc (vksO;wy) esa ijkxds d.k vkrs gSa rHkh iztuu 'kq# gksrk gSA ;g iQwy ds chtdks"k esa gksrk gS vkSj mllsHkzw.k iSnk gksrk gSA Hkzw.k vius ifjos'k ls Hkkstu izkIr djrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds ,dikS/s ds :i esa iuirk gSA Hkzw.k ls ikS/k cuus dh izfØ;k gjsd iztkfr ds fy, vyx&vyx

iapkuu ekgs'ojhiapkuu ekgs'ojhiapkuu ekgs'ojhiapkuu ekgs'ojhiapkuu ekgs'ojh(1904 - 1966)

izksiQlj iapkuu ekgs'ojh ,d iz[;kr oSKkfud Fks ftUgksausa Hkkjr dks fo'o esa ouLifr'kkL=kh;uD'ks ij ,d izeq[k LFkku fnyk;kA mudk tUe 9 uoEcj 1904 dks t;iqj esa gqvkAlaLÑr es a iapkuu dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^iapeq[kh* ;kfu ikap yksxksa ftruk cqf¼ekuA vkSj blfo'ks"k uke dh efgek tYn gh mtkxj gqbZA iapkuu ds firk ,d DydZ Fks ijUrq mUgksausvius csVs dh vPNh i<+kbZ ds fy, dksbZ Hkh dlj ckdh ugha NksM+hA iapkuu us viuhizkjfEHkd f'k{kk t;iqj esa dhA rsjg o"kZ dh vYivk;q esa mUgksaus gkbZ Ldwy ikl fd;kAvka[kksa dh detksjh ds dkj.k oks MkWDVjh dh i<+kbZ ugha dj ik,A ijUrq mUgkasaus foKkudh i<+kbZ dh vkSj mlesa cM+h dke;kch gkfly dhA

1923 esa iapkuu us ch,llh bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh ls lEc¼ bfoax fØfLV;u dkWyst lsdhA ;gka iapkuu dh HksaV ,d foy{k.k vejhdh fe'kujh f'k{kd fouiQhYM LdkVMqMX;ksu ls gqbZA oks ,d iz[;kr vejhdh ouLifr'kkL=kh Fks vkSj bafM;u ckWVsfudylkslkbVh ds laLFkkid vè;{k FksA Nk=k mudk cgqrvknj djrs Fks ijUrq oks vius Vhpj ls Mjrs Hkh FksD;ksafd MqMX;ksu vius Nk=kkas ls tedj dkedjokrs FksA ijUrq ekgs'ojh esa MqMX;ksu dks ,d,slk mÙke Nk=k feyk ftldh oks eqír ls ryk'kdj jgs FksA MqMX;ksu ;qok ekgs'ojh dks iQhYMfVªIl ij ouLifr;ksa ds uewus ,df=kr djus dsfy, lkFk ys tkrs FksA mUgksausa gh ekgs'ojh dksouLifr vkÑfr&foKku (ekWjiQkyksth) ds cqfu;knhxqj fl[kk,A ,d ckj MqMX;ksu us dgk] ^,d fgUnqfirk vius vius csVs dks vPNh f'k{kk nsus ds i'pkrgh vius thou dks liQy ekurk gSA esjk [kqn dkcsVk tYn gh py clk ijUrq eSa ,d ,slk Nk=kNksM+dj tkuk pkgrk gwa tks esjs liuksa dkslkdkj djsxkA*

ljlksa ifjokj ds Hkwz.k dk fodklØe

88 89

ekgs'ojh ds dke us ouLifr'kkL=k ds lHkhi{kksa dks Nqvk blfy, mUgsa Hkkjr dkvafre lEiw.kZ ouLifr'kkL=kh ekuuk xyr ugksxkA ekgs'ojh vkSj muds Nk=kksa us iq"iikndksa(,aft;ksLieZl) ds lkS ls Hkh vf/d ifjokjksadk xgu vè;;u fd;kA fnYyh dh

ouLifr;ksa ij ,d iqLrd n byLVªsfVM Ýyksjk vkWiQ nsgyh muds ekxZn'kZu esa fy[kh xbZA;g iqLrd fiNys ipkl o"kksZa ls fnYyh ds izÑfr izsfe;ksa vkSj ouLifr 'kkfL=k;ksa ds fy,,d vPNh iQhYM&xkbM dk dke dj jgh gSA

1951 esa mUgksausa baVjuS'kuy lkslkbVh vkWiQIykaV ekiQkSZyksftLVl dh LFkkiuk dhv k S j l k F k e s a mldk ' k k s /i = kiQkbVksekiQkSZyksth 'kq# fd;kA ;qok Nk=kksads ys[ku dks iz[kj cukus ds fy, mUgksausn cksVkfudk uked if=kdk 'kq# fd;kAbldk izdk'ku nsgyh ;wfuoflZVh cksVkfudylkslkbVh djrh FkhA if=kdk esa jkspdtkudkjh gksus ds dkj.k mls rqjUr liQyrkfeyhA ,ulhbZvkjVh ds vkxzg ij mUgksausgk;j lsd.Mjh Ldwy ds Nk=kksa ds fy, tho'kkL=k dh ,d ikB~;&iqLrd fy[khA mlesaHkkjrh; isM+&ikS/ksa dh cgqr izsjd tkudkjh ladfyr dh xbZ FkhA cgqr ls f'k{kkfon~ bliqLrd dks ekgs'ojh dk loksZRre ;ksxnku ekurs gSaA

d{kk esa ekgs'ojh vius xq# MqMX;ksu tSls gh FksA muds Nk=k muls ,d vksj cgqr izsedjrs rks nwljh vksj Mjrs Hkh FksA vius xq# ds lEeku esa Nk=kksa us ikS/ksa dh dbZ ubZ [kksthiztkfr;ksa dks vius xq: ds uke lefiZr fd;k & tSls iapkufu;k t;iqjSfUll vkSjvkbZlksbZV~l iapkfuuhA ekgs'ojh us LVSfyu ds fiz; tho'kkL=kh VªksfiQe ykbZflUdks ls vdsysyksgk fy;kA ykbZflUdks dk ekuuk Fkk fd lh[kh x;h ckrsa oa'kkuqØe dk fgLlk cu tkrhgSa & tks ljklj xyr FkkA

iapkuu ekgs'ojh leLr fo'o ds oSKkfud ukxfjd Fks vkSj dbZ ns'kksa dh oSKkfudvdknfe;ksa us mUgsa viuh lnL;rk iznku dhA 1934 eas oks bafM;u ,dsMeh vkWiQlkbfUll] cSaxyksj ds lnL; cusA 1958 esa bafM;u ckWVsfudy lkslkbVh us mUgsa chjcylkguh esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA 1968 esa mUgsa bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl dakxzsl ds vè;{kin ds fy, pquk x;kA ;g jksy oks 18 ebZ 1966 dks viuh vkdfLed e`R;q ds dkj.kfuHkk ugha ik,A 1966 esa mUgsa iz[;kr jkW;y lkslkbVh dk iQsyks pquk x;kA ekgs'ojh ,dxEHkhj O;fDr Fks vkSj mUgksausa ;g ckr vius ifjokjtuksa rd dks ugha crkbZA ifjokj dsyksxksa us ;g [kcj vxys fnu v[kckj esa i<+hA

gksrh gSA ekgs'ojh us reke ikS/ksa dh iztkfr;ksa esa bl fodkl dh izfØ;k dk vè;;ufd;kA mUgksausa bl 'kks/ ds vk/kj ij ikS/ksa dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa ckaVkA

1936&37 esa ekgs'ojh ;wjksi vkSj baXySaM ds nkSjs ij x, tgka oks dbZ ewY;oku lEidZlw=k LFkkfir djus esa liQy jgsA fons'k ls ykSVus ds i'pkr mUgksauas dqN le; fo[;krthok'e oSKkfud izksiQslj chjcy lkguh ds lkFk dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksaus <kdk;wfuoflZVh esa ouLifr'kkL=k dk u;k foHkkx izkjEHk fd;kA <kdk esa mudh HksaV lR;sanz ukFkcksl vkSj es?kukn tSls pksVh ds oSKkfudksa ds lkFk gqbZA ekgs'ojh us <kdk ;wfuoflZVh esanl o"kZ dke fd;k vkSj ogka ij ouLifr'kkL=k ,d vPNk Ldwy LFkkfir fd;kA 1947ds caVokjs ds i'pkr iwohZ ikfdLrku ds vf/dkfj;ksa us muls viuk dke tkjh j[kus dhfourh dhA ijUrq rHkh ekgs'ojh dks ,d ,slk fueU=k.k feyk ftls os Bqdjk ugha ik,A

1949 esa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr lj ekSfjl Xok;j (tks Hkkjr esa vafre fczfV'kphiQ tfLVl Hkh Fks) us ekgs'ojh dks u;s ouLifr'kkL=k foHkkx dk vè;{k in lEHkkyusds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;g ekgs'ojh ds thou dk lcls mRiknd dky jgkA 1950esa mudh 'kksgjr nwj&nwj rd iQSy pqdh FkhA okss vn~Hkqr O;fDrxr xq.kksa ls lEiUu Fks vkSjmudh ;knnk'r foy{k.k FkhA mudk fetkt lh/k&lknk] Lora=k vkSj vlhfer mQtkZ lsHkjk FkkA oks ,d iz[kj fo}ku vkSj izsjd f'k{kd Fks tks vius dke dks gh HkfDr ekursFksA muds vkn'kZ vkSj ekun.M cgqr mQaps Fks vkSj oks ?kfV;k ds dke dks dHkh Lohdkjugha djrs FksA oks vius dke esa eqLrSn Fks vkSj le; ds ,dne ikcan FksA

ekgs'ojh us vius Nk=kksa dks de&dher ds midj.kksa ls 'kks/ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA/hjs&/hjs muds iz;klksa dk vlj gqvkA tYn gh muds foHkkx us [kwc izxfr dhvkSj fons'kksa esa Hkh mldh 'kksgjr iQSyhA /hjs&/hjs fofHkUuns'kksa ds oSKkfudksa dh Hkh ouLifr Hkwz.k&foKku esa #fp txhvkSj oks Hkh bl fo"k; ij 'kks/ djus yxsA ekgs'ojh dksouLifr Hkwz.k&foKku dk firk dgk tk ldrk gSA

ekgs'ojh us ij[kuyh eas ,aft;ksLieZl ds iztuu dh rduhd[kkst fudkyhA mlls igys fdlh us iQwy okys ikS/ksa dsVsLV&V~;wc esa iztuu dh dYiuk rd ugha dh FkhA blls chtksadh lqIr voLFkk de gqbZ vkSj muds iztuu dh xfr us rsthidM+hA blls iQwyksa okys ikS/ksa dh vusdksa ladj iztkfr;ka rS;kjdjuk lEHko gqvkA ikS/s rS;kj djus okyksa dks ;g rduhd cgqrilan vk;h D;ksafd blds dbZ vkfFkZd ykHk Hkh FksA fnYyh;wfuoflZVh esa vkus ds rqjUr ckn mUgksaus ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw ,fEcz;kWyksthuke dh ,d iqLrd fy[khA ;g iqLrd ,d vuwBh Ñfr le>h tkrh gS vkSj bldkvuqokn :lh Hkk"kk lesr dbZ vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa gks pqdk gSA izdk'ku ds ipkl o"kZ cknHkh bl fdrkc dk vusdksa LFkkuksa ij mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS!

ekgs'ojh us ikS/ksa dh 'kfDr dko.kZu djus ds fy, vusdksayksdfiz; ys[k fy[ksAfelky ds fy, mUgksausfy[kk fd xak/hth dkigyk lR;kxzg ,d ikS/sds fy, Fkk ftldk uke FkkbafMxksiQsjk fVadVksjk & ftldslRo ls uhyk jax curk Fkk vkSjftldk mi;ksx diM+k dkj[kkukas esa gksrk FkkA

90 91

bjkorh us iQjX;wlu dkWyst eas n'kZu'kkL=k dk vè;;u dj 1926 esa Lukrd dh fMxzhizkIr dhA fiQj mUgsa nf{k.kk iQsyksf'ki feyh ftl ls oks cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh esa lekt foKkuds izeq[k izksiQslj th ,l ?kqj;s ds ekxZn'kZu esa dke dj ik;haA bl chp bjkorh dk fookgfnudj /ksaMks dosZ ls gqvkA jklk;u 'kkL=kh fnudj izfl¼ lektlsoh egf"kZ dosZ ds lqiq=kFksA egfJ dosZ us fo/okvksa dh 'kknh vkSj efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dk chM+k mBk;k FkkA

,d izxfr'khy ifjokj esa 'kknh gksus ds dqN iQk;ns rks dqN uqdlku Hkh FksA oSls rks egf"kZdosZ efgykvksa dks lkoZtfud {ks=k esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs Fks ijUrq ;gizxfr'khyrk muds futh ifjokj ij ykxw ugha gksrh FkhA tc bjkorh dks mPp f'k{kk dsfy, teZuh tkus dk ekSdk feyk rks egf"kZ dosZ us mldk iqjtksj fojks/ fd;kA

fojks/ ds ckotwn bjkorh 1928 esa teZuh dh dSlj foYgsYe bafLVV~;wV iQkWj ,aFkzksikWyksthesa ih,pMh djus x;haA muds 'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk & n ukeZy ,flfeVjh vkWiQ n g;weuLdyA bjkorh vkSj fnudj dks yxk fd lektlsok muds cl dh ckr ugha gSA blfy,mu nksuksa us vè;kiu vkSj 'kks/ ds {ks=k pqusA fnudj jklk;u 'kkL=k ds izkè;kid FksA osckn esa iQjX;wlu dkWyst ds fizafliy cusA fnudj viuh iRuh dh foy{k.k izfrHkk lsifjfpr Fks vkSj mUgksaus bjkorh dh Hkjiwj lgk;rk dhA fnudj us ?kj&x`gLFkh dh dkiQhftEesnkjh lEHkkyh ftlls bjkorh viuk 'kks/dk;Z dj ik;haA bjkorh ds LdwVj esa isVªksyHkjuk vkSj muds ilZ esa iSls j[kuk Hkh fnudj dk gh dke Fkk!

bjkorh iq.ks esa LdwVj pykus okyh igyh efgyk Fkha! mUgksauas ekax esajksyh Hkjuk vkSj eaxylw=k iguuk vo'; R;kxk FkkA ijarq pan ijEijk,arksM+us ds ckotwn bjkorh us ,d eè;e&oxhZ; fgUnw thou gh ft;kALdwy esa mUgksauas laLÑr lh[kh tks ml dky ds Nk=kksa ds fy, vfuok;ZFkkA bjkorh ds firk us mUgsa Hk.Mkjdj vksfj;aVy fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV }kjk

izdkf'kr egkHkkjr ds 18 HksaV fd,A bjkorh dks ;g HksaV cgqr ilanvk;hA blh egkHkkjr ij vk/kfjr mUgksaus ckn esa viuhekSfyd Ñfr ;qxakr fy[khA bls1967 esa lkfgR; vdkneh usejkBh dh loZJs"B iqLrd ds:i esa iq#LÑr fd;kA bliqLrd es a egkHkkjr dsvknj.kh; ik=kksa vkSj egkjfFk;ksadh iSuh leh{kk dh xbZ gSA

bjkorh dosZbjkorh dosZbjkorh dosZbjkorh dosZbjkorh dosZ(1905 - 1970)

bjkorh dosZ Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk ekuo'kkL=kh (,UFkzksikykSftLV) FkhaA cpiu ls ghmudh bl fo"k; esa #fp FkhA mUgksausa bl {ks=k esa vxz.kh dke fd;kA bl fo"k; dks iq.ks;wfuoflZVh esa lcls i<+kus dk Js; Hkh mUgha dks gSA mUgksaus cgqr yksdxhrksa dks ladfyrfd;k vkSj fL=k;ksa dh eqfDr ls lEcaf/r dforkvksa dk vuqokn fd;kA viuh iqLrd ;qxakresa mUgksausa izkphu xzaFk egkHkkjr dh ,d Øakfrdkjh O;k[;k dj ikBdksa dh le> dkscnykA

bjkorh dk tUe 1905 eas gqvkA muds firk x.ks'kgfj djejdj cekZ esa dke djrs FksA blfy,mudk uke cekZ dh izfl¼ unh bjkonh dsmQij iM+kA lkr lky dh mez esa bjkorh dksiq.ks ds gqtwj ikxk cksfMZUx Ldwy esa i<+us ds

fy, Hkstk x;kA Ldwy esa mudh ,dlgsyh Fkha & 'kdqaryk ijkatis & tksiQjX;wlu dkWyst ds fizafLiy jSaxyj ijkatis

dh csVh FkhaA 'kdqaryk dh eka dks bjkorhigyh utj esa Hkk x;ha vkSj mUgksauas bjkorh

dks viuh nwljh csVh tSls ikykAvius u;s ?kj esa bjkorh dks ,d

vR;Ur ckSf¼d ekgkSy feykvkSj cgqr lkjh jkspd iqLrdsai<+us dks feyhaA

92 93

galeq[k ladkfy;k & ns'k ds izcq¼ iqjkRrosRrk us ,d ?kVuk dk mYys[k fd;kA ,d ckjoks vkSj bjkorh dgha nwj&njkt xako esa losZ{k.k dj jgs FksA mudh Vhe esa ,d ds vNwr*gksus ds dkj.k xako okyksa us mUgsa [kkuk f[kykus ls badkj dj fn;kA blfy, fnu HkjiQhYM&odZ ds ckn Fkdh&ekanh bjkorh dks jkr dks [kqn iwjh Vhe ds fy, [kkuk Hkh cukukiM+kA NqfV~V;ksa esa oks vius dke ds flyflys esa ?kwerha jgrha tcfd cPps ?kj ij gh jgrsAcPps mudh yk;h ubZ phtsa ns[kus vkSj ;k=kkvksa dh jkspd dgkfu;ka lquus dks vkrqj jgrsAdHkh&dHkh cPps Hkh muds lkFk ?kqeDdM+h ij fudy iM+rsA csVh tkbZ ,d ckj eyckj]fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk xbZ vkSj iq=k vkuan csVk&dq#ck vkSj tsuk&dq#ck tutkfr;ksa ds psgjksadks ukius ds fy, dwxZ x;kA

,d ckj bjkorh iq.ks dh eqyk&eqBk unh esa ?kaVksa ik"kk.k&;qx ds iqjkus vkStkjksa dks [kkstrhjghaA ,d iQhYM fVªi ds nkSjku jkr dks dksbZ LFkku ugha feyus ij oks Vªd esa gh lks;haA

ejkBh esa muds ys[k csfelky gSa & ftuesa fudVrk vkSj nwjh dk ,d uktqd larqyu gSAmuds ys[kksa esa ,d lekt'kkL=kh dh iSuh utj gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ,d ea>s ys[kd dkHkk"kk lkSan;Z gSA mUgksaus 'kCnksa esa cgqr ls laosnu'khy lakLÑfrd fp=k mdsjs gSaA mudk ,dizfl¼ fucU/ ia<jiqj dh /kfeZd ;k=kk ds ckjsesa gSA bjkorh dks ejkBh esa O;fDrxr fucU/ksadk flyflyk 'kq# djus dk Js; tkrk gSA

bjkorh ds 'kks/ }kjk ge vius orZeku vkSjvrhr ds chp ds fj'rs dks csgrj rjhds lsle> ik,A ,d cgq&lkaLÑfrd] cgq&Hkk"kh;]cgq&/kfeZd lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds xBu dhdfBukvksa ls bjkorh vPNh rjg voxr FkhaAvkt tc yk[kksa yksx cM+s cka/ izdYiksa dsdkj.k cs?kj gks jgs gSa rc bjkorh dk dks;ukcak/ lEca/h losZ{k.k cgqr ek;us j[krk gSAmuds ys[kksa esa ,d efgykeq[kh n`f"Vdks.k gS &mUgksauas egkHkkjr dh ?kVukvksa dks dqarh vkSjnzkSinh ds utfj, ls ns[kkA bjkorh ds iFkizn'kZdlkekftd losZ{k.kksa us Hkfo"; ds 'kks/ dh uhaoj[kh & fo'ks"kdj efgyk tkx`fr ds {ks=k esaA

teZuh ls okil vkus ds ckn bjkorh us 1931&36 ds chp cEcbZ dh ,l,uMhVh;wfuoflZVh esa jftLVªkj in ij dke fd;kA 1939 esa mUgksauas MsDdu dkWyst esa jhMj dsin ij lekt'kkL=k fl[kkuk 'kq# fd;k vkSj ogha ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA dqN le; rd okslekt'kkL=k foHkkx esa vdsys gh i<+krh jgha ftldh otg ls mUgsa bl fo"k; ds lHkhisilZ i<+kus iM+rs Fks tks cgqr cksf>y dke FkkA

bjkorh vius ,e, ds lqijokbtj izksiQslj th-,l- ?kqj;s ds 'kks/ ls cgqqr izHkkfor FkhaAnksukas ifjokj] tkfr] /eZ dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs Fks vkSj bu bdkb;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lekt dhcqfu;kn le>rs FksA bjkorh lekt dk lexz fp=k x<+us ds fy, fofHkUu tkfr;ksa vkSjvkfnoklh lektksa dk losZ{k.k djuk pkgrh FkhaA bjkorh cgqr ftKklq Fkha vkSj u;s {ks=kksaesa iQhYM&odZ vkSj 'kks/ djus dh muesa xgjh yxu FkhA iqjkRro mR[kuu vkSj vUos"k.keas mudh fo'ks"k #fp FkhA

bjkorh us dqy feykdj vaxzsth esa 102 ys[k vkSj iqLrdsa fy[khaA mUgksaus ejkBh esa Hkh vkBiqLrdsa fy[khaA mUgksaus vusdksa fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj vkSj foy{k.k :i ls fy[kkA mudsys[ku esa ,d xgjh laosnuk Fkh tks muds ys[ku dks csgn vuwBk cukrh gSA mUgksausa HkkSfrdekuo'kkL=k vkSj iqjkRro fo"k;ksa ij dke fd;k vkSj ik"kk.k ;qx ds dadkyksa dk mR[kuufd;kA tkfr O;oLFkk] yksdxhr] dgkfu;ksa vkSj ekSf[kd ijEijkvksadks Hkh mUgksausa fyfic¼ fd;kA lkIrkfgd cktkjksa vkSj cka/ lsmtM+s yksxksa dk muds }kjk fd;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd losZ{k.kvkt Hkh lkef;d vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA

ckn esa bjkorh ds ,d izfrHkkoku Nk=k dSyk'k eYgks=kk us/uxj vkSj uanhokyh & i'kqikyu ls tqM+h nks tutkfr;ksadk losZ{k.k dj euq"; }kjk i;kZoj.k ij iM+s izHkko dksfn[kk;kA

mu fnuksa fdlh efgyk ds fy,iQhYModZ djuk dksbZ vklku dkeugha FkkA bjkorh ds vius 'kCnksa esa

^eSa vius dke ds flyflys esa b/j&m/jikxyksa tSlh HkVdrh jghA eq>s ;g rdugha irk Fkk fd esjk vxyk dne fd/jmBsxk ;k vxyk [kkuk dgka feysxkA chpesa dqN lqLrkus ds ckn eSa fiQj vknfe;ksavkSj vkjrksa ls [kpk[kp Hkjh cl esa nqckjkliQj 'kq# dj nsrh + + +A*

94 95

buke esa ,d isUV&ckDl feykA 'kk;n blh dkj.k oks viuh lkjhftUnxh fp=kdkjh djrs jgsA

1929 esa mUgksaus ,e,llh (ouLifr'kkL=k) esa iwjh ;wfuoflZVh esa VkWifd;k vkSj eSF;w gaVj esMy thrkA blds ckn oks dsfEczt x, tgka mUgksausih,pMh iwjh dhA lj jksysaM fcfiQu vkSj lj ÚSad ,aXyMks ds ekxZn'kZuesa lEiUu mudh ih,pMh vkt Hkh ,d Dykfld le>h tkrh gSA vius 'kks/ esa ikWyus igyh ckj xsgwa dh ladj iztkfr;ksa dh lEHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj fd;kA 1933 esa mUgksausafcgkj fLFkr iwlk esa bafM;u (bEihfj;y) ,xzhdYpjy bafLVV~;wV esa dke djuk 'kq#fd;kA 1937 esa inksUufr ds ckn oks ogha bEihfj;y bduksfed ckWVkfuLV cusA 1936 dsHkwdEi esa iwlk bafLVV~;wV cqjh rjg èoLr gks xbZ vkSj mls fnYyh f'kÝV fd;k x;kA rcikWy Hkh fnYyh vk,A

MkW- ikWy ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks le>us ds fy, geas 1960 esa Hkkjr esa [kk|kU;ksa dhn;uh; fLFkfr ij utj Mkyuh pkfg,A [kk|kU;ksa dh csgn fdYyr ds dkj.k lkjh nqfu;kHkkjr dks Hkq[kejksa dk ns'k ekuus yxh FkhA ml nkSjku gtkjksa&yk[kksa Hkkjrh; vejhdk}kjk ih,y&480 esa nku fn, [kk|kU;ksa dh otg ls gh ftUnk cp ik,A ikWy ds usr`Roesa 'kq# gqbZ gfjr Øakfr ns'k esa ,d vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu ykbZ vkSj /hjs&/hjs djds Hkkjr ,dHkw[ks ns'k ls ,d [kk|kU; ckgqY; ns'k cukA

ikWy us Ñf"k ds ftu ikap {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k os gSa & vuqla/ku] f'k{kk]Ñf"k&foLrkj] laLFkk fuekZ.k vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksxA bu lHkh {ks=kksa esa mUgksaus vFkdesgur vkSj yxu ls vf}rh; dke fd;k vkSj gjsd {ks=k esa dke;kch vkSj liQyrk gkflydhA

vuqla/ku ds {ks=k esa ikWy dk izeq[k dke cgqjksxh dhV fujks/h xsgwa dh ladj iztkfr;ksadk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA Ñf"k mRiknu tSfod fofo/rk ds larqfyr fodkl }kjk gh c<+sxk;g ckr ikWy dks Li"V fofnr FkhA oSKkfud i¼fr }kjk u, thUl [kkstus ds fy, mUgksauasIykaV baVªksMD'ku fMfotu dh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa ;gh foHkkx uS'kuy C;wjks vkWiQ IykaV

tsusfVd fjlksZfll cukA mUgksausa mPp rduhdksa dk mi;ksx dj vkyw]VekVj vkSj rEckdq dh ubZ&ubZ iztkfr;ka fodflr dhaA blds fy,mUgksaus fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds foy{k.k oSKkfudksa dks vkil esa lg;ksx

vkSj lfØ; Hkkxknkjh ls 'kks/ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

ikWy dks yxk fd Hkkjr tSls Ñf"k iz/ku ns'k dksHkfo"; esa mPp dksfV ds Ñf"k oSKkfudksa dh ,d

cM+h iQkSt dh t:jr gksxhA bUgha oSKkfudksa dscqfu;knh 'kks/ }kjk ns'k esa Ñf"k mit c<+sxh vkSj ns'k

rjDdh djsxkA bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, mUgksasus

ch-ih- ikych-ih- ikych-ih- ikych-ih- ikych-ih- iky(1906 - 1989)

^MkW- ch-ih- iky ds dky esa Hkkjr esa xsgwa dk 'kks/ nqfu;k esa lcls pksVh ij FkkAlp ek;us esa oks Hkkjr dh gfjr Øakfr ds jpf;rk FksA*

& MkW- ukeZu ckWjykSx (ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk)

csatsfeu fi;js ikWy ,d fo'ofo[;kr tsusfVd oSKkfud rks Fks gh lkFk esa os vn~Hkqrekuoh; xq.kksa ls Hkh lEiUu FksA ,d dkfcy oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksasusa Hkkjrh; Ñf"kds fiNM+siu dh leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls le>kA izkÑfrd lkSan;Z ds izfr muesa ,d xgjhlaosnuk FkhA ikWy ,d xjetks'k vkSj n;kyq balku Fks vkSj vius lglkfFk;ksa ds cgqr fiz;

FksA oks ,d vksj xgu fpard Fks rks nwljh vksj [kwcetkd Hkh djrs FksA mudh vusd phtksa esa #fp FkhA

oks ,d mPp dksfV ds fp=kdkj Fks vkSj mUgsaHkkjrh; vkSj if'peh nksuksa izdkj dh laxhr'kSfy;ksa ls izse FkkA bruh vyx&vyx phtksaesa xgjh #fp;ka j[kus ds dkj.k dqN yksxmUgsa ^Ñf"k ds gkseh HkkHkk* ekurs FksA

ikWy dk tUe 26 ebZ 1906 dks eqdUniqj]iatkc esa gqvk FkkA mudh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cekZ esagqbZ tgka muds firk esfMdy MkWDVj FksA cekZ esaoks lsUV ekWbfdYl Ldwy esa i<+s vkSj ;gka mudh

xqykcksa vkSj fp=kdkjh eas #fp iSnk gqbZA Ldwyesa ,d vR;Ur lqUnj xqykc dk ckx FkkvkSj muds dbZ f'k{kdksa dh ckxokuhvkSj issafVUx esa #fp FkhA ikWy viuh d{kkesa ges'kk loZizFke vkrsA ,d ckj mUgsa

96 97

lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn ikWy us viuh lkjh mQtkZ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds dke ds fy, yxk;hAoks uS'kuy desVh vkWu bUok;juesaVu izksVsD'ku ,aM dksvkjfMus'ku ds igys ps;jeSu cusAikWy ,d mPp dksfV ds IykaV&czhMj Fks vkSj mUgksausa xqykc dh dbZ ubZ iztkfr;ksa dkvkfo"dkj fd;kA oks jkst vkSj cksxuosfy;k lkslkbVh ds Hkh vè;{k FksA izfl¼ oSKkfud,e-,l- ja/kok ds lkFk feydj mUgksaus paMhx<+ dk jkst&xkMZu LFkkfir fd;kA mudk?kj yksxksa ds fy, lnSo [kqyk jgrk Fkk vkSj oks 'kks/drkZvksa dh lgk;rk dks ges'kk rRijjgrs FksA

ikWy us bafM;u lkslkbVh vkWiQ tsfufVDl ,aM IykaV czhfMax dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj tuZy vkWiQtsusfVDl ,aM IykaV czhfMax dks iPphl o"kZ rd lEikfnr fd;kA iQwyksa ds izfr vius izseds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, mUgksauas <sjksa yksdfiz; iqLrdsa fy[kha ftuesa n jkst bu bafM;k]C;wfViQqy DykbEclZ vkWiQ bafM;k] Ýykofjax JCtvkSj bUok;juesaVy dUtjos'ku ,aM MsoyiesaVmYys[kuh; gSaaA

oks dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; 'kks/ laLFkkvksa ds VªLVh Fks vkSjmUgksausa cgqr ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Ñf"k vuqla/kudks lgh fn'kk iznku dhA oSKkfud leqnk; esa mudk#rck bruk cqyan Fkk fd mUgsa iQsyks vkWiQ n jkW;ylkslkbVh dh lnL;rk ds lkFk&lkFk Úakl] tkiku] #lh vkSj FkMZ OyZM ,dSMeh vkWiQlkbafll dk lnL; Hkh pquk x;kA 1987 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfurfd;kA 2007 esa Hkkjrh; Mkd foHkkx muds lEeku esa muds fiz; xqykc ds iQwyksa ds lkFk,d Mkd fVdV NkikA

ikWy xgjs ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls vksr&izksr ,d dkseyLoHkko ds O;fDr FksA mUgksauas vius }kjk cukbZ xqykcdh ubZ iztkfr;ksa ds uke izfl¼ Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa &lj lh-oh- jeu vkSj gkseh HkkHkk ds uke ij j[ksAmudks Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku ifj"kn ls xgjkyxko Fkk vkSj var esa os viuh iwjh lEifRr &leLr ys[k] xqykcksa dk laxzg vkSj fnYyh ,oaf'keyk ds edku lHkh dqN blh laLFkk dks nkudj x,A mudk nsgkUr 1989 esa gqvkA

Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku laLFkk esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, ,d iksLV&xzStq,V Ldwy LFkkfirfd;kA tYn gh mls ;wfuoflZVh xzWkUVl dfe'ku us ,d ;wfuoflZVh dk ntkZ iznku fd;kAbl laLFkk ls fudys 4000 ls Hkh vf/d ,e,llh vkSj ih,pMh ds 'kks/drkZvksa us Hkkjrdh lSdM+ksa djksM+ turk dks Hkkstu miyC/ djk;k vkSj lkFk&lkFk ns'k dks [kk|kU;ksaesa vkRe&fuHkZj cuk;k gSA

ikWy mi;ksxh O;kogkfjd vuqla/ku ds fy, mRre xq.koRrk ds cqfu;knh 'kks/ dks ,dnet:jh ekurs FksA blds fy, mUgksausa bafM;u ,xzhdYpj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ)esa Ldwy vkWiQ iQaMkesaVy tsusfVDl dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dsfunku ds fy, dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFk cgq&fo"k;h 'kks/dk;Z dh'kq#vkr dhA (vkbZ,vkjvkbZ) ds funs'kd dh gSfl;r ls mUgksausavuqla/ku] f'k{kk vkSj foLrkj ds dke dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA

ikWy us 1965&72 rd bafM;u dkmafly iQkWj ,xzhdYpjy fjlpZds Mk;jsDVj&tujy ds in ij Hkh dke fd;kA blh dky esa xsgwa]/ku] cktjs vkSj eDdk dh mPp iSnkokj nsus okyh ladj iztkfr;kacM+s iSekus ij fdlkuksa dks cksus ds fy, miyC/ gq;haA gfjr&Øakfrdks vkSj c<+kok nsus ds fy, ikWy us Ñf"k ls tqM+s tkuojksa vkSjeNfy;ksa ds vuqla/ku ij Hkh cy fn;kA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us fo'o dh loZJs"B vuqla/ku laLFkkvksa ds lkFk gkFk feyk;k vkSj feydj 'kks/dk;Z fd;k & esfDldks ds lkFk xsgwaij vkSj fiQfyihUl ds lkFk /ku ijA blls jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij ikWydh izfrHkk iQSyhA

'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, ikWy dk ukjk Fkk & [ksr dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kvks*A iz;ksx'kkykls [ksr rd* mudk nwljk ukjk Fkk ftls fØ;kUou ds fy, ikWy us vFkd ifjJe fd;kAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd Ñf"k {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh uokpkj dk vafre ewY;kadu varr% fdlkugh dj ldrk gSA Ñf"k ds Nk=k Hkkjrh; lekt dh tfVyrkvksa dks vPNh izdkj le>sablfy, mUgsa vius ikB~;Øe esa cgqr ls lekt'kkL=k ls tqM+s fo"k; Hkh i<+us iM+rs FksAvkbZlh,vkj dk ;g la'kksf/r ekWMy bruk liQy gqvk fd mls dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa &ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] fiQfyihUl vkSj ukbZthfj;k us lg"kZ viuk;kA

98 99

1956 esa mudh igyh iqLrd ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n LVMh vkWiQ bafM;u fgLVªh izdkf'kr gqbZANius ds ikap lky ds vanj gh ;g iqLrd fo'o Hkj ds bfrgkl 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy,vfuok;Z le>h tkus yxhA mlds ckn mudh nks vU; iqLrdsa feFk ,aM fj;SYVh (1962)vkSj n dYpj ,aM flfoykbZts'ku vkWiQ ,as'kUV bafM;k bu fgLVkSfjdy vkmVykbu(1965) NihaA bu lHkh iqLrdksa dk fo'o dh reke Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvkA dkslEchus Hk`rgfj dk izkphu laLÑr xazFk lqHkkf"krjRudks"k lEikfnr fd;kA vkt Hkh ;g ,dcgqewY; vuqla/ku le>k tkrk gSA

dkslEch us u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>us dk ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k fn;k ijUrqlkFk&lkFk mUgksaus mls le>us dk rjhdk Hkh fodflr fd;kA muds erkuqqlkj bfrgklfliQZ chrs gq, vrhr ds ckjs esa ugha gksrkA bfrgkl orZeku esa Hkh thrk gSA blfy, dkslEchus vius bfrgkl ds 'kks/ esa reke ckrksa dk vè;;u fd;k & yksx dSls thrs gSa] oks D;kphtsa bLrseky djrs gSa] muds jhfr&fjokt D;k gSa] mudk Hkkstu vkSj laxhr D;k gS\ bulc ckrksa dh tkap&ij[k ls dkslEch vrhr vkSj orZeku ds chp ,d fujUrjrk LFkkfirdj ik,A

1990 ds 'kq#vkr esa dkslEch ds Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds n`f"Vdks.kij vk/kfjr 13 Hkkx dk ,d Vsfyohtu lhfj;y cuk &bafM;k baosfUVMA bls tkus&ekus lekt oSKkfud vjfoUnukjk;.k nkl us cuk;kA bl vf}rh; lhfj;y ds lHkh Hkkxvc xwxy fofM;ks ij fu'kqYd miyC/ gSaA

nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch dk tUe 31 tqykbZ 1907 dks gqvkAmuds izkjfEHkd lky dksad.kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gq, xksok esa chrsA

muds firk vkpk;Z /ekZuUn dkslEch cq¼ /eZ ds lqizfl¼ if.Mr Fks vkSj iq.ks dsiQjX;wlu dkWyst esa i<+krs FksA blfy, nkeksnj dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iq.ks esa gh gqbZA vkpk;Z/ekZuUn gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa foftfVUx iQSdYVh Fks tgka oks ikyh eas fyf[kr ckS¼xzaFkksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djrs FksA 1918 esa viuh nwljh gkjoMZ ;k=kk ds nkSjku vkpk;Z /ekZuUnviuh 19 o"khZ; csVh ekfud vkSj 11 o"khZ; csVs nkeksnj dks Hkh vius lkFk vejhdk ysx,A rc rd nkeksnj dks lc yksx ckck ds uke ls tkuus yx x, FksA oks igys dsfcztxzkWej Ldwy esa vkSj mlds ckn dsfczt ySfVu Ldwy esa i<+sA pkj lky ckn vkpk;Z dkslEch

izksiQslj nkeksnj /ekZuUn dkslEch lpeqp iqutkZxj.k dh cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksAoks mu fxus&pqus pan Hkkjrh;ksa esa ls Fks ftUgksausa chloha lnh ds foKku ds ekuo tkfrij gq, izHkko dks le>k FkkA izpkj vkSj izfl¼h ds iFk dks udkjrs gq, mUgksausa Kku&foKkuds dbZ {ks=kksa esa vf}rh; vuqla/ku fd;k ftuesa & xf.kr] lakf[;dh;] eqnzk'kkL=k]baMksyksth] bfrgkl vkSj ledkyhu lkekftd leL;k,a 'kkfey FkhaA mUgksausa vk.kfodgfFk;kjksa dh iqjtksj f[kykiQr dh vkSj lkjh ftUnxh fo'o 'kakfr vkanksyuksa ds fy, dkefd;kA

muds 'kks/dk;Z dk dSuol cgqr fo'kky FkkA is'ks ls ,d xf.krK gksus ds ckotwn mUgksausO;kolkf;d bfrgkldkjksa dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ns[kus dk ,d ekSfyd utfj;kfl[kk;kA ik"kk.k ;qx ds iRFkj ds cus vkStkjksa vkSj f'kykLrEHkksa ds muds laxzg ls

iqjkRro&foKku dk egRoiw.kZ fodkl gqvkA mUgksausa izkphudky esa vkokxeu ds vusdksa ekxZ [kkstsA mUgkasus dkjykxqiQk eas [kqns czkgeh fyfi ds f'kykys[kkssa dh igyh ckjO;k[;k dhA dkslEch us [kqn vius vki lakf[;dh;lh[khA blds fy, mUgksauas ,d O;ogkfjd leL;k dkspqukA mUgksausa 7000 ls Hkh vf/d iap&ekdZ izkphueqnzkvksa dks ,d laosnu'khy rjktw esa ckjhdh ls rksykAmuds bl 'kks/ ls eqnzk'kkL=k dks ,d oSKkfud fo"k; dkntkZ izkIr gqvkA mUgksausa nks ØksekstksEl ds chpdh nwjh Kkr djus dk ,d lw=k jpk tks vktDykfldy tsusfVDl dk ,d LrEHk gSA gj fo"k;dh ckjhdh ls tkap&iM+rky] xgu vè;;u vkSjfo"k; ij vkf/dkfjd idM+ ds lkFk&lkFk }U}kRed

HkkSfrdokn iz.kkyh }kjk mUgksausa reke cqfu;kuh iz'u [kM+s djsvkSj dbZ lokyksa ds ekSfyd mRrj Hkh lq>k,A

Mh-Mh- dkslEchMh-Mh- dkslEchMh-Mh- dkslEchMh-Mh- dkslEchMh-Mh- dkslEch(1907 - 1966)

100 101

ckotwn mUgksauas xf.kr dk fo"k; gh D;ksa pquk\ xf.kr dk tknw mudk eu eksg pqdk FkkAxf.kr ds urhtksa dh vn~Hkqr Li"Vrk mUgsa ckSf¼d :i ls vikj larqf"V iznku djrh FkhA

1929 esa dkslEch us mPp Js.kh esa gkjoMZ ls viuh mPp f'k{kk laiw.kZ dhA ml nkSj esavkfFkZd eanh ds dkj.k f'k{kk esa othiQs feyus cgqr dfBu Fks blfy, oks Hkkjr okilykSV vk,A mlds ckn oks lkjh ftanxh Hkkjr esa viuh lkaLÑfrd tM+ksa ds djhc gh jgsA

dkslEch us thou Hkj xf.kr i<+kbZA 1929&31 rd mUgksaus cukjl fgUnq fo'ofo|ky; esavè;kiu fd;kA ;gka mUgksausa xf.kr ds lkFk&lkFk teZu Hkk"kk Hkh i<+kbZA teZu dks dkslEchfoKku dh Hkk"kk ekurs FksA mlds ckn dqN le; mUgksauas vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh esaHkh i<+k;kA 1933 esa mUgksauas iq.ks fLFkr iQjX;wlu dkWyst esa vè;kiu 'kq# fd;kA ;gka tYngh mudh fxurh ,d lPps vkSj izsjd f'k{kd ds :i esa mHkjhA muds ysDplZ dk ykHkdsoy xEHkhj vkSj esgurh Nk=k gh mBk ikrs FksA uksV~l ds fy, ykykf;r lk/kj.k Nk=kmuds job;s ls vDlj fujk'k Hkh gksrsA pkSng lky xf.kr i<+kus ds ckn dkslEch us dkWystvf/dkfj;ksa ds lkFk xEHkhj erHksnksa ds dkj.k iQjX;wlu dkWyst NksM+ fn;kA oks ijh{kkvk/kfjr f'k{kk iz.kkyh vkSj mlds vizsjd rjhdksa ls cgqr nq[kh FksA

1946 esa mUgsa gkseh HkkHkk us cEcbZ esa ubZ LFkkfir VkVk bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ iQaMkeSUVy fjlpZesa dke djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA HkkHkk vkSj dkslEch nksuksa ds O;fDrRo cgqr fHkUugksus ds dkj.k muds chp ds fj'rs tYn gh [kjkc gks x,A HkkHkk D;ksafd ,d ubZ laLFkkjp jgs Fks blfy, oks vc oSKkfud dk;Z de vkSj izca/u esa T;knk yx x,A nksuksa dschp Hkh"k.k oSpkfjd erHksn Hkh Fks & ,d vksj HkkHkk vk.kfod&mQtkZ dks izksRlkfgr djjgs Fks rks nwljh vksj dkslEch iw.kZr% lkSj&mQtkZ ds i{k/j FksA

1962 esa Vh,iQvkbZvkj us mudh lsok,a jn~n djnha A 1964 esa lh,lvkbZvkj us mUgsa lsokeqDroSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls fu;qDr fd;k vkSjdkslEch iq.ks dh egkjk"Vª ,lksfl,'ku iQkWjdYVhos'ku vkWiQ lkbUl ds lkFk tqM+ x,A

estj&tujy buk;r gchcqYyk iq.ks ds ikl[kMdoklyk fLFkr uS'kuy fMiQsUl ,dSMeh ds igysdekaMsUV FksA gchcqYyk [kqn ,d 'kkSfd;k iqjkrRo&oSKkfudFksA mUgkasus dkslEch dks ,uMh, esa ,d iqjkRro Dyc (vkjfd;kyksftdy lkslkbVh)LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;gka ij dkslEch us mRlqd Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks

ik"kk.k ;qxhu iRFkj dsvkStkjksa vkSj vU; izkphuvo'ks"kksa dks [kkstus ds fy,izsfjr fd;kA

Hkkjr ykSVs ijUrq ckck viuh i<+kbZ iwjh djus ds fy, vejhdk esa gh #dsA oks chp esaHkkjr vk, vkSj mUgksauas ;gka ij dkWyst esa nkf[kyk ysus dh dksf'k'k dhA ijUrq nksuksa ns'kksadh fHkUu f'k{kk iz.kkfy;kas ds dkj.k ;g lEHko ugha gks ik;kA blfy, 1926 esa ckckvejhdk okil x, vkSj mUgksauas fo'ofo[;kr gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa nkf[kyk fy;kA

nkeksnj vius 'kjhj dks pqLr j[kus ds fy, fu;fer :i ls oftZ'k vkSj rSjkdh djrsAoks uko pykrs vkSj ioZrkjksg.k djrsA i<+kbZ esa mUgsa cgqr vPNs vad feyrsA ijUrq ,dlsfeLVj esa mUgsa rhu ,* vkSj ,d ch* xzsM feykA blls muds firk ukjkt gq,A bl pqukSrhdks Lohdkj djrs gq, ckck us xfeZ;ksa dh NqfV~V;ksa esa bVSfy;u Hkk"kk dk ,d dkslZ fy;kAbl Hkk"kk dk mUgsa igys fcYdqy Hkh Kku u FkkA bl dkslZ esa mUgsa muds Vhpj us ,$*dk xzsM fn;kA lkFk eas fVIi.kh Hkh fy[kh fd mUgksauas oks xzsM vius thou esa igyh gh ckjfdlh dks fn;k gSA bl fjiksVZ dkMZ dks ckck us vius firk dks HkstkA gkjoMZ esa ckckdk dejk reke fo"k;ksa dh iqLrdksa ls [kpk[kp Hkjk jgrk FkkA muds dejs esa ,d xak/hth dk ,d iQksVks Hkh yVdk jgrk FkkA

dkslEch us xf.kr dh mPp f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk esa dbZ ;wjksih; Hkk"kk,a & xzhd] ySfVu]Úsap vkSj teZu Hkh lh[khaA mUgksauslaLÑr ds lkFk&lkFk czkgeh vkSjizkÑr Hkk"kk,a Hkh lh[khaA vejhdkds le`¼ iqLrdky;ksa esasa oks Kkuds lHkh igyqvksa ls ifjfpr gq,A[kxksy'kkL=k] efLr"d dh xgjkbZ;ksavkSj vrhr ds vo'ks"kksa dks ,df=krdjus rd reke fo"k;ksa esa mudh#fp tkx`r gqbZA ckSf¼d {kerkvksavkSj mQtkZ ds fygkt ls dkslEchbuesa ls Kku ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esamRre vuqla/ku dj [kqn dksLFkkfir dj ldrs FksA ijUrq blds

Control over historyis not to be attainedby the passivesuffering that hasperpetuated Indianlife fromgeneration togeneration. Thetime has now cometo make history, to aseriously thought-out, consciousdesign in order to

Kosambi’s mapping function:

Allows for interference (I), whereby one crossover tends to

prevent other crossovers in the same region:

The amount of interference allowed in the Kosambi map function

decreases as the loci get further apart, and is zero for unlinked

loci:

The reason for underdevelopment is precisely

that our raw materials and our great markets

were exploited by the foreigner to his own

advantage. Our products were taken away for

the price of the cheap labour needed to take

them out of the earth,and we paid the highest

prices for the finished goods. In a word, the

developed countries with very few exceptions

are developed precisely because they made

profit both ways from us; we were never paid

the actual value of the things taken away. It is

our resources that have helped in the devel-

opment of the great industrialised nations of

the world; yet we have to go to the same

nations as suppliants, not as people demand-

i i htfully our own.

Freedom is the recognition of necessity; scienceis the cognition of necessity. The first is theclassical Marxist definition of freedom,towhichI have added my own d fi

102 103

gkseh HkkHkk us dgk] ^tks ns'k nqfu;k eas vxz.kh jksy fuHkkuk pkgrk gS oks dHkh cqfu;knhoSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z vkSj yEch vof/ ds vuqla/ku dks Hkwy ugha ldrkA* HkkHkk us vdsysHkkjrh; vk.kfod&mQtkZ dh cqfu;kn j[kh vkSj ns'k ds varfj{k vkSj bysDVªkfuDl dk;ZØedk iks"k.k fd;kA mUgksauas foy{k.k izfrHkk ds yksxksa ds bnZ&fxnZ mPp&dksfV dh laLFkk,aLFkkfir dhaA ,d nwjn'khZ ds ukrs mUgksaus Hkfo"; esa dke vkus okyh vusdksa laLFkk,aLFkkfir dha tSls & VhvkbZ,iQvkj] ch,vkjlh vkSj bljksA

gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk dk tUe 30 vDVwcj 1909 dks cEcbZ esa ,d izfrf"Br ikjlh ifjokjesa gqvkA mudh VkVk ds ifjokj ls fj'rsnkjh FkhA ftl ?kj esa oks iSnk gq, ogha vkxs pydjHkkjr ds vk.kfod dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA gkseh dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk cEcbZ dsdSFkhMªy vkSj tkWu dkSuu Ldwyksa eas gqbZA oks i<+kbZ esa izoh.k Fks vkSj iqLrdksa ds csgn'kkSdhu FksA firk dh ,d fo'kky ykbczsjh us mUgsa ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k fn;kA gkseh dh

iasfUVx vkSj ik'pkR; laxhr esa Hkh xgjh #fp FkhA

lhfu;j dsfEczt dh ijh{kk ikl djus dsckn mUgksaus dqN o"kZ cEcbZ dh jkW;ybafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl esa i<+kbZ dhA mldsckn oks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, dsfEczt x,Amuds firk pkgrs Fks fd oks ,d baftfu;jcusa vkSj ckn esa VkVk lewg esa fdlh mPp

vksgns ij dke djsaA ijUrq gkseh dh#fp dsoy ,d fo"k; esa Fkh vkSj oksFkk HkkSfrd 'kkL=kA mu fnuksa fiQftDlesa ,d ubZ Øakfr dh ygj vk jgh FkhvkSj dsfEczt mlds fy, lcls mi;qDrLFkku FkkA

gkseh HkkHkkgkseh HkkHkkgkseh HkkHkkgkseh HkkHkkgkseh HkkHkk(1909 - 1966)

1931 esa dkslEch dk fookg ufyuh eMxkaodj ls gqvkAmudh cM+h csVh ek;k dh 'kknh ds dqN o"kZ ckn ghdSalj ls e`R;q gks x;hA mudh NksVh csVh ehjk iq.ks dh,d fo[;kr lekt'kkL=kh gSaA

1949 esa dkslEch dks ^ikWFk T;ksesVjh* fl[kkus ds fy,f'kdkxks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA ckn esa mUgsa fizUlVu fLFkrbafLV~V;wV vkWiQ ,MokaLM LVMht eas vkeaf=kr fd;k x;ktgka mudh vkbUlVhu ls u dsoy HksaV gqbZ oju yEchppkZ Hkh gqbZA

dkslEch dk }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds n'kZu esa fo'okl Fkk ij oks lkFk&lkFk ijEijkxrdE;wfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ds f[kykiQ Fks ftUgsa mUgksausa vkfiQf'k;y ekfDlZLV (vkse) dh mikf/nh FkhA vk.kfod mQtkZ ds f[kykiQ gksus ds dkj.k HkkHkk vkSj muesa fcYdqy ugha cuhAtokgjyky usg# dh iqLrd fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k tc Nih rc dkslEch us mldh /fTt;ka mM+k;ha vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks ysdj usg# dh fNNyh le> dk inkZiQk'k fd;kAvius Lora=k fopkjksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vkSj okeiaFkh ikfVZ;ksa nksuksa us dkslEch dh mis{kkdhA dkslEch us 1934 esa ek=k 26 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa igyk jkekuqtu eseksfj;y iq#Ldkjthrk vkSj 1947 esa HkkHkk iq#Ldkj thrkA ;gHkkjrh; jkT; dh vlaosnuk dk |ksrd gS fdmlus ns'k ds loksZPp dksfV ds bl cqf¼thohdh iw.kr% mis{kk dh vkSj mUgsa dksbZ Hkh jkT;lEeku ugha fn;kA

2007 esa dkslEch dh tUe 'krkCnh ds miy{kesa iwjs lky Hkj iq.ks esa izeq[k cqf¼thfo;ksa dsHkk"k.kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkjus dkiQh foyEc ds ckn dkslEch dh ;kn esaMkd fVdV tkjh fd;k vkSj lkFk esa iq.ks;wfuoflZVh esa ^dkslEch ps;j* dh LFkkiuk dsfy, ,d djksM+ #i, dk vuqnku Hkh fn;kA

ek=k 58 lky dh vYi vk;q esa gh bl foy{k.kizfrHkk dk nsgkUr 29 twu 1966 dks gqvkAijUrq 'krkfCn;ksa ckn Hkh yksx dkslEch dscgqeq[kh ckSf¼d ;ksxnku dks ;kn djsaxsA

2007 esa dkslEch 'krkCnh lekjksgds nkSjku izks ehjk dkslEch dks mudsfirk dk rSyfp=k HksaV fd;k x;kA

dkslEch oYMZ ihl ewoesUV ds lfØ;lnL; FksA mUgsa iap'khy dk fpUgcgqr ilUn FkkA mUgksaus vkxzg djbl fpUg dk s viuh i qLrdbXtSlijsfVUx ,lst esa Niok;kA

104 105

f}rh; egk;q¼ lekIr gksus ds ckn HkkHkk fiQj ,d nksjkgs ij vk [kM+s gq,A oks okil;wjksi tk,a tgka oSKkfud 'kks/ dh vikj lEHkkouk,a Fkha ;k fiQj Hkkjr esa jg dj dk;Zdjsa\ bl ckj mUgksausa ts-vkj-Mh- VkVk ls blds ckjs esa mudh jk; ekaxhA HkkHkk us VkVkdks fy[kk] ^vius ns'k esa jg dj dke djuk vkSj fo'o Lrj dh vuqla/ku vkSj 'kks/laLFkk,a LFkkfir djuk izR;sd Hkkjrh; dk drZO; gSA*

HkkHkk dk fo'okl Fkk fd ;g foy{k.k Ldwy ns'k esa vk.kfod&mQtkZ ds fodkl ds fy,oSKkfudksa dh HkjikbZ djsaxsa vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr dks bl {ks=k eas vU; ns'kksa dk eqag ugharkduk iM+sxkA ek=k ,d yk[k ds vuqnku ls HkkHkk us 1 twu 1945 dks VkVk bafLV~V;wVvkWiQ iQUMkesaVy fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk dhA laLFkk dh 'kq#vkr cSaXkyksj esa gqbZ ijUrq pan eghuksads ckn gh oks cEcbZ f'kÝV gqbZ vkSj oks Hkh mlh caxys eas tgka HkkHkk dk tUe gqvk FkkA

ns'k ds izFke iz/kuea=kh tokgj yky usg# vkSj HkkHkk nksuksa dk liuk Hkkjr esa foKku vkSjrduhd ds {ks=k esa LFkkuh; {kerk,a jpuk vkSj mUgsa fodflr djuk FkkA usg# us HkkHkkdks ns'k esa oSKkfud laLFkkvksa dk rkuk&ckuk LFkkfir djus ds fy, jktuSfrd N=kNk;k]lk/u vkSj [kqyh NwV nhA

'kq# esa VhvkbZ,iQvkj esa dWkfLed&fdj.kksa vkSj xf.kr esa 'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk gqvkA HkkHkkesa izfrHkkoku yksxksa dks igpkuus vkSj vkdf"kZr djus dhvn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA HkkHkk us foy{k.k yksxksa dsbnZ&fxnZ u, foHkkx 'kq# fd,A mnkgj.kds fy, mUgksauas dsfEczt ls vkscsnfln~nhdh dks ekSfyD;wyj ck;kWyksthxzwi vkSj LVSuiQksMZ ls xksfoUn Lo:idks jsfM;ks VsfyLdksi ds fuekZ.k dsfy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA

Lora=krk ds ckn usg# us ns'k dsvk.kfod mQtk Z dk;ZØe dhckxMksj HkkHkk us gkFkksa esa lkSaihAHkkHkk vkSj usg# dh varjax fe=krk]HkkHkk dh vikj mRlkg vkSj mQtkZus ykyiQhrk'kkgh ij yxke dlhvkSj fiQj xkM+h rsth ls vkxsc<+hA VhvkbZ,iQvkj vkSj Hkkjr

gkseh ds mnkj firk us mUgsa fedSfudy VªkbikSl esa mRrhZ.k gksus ds ckn eSfFkeSfVdy VªkbikSldjus dh vuqefr ns nhA 1932 esa HkkHkk us jkmt&ckWy VªSofyUx iQsyksf'ki thrh ftldsdkj.k oks T;wfj[k esa okWyiQxSax ikWyh vkSj jkse eas ,ufjdks iQehZ ds lkFk dke dj ik,Amlds i'pkr vkbZtSd U;wVu othiQk feyus ls dqN le; dksisugSxu fLFkr uhYl cksgjbafLV~V;wV esa fcrk ik,A bl chp esa HkkHkk us izksiQslj iQkmYj ds ekxZn'kZu esa viuh ih,pMhiwjh dhA iz[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh vkSj ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk ,l panz'ks[kj ds xWkbM HkhiQkmYj gh FksA

HkkHkk us dsfEczt esa mRlkgiwoZd vius fnu fcrk,A ;gka mUgksaus bysDVªkWu&ikSftVªkWu LdSVfjaxdh [kkst dh tks vkt HkkHkk&LdSVfjax ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA okYVj gkbVyj ds lkFkfeydj mUgksasus dkLdsM F;ksjh ;kfu dkWfLed fdj.kks dh ckSNkj dh O;k[;k dhA bl;ksxnku ds ckn HkkHkk dh izfrHkk ,d ;qok vkSj fuiq.k HkkSfrd'kkL=kh ds :i iQSy xbZA

1939 esa HkkHkk dqN fnuksa dh NqV~Vh ds fy, Lons'k ykSVsA mlh le; f}rh; egk;q¼ fNM+x;kA ;q¼ ds dkj.k ;wjksi esa oSKkfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, othiQs cgqr de gks x,A 'kk;nblesa dqN vPNkbZ fNih Fkh D;ksafd vc HkkHkk dks Hkkjr esa gh dksbZ ukSdjh <wa<uh FkhAmuds foy{k.k dke ds dkj.k HkkHkk dks bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl] cSaXyksj eas rqjUrukSdjh fey xbZA mUgksausa lj nksjkc VkVk VªLV ds ,d vuqnku ls dkWfLed&fdj.kkas ijviuk 'kks/dk;Z tkjh j[kkA

cSaXkyksj esa HkkHkk ds lS¼akfrd dk;Z ls ,d d.k ds nks&Hkkj okyh lehdj.k cuh tksvc HkkHkk lehdj.k ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA bUgha fnukas HkkHkk us gjh'k panz ds lkFk Hkhdke fd;kA ckn esa gjh'k panz ,d mPp dksfV ds xf.krK ds :i esa txizfl¼ gq,AdkWfLed&fdj.kksa ds mQapkbZ;ksa ij vè;;u ds fy, HkkHkk us xkbZxj dkmaVj VsfyLdksicuk, vkSj mUgsa Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk ds gokbZtgktksa esa mM+k;kA

HkkSfrd 'kkL=kh ,YcVZ vkWbUlVhu] gsMdh ;qdkok] tkWu Oghyj vkSj gkseh HkkHkk

106 107

chloha 'krkCnh esa ,sls vusdksa oSKkfud gq, ftuds 'kks/ ls izÑfr ds ckjs esa gekjh le>esa Øakfrdkjh ifjorZu vk;kA muesa ls ,d Hkkjrh; ewy ds oSKkfud Fks & lqczkefu;upanz'ks[kjA HkkSfrdh] [kxksy'kkL=k vkSj xf.kr ds {ks=kksa esa muds ;ksxnku csfelky gSaaA

panz'ks[kj dk tUe 19 vDVwcj 1910 dks ykgkSj (vc ikfdLrku dk 'kgj) eas gqvkAmuds firk Jh lh- lqczkefu;u vÕ;j] foKku ds fy, ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys lj lh-oh- jeu ds HkkbZ FksA Jh vÕ;j jsYos ds ys[kk&tks[kk foHkkx esa vdkmaVsUV tujy FksAlaxhr esa mudh xgjh #fp FkhA X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd panzk dh i<+kbZ ?kj esa jg djgh gqbZA mlds ckn oks enzkl ds fgUnq gkbZ Ldwy esa i<+sA mUgksaus ch, izsthMsalh dkWystenzkl ls fd;kA oks 'kq# ls gh foy{k.k Fks vkSj ,slk yxrk Fkk fd cM+s gksdj dqN uk;kcdke djsaxsA vV~Bkgj lky dh de mez esa mUgksauas igyk oSKkfud 'kks/i=k fy[kk &dkEiVu LdSVfjax ,aM n U;w LVSfVfLVDl tks izkslhfMUxt vkWiQ n jkW;y lkslk;Vh esa NikALukrd dh fMxzh izkIr djus ls igys gh fiQykSlkfiQdy eSxthu esa muds nks vU; 'kks/i=k Ni pqds FksA viuh iz[kj cqf¼ekuh ds dkj.kpanzk dks dsfEczt esa 'kks/dk;Z djus ds fy, Hkkjrljdkj dk ,d othiQk feykA

lqczkefu;u panz'ks[kjlqczkefu;u panz'ks[kjlqczkefu;u panz'ks[kjlqczkefu;u panz'ks[kjlqczkefu;u panz'ks[kj(1910 - 1995)

dk vk.kfod dk;ZØe dqN gh lkyksa esa iQyus&iQwyus yxsA

HkkHkk dh liQy miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa lEekfur djus okysiq#Ldkjkas dk rkark yx x;kA 1941 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dhiQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1948 esa mUgsa gkWifdUl iq#Ldkjfeyk vkSj ns'k us 1954 esa mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA mUgsa

vusdksa ;wfuoflZVht us MkWDVjsV dh mikf/;ksa ls Hkh lq'kksfHkr fd;kA

oSls rks HkkHkk Vsªfuax ls ,d HkkSfrd'kkL=kh Fks ijUrq mUgsa rduhdksa dk Hkh vPNk Kku FkkAmUgksaus gh Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;ZØe dh uhao j[kh ftls ckn esa cgqr dq'kyrk ls foØelkjkHkkbZ vkSj lrh'k /ou uss fodflr fd;kA 1962 ds ;q¼ ds ckn HkkHkk us bysDVªkfuDlesa Hkkjr ds fiNM+siu dks igpkukA Hkkjr bysDVªkfuDl ds {ks=k esa rsth ls izxfr djs bldh:ijs[kk Hkh HkkHkk us gh rS;kj dhA

HkkHkk cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUu FksAoks leku :i ls xf.kr dh tfVyrkvksavkSj 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksadks le>rs FksA oks ,d fp=kdkj FksvkSj mUgsa thou dh lHkh lqanj phtksals izse Fkk & fp=kdyk] laxhr] lkfgR;]okLrqf'kYi] ckxokuh vkfnA vius cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo ds dkj.k vDlj mudh rqyukfy;ksukMksZ n foUlh ls dh tkrh FkhA VhvkbZ,iQvkj esa fuekZ.k dk;Z lekIr gksus ds cknHkkHkk us izfl¼ fp=kdkj edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dks ,d fHkRrhfp=k cukus ds fy, vkeaf=krfd;k ftlds fy, mUgsa rc ianzg gtkj #i, dk Hkkjh ikjJfed fn;k x;kA cgqr deyksx bl ckr ls voxr gSa fd VhvkbZ,iQvkj dk ,d izfr'kr ctV ^dyk* [kjhnus dsfy, lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k FkkA HkkHkk dh [kqn ds cuk, rSyfp=k vHkh Hkh VhvkbZ,iQvkjvkSj ch,vkjlh dh bekjrksa dks lq'kksfHkr dj jgs gSaA HkkHkk foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa fo'oksads ckn'kkg FksA viuh vusdksa ftEesnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k mUgksaus dHkh 'kknh ugha dhA ,dckj tc ,d fjiksZVj us muls bl fo"k; ds ckjs esa iwNk rks mUgsa lVhd lk tokc fn;k]^eSaus l`tu'khyrk ds lkFk C;kg jpk;k gSA*

tc HkkHkk vius dSfj;j ds 'kh"kZ ij Fks rcekSaV CySad] Úakl esa 24 tuojh 1966 dksvpkud ,d gokbZ nq?kZVuk esa mudh e`R;qgks xbZA gokbZ tgkt ds lkjs eqlkfiQj ekjsx, ftlls iwjk ns'k 'kksd esa Mwc x;kA;qokdky esa HkkHkk us vius firk ls dgk] dkSudgrk gS fd Hkkjr esa foKku dk mRre 'kks/

vlEHko gS\* mUgksausa us dsoy mPp dksfV dkvuqla/ku fd;k ij ,slh csgrjhu laLFkk,a jphaftuesa gtkjksa Hkkjrh; fo'o dksfV dk 'kks/ djik,A

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i=k fy[krs vkSj var esa mlh fo"k; ij ,d eksVh lh fdrkc fy[k MkyrsA* vkSj mldsckn oks viuk 'kks/ fdlh u, {ks=k eas 'kq# djrsA oks thou i;ZUr la'kks/u ds u,&u,{ks=k [kkstrs jgs vkSj izR;sd {ks=k esa mUgksaus dqN ekSfyd ;ksxnku fd;kA oks fu;ec¼ rjhdsls esgur djus ds i{k esa FksA

cgqr ls egku oSKkfud mQaps vksgnksa ij vklhu gksdj [kqn dh liQyrk ds f'kdkj cutkrs gSaA nwljh vkSj panzk ges'kk ;qok oSKkfudksa dh laxfr esa [kqn dks iquthZfor djrs FksAtc leL;k,a dfBu gks tkrha vkSj [kqn nwljh leL;k,a iSnk djrha rc os lcls vf/d[kq'k gksrsA var esa mUgsa ,slk yxrk tSls mu leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk gh gksxk & vkSj fiQjoks muds gy [kkstus ds fy, ckè; gksrsA

panzk us igys vkdk'kxaxkvksa ds mn~xe & LVsyj Mk;ukfeDl ij dk;Z fd;kA 1940 esamUgksauas rkjksa ds okrkoj.k esa fofdj.k izlkj & jsfM;sfVo VªkaLiQj fo"k; ij 'kks/ fd;kA1950 esa mUgksausa rjy esa v'kakfr & gkbZMªksMk;ukfed buLVsfCyVh ds csgn tfVy fo"k;ij vuqla/ku fd;kA 1960 dh csgrjhu nwjchuksa us iYlj vkSj Dostkj [kkstsA bu ubZ&ubZ[kkstksa dh lS¼akfrd O;k[;k csgn t:jh FkhA panzk us tujy F;ksjh vkWiQ jsysfVfoVh dsvk/kj ij CySd&gksYl dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj mudh O;k[;k ,d mRÑ"V iqLrd neSFkeSfVdy F;ksjh vkWiQ CySd&gksYl esa dhA oks bl fo"k; ij var rd dke djrs jgsAmudk nsgkUr 21 vxLr 1995 dks gqvkA

oSls panzk us viuk vf/dre le; fons'k esa xqtkjk ijUrq Hkkjr ds ckjs esa oks cgqr lkspkdjrs FksA Hkkjrh; xf.krK jkekuqtu ,d vkn'kZ oSKkfud ds :i esa panzk ds jksy&ekWMyFksA mUgksausa enzkl esa jkekuqtu bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ eSfFkeSfVDl LFkkfir djus esa lg;ksx fn;kA

ikuh ds tgkt esa baXySaM tkrs gq, panzk us ,d [kxksy'kkL=kh;leL;k ds mQij xgjk euu&fparu fd;kA fdlh Hkh rkjs(gekjk lw;Z Hkh ,d eè;e ntsZ dk rkjk gS) dk var fdlizdkj gksrk gS\ lkyksa ds foLr`r 'kks/ ds ckn oks bl urhtsij igqaps fd tks Hkh rkjs 1 +44 lw;Z ds Hkkj ls NksVs gksrsgSa oks varr% OgkbV MOkkiQZ (liQsn ckSuksa) esa ifjofrZr gksrsgSaA ;g lhek (1 +44 xquk lw;Z dk Hkkj) vc [kxksy'kkL=kesa panz'ks[kj lhek (fyfeV) ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA

1930&36 ds chp panzk dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa blh leL;kij izksiQslj jWkYiQ ,p- iQkmyj ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/dk;Zdjrs jgsA 1933 esa mUgksasusa viuh ih,pMh lekIr dh vkSj

rHkh oks fVªfuVh dkWyst ds iQsyks euksuhr gq,A 1935 esa jkW;y ,LVªkWukSfedy lkslkbVh usmUgsa vius 'kks/dk;Z ds ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;gka oks ,d cM+heqlhcr esa iQal x,A fo'o fo[;kr [kxksy'kkL=kh lj vkFkZj ,fMaxVu us panzk ds 'kks/dk;Z ij u dsoy rh[kh fVIi.kh dh ijUrq mldk etkd Hkh cuk;kA panzk dks bldhmEehn u FkhA mUgsa /Ddk rks yxk ijUrq mUgksauas vius 'kks/ dh iqf"V esa tksjnkj izek.kj[ksA mlds dqN lkyksa ckn u, iz;ksxksa us panzk ds ifj.kkeksa dh iqf"V dhA ,fMaxVu dhtM+&cqf¼ ds dkj.k [kxksy'kkL=k dk fodkl yxHkx nks n'kdksa ds fy, Fke x;k!

tqykbZ 1936 esa panzk us viuh iM+kslh yfyrk ls 'kknh dhA ;g 'kknh muds ifjokjtuksaus r; ugha dh FkhA yfyrk Lukrd Fkha vkSj ,d Ldwy esa gsM&fefLVªsl FkhaA

1937 esa panzk us ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ f'kdkxks esa vè;kiu 'kq# fd;k vkSj mUgsa ;dZliz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkstk x;kA 1944 eas oks izksiQslj cusA 1950 esa panzk ds ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQf'kdkxks ls lkFk utnhdh ds lEcU/ cusA 1953 esa panzk vkSj mudh iRuh us vejhdhjk"Vªh;rk xzg.k dhA

panzk dk vius Nk=kkas ls vn~Hkqr yxko Fkk & fcYdqy Hkkjrh; xq#&f'k"; ijEijk dsvuq:iA 1946 esa oks viuh iz;ksx'kkyk ls f'kdkxks rd gj lIrkg 250 fdyksehVj dhnwjh viuh dkj ls r; djrs dsoy nks Nk=kksa dh d{kk ysus ds fy, tkrs! oks tks djjgs Fks mlds urhts mUgsa 'kk;n vPNh rjg irk FksA 1957 esa bu nksuksa vejhdh&phuhNk=kksa & yh vkSj ;kax dks] ukscsy iq#Ldkj feykA

panz'ks[kj dh dk;Zi¼fr ,dne vuwBh FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,d gh ladh.kZ {ks=kesa cgqr lky rd dk;Z djus ls fnekx xqV~By gks tkrk gSA blfy, gj vkB&nl lkyds ckn oks fdlh fcYdqy u, {ks=k dks pqurs] mlesa viuh laiw.kZ mQtkZ maM+syrs] mlesaekLVjh gkfly dj ekSfyd ;ksxnku djrs vkSj fiQj vius 'kks/ ij vk/kfjr ,d vfrmRre iqLrd fy[krsA ekfoZu xksYMcxZj ds vuqlkj] ^oks igys mls fo"k; ij <sjksa 'kks/

xksih fxtokuh dk jpk dkVwZu(lkHkkj% vk;qdk ykbczsjh)

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foØe lkjkHkkbZfoØe lkjkHkkbZfoØe lkjkHkkbZfoØe lkjkHkkbZfoØe lkjkHkkbZ(1912 - 1971)

izfl¼ xf.krK jkekuqtu dh iRuh ,d xkao esa vR;Urxjhch esa ftUnxh clj dj jgha FkhaA panzk us cgqr nkSM+&/wi ds ckn mUgsa ,d 'kkldh; isa'ku fnykbZA

panzk ds dke ds izfr laiw.kZ leiZ.k tYn gh jax yk;kvkSj mUgsa vusdksa iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA1944 esa mUgsa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfurfd;k x;kA 1966 esa mUgsa vejhdk dk uS'kuy lkbUlvokWMZ feykA Hkkjr ljdkj us 1966 esa mUgsa i|foHkw"k.kls uoktkA 1983 esa mUgsa fo'o ds mPpre ukscsyiq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

panzk dh iqLrdsa vkSj lSdM+ksa 'kks/i=k lHkh foKku ds {ks=k esaDykfld cu pqds gSaA mudk 'kks/ vR;Ur iz[kj vkSj lVhdrks Fkk ghA lkFk&lkFk oks ,d O;fDrxr vkSj cgqr uk;kc 'kSyhesa fy[krs FksA

panzk dh lkfgR; vkSj laxhr esa xgjh #fp Fkh vkSj mUgksauas egku:lh lkfgR;dkjksa & nksLrksfoLdh] rqxZuso] rksYlrks; vkSj psdksodh lHkh Ñfr;ka i<+h FkhaA FkkWel gkMhZ] bfClu] cukZM 'kkW vkSj'ksDlfi;j Hkh mUgsa csgn fiz; FksA oks vDlj dyk vkSj foKkuds chp varlZEca/ksa ij Hkk"k.k nsrs Fks ftudk foLr`r :i mudhiqLrd VªwFk vkSj C;wVh & ,fLFkfVDl ,aM eksfVos'ku bu lkbUlesa i<+k tk ldrk gSA

lEHkor% dqN foy{k.k oSKkfudksa ds dke dk lekt ij xgjkizHkko iM+k gksxk ijUrq panzk dh Nfo muesa fcYdqy vyx gS& mudk iwjk thou foKku dks lefiZr FkkA muds vknj vkSjlEeku esa uklk us 1999 esa nqfu;k dh lcls csgrjhu ,Dl&jsos/'kkyk dk uke panzk j[kdj muds uke vkSj dke dks lnkds fy, vej dj fn;kA

lj vkbftd U;wVu dh 1687 esa fy[kh izfl¼ iqLrd fizfUlfi;k foKku ds {ks=keas fo'o dh lcls egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ekuh tkrh gSA ij mls i<+uk vkSj le>ukvklku ugha gSA 1730 esa okYVs;j us mls le> ls ijs vkSj Hkzked djkj fn;kA panzkus U;wVu fizfUlfi;k ds egRoiw.kZ urhtksa dh u, fljs ls O;k[;k dhA panzk blfu"d"kZ ij Hkh igqaps fd U;wVu }kjk lq>k, rjhds vf/d lqUnj FksA

;qok foØe lkjkHkkbZ dks lkbfdy ds djrc fn[kkus dk csgn 'kkSd FkkA lkbfdy dksrsth ls pykus ds ckn oks vius nksuksa gkFk lhus ij j[krs vkSj nksuksa iSj gSUMy ijA vxjlM+d lh/h gksrh rks oks viuh vka[ksa cUn djds lkbfdy dks ukd dh lh/ esa nkSM+usnsrsA bl nkSjku ?kj ds lkjs ukSdj muds ihNs&ihNs nkSM+rs vkSj muls lkbfdy jksdus dhfourh djrsA cpiu esa cgknqjh djrc fn[kkus okyk ckyd cM+s gksdj dkWfLed&fdj.kksaij 80 'kks/i=k fy[kus okyk oSKkfud cusxk bldh dYiuk djuk dqN eqf'dy gSA

foØe dk cpiuk vuwBh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa chrkA izfrHkk ds cht muds cpiu ds laLdkjksaesa ekStwn FksA foØe lkjkHkkbZ ,d /uh O;kikjh ifjokj esa tUesA vgenkckn dh e'kgwjdiM+s dh dSfydks fey muds ifjokj dh FkhA 1920 ds n'kd esa ikuh ds tgkt ls HkkjrykSVrs gq, foØe ds firk vEckyky vkSj eka ljyk us f'k{kk ij ekaVsljh dh ØakfrdkjhiqLrd i<+hA iqLrd dk mu ij tknqbZ izHkko iM+k fd mUgksausa vius cPpksa ds fy, rqjUrekaVsljh i¼fr ij vk/kfjr ,d Ldwy 'kq# fd;k! mudsvkBksa cPps ifjokj ds 21&,dM+ esa fLFkr bl futhizk;ksfxd Ldwy esa i<+sA cPpksa dks Hkkjrh; vkSj fczfV'kf'k{kdksa nksuksa us i<+k;kA tc foØe us dqN Bksdk&ihVhesa #fp fn[kkbZ rks muds firk us muds fy, rqjUrlqijokbtj ls lkFk ,d odZ'kki dk izca/ djfn;k! Ldwy esa cPpksa dks viuh #fp ds vuqlkjvusdksa phtsa lh[kus dh NwV FkhA lkFk esa mUgsacM+s&cM+s yksxksa & jchUnzukFk Bkdqj] tokgjykyusg# vkSj #def.k v#uMsytSls fnXxtksa ls Hkh feyus dkekSdk feykA

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iQkmUMs'ku iQkWj MsoyiesUV dk ,dvax cukA mUgksaus vgenkckn esa ns'kdk igyk lkeqnkf;d foKku dsUnzLFkkfir fd;k ftldk mn~?kkVu 1968 esalj lh oh jeu us oWk; bt n LdWk; Cyw\ dsyksdfiz; Hkk"k.k ls fd;kA ;g lkspdj vk'p;Z gksrk gSfd lkjkHkkbZ brus de le; esa bruh mQtkZ ds lkFk brukvf/d dk;Z dSls dj ik,A

mudh iz[kj izfrHkk dk nsj rd fNis jguk eqf'dy FkkA 1962 iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg#us ns'k ds varfj{k dk;ZØe esa 'kks/ vk;kstu ds fy, foØe lkjkHkkbZ dks vkeaf=kr fd;kAml le; fo'o ds 'kfDr'kkyh ns'k varfj{k 'kks/ dks lSU;&'kfDr c<+kus vkSj fu;a=k.kds fy, mi;ksx dj jgs FksA ijUrq lkjkHkkbZ dh n`f"V muls fcYdqy fHkUu FkhA mUgksausa Hkkjrds fy, ,d vuwBs varfj{k dk;ZØe dh dYiuk dhA oks mixzgksaa ds ekè;e ls nwj&njktfLFkr xakoksa esa f'k{kk vkSj fodkl dk lans'k igqapkuk pkgrs FksA oks mixzgksa ds ekè;e lsekSle dk iwokZuqeku vkSj [kfutksa dh ryk'k djuk pkgrs FksA

lkjkHkkbZ mPp VsDukyksth dks ns'k ds djksM+ksa yksxkssa ds fgr esa mi;ksx djuk pkgrs FksAlkFk esa oks laLFkkvksa esa ,d oSKkfud dk;Z i¼fr Hkh LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA oks pkgrsFks fd if'pe ds ns'kksa tSls Hkkjr dks cgqr yEcs vkSj dfBu fodkl ds nkSj ls ughaxqtjuk iM+sA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ubZ VsDukyksth }kjk Hkkjr ,d ^Nykax* esa fiNM+siudh [kkbZ dks ikV ik,xkA

lkjkHkkbZ ifjokj /uh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egkRek xak/h ds Hkh cgqr djhc FkkA mUgsa viuhlkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dk xgjk cks/ FkkA foØe dh cqvk vuqlqb;k us 'kgj esa diM+kfey etnwjksa dh igyh VªsM&;wfu;u LFkkfir dhA mudh cgu e`nqyk] xak/hth dh fopkj/kjk ls cgqr izHkkfor FkhaA e`nqyk us ns'k ds Lora=krk vaknksyu esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;k vkSjoks dbZ ckj tsy x;haA

Ldwy dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn foØe us vgenkckn ds xqtjkr dkWyst esa dqNle; i<+kbZ dh ijUrq ch,llh iwjk djus ls igys gh oks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh pys x, vkSjmUgksaus lsUV tkWUl dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA 1939 esa mUgksaus izkÑfrd foKku esa VªkbikSlgkfly fd;kA mlh le; f}rh; egk;q¼ izkjEHk gqvk ftldh otg ls mUgsa Hkkjr okilykSVuk iM+kA ;gka oks bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl] cSaXkyksj esa lj lh oh jeu dsekxZn'kZu esa dWkfLed&fdj.kksa ij 'kks/dk;Z djus yxsA

dWkfLed&fdj.kksa ij 'kks/ ds nkSjku foØe dk è;ku varfj{k dh vksj vkdf"kZr gqvkA;g #fp dkiQh le; rd lqIrkoLFkk esa jgh ij ekSdk feyrs gh mUgksausa Hkkjr ds varfj{kdk;ZØe ds fodkl esa ,d izeq[k Hkwfedk vnk dhA cSaXkyksj esa foØe dh HksaV tkuh&ekuhu`R;kaxuk e`.kkfyuh LokfeukFku ls gqbZZ ftuds lkFk mudh 'kknh gqbZA lkjkHkkbZ nEifRr dhnks larkusa gq;ha & csVk dkfrZds; vkSj csVh efYydkA

1945 esa egk;q¼ dh lekfIr ds ckn lkjkHkkbZ dsfEczt okil ykSVsA ;gka mUgksauas izksiQsljbZ ,l 'kkbZj ds ekxZn'kZu esa viuh MkDVªsV iwjh dhA fo"k; Fkk & dWkfLed&js baosfLVxs'kUlbu VªWkfidy ySfVV~;wMlA muds 'kks/dk;Z esa vk.kfod fo[kaMu dk Hkh mYys[k FkkA

Lora=krk izkfIr ds vkn'kZoknh ekgkSy esa foØe lkjkHkkbZ us dbZ izfl¼ laLFkk,a LFkkfirdha & fiQftdy fjlpZ yScksjsVjh] niZ.kk u`R; vdkneh ftls mUgksausa viuhiRuh e`.kkfyuh ds lkFk LFkkfir fd;k] nvgenkckn baMLVªht fjlpZ ,lksfl,'kuA mUgksausHkkjr dh igyh VsDlVkby dksvkijsfVo] Hkkjr

dh igyh ekdsZV fjlpZ laLFkk & vkWijs'kUl fjlpZ xqzi]bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ eSusteSUV vkSj uS'kuy bafLV~V;wVvkWiQ fMtkbu Hkh LFkkfir dhaA ;g fHkUu xfrfof/;kalkjkHkkbZ dh vusd #fp;ksa vkSj cgqeq[kh izfrHkkdh |ksrd gSaA oks lHkh izdYi cgqr lw>&cw> lsjprs vkSj muesa oSKkfud i¼fr] vkfFkZd ;kstukvkSj jk"Vªh; fgr lkiQ >ydrsA

lh[kus ds nkSjku jVus ls mUgsa csgn fp<+ FkhAblfy, mUgksaus xqzi iQkWj baizwoesUV vkWiQ lkbUl,M;qds'ku dk xBu fd;kA ckn esa ;g xzqi usg#

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lkjkHkkbZ us lSVkykWbV baLVªD'kuy Vsfyfotu ,DlisfjesUV (lkbZV) dh uhao j[khA bldsekè;e ls nwj&lqnwj fLFkr xakoksa ds Ldwyksa esa mixzgksa }kjk 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe igqapk, x,AmUgksausa dsjy esa pqEcdh; Hkw&eè; js[kk ds ikl ,d jkWdsV yakfpax LVs'ku dh LFkkiukdhA ckn esa foLrkj ds ckn ;g Lisl lkbUl vkSj VsDukyksth lsUVj cuk (vkt ;g dsUnzfoØe lkjkHkkbZ Lisl fjlpZ lsUVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS)A mUgksausa vka/z izns'k dssJhgfjdksVk esa ,d vkSj jkWdsV LVs'ku LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vgenkckn esa lSVkykbVdE;wfuds'ku lsUVj dh LFkkiuk dhA

HkkHkk dh vkdfLed e`R;q ds ckn lkjkHkkbZ ,WVkfed buthZ dfe'ku ds ps;jeSu cusA xak/hth ls izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k lkjkHkkbZ dk vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ds izfr joS;k dqN vyxFkkA v.kq vk;ksx ds dV~~~~VjiaFkh lkjkHkkbZ ds utfj, ls vlger Fks vkSj muds dM+s fuandFksA lkjkHkkbZ us iqxok'k dkuÚsUl esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj vk.kfod gfFk;kjksa ij yxke vkSjvk.kfod mQtkZ ds 'kakfriw.k mi;ksx dh is'kd'k dhA

vxj Hkkjr de&ykxr ds mixzg cukus vkSj panzek ij panz;ku Hkstus esa liQy gqvk gSrks bldk cgqr dqN Js; foØe lkjkHkkbZ dh nwjnf'kZrk vkSj muds }kjk jph laLFkkvksadks tkrk gSA mUgksaus bl dk;ZØe ds fy, ns'k ds lcls vPNs oSKkfudksa dks pquk vkSjmUgsa izsfjr fd;kA buesa pksVh ds oSKkfud ,-ih-ts- dyke] bZ-oh- fpVful] olar xksokfjdj]izeksn dkys] ;w-vkj- jko vkSj dLrwjhjaxu 'kkfey gSaA

de le; esa gh lkjkHkkbZ us ns'k ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd,A blds fy, mUgsadbZ iq#Ldkjksa ls vyaÑr fd;k x;kA 1962 esa mUgsa fiQftDl ds fy, 'kakfrLo#i HkVukxjiq#Ldkj feyk] 1966 esa i|Hkw"k.k vkSj 1972 esa ej.kksijkar mUgsa i|foHkw"k.k ls lEekfurfd;k x;kA

foØe lkjkHkkbZ us dke dh yxu esa fnu&jkr ,d fd;kA ,d ckj mUgksaus ,-ih-ts- dykedks jkr lk<+s rhu cts feyus dk le; fn;k! 'kk;n mUgsa vius 'kjhj dh u'ojrk dkdqN iwokZuqeku Fkk blfy, mUgksauas csgn Je vkSj yxu ls tYn gh eafty rd igqapus dkiz;kl fd;kA dfBu thou'kSyh ds dkj.k lkjkHkkbZ dk fny ds nkSjs ls 30 fnlEcj 1971dks nsgkUr gks x;kA ,d [kkunkuh vkSj le`¼ ifjokj esa iSnk gq, lkjkHkkbZ vxj pkgrsrks ,d ,s'kks&vkjke dh ftUnxh clj dj ldrs Fks ijUrq oks ns'k dh lsok djrs&djrsvYik;q esa gh py clsA lkjkHkkbZ us Hkkjr dks varfj{k foKku ds {ks=k esa nqfu;k ds vxz.khns'kksa dh drkj esa yk [kM+k fd;kA ns'k bldsfy, mudk lnSo ÑrK jgsxkA

1974 esa panzek ij ,d ØsVj dks foØelkjkHkkbZ dk uke fn;k x;kA flMuh] vkLVªsfy;kfLFkr baVjus'kuy ,LVªksukfedy ;wfu;u us lhvkWiQ fljsfuVh esa fLFkr ØsVj csly dk ukecny dj lkjkHkkbZ ØsVj j[k fn;kA

deyk lksgksuhdeyk lksgksuhdeyk lksgksuhdeyk lksgksuhdeyk lksgksuh(1912 - 1998)

deyk lksgksuh foKku ds fo"k; esa MkWDVªsV dh fMxzh gkfly djus okyh igyh Hkkjrh;efgyk FkhaA mUgksauas xjhcksa ds fu;fer vkgkj ds rhu [kk|kuksa dk oSKkfud fo'ys{k.k djmuds ikSf"Vd xq.k LFkkfir fd,A

deyk dk tUe 1912 esa gqvkA muds firk ukjk;.kjko Hkkxor vkSj pkpk ek/ojko nksuksaizfl¼ jklk;u 'kkL=kh FksA oks cSaxyksj fLFkr iz[;kr bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds igysLukrdksa esa ls FksA deyk us cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh ls HkkSfrdh vkSj jklk;u'kkL=k fo"k;ksa esa

ch,llh ikl dhA D;ksafd oks ;wfuoflZVh dh VkWij Fkhaablfy, mUgsa caxyksj dh laLFkk esa nkf[kyk feyus dhiwjh mEehn FkhA ij vly esa ;g cM+k eqf'dydke FkkA

fo[;kr oSKkfud vkSj ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrklj lh-oh- jeu us bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQlkbUl] jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV vkSj ns'k esaoSKkfud 'kks/xzaFkksa dh LFkkiuk esa egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA ij jeu efgyk Nk=kksa dksysus ds fcYdqy fo#¼ FksA blfy, 1933 esa]ckotwn blds fd deyk viuh ;wfuoflZVh dhVkWij Fkha muds nkf[kys dks jn~n dj fn;k x;kA

ij deyk Hkh dksbZ de u FkhaAdeyk us jeu dk eqag&nj&eqaglkeuk fd;k vkSj fiQj okseku x,A

116 117

deyk ds lR;kxzg ds ckn mUgsa nkf[kyk rks feyk & ij ,d 'krZ ij & fd mudhmifLFkfr ls enZ 'kks/drkZvksa dks dksbZ fo?u u igqaps! deyk mlls cgqr nq[kh gq;haA ijUrqbl 'krZ dks Lohdkj djus ds vykok muds ikl vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugha FkkA

deyk us ckn es dgk% ^oSls jeu ,d egku oSKkfud Fks ijUrq oks cgqr ladh.kZ fopkjksads FksA mUgksaus efgyk gksus ds ukrs esjs lkFk tks lywd fd;k mls eSa dHkh Hkwy ugha ldrhAmlds ckn Hkh jeu us eq>s ,d fu;fer Nk=k tSls nkf[kyk ugha fn;kA esjs fy, ;g xgjsvieku dh ckr FkhA ml le; efgykvksa ds izfr yksxksa dk job;k cgqr xyr FkkA vxj,d ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk bl izdkj dk crkZo djs rks fiQj vU; yksxksa ls vkSj D;kmEehn dh tk ldrh gS\*

,d lky ds ckn jeu deyk dh fu"Bk ls izlUu gq, vkSj fiQj mUgksauas deyk dksfu;fer Nk=k tSlss ck;ksdseLVªh foHkkx esa 'kks/ djus dh vuqefr nhA mlds ckn ls jeuus laLFkk esa efgyk Nk=kksa dks nkf[kyk nsuk 'kq# dj fn;kA ;g deyk ds fy, ,d cM+hthr FkhA deyk ds la?k"kksZa dh otg ls cgqr&lh vU; efgyk Nk=kkvksa ds fy, oSKkfud'kks/ dk jkLrk iz'kLr gqvkA

vkbZvkbZ,llh esa deyk us vius Vhpj Jh JhfuokL;k ds ekxZn'kZu esa cgqr ifjJe fd;kAvius mRlkgh f'k{kd dh izsj.kk oks dHkh ugha HkwyhaaA mUgksauas deyk dks ckW;ksdsfeLVªh dhJs"B iqLrdsa i<+us vkSj muds ys[kdksa ls i=k O;ogkj djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kAdeyk us nw/ vkSj nkyksa esa izksVhu ij dke fd;k ftlls dqiksf"kr Hkkjr dks cgqr ykHkgqvkA 1936 esa oks nkyksa ls feyus okys izksVhUl ij 'kks/dk;Z djus okyh igyh LukrdFkhaA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, cEcbZ ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa ,e,llh dh fMxzh iznku dhA mldsckn oks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh x;ha tgka igys mUgksaus MkW- Msfjd fjDVj dh iz;ksx'kkyk esadke fd;kA fjDVj us deyk dks fnu esa dke djus ds fy, ,d yEch est nhA jkrdks fjDVj iz;ksx'kkyk esa mlh est ij lks tkrsFksA

MkW- fjDVj ds rcknys ds ckn deyk IykaV&fV';wds fo"k; ij MkW- jkWfcu fgy ds ekxZn'kZu esadke djrh jghaA vkyw ij 'kks/ djrs le;mUgksaus ik;k fd izR;sd ikS/s dh IykaV&fV';wdh dksf'kdk eas ^lkbVksØkse&lh* uke dk ,d,Utkbe gksrk gS tks ikS/s dh dksf'kdkvksa dsvkDlhMs'ku ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA ;g ,dekSfyd [kkst Fkh tks lHkh ikS/ksa ij ykxw gksrhFkhA

fnXxt oSKkfudksa ds lkFk dke djus dkmudk liuk rc iwjk gqvk tc mUgsa ,d lkFk

nks othiQs feysA igyk Fkk dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh dh ljfofy;e MkWu bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ ckW;ksdsfeLVªh esa ukscsy iq#Ldkjfotsrk izksiQslj ÚsMfjd gkWifdUl ds lkFk dke djus dkekSdkA ;gka deyk us tSfod vkWDlhMs'ku vkSj fjMD'kuij dke fd;kA nwljk othiQk ,d vejhdh Nk=ko`fRr Fkhftlds varxZr deyk ;wjksi dh ;k=kk dj ogka ds tkus&ekusoSKkfudksa ls fey ldrh FkhaA

deyk us vius 'kks/ esa IykaV&fV';w ds lkal ysus dhizfØ;k esa ^lkbZVksØkse&lh* ds izHkko dh O;k[;k dhAdsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa ;gh mudh ih,pMh dh Fkhfll FkhAmUgas viuh 40 i`"Bksa dh ih,pMh Fkhfll fy[kus esa ek=k14 eghus dk vYi le; yxk! deyk lksgksuh foKku dsfo"k; esa ih,pMh ikus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk Fkha!

1939 esa oks Hkkjr ykSVha vkSj ysMh gkfMZUx dkWyst] ubZfnYyh esa u;s LFkkfir cWk;ksdsfeLVªh foHkkx dh izeq[k cuhaAckn esa oks dqUuwj fLFkr U;wfVª'ku fjlpZ yScksjsVªh dhmi&funs'kd cuhaA ;gka mUgksausa foVkfeuksa ds izHkko ij 'kks/fd;kA 1947 esa mudk fookg Jh ,e-oh- lksgksuh ls gqvkftlds ckn oks cEcbZ pyh x;haA

cEcbZ esa deyk us jkW;y bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl dscWk;ksdsfeLVªh foHkkx esa dke djuk 'kq# fd;kA mUgksauastufgr ds fo"k; pqus vkSj vius Nk=kksa dks mu ij 'kks/djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA muds dbZ Nk=kksa us ckn esa cgqruke dek;k vkSj mPp ntsZ dk oSKkfud 'kks/ fd;kAdeyk us vius Nk=kkas ds lkFk feydj xzkeh.k xjhc yksxksa}kjk [kk, tkus okys rhu [kk|kauksa dk lfoLrkj fo'ys{k.kfd;k vkSj muesa ik, tkus okys iks"k.k rRoksa dh lwph rS;kjdhA bl 'kks/dk;Z esa nkysa] fVªiflu bufgfcVlZ vkSjHkkjrh; nkyksa dh ikpu {kerk dks de djus okys dqNvU; dEikmaM Hkh 'kkfey FksA deyk us uhjk] rkM+ dkxqM+] rkM+ dk 'khjk] vkSj /u&vkVk (/ku dks ikWfy'kdjus ds nkSjku cuk vkVk) tSls [kk|kauksa ij Hkh 'kks/fd;kA D;ksafd ;g phtsa lekt ds lcls xjhc yksx [kkrsFks blfy, muds 'kks/ ls lcls dqiksf"kr yksxksa dks ykHk

uhjk is; dks rkM+ ds isM+ksa lsfudkyk tkrk gSA ;g liQsn is;ehBs 'kcZr tSlk gksrk gSA ;gikSf"Vd is; Hkkjr esa cgqryksdfiz; gSA

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^eSa dHkh lkekftd oxksZ± & mPp&vk;] eè;e&vk; ;k de&vk;] vkfnoklh ;keNqvkjksa ds fy, ?kj ugha cukrk gwaA eSa dsoy eSF;w] HkkLdju] equhj ;k 'kadju tSlsO;fDr;ksa ds fy, ?kj cukrk gwaA*

& ykSjh csdj

ykSjh csdj ,d foy{k.k okLrqf'kYih (vkfdZVsDV) Fks ftUgksauas gtkjksa xjhcksa dh ftUnxhdks NqvkA

mudk tUe baXySaM ds diM+k&fey okys 'kgj cfeZU?ke esa gqvkA Dosdj leqnk; ds gksusds ukrs mUgsa tax ls uiQjr FkhA f}rh;egk;q¼ eas oks phu x, vkSj ogka dbZlkyksa rd ,d ,acqysUl ds lkFk t[ehlSfudksa dh lsok djrs jgsA baXySaMokil tkrs oDr mUgsa dqN eghuscEcbZ esa fcrkus iM+s tgka dqN Dosdjfe=k mUgksaus ,d fnu xak/hth lsfeykus ys x,A xak/hth us tc csdjdh gkFk ls cukbZ lSfUMy ns[kha rks

mUgsa cgqr vpjt gqvkA ns'k dks csdjdh lsokvksa dh l[r t:jr FkhA blfy,xak/hth us csdj ls LFkkbZ :i ls Hkkjr

okil ykSVus dk vkxzg fd;kA

ykSjh csdjykSjh csdjykSjh csdjykSjh csdjykSjh csdj(1917 - 2007)

igqapkA Hkkjr ds igys jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn ds lq>ko ij deyk us uhjk ds mQij'kks/dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA

deyk us cEcbZ dh vkjs nqX/ laLFkk dks muds mRiknksa dh xq.koRrk c<+kus ds lq>kofn,A uhjk] rkM+ ds isM+ ls feyus okyk ,d is; gSA uhjk ihus esa ehBk] Lokfn"V vkSj cgqrikSf"Vd gksrk gSA dqiksf"kr vkfnoklh efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dks tc fu;fer :i ls uhjkfiyk;k x;k rks mudk LokLF; csgrj gqvkA uhjk ds ikSf"Vd xq.kksa ij 'kks/dk;Z ds fy,

deyk lksgksuh dks jk"Vªifr us lEekfur fd;kA

deyk dUt;wej lkslkbVh vkWiQ bafM;k (lhth,lvkbZ)dh lfØ; lnL; Fkha vkSj ogka mUgksauas cgqr yxu lsdke fd;kA 1982&83 esa oks lhth,lvkbZ dh vè;{kcuhaA mUgksaus bl laLFkk ds eq[;i=k dher ds fy,vusdksa ys[k fy[ksA

,d vksj deyk vius 'kks/dk;Z ls [kq'k Fkha ijUrq nwljh vksj bafLV~V;wV dh jktuhfr vkSjyksxksa ds jkx&}s"k ls f[kUu Hkh FkhaA ofj"Brk ds ekin.Mksa dks rkd ij j[kdj mUgsabafLV~V;wV dk funs'kd in ls yEcs vlsZ rd oafpr j[kk x;kA viuh liQyrk dk Js;mUgksausa vius f'k{kd JhfuokL;k vkSj ifr dks fn;kA

var esa tc oks jkW;y bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl dh funs'kd cuha rc dsfEczt esa muds igysxWkbM MkW- Msfjd fjDVj us fVIi.kh dh] ^bruh cM+h oSKkfud laLFkk dh igyh efgykfuns'kd cu dj deyk us nqfu;k esa u;k bfrgkl jpk gSA*

deyk lksgksuh dk thou gesa Hkkjrh; efgyk oSKkfudksa ds izkjfEHkd la?k"kksZa dh ;knfnykrk gSA rst cqf¼ vkSj ikfjokfjd leFkZu ds ckotwn efgykvksa }kjk iq#"k&iz/kuoSKkfud {ks=k esa izos'k ikuk eqf'dy FkkA tc MkW- lR;orh & bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQesfMdy fjlpZ dh igyh Mk;jsDVj tujy us deyk lksgksuh dh la?kZ"ke; thouxkFkkds ckjs esa lquk rks mUgksausa dqN djus dh BkuhA mUgksauas 84 o"khZ; deyk dks ubZ fnYyhvkeaf=kr fd;k vkSj muds lEeku esa ,d cM+k lekjksg vk;ksftr fd;kA 1998 esa] 86o"kZ dh vk;q esa deyk lksgksuh dk nsgkUr gqvkA

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fgeky; esa vius yEcs izokl ds nkSjku csdj dksijEijkxr Hkkjrh; vkfdZVsDpj dh ckjhfd;ka le>esa vk;haA ;gka gtkjksa lkyksa ds O;kogkfjd 'kks/ dsckn yksxksa us de&mQtkZ ds edku cukus ds rjhdksaesa n{krk gkfly dh FkhA igkM+ ij yksx LFkkuh;iRFkjksa vkSj ydM+h ls edku cukrsA lc lkeku?kj ls lkS&nks lkS xt dh nwjh ij gh fey tkrsAxak/hth ds vuqlkj ?kj cukus dk lkjk lkekufuekZ.k&LFky ds iakp ehy nk;js ls gh vkukpkfg,A csdj dks xak/hth ;g nyhy ,dnemfpr yxhA

vDlj csdj viuh gh fl¼karksa dk iwjh rjg ikyu ugha dj ikrs Fks ijUrq oks bl fn'kkeas fujUrj iz;kl djrs jgrs FksA oks lhesUV vkSj dkap nksuksa ds mi;ksx ds f[kykiQ Fks &D;ksafd buds cukus esa cgqr mQtkZ O;; gksrh gSA ijUrq oks vDlj vius cuk, ?kjksa esa dkapdh jaxhu cksryksa dks nhokjksa esa /alk nsrsA blls de&[kpZ esa jax&fcjaxh jks'kuh ?kj esavkrhA b±Vksa ls csdj dks fo'ks"k izse FkkA oks b±Vksa ds jSV&VªSi cU/u ls ,d vksj lhyuvkSj mQ"ek fujks/h nhokj cka/rs vkSj nwljh vksj 25 izfr'kr bZaVkas dh cpr Hkh djrsA b±Vksadh cuh tkfy;ka ?kj esa BaMh c;kj ykrha rks Nr esa cus >jks[ks vanj dh xeZ gok dksckgj <adsyrsA oks b±Vksa dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, pwus vkSj jsr dk xkjk mi;ksx djrsAdsjy esa pwus dks leqnz dh lhfi;kas ls fuekZ.k LFky ij gh cukuk lEHko FkkA csdj usLVhy dh txg ckal dk mi;ksx dj vLlh izfr'kr dher esa dVkSrh dhA oSls fuekZ.kds fy, csdj dh lcls fiz; oLrq Fkh feV~Vh & ftlesa 'kwU; b±/u yxrk vkSj tks vkliklfcYdqy eqÝr esa fey tkrhA Hkkjr esa vLlh izfr'kr ?kj feV~Vh ds gh cus gSaA oks lSdM+ksalkyksa ls [kM+s gSa vkSj gj izdkj ds ekSle dh ekj >sy pqds gSaA feV~Vh dh ,d vkSj[kkfl;r gS & mls ckj&ckj bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA vki iqjkus feV~Vh ds edkudks <gk dj mlesa ikuh feykdj rqjUr u;k edku cuk ldrs gSaA dakp vkSj LVhy ls,slk djuk lEHko ugha gSA

csdj us gtkjksa lkyksa dh takph&ij[kh fuekZ.k lkexzh] dq'kyrkvksa vkSj fMtkbuksa dkmi;ksx dj yksxksa ds fy, vkjkensg ?kj vkSj vkWfiQl cuk,A buesa fctyh] ikuh vkSj dbZckj dkj ds xSfjt dh lqfo/k rd FkhA csdjdk ekuuk Fkk fd ^vkfdZVsDpj ,d egRoiw.kZfo"k; gS vkSj mls fliQZ vkfdZVsDVl ds Hkjkslsugha NksM+k tkuk pkfg,A* mUgksauas ,d&ntZu lsvf/d lfp=k] de&dher ds Hkou fuekZ.k ijiqLrdsa fy[khaA ?kj & dher de dSls dj sa]

xak/hth dh izsj.kk ls csdj dqN eghuksa ckn Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj fiQj dq"B&jksfx;ksa ds mipkjds fy, vLirky fMtkbu djus yxsA 1948 esa mudh 'kknh MkWDVj ,fytkcsFk tsdc lsgqbZ tks osYyksj ds izfl¼ fØfLV;u esfMdy dkWyst esa i<+h FkhaA mlds ckn ;g nEifRrfiFkkSM+kx<+] mRrj izns'k ds ,d nwj&lqnwj xkao esa tkdj clk vkSj ogka mUgksausa ,d NksVkvLirky 'kq# fd;kA ,fytkcsFk vLirky esa ,d ek=k MkWDVj Fkha vkSj ckdh ulZ] ckophZ]liQkbZ vkfn dk lkjk dke csdj djrs! tc vejhdh f'k{kkfon~ osYVh fiQ'kj us y[kumQesa lk{kjrk Hkou LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk cuk;h rks ykSjh csdj gh ,dek=k ,slhvkfdZVsDV Fks tks muds liuksa dks ,d CywfizUV eas mrkj ik,A csdj us ekufld jksfx;ksads mipkj ds fy, ds fy, y[kumQ esas uwj eafty vLirky dk Hkh fMtkbu fd;kA

lkB ds n'kd ds var esa csdj vkSj mudh iRuh dsjy okil pys x, vkSj f=koSUnzeesa cl x,A csdj us 50 lky dh mez ds ckn gh iQqy&Vkbe vkdhZVsDpj fMtkbu dkdke 'kq# fd;k! csdj bekjrsa fMtkbu rks djrs gh Fks lkFk esa oks mudk fuekZ.k Hkh djrsFksA Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds vuqdwy oks ,d fMtkbuj&feL=kh FksA csdj dks dHkh vkWfiQl ;kfiQj fdlh lgk;d dh t:jr ugha iM+hA oks vDlj iqjkus dkxt ds VqdM+ksa ij ?kjksa dsfp=k cukrs vkSj fuekZ.k LFky ij gh fMtkbu djrsA tgka ,d vksj reke vkfdZVsDV dsoydkxt ij js[kk,a cuk ikrs gSa ogha csdj ,d dq'ky feL=kh vkSj c<+bZ FksA muds lHkh

izkstsDVl dk dk;ZHkkj dksbZ bathfu;j ugha cfYdfefL=k;ksa dh Vhe lEHkkyrh FkhA Bsdsnkjksa

vkSj nykyksa dks njfdukj dj [kqnfuekZ.k djus ls dke lLrs esa gksrkvkSj etnwjkas dks okftc etnwjh feyrhAcsdj i;kZoj.k ds izfr cgqr laosnu'khyFksA cgqr vf/d mQtkZ ls cus LVhy vkSjlhesUV tSls lkeku dk oks cgqr demi;ksx djrs FksA oks ges'kk dgrs] lhesUVeq> ls mez esa NksVk gSA* bl ckr esa lPpkbZFkh D;ksafd igys egk;q¼ ds ckn gh lhesUV

cM+s&iSekus ij bLrseky gksuk 'kq# gqvkAjSV&VªSi ca/u ls 25 izfr'kr bZaVsa cprh gSa vkSjgok dh rg bekjr dh lqj{kk djrh gSA

iSlksa ds vlyh ewY; dk lcd csdj us cpiu esagh lh[k fy;k FkkA NqViu esa oks vius tsc[kpZ lsLFkkuh; csdjh ls fcfLdV [kjhnrs FksA csdjh VwVsfcfLdV lLrs esa csaprhA blfy, csdj mrus gh iSlksaesa lkcqr fcfLdVksa dh ctk, nqxuh ek=kk esa VwVsfcfLdV [kjhnrsA VwVs fcfLdV [kkus esa lkcqr fcfLdVftrus gh Lokfn"V gksrs! de iSlksa esa vf/d ewY; dk lcd csdj thou Hkj ugha Hkwys!

122 123

vUuk ef.kvUuk ef.kvUuk ef.kvUuk ef.kvUuk ef.k(1918 - 2001)

^ftu cgknqj efgykvksa dks eSa tkurh Fkh oks vc cw<+h gks pyh gSaAmuesa ls izR;sd ,d isM+] ;k izdk'kx`g tSlh Fkha];k fiQj izdk'kx`g ds bnZ&fxnZ eaMykrh leqnzh phy tSlh Fkha];k fiQj leqnzh phy ds pkjksa vksj pDdj [kkrh MkWfYiQu eNyh tSlh Fkha]tks izdk'kx`g dk pDdj dkVrh gSaAblh rjg esjs fopkj Hkh vlko/kuh ls b/j&m/j eaMjk jgs gSaA \*

& vUuk ef.k dks J`¼katfy & lquhrh uketks'kh

1950 esa tc gkseh HkkHkk ns'k esa vk.kfod mQtkZ dk rkuk&ckuk cqu jgs Fks ml le;vUuk ef.k dh efgyk laosnuk,a ns'k esa lkSj vkSj iou mQtkZ ryk'k jgh FkhaA Lora=krkds ckn ef.k us ekSle foKku ds {ks=k esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;kA

vUuk eksfM;ky ef.k dk tUe 23 vxLr 1918 dks ihjesMw] dsjy esa gqvkA muds firkbyk;ph ds ,d cM+s ckx ds ekfyd FksA blkbZ /eZ esa iSnk gksus ds ckotwn vUuk ds

firk dk /eZ esa fo'okl ugha FkkA vUuk dks iqLrd i<+usdk tcjnLr pLdk Fkk vkSj ckjg o"kZ dh vYivk;qesa oks LFkkuh; iqLrdky; dh lHkh iqLrdksa dks i<+pqdh FkhaA vkB lky dh mez esa mUgksauas ghjs dsdqaMyksa dks udkj dj mu iSlksa ls bUlkbDyksihfM;kfczVkWfudk [kjhnkA iqLrdksa us vUuk ds fy, ,d ubZnqfu;k [kksyh vkSj fdrkcksa ls gh mUgksauas lkekftdU;k; dk lcd lh[kkA 1925 esa xak/hth vUuk ds

'kgj esa vk, ftldk vUuk ij xgjk izHkkoiM+kA viuh vU; cguksa dh rjg vUuk

us tYnh 'kknh djus ls badkjfd;k vkSj mPp f'k{kk izkIrdjus dh BkuhA lkjh ftUnxhvUuk us [kknh gh iguhA

dpjk (jfc'k) vkSj feV~Vh tSlh iqLrdksa ds fy, mUgksausa[kqn fp=k cuk,A mudh dbZ iqLrdksa dk dbZ Hkkjrh;Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA mudh nks iqLrdsa :jydE;wfuVh fcfYMUxt vkSj dkWLV fjMD'ku iQkWj izkbejhLdwy fcfYMUxt dk izdk'ku csdj dh 80oha o"kZxkaB ijgqvkA csdj }kjk fMtkbu dh xbZ nks mYys[kuh; bekjrsagSa & lsUVj iQkWj MsoyiesUV LVMht vkSj f=koSUnze ds clLVs'ku ds ikl fLFkr cgqr I;kjk ,d dkiQh gkmlA

phtksa dk nqckjk bLrseky djuk csdj dh izÑfr dk ,dvax FkkA oks xqly[kkus cukrs le; dkap vkSj VkbYl ds

VwVs VqdM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrsA oks Nr dh <ykbZ djrs le; gjsd ,d&nks iQhV dh nwjhij VwVh gqbZ VkbYl dks /alk nsrsA csdj ds bl rjhds dks vc O;kid :i esa viuk;ktk jgk gSA bl izdkj VwVh gqbZ VkbYl ds mi;ksx ls Nr <ykbZ dh dher 30 izfr'kr degks tkrh gSA oks pkgrs Fks fd mudh cukbZ bekjrsa dsjy ds ygygkrs ukfj;y ds isM+ksa dhmQapkbZ ls lnSo uhph jgsaA

csdj dsoy ,d vkdhZVsDV ugha FksA mUgksausa ftUnxh dks cgqr djhch ls ns[kk vkSj mldkHkjiwj vkuUn fy;kA mUgksausa le;≤ ij MkWDVj] fe'kujh] ekyh] ckophZ] fdlku]i'kq&fpfdRld] ,EcqysUl Mªkboj] c<+bZ] dfo vkSj dkVwZfuLV dk jksy vnk fd;kA

csdj dks dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa us MkWDVªsV dh fMxzh ls vyaÑr fd;kA fczfV'k ljdkj usmUgsa vkMZj vkWiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j vkSj ,echbZ ls lEekfur fd;kA 1990 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us ;w,uvks dk igyk gSfcVSV vokMZ vkSj ;w,u jksy vkWiQ gkWuj ls ykSjh csdj dkslq'kksfHkr fd;kA csdj dbZ egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh lfefr;ksa ds lnL; Hkh jgsA 1990 esa Hkkjrljdkj us mUgssa i|Jh ls lEekfur fd;kA ijUrq mudks lcls vf/d [kq'kh rc gqbZ tc1988 esa mUgsa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk feyhA csdj vkSj mudh iRuh ,ystkcsFk us rhu cPpksadk xksn fy;k & csVk fryd vkSj csfV;ka fo|k vkSj gkbMhA

viuk [kqn dk ?kj cukrs gq, Hkh ykSjh csdj us ogh fl¼karbLrseky fd;k ftudk izpkj mUgksasusa thou Hkj fd;kA lghek;us esa mudk thou gh mudk lUns'k FkkA 1 vizSy 2007dks vizSy&iQwy okys fnu 90 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ?kj ij gh csdjus izk.k R;kxsA e`R;q esa Hkh mUgksausa vius Vhdkdkjksa dks ughac['kkA muds ?kj dk uke Fkk gSeysV & vkSj mlds fuekZ.kds ckn mUgsa viuh vfLerk & eSa gwa ;k ugha gwa ds ckjs esa dksbZ'kd ugha jgk FkkA var esa ge 'ksDlfi;j ds ekdZ varksuh dsbl okD; dks gh nksgjk ldrs gSa% ^dHkh Fkk ,d csdj! nwljk dc vk,xk vc\*

ykSjh viuh iRuh ,fytkcsFk ds lkFkA

124 125

ckSjksehVj vkfn Hkh fons'k ls vk;kr gksrs FksA jk"Vªh; LokoyEcu dh Hkkouk ls vksrizksrfoadsV'oju bu midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr esa djuk pkgrs FksA blds fy, mUgksausa ,dmPp dksfV dh odZ'kki LFkkfir dh tgka o"kkZekih] rkeekih] gok dh xfr vkfn ekiusds midj.k cu ldsaA mUgksasus Lor% ntZ djus okys midj.kksa tSls FkezksxzkiQ] gkbMªksxzkiQvkfn ij 'kks/dk;Z Hkh vkjEHk fd;kA vUuk ef.k bl lcls ls cgqr izsfjr gq;haA mUgksausade&ls&de le; esa ns'k esa ekSle&foKku ds midj.kksa ds mRiknu dh pqukSrh dksLohdkjkA

;g dke bruk vklku ugha Fkk D;ksafd ns'k esa ifj"Ñre'khuksa dks pykus okys dq'ky fedSfuDl dh csgndeh FkhA ijUrq ef.k us tks Hkh miyC/ Fkk mlls dkedks vkxs c<+kus dh BkuhA mUgksaus vius foHkkx ds 121yksxksa dks xq.kkRed dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kAmudk ukjk Fkk% dke djus dh mRre i¼fr <wa<ksA*mUgksausa la[;kvksa dh ctk, xq.koRrk ij cy fn;kAbl dke esa mUgsa cgqr Je djuk iM+k ijUrq tYngh ef.k us Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa vkSj baftfu;lZ dk,d ,slk Bksl lewg rS;kj fd;k tks bl dk;Z dksdjus ds fy, rS;kj FkkA

vUuk ef.k us 100 ls vf/d ekSle lEcU/h midj.kksadk ekudhdj.k fd;k vkSj mudk mRiknu 'kq# fd;kA ef.k dh lkSj&mQtkZ esa xgjh #fpFkh ftls oks Hkkjr tSls xeZ ns'k ds fy, cgqr vuqdwy ekurh FkhaA ml le; ns'k esa lw;ZmQtkZ lEcU/h HkkSxksfyd vkSj ekSleh tkudkjh dh cgqr deh FkhA 1957&58 dsbaVjuS'kuy T;ksfiQftdy b;j eas ef.k us ns'k esa lkSj&mQtkZ ekius dk tky fcNk;kA bldsfy, 'kq# esa fons'kh midj.kksa dk mi;ksxfd;k x;k ijUrq ef.k us tYn gh mUgsa ns'kesa cukus dh O;oLFkk dhA

ef.k dk ekuuk Fkk fd xyr eki ls rks ekiu ysuk gh csgrj gSA mUgksausa ;g lqfuf'prfd;k fd gjsd midj.k dk fMtkbu cf<+;kgks vkSj mudk dSfyCjs'ku Hkh Bhd gksA1960 esa mUgksausa vkstksu dk vè;;u 'kq#fd;kA ml le; ;g 'kCn bruk izfl¼ ughaFkkA vkstksu iFoh dh tho lEink dks ?kkrd

vUuk dk oSls rks bjknk MkWDVj cuus dk Fkk ijUrq D;ksafd oks fiQftDl esa cgqr rst Fkhablfy, mUgksaus blh fo"k; dks pqukA mUgksausa enzkl ds izslhMsUlh dkWyst ls fiQftDl gkulZdh fMxzh izkIr dhA dkWyst esa lektokn ds izfr mudk #>ku c<+kA 1940 esa mUgsa ,dNk=ko`fRr feyh ftldh otg ls oks cSaxyksj fLFkr bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl esa ljlh-oh- jeu ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kks/ dj ik;haA ;gka mUgksasuas ghjksa vkSj ekfud (:ch) dso.kZØe (LisDVªkWLdksih) ij 'kks/ fd;kA blds fy, mUgsa iQksVksxzkfiQd IysV~l dks 16&20?kaVs rd izdk'k esa j[kuk iM+rk FkkA blfy, oks vDlj iz;ksx'kkyk esa gh lks tkrh Fkha!vUuk us ghjksa dh ped (lanhIrh) ds mQij iakp 'kks/i=k fy[ksA 1945 esa mUgksausa enzkl;wfuoflZVh dks viuh ih,pMh dh Fkhfll lkSaihA ij D;ksafd vUuk us ,e,llh ugha dhFkh blfy, mUgsa ;wfuoflZVh us ih,pMh dh fMxzh ugha iznku dhA lkSHkkX; ls vUuk ef.kus bl dkxth fMxzh dks dHkh Hkh viusdke es vkM+s vkus ugha fn;kA

dqN le; ckn vUuk ef.k dks baXySaM esamPp f'k{kk ds fy, ,d Nk=kofRr feyhAoks 1945 esa ,d yM+kdw tgkt esa lokjgksdj baXySaM ds bEihfj;y dkyst esafiQftDl lh[kus x;ha ijUrq var esa mUgksauasekSle&foKku lEcU/h midj.kksa esafo'ks"krk izkIr dhA ;gka mUgksaus ekSlelEcU/h midj.kk a s ds O;klekiu

(dSfyCjs'ku) vkfn dh foLr`r tkudkjh gkflydhA

Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr esa vusdksa lEHkkouk,a[kqyha vkSj vUuk ef.k us bu pqukSfr;ksa dksLohdkjkA 1948 eas mUgksausa iq.ks fLFkrHkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx ds midj.k foHkkxesa dke 'kq# fd;kA bl foHkkx ds izeq[k,d nwjn'khZ vkSj mRlkgh O;fDr Jh ,lih foadsV'oju FksA 1947 ls igys ekSleekius ds NksVs&NksVs midj.k tSls FkekZehVj]

1913 es tc vUuk ef.k dk tUe gqvkrc Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj1 izfr'kr ls Hkh de FkhA ns'k esa lHkhdkWystksa esa dqy feykdj 1000 ls Hkhde efgyk Nk=k FkhaA 1930 esa tc ef.kdkWyst esa Fkha rc Hkh efgykvksa ds fy,foKku f'k{k.k ds cgqr de volj FksArc ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd efgykvksa dhf'k{kk mUgsa fliQZ ,d vPNh eka vkSjx`g.kh cukus ds fy, gh gksuh pkfg,A

126 127

oh- jkekfyaxkLokehoh- jkekfyaxkLokehoh- jkekfyaxkLokehoh- jkekfyaxkLokehoh- jkekfyaxkLokeh(1921 - 2001)

izksiQslj fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh dks izfl¼ yhvksu cukZM iQkmaMs'ku vokMZ ds iq#Ldkjls lEekfur djrs gq, 1976 esa oYMZ gSYFk ,lsEcyh ds vè;{k lj gSjYM okYVj us iz'kalk

esa dgk fd jkekfyaxkLokeh ^,d MkWDVj] 'kks/&oSKkfud]f'k{kd vkSj ekuooknh O;fDr FksA*

fofyfejh jkekfyaxkLokeh ftUgsa fe=k jkek ds uke lscqykrs Fks dk tUe 8 vxLr 1921 dks vak/z izns'k dsJhdkdqye esa gqvkA mudk iwjk ifjokj f'k{kk ls tqM+k Fkk

vkSj oks vius nknkth ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA nknkth LFkkuh;Ldwy ds fizafliy Fks vkSj mudh 'ksDlih;j esa xgjh #fp FkhA

jkek [kqn ,d vPNs vfHkusrk Fks vkSj mUgksausa dkWystesa 'ksDlih;j ds dbZ ik=kksa dk jksy fuHkk;kAvius vPNs xk;u ls mUgksausa dbZ egfiQyksa esa jaxtek;kA mudk vaxzsth dk mPpkj.k vHkwriwoZFkk vkSj muds Hkk"k.k Li"Vrk ds fy, lquusdkfcy gksrs FksA

1944 esa jkek us vak/z izns'k ls viuh igyhesfMdy fMxzh gkfly dh vkSj 1946 esa

mUgksausa mlh ;wfuoflZVh ls,eMh dh fMxzh izkIr dhA

fiQj oks vkDliQksMZ baXySUM

fdj.kksa ls dSls lqjf{kr j[krh gS ;g ckr nks n'kdksa ckn gh irk pyh! ef.k us vkstksuekius dk ,d midj.k & vkstksulksUMs fodflr fd;kA blmidj.k dh otg ls Hkkjr vkstksu lEcfU/r rF;kRedvakdM+s bdV~Bs dj ik;kA ef.k ds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dsdkj.k mUgsa baVjuS'kuy vkstksu dfe'ku dk lnL; euksuhrfd;k x;kA

1963 esa foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds vkxzg ij ef.k us FkqEck jkWdsVyakfpUx iSM ds ikl ekSle dh tkudkjh ,df=kr djus dsfy, ,d iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir dhA 1976 esa vUuk ef.kHkkjrh; ekSle foHkkx esa fMIVh Mk;jsDVj tujy ds in lslsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mlds ckn mUgksaus cSaxyksj ds ikl uUnhfgYl ij ,d fefyehVj rjax yEckbZ dh nwjchu LFkkfir

dhA muds }kjk fy[kh nks iqLrdsa & gSUMcqd vkWiQ lksyj jsfM;s'ku MSVk iQkWj bafM;k(1980) vkSj lksyj jsfM;s'ku vksoj bafM;k (1981) vc lkSj&mQtkZ ij dke dj jgsbaftfu;jksa ds fy, ekud iqLrdsa cu x;ha gSaaA ,d nwjn'khZ oSKkfud dh gSfl;r ls mUgksauasHkkjr esa iou mQtkZ dh lEHkkoukvksa dks igpkuk vkSj 700 fHkUu LFkkuksa ls iou lEcU/h vakdM+s ,df=kr fd,A vxj vkt Hkkjr iou&mQtkZ ds {ks=k esa Nykax yxk jgk gS rksbldk dkiQh {ks; vUuk ef.k dks tkrk gSA

dbZ lkyksa rd vUuk ef.k cSaxyksj esa gok dh xfr vkSj lkSj&mQtkZ ukius ds midj.kcukus okyh ,d dEiuh dh izeq[k jghaA mUgksausa dHkh fookg ugha fd;kA mUgsa izÑfr lscgqr yxko FkkA igkM+ksa ij ?kweuk vkSj i{kh fujh{k.k muds 'kkSd FksA oks dbZ vdknsfe;ksadh & bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dSMeh] vesfjdu ehVhj;ksykSftdy lkslkbVh] vkSjbaVjuS'kuy lksyj buthZ lkslkbVh dh lnL; FkhaA 1987 esa mUgsa bUlk }kjk ds-vkj-jkeukFku ind ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1994 esa mUgsa LVªksd vk;k ftlds ckn oks iyaxls mB ugha ik;haA 16 vxLr 2001 esa fr#ouUriqje esa mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA

128 129

jkekfyaxkLokeh us ,d ubZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ [kkst dh & ;Ñr dh ,d chekjh tks fd bafM;upkbYMgqM fljkSfll ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA

foVkfeu&, dh deh ls va/kiu gksrk gS] ;g rF; rks cgqr igys ls ekywe FkkAjkekfyaxkLokeh igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksauas bl fo"k; ij xEHkhj vè;;u fd;k vkSj mldhiqf"V dhA mUgksauas cUnj ekrkvksa esa foVkfeu&, dh deh ls muds cPpksa ds jSfVuk ds jkWM~lvkSj dksUl dks gq, uqdlku dk vè;;u fd;kA

vkWy bafM;k bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlsl (,sEl) dh LFkkiuk ds le; vPNsf'k{kdksa dh tksjnkj ryk'k gqbZA rHkh jkekfyaxkLokeh iSFkkyksth foHkkx esa izksiQslj ds inij fu;qDr gq,A tYn gh oks foHkkx izeq[k cus vkSj mUgksauas ,d mPp ntsZ dk iSFkkyksthLdwy LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksauas vusd tghu Nk=kksa dks izsfjr fd;k vkSj bu Nk=kksa us muds

uke vkSj 'kksgjr dks nqfu;k ds dksus&dksus esa iQSyk;kA

,sEl ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku jkekfyaxkLokeh us Hkkjrh; vkSjif'pe ds izeq[k iSFkkWyksftLV ds chp lEokn LFkkfir djus dkegRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA bl lwph eas fo'o ds tkus&ekus iSFkkWyksftLV'kkfey Fks & gkjoMZ ds MkW- csUtkfeu dSflyeSu vkSj okYVjiq'kpj] ekSUVhiQsjs vLirky ds- gSUl ikWij] jkW;y Úh vLirkydh Mse 'khyk 'kykZd vkSj vU; fnXxt MkWDVjksa us ikSFkkWyksth

ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij Hkk"k.k fn,A ckn esa jkekfyaxkLokeh ,sEl ds funs'kd cus vkSj bldke dks Hkh mUgksausa c[kwch vatke fn;kA

bafM;u dkmafly vkWiQ esfMdy fjlpZ (vkbZlh,evkj) dks LFkkfir djus esa jkekfyaxkLokehus vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj 1979 oks mlds Mk;jsDVj&tujy cusA bl laLFkk esa mUgksauslkr lky dke fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku mUgksausa vkbZlh,evkj dh xfrfof/;ksa dks dbZfn'kkvksa esa cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA ubZ laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksausa jhtuyesfMdy fjlpZ lsUVlZ dh vo/kj.kk jph ftlls fd nwj&njkt fLFkr {ks=kksa dh LFkkuh;chekfj;ksa ij izakrh; Lrj ij 'kks/dk;Z gks ldsA mUgksauas vkbZlh,evkj dk iquxZBu fd;k

vkSj gj 'kks/ dk;ZØe dh l[rh ds lkFk led{k fo}kuksa lsleh{kk ds vkns'k fn,A muds }kjk LFkkfir rkSj&rjhdksa ls cgqrykHk gqvk vkSj oks vkt Hkh mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSaA

,d vPNs MkWDVj dh gSfl;r ls jkekfyaxkLokeh us ns'k esajksx&foKku (,ihfMfe;kWyksth) ds 'kks/ ij vR;kf/d cy fn;kAmUgksauas gj jksx dks ntZ vkSj fyfic¼ djus ij tksj fn;k vkSjbafM;u jftLVªh vkWiQ fMthftl dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa vakdM+ksa

ds fo'ys{k.k ds fy, ,d lakf[;dh foHkkx dk izko/ku Hkh FkkA blh dh cnkSyr ckn

x, tgka 1951 esa MhfiQy vkSj 1967 esa Mh,llh gkfly dhA mUgksausa 1947 eas U;wfVª'kufjlpZ yScksjsVªh] dqUuwj (vc uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ U;wfVª'ku] gSnjkckn) esa viuk 'kks/dk;Z vkjEHk fd;k tks vxys Ng n'kdksa rd tkjh jgkA

jkek xjhc ns'kksa esa chekfj;ksa ds dkj.kksa dks le>uk vkSj 'kks/ }kjk muds mipkj [kkstukpkgrs FksA muds bl ekuoh; rjhds esa iz;ksx'kkyk] vLirky vkSj leqnk; rhuksa dk leUo;FkkA ftu fHkUu {ks=kksa esa mUgksauas ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z fd;k oks gSa & izksVhu&mQtkZ vkSj dqiks"k.kdk lEcU/] vk;ksMhu dk vHkko] dqiks"k.k }kjk [kwu dh deh] vkSj xeZ ns'kksa esa ;Ñrdh chekjh vkfnA ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF;&lsok] laØked jksxksa vkSjLokLF; vuqla/ku eas jkek dh xgjh #fp FkhA mudh O;fDrxr fu"Bk vkSj usrRo ds dkj.kgh 1967 ds fcgkj vdky] vkSj 1971 ds cakXykns'k ;q¼ esa gtkjksa&yk[kksa yksx dqiks"k.kds vfHk'kki ls cp ik,A

?ks?kk jksx (FkkbjkWbM ls xyk iQwyuk) ds vR;f/d izpyu ds dkj.k jkek us lkeqnkf;d LokLF;ds {ks=k esa ,d Dykfld iz;ksx fd;kA blesadakxM+k igkfM+;ksa esa jgus okys ,d yk[k ls vf/d yksxksa dk losZ{k.k 'kkfey FkkA vk;ksMhu ;qDrued [kkus ls bl chekjh esa Hkkjh deh vk;hA blh'kks/dk;Z us gh jk"Vªh; vk;ksMhu vHkko fu;U=k.kdk;ZØe dh uhao j[kh ftlls 30 djksM+ ls T;knkyksxksa dks bl jksx ls lqj{kk feyh!

jkekfyaxkLokeh us xHkZorh ekrkvksa esa yksgs dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, liQyrkiwoZdykSg&iwjd 'kq# fd,A bl dk;Zokgh ls efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kj vk;kA

yky jDr ds dkj.k lkekU;r% gekjs vka[kkssadh fupyh iyd yky vkSj uk[kwu xqykchgksrs gSaA

jDr esa yksgs dh deh ls vka[ksa iQhdh iM+tkrh gSa vkSj uk[kwu liQsnA

130 131

th-,u-th-,u-th-,u-th-,u-th-,u-jkepanzujkepanzujkepanzujkepanzujkepanzu(1922 - 2001)

^vxj vkidks yxrk gS fd vki tkurs gSa rks vki lpeqp esa ughsa tkurs gSaA vxjvki ekurs gSa fd vki fdlh pht dks ugha tku ldrs] rc vki mls tkurs gSaA*

& th-,u- jkepanzu

th-,u- jkepanzu (;gka ^th* xksikyleqnze muds iSr`d 'kgj vkSj ^,u* ukjk;.k vÕ;jmuds firk dk uke gS) chloha 'krkCnh ds ,d foy{k.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfud FksA mUgksausavius 'kks/dk;Z ls iwjh nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dk uke jkS'kufd;kA jkepanzu us viuk vf/dka'k 'kks/dk;Z Hkkjr esagh fd;k vkSj blesa muds jksy&ekWMy izfl¼ oSKkfudlj lh-oh- jeu FksA jkepanzu us ekWyhD;wyjcWk;ksfiQftDl] fo'ks"kdj izksVhu ds <akps dks ysdjegRoiw.kZ 'kks/ fd;kA dksystu dk <akpk fVªfiygsfydy gksrk gS ;g jkepanzu us vius 'kks/ lsLFkkfir fd;kA bl cqfu;knh 'kks/ ds dkj.k ghge isIVkbM~l dks xgjkbZ ls le> ldsA

jkepanzu dk tUe 8 vDVwcj 1922 dks Hkkjr dsnf{k.kh&if'pe rVorhZ 'kgj dksphu ds ikl ,dNksVs 'kgj esa gqvkA muds firk ,d LFkkuh; dkWystesa xf.kr ds izksiQslj Fks vkSj mUgksauas jke esacpiu ls gh xf.kr ds izfr izse ds cht cks,Aoks jkst vius dkWyst ds iqLrdky; ls xf.krdh dksbZ ubZ fdrkc ykrs vkSj jkepanzu dksubZ&ubZ izes;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, izsfjr

esa vkbZlh,evkj esa ,d Lora=klakf[;dh foHkkx LFkkfir gqvkA

ns'k esa vkink dh fLFkfr esaviuh lsok,a lefiZr djusdks jkekfyaxkLokeh lnSo rRijjgrs FksA Hkksiky xSl dakMbldh ,d thrh&tkxrhfelky gSA bl vkink ls fucVusvkSj xSl dakM ihfM+rksa ijoSKkfud tkudkjh ,df=krdjus ds fy, jkekfyaxkLokehu s reke l aLFk kxr vk SjO;fDrxr lk/u tqVk,A lwjr'kgj esa gSts ds nkSjku HkhmUgksauas lfØ; lgk;rk dhA

lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn Hkh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk,a izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh dh lsokvksa lsykHkkfUor gksrh jghaA mUgsa gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; us igys iQksxVhZ izksiQslj vkSj ckn esa ,dfof'k"V fo"k&oSKkfud (VkWfDldkWyksftLV) ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA mlds ckn mUgksausaiakp o"kZ rd ;wfulsiQ ds lkFk dke fd;kA oks jk"Vªh; Lrj dh dbZ laLFkkvksa ds lkFkyxkrkj tqM+s jgs ftuesa jktho xak/h iQkmaMs'ku] dSUlj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV] lsUVj iQkWj lkbUl,aM buok;juesUV vkSj juc['kh iQkmaMs'ku mYys[kuh; gSaA vius thou ds vafre fnu rdoks ubZ fnYyh fLFkr ,sEl esa uS'kuy izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls dke djrs jgsA

izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh Hkkjrh; esfMdy MkWDVjksa esa 'kk;n lcls vf/d lEekfur O;fDrFksA oks HkVukxj vkSj i|Hkw"k.k nksuksa iq#Ldkj ls vyaÑr FksA jkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki(,iQvkj,l) vkSj rhuksa Hkkjrh; foKku vdknsfe;ksa ds oks lnL; FksA 1979&80 esa oksbUlk ds vè;{k FksA oks uS'kuy ,dsMeh vkWiQ esfMdy lkbUlst] vejhdh vkSj :lhlkbUl ,dsfMeht ds lnL; rks Fks gh lkFk esa oks jkW;y dkWyst vkWiQ fiQftf'k;Ul vkSjltZUl ds iQsyks Hkh FksA LohfMu dh dkjksfyUldk ;wfuoflZVh us mUgsa MkWDVªsV dh fMxzhls lq'kksfHkr fd;kA jkekfyaxkLokeh] oYMZ gsYFk vkWjfxukbts'ku dh Xykscy ,MokbtjhdesVh vkWu esfMdy fjlpZ ds ps;jeSu FksA

izksiQslj jkekfyaxkLokeh us lq[kh ikfjokfjd thou fcrk;kA mudh iRuh lw;kZ izHkk ubZfnYyhs fLFkr tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky; ds lsUVj iQWkj lks'ky esfMflu ,aM dE;wfuVhgsYFk esa izksiQslj ds in ls lsokfuo`Rr gq;haA mudk csVk MkWDVj oh- txnh'k vejhdk dsesjhySUM esa ,d Loa;lsoh laLFkk lkmFk ,f'k;k ,xsUlV ,WMl ds ps;jeSu gSa vkSj mudhcsVh MkW- y{eh U;w;kdZ ds ekmaV lkbuk; vLirky esa dke djrh gSaaA

jkekfyaxkLokeh us fo'o dh lcls cM+h vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk &Hkksiky xSl dk.M dh tkap&iM+rky dhA ;wfu;u dkckZbM (vcMkWo dsfedYl) dh mis{kk ls gtkjksa yksxksa dh tkusa x;haA

132 133

dks vkeaf=kr fd;kA jeu us ml in ds fy, jkepanzu ds uke dh fliQkfj'k dhA blfy,1952 esa ek=k 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa jkepanzu enzkl ;wfuoflZVh esa izksiQslj ds in ij vklhugq,A lj eqnfy;kj dh mnkj lgk;rk ls jkepanzu enzkl ;wfuoflZVh esa ,d fo'o&Lrjh;,Dl&js fØLVyksxzkiQh dh iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir djus esa liQy gq,A

jkepanzu dksystu dk<akpk [kkstus ds dk;Zesa tqV x,A dksystucgqek=kk esa ik;k tkusokyk ,d izksVhu fV';w(mQrd) gksrk gSA bldsfy, mUgksausa daxk: dhi w aN ds V s UMu l sdksystu ds uewus mi;ksxfd,A bl dk;Z esa mudsik sLV xz St q,V Nk=kxksihukFk dFkkZ us mudh lgk;rk dhA cgqr Je ds ckn oks dksystu ds rarqvksa ds ,Dl&jsfMÚSD'ku iSVuZl ikus esa liQy gq,A vius iz;ksx ds vk/kj ij mUgksaus xasnksa&vkSj&lhadksals dksystu ds eWkMy dk <akpk rS;kj fd;kA 1954 esa mudk ;g 'kks/ uspj uked izfl¼oSKkfud if=kdk esa NikA ckn eas mUgkssaus bl eWkMy dks la'kksf/r dj ,d u, vkSj e'kgwj^dkbYM LVªDpj* dk <akpk cuk;kA

jkepanzu vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us ikWyh&isIVkbM psUl ds fo'ys{k.k dh uhao j[khA mUgksaus,d nks&vk;keh uD'ks dh vo/kj.kk j[kh tks vkt cWk;ksdsfedy lkfgR; esa jkepanzu&IykV

ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA blds }kjk lHkhikWyh&isIVkbM <akpksa dks le>k tk ldrkgSA bu [kkstksa dk LVhj;ks dsfeLVªh vkSjt ho foKku t Sl sfo"k;ksa ij Hkh xgjkizHkko iM+kA

1949 esa baXySaM ls ykSVus ds ckn jkepanzu us 1952 rd fiQftDl dk vè;kiu fd;kAmlh le; enzkl ;wfuoflZVh ds midqyifr vkSj nwjn'khZ lj ,y ,y eqnfy;kj vius ;gak,d izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh dk foHkkx [kksyuk pkgrs Fks ftlds fy, mUgksauas lj lh-oh- jeu

djrsA oks xf.kr dh lehdj.ksa fy[krs vkSj jke ls mUgksauas gy djus dks dgrsA blfy,jke cpiu ls gh mPp xf.kr esa ikjaxr gks x, FksA vxj gjsd ijh{kk esa oks xf.kr esa100 izfr'kr vad ikrs rks blesa dqN vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA 1942 esa jkepanzu us enzkl;wfuoflZVh ls ch,llh ds dkslZ esa iwjs fo'ofo|ky; esa VkWi fd;kA lsUV tkslsiQ dkWystesa ftu nks f'k{kdksa us jkepanzu dh #fp fiQftDl esa tkx`r dh oks Fks Jh ih-bZ- lqczkefu;evkSj tslqvkbV iknjh iQknj jkteA

jkepanzu ds firk pkgrs Fks fd oks bafM;u flfoy lfoZl esa tk,a ij ;g ckr jkepanzudks fcYdqy ukxokj FkhA ckn esa jsyos baftfu;fjax cksMZ dh ijh{kk ds fy, jkepanzu dksfnYyh Hkstk x;kA jkepanzu us tkucw> dj bl ijh{kk esa xfYr;ka dh vkSj iQsy gq,! 1942esa jkepanzu us cSaxyksj dh izfl¼ bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQ lkbUl ds bysfDVªdy baftfu;fjaxfoHkkx esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, nkf[kyk fy;kA ijUrq dqN gh le; ckn mUgsa lj lh-oh-jeu fiQftDl foHkkx esa ys vk,A ,d lIrkg ckn jeu us jkepanzu dks ykMZ jSys }kjklq>kbZ ,d tfVy leL;k dk gy [kkstus dks dgkA ,d gh fnu esa jkepanzu us bl leL;kdh lehdj.ksa fy[kha vkSj mudk gy <wa< fudkykA blls jeu csgn izlUu gq,A jeu dsekxZn'kZu eas jkepanzu us vkfIVDl vkSj ,Dl&jsVkseksxzkiQh ds {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA jeuvius bl foy{k.k Nk=k ds dfj'eksa ls iQwysugha lek,A

1947 esa jkepanzu baXySaM dh dSfofUM'k yScksjsVªhesa 'kks/dk;Z djus x,A bl iz;ksx'kkyk dsizeq[k lj ykSjsUl cSzx FksA dsfEczt esa mUgksasusMCyw-,- owLVj vkSj ,p- ySUx ds lkFkfØLVyksxzkiQh ij dke fd;kA ;gka mUgksauasfØLVyl ds bykfLVd dakLVsUVl ekius dh,d xf.krh; F;ksjh Hkh fodflr dhA 1949esa jkepanzu dks dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh us ih,pMhiznku dhA dsfEczt ds gh nkSjku jkepanzu dhHksaV izfl¼ oSKkfud ykWbul ikWfyax ls gq,Aoks iWkfyax ds Hkk"k.kksa vkSj isIVkbM psUl dsekWMYl ls vR;Ur izHkkfor gq,A

ykWbul iWkfyax,d tknqbZ uke gSdsfedy ckUM~l esalHkh phtksa esalHkh inkFkksZa esapkgsa oks thfor gksa ;k e`rmudh izÑfr vkSj :i tkuus ds fy,mudk O;ogkj igpkuus ds fy,Amuds vYiQk gsfyDl us[kksys u, vk;keckW;ks&ikSfyej inkFkZ dk<akpk [kkstus ds fy,;g egku /qzo&rkjkfoKku ds vkdk'k ij nedsxkD;ksafd mlus tho'kkfL=k;ksa ds fy,[kksyha gSa ubZ jkgsa] u, iFk!

This is a stereo-view of the molecular structure of the backbone ofcollagen. If you cross your eyes while looking at it, you should be ableto see the structure in 3-dimensions. You can see the three strands ofpolypeptides that wind around each other to make the helix.

The Ramachandranplot (left) shows thedistribution of peptidetorsion angles (right)that determine the 3-dimensional structuresof proteins.

alpha-helices

beta-sheets

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gjh'k panzgjh'k panzgjh'k panzgjh'k panzgjh'k panz(1923 - 1983)

gjh'k panz viuh ih<+h ds ,d vf}rh; xf.krK FksA mUgksaus xf.kr dh ,d vutkuh 'kk[kk^jsfiztsUVs'kuy F;ksjh* ij 'kks/ dj mls ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ 'kk[kk esa fodflr fd;kA;g 'kk[kk lkef;d xf.kr ds fodkl ds fy, dsanzh; egRo dh gSA

gjh'k dk tUe 11 vDVwcj 1923 dks dkuiqj esa gqvkA muds nknkth vtesj esa jsyosds ,d ofj"B DydZ FksA oks vius csVs panzfd'kksj dks vPNh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, dfVc¼FksA csVs dh f'k{kk ds fy, iSlksa dh [kkfrj mUgksaus viuh ukSdjh ls bLrhiQk nsdj viuhisa'ku vkfn ys yhA mlds ckn mUgksausa nqckjk fiQj ls jsyos esa ukSdjh dhA mlls mudhofj"Brk tkrh jgh vkSj mUgsa fupys Lrj ij ukSdjh djuh iM+hA gjh'k ds firk panzfd'kksj

dk nkf[kyk ns'k ds loZJs"B dkWyst & FkWkelubaftfu;fjax dWkyst] #M+dh esa gqvkA oks Hkkjr dklcls igyk baftfu;fjax dWkyst Fkk vkSj yksdfuekZ.k laLFkk ds fy, flfoy baftfu;j rS;kjdjus ds fy, 'kq# fd;k x;k FkkA panzfd'kksj/hjs&/hjs djds cgqr mQaps vksgns ij igqapsvkSj var esa mRrj izns'k ds flapkbZ foHkkxds phiQ&baftfu;j dh gSfl;r ls fjVk;jgq,A vDlj gjh'k vius firk ds lkFknwj&njkt cuh ugjksa dks ns[kus tk;k djrsFksA

gjh'k dh eka lR;xfr lsB ,d tehankj ifjokjdh FkhaA muds ifjokj us dHkh 1957 ds fonzksg dhdsanzh; ik=k >aklh dh jkuh dks vius ?kj esa iukgnh FkhA ÑrKrk esa >aklh dh jkuh mUgsa viuh

ryokj HksaV dj x;haA bl HksaV dks mudsifjokj us cgqr vknj&lEeku ds lkFk

1970 esa enzkl ;wfuoflZVh ls bLrhiQk nsus ds i'pkr jkepanzu us nks o"kZ ;wfuoflZVh vWkiQf'kdkxks ds ckW;ks&fiQftDl foHkkx esa fcrk,A bl nks lky ds izokl esa mUgksaus nks&vk;kehvakdM+ksa ls rhu&vk;keh fp=k jpus dh ubZ fof/ dk vkfo"dkj fd;k tks ckn esa dEi;wVjVkseksxzkiQh dk vk/kj cuhA f'kdkxks ls ykSVus ds ckn jkepanzu us bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vkWiQlkbUl esa eWkfyD;wyj cWk;ksfiQftDl ;wfuV (,ech;w) LFkkfir fd;kA 1977 esa mUgksauasiQksxZVh izksiQslj dh gSfl;r ls uS'kuy bafLV~V;wV iQWkj gsYFk] csFksLMk] esjhySUM vejhdkesa dke fd;kA mlh o"kZ mUgsa yanu dh jWk;y lkslkbVh dk iQsyks euksuhr fd;k x;kA 1978esa oks ,ech;w ls lsokfuo`Rr gq,A mlds ckn Hkh oks vkbZvkbZ,llh eas 1989 rdeSfFkeSfVdy fiQykLiQh ds izksiQslj tSls dke djrs jgsA

1980 ds izkjEHk ls oks ikjfdUlu chekjh ls ihfM+r jgus yxsA 1945 esa mudh 'kknh jktels gqbZA chekjh ds nkSjku mudh iRuh us mudh leqfpr lsok dhA 1998 esa fny ds nkSjsls jkte dh vkdfLed e`R;q gks xbZA ;g jkepanzu ds fy, ,d xgjk lnek Fkk ftllsoks dHkh ugha mcjsA 1999 esa baVjuS'kuy ;wfu;u vWkiQ fØLVyksxzkiQlZ us jkepanzu dsmRÑ"V ;ksxnku ds fy, mUgsa iakpos bokYM iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kA 1999 esa mUgsa,d fny dk nkSjk iM+k ftlds ckn ls viuh e`R;q & 7 vizSy 2001 rd oks vLirkyesa gh jgsA muds nks iq=k gSa & jes'k uk;kj.k (gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa [kxksy'kkL=k dsizksiQslj) vkSj gfj (bafLV~V;wV iQWkj Iyktek fjlpZ] vgenkckn) vkSj mudh csVh fot;kVsDll ;wfuoflZVh esa dEi;wVj lkbUl dh izksiQsljgSaA

jkepanzu reke dq'kyrkvkas vkSj #fp;ksa ls lEiUuFksA mudh Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh 'kkL=kh; laxhrvkSj n'kZu'kkL=k esa xgjh #fp FkhA vius laiw.kZo;Ld thou esa oks ekufld chekfj;ksa ls xzLrjgsA ijUrq mlls mudh oSKkfud l`tukRedrkij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA jkepanzu vlyh ek;uksaesa ukscsy iq#Ldkj dksfV ds oSKkfud Fks vkSj ;gcgqr nq[k dh ckr gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsafdlh 'kkldh; iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur ugha fd;kAD;ksafd dksysftu peM+s dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSblfy, psUubZ dh lsUVªy ySnj fjlpZ bafLV~V;wVus vius cM+s lHkkxzg dk uke jkepanzu }kjk1954 esa [kkst dksystu ds <akps ds lEeku esa^fVªiy&gsfyDl* j[kk gSA

136 137

,MoakLM LVMht] fizalVu ds xf.kr foHkkx esa vkbZch,e ds oWku ukS;eSu izksiQslj jgsA

panzk dksbZ Hkh iQkyrw dkxt ugha iQsadrs Fks vkSj viuh iakMqfyfi;ksa ds fiNys iUuksa ij viukdPpk dke djrs FksA muds ysDplZ ftUgsa oks dkslZ ds :i esa i<+krs Fks dh tcjnLr eakxjgrh FkhA muls Nk=kksa dks ,d xf.krK ds lksp vkSj la?k"kksZa dh vuqHkwfr feyrh FkhA panzk[kqn dks xf.kr esa ,d ckgjh O;fDr le>rs Fks 'kk;n blfy, D;ksafd mUgksauas bl fo"k;dks dkiQh ckn esa pquk FkkA oks nks vU; ckgjh O;fDr;ksa ds cM+s iz'kald Fks & oSu&xWkxvkSj lstku dssA 'kk;n bu nksuksa fp=kdkjksa esa oks viuh Nfo ns[krs FksA oSls panzk Lo;a ,ddq'ky isUVj FksA

Hkkjr vkSj baXySUM ds vafre lkyksa esa panzk jsysfVfofLVd iQhYM F;ksjh esa O;Lr jgsA mudsdk;Z dk mYys[k dbZ 'kks/ if=kdkvksa us fd;kA ,d xf.krK dh gSfl;r ls gjh'k panzus mQaph cqyafn;ksa dks NqvkA mudh x<+h gqbZ F;ksjh vkt Hkh ,d ^xkSfFkd* ppZ ds leku[kM+h gS & ftldh uhao Hkkjh&Hkjde Hkys gh gks ijUrq mldk mQijh Hkkx gYdk gS vkSjvkleku dks Nwrk gSA panzk ds fy, xf.kr dk fo"k;] Hkxoku vkSj balku ds chp eè;LFkrkdjus dk ,d ekè;e FkkA mlesa mudk jksy yksxksa dks Hkxoku ds djhc ykuk ugha FkkcfYd Hkxoku dks balku ds ikl ykuk FkkA

gjh'k panz 1957&58 essa xqxsughe vkSj 1961&63 ds chp Lyksu iQsyks jgsA 1973 esa mUgsajkW;y lkslkbVh dh iQsyksf'ki ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1975 esa mUgsa bafM;u ,dsMeh vWkiQlkbfUll vkSj uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh dh iQsyksf'ki iznku dh x;hA 1981 esa mUgsavejhdh uS'kuy ,dsMeh vWkiQ lkbUl dh lnL;rk iznku dh xbZA oks VkVk bafLV~V;wVvWkiQ iQaMkesUVy fjlpZ ds lEekuh; lnL; FksA1973 esa mUgsa fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh vkSj 1981 esa;sy ;wfuoflZVh us MkWDVªsV dh fMfxz;kas ls lq'kksfHkrfd;kA 1954 esa mUgksausa vejhdu eSFkeSfVdylkslkbVh dk dksy iq#Ldkj vkSj 1974 esa bafM;uuS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMeh dk Jhfuokl jkekuqtuind thrkA Hkkjr ljdkj us muds lEeku easbykgkckn esa xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh ds {ks=k esacqfu;knh 'kks/ djus okyh laLFkk dk uke gjh'kpanz fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV (,pvkjvkbZ) j[kkA

1983 esa fny ds nkSjs ls gjh'k panz dk nsgkUrgqvkA ml le; fiazlVu esa xf.krK vjeakM ckSjsy dh lkBoha o"kZxakB ds miy{k esa ,dlekjksg py jgk FkkA vxys lky blh izdkj dk lekjksg gjh'k pan ds lEeku esavk;ksftr gksuk FkkA gjh'k pan vius ihNs iRuh yfyrk vkSj nks csfV;ka izseyk (izseh) vkSjnsfodk NksM+ x,A

latks dj j[kk! gjh'k us vius cpiu dk T;knkrj le; vius ukuk ds ?kj ij gh fcrk;kAoks i<+kbZ esa dq'kkxz Fks ijUrq dkiQh chekj jgrs FksA oks D;ksafd detksj Fks blfy, mudhd{kk ds yM+ds mudk ges'kk etkd mM+krs FksA ukuk ds ?kj esa gjh'k dh #fp 'kkL=kh;laxhr esa txhA gjh'k ds cM+s HkkbZ us bafM;u flfoy lfoZl (vkbZlh,l) esa ukSdjh dhvkSj oks Lora=k Hkkjr esa pksVh ds ukSdj'kkg cusA

panzk us viuh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk dkuqij esa iwjh dhA mUgksausa bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh ls,e,llh dh tgka muds ijh{kd [kqn lj lh-oh- jeu FksA panzk us iwNs tkus ij mUgksausarqjUr ok|;a=k e`naxe dh O;k[;k dh ftlls jeu vR;ar izHkkfor gq, vkSj mUgksaus panzkdks 100 izfr'kr vad fn,A bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVh esa ds-,l- Ñ".ku us panzk ds uke dhfliQkfj'k dhA blls panzk bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ lkbUl caxyksj esa gkseh HkkHkk dsekxZn'kZu esa dke djus x,A ij ml le; ogka lh-oh- jeu dh 'kksgjr cqyUnh ij Fkhblfy, panzk us xf.kr dh ctk, fiQftDl gh i<+uk mfpr le>kA bykgkckn ;wfuoflZVhesa panzk dks Jherh dkys Úsap fl[kkrh FkhaA oks bl chp vkbZvkbZ,llh dh ykbczsfj;ucu x;ha FkhaA blfy, panzk caxyksj esa mUgha ds lkFk jgsA ckn esa panzk dh 'kknh Jherhdkys dh csVh yfyrk ds lkFk gqbZA

HkkHkk us panzk dh izfrHkk igpkuh vkSj mUgsa fMjkd ds lkFk dke djus ds fy, HkstkA1945 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh esa fMjkd ds lkFk dke djrs le; panzk us viuh lPph#fp igpkuh vkSj fiQftDl NksM+dj xf.kr esa 'kks/dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA dsfEczt ds nkSjkumUgksaus okWYiQxSUx iWkyh ds ysDpj lqus vkSj mueas ikWyh dh ,d xYrh lq>kbZA mlds ckniWkyh vkSj panzk thou Hkj ds fy, iDdh fe=krk gks xbZA 1947 esa panzk dks ih,pMh feyhAmudh Fkhfll dk fo"k; Fkk baiQkbukbV bfjZM;wlsfcy jsijstsUVs'kUl vWkiQ n ykjsUVt xzqiA

mlh lky panzk vejhdk pys x,A bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ ,MoakLMLVMht] fizalVu esa vkrs gh panzk vR;Ur rst xfr lsdke esa tqV x,A mUgksauas dke ds oks ekud LFkkfirfd, ftudh yksx okgokgh rks dj ldrs Fks ijUrq mu

ij vey djuk eqf'dy FkkA tc fMjkd fizalVu vk,rc panzk us muds lgk;d tSls dke fd;kA

panzk nks xf.krKksa ls cgqr izHkkfor Fks & gjeu okby vkSjDyWkM fpokyh lsA mUgksausa 1950 ls 1963 rd rsjg o"kZdksyfEc;k ;wfuoflZVh esa xEHkhj rdZ ds lgkjs xf.kresa 'kks/dk;Z fd;kA panzk us izfl¼ xf.krK vjeakM

cksjky ds lkFk fey dj vjFkeSfVd xqzIl dsF;ksjh jphA 1968 ls 1983 rde`R;qi;ZUr oks bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ

138 139

euksjksfx;ksa dk feyuk cgqr dfBu dke FkkA

isUVy us ekuoh; fo|qrh; laosnuk ekius dh ,d ubZ bUMsDl cukbZA izkjfEHkd nkSj esa 'kks/drkZvksa us bl isUVy bUMsDl dk [kwc mi;ksx fd;kA isUVy fdax tktZ esfMdy dWkystesa gh jgs vkSj ckn esa ogha ij 'kjhj&foKku i<+kus yxsA

fiQj mUgsa ,fMuczk esfMdy Ldwy esa ih,pMh djus ds fy, jWkdsiQsyj Ldkyjf'ki feykA;gka mUgksauas ts&fjlsIVlZ dks [kkstkA ml le; fdlh raf=kdk ds ,d js'ks dks mldhlfØ;rk [kRe fd;k fcuk foPNsfnr djuk cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA mUgksausa ,d u;k rjhdk[kkstk ftlesa mUgksauas iwjh raf=kdk dks rjy iSjkiQhu esa Mqcks;k vkSj fiQj fcuk lfØ;rk [kks,,d&,d js'ks dks vyx fd;kA muds bl vuqla/ku ls bl {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Z dks cgqrcy feykA

1953 esa isUVy Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj mUgksausa dkuiqj dh fMiQsUl yScksjsVªh esa dk;Z 'kq# fd;kAogka iakp o"kZ dke djus ds ckn mUgksauas 'kjhj&foKku ds 'kks/drkZ ds :i esa vWky bafM;kbafLV~V;wV vWkiQ esfMdy lkbUl (,El) esa dke 'kq# fd;kA Ng o"kZ ckn oks oYyHk HkkbZiVsy psLV gkfLiVy ds funs'kd cus vkSj bl in ij oks 1990 rd vklhu jgsA ckn esabafM;u dkmafly iQWkj esfMdy fjlpZ (vkbZlh,evkj) ds Mk;jsDVj&tujy in ij jgrsgq, Hkh mUgksaus iVsy vLirky fLFkr viuh nks&dejs dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa 'kks/dk;Z tkjhj[kkA

isUVy ts&fjlsIVlZ dh [kkst ds fy, izfl¼ gSaA ;g 'kCn mUgha us btkn fd;k vkSj mlij mUgksausa xEHkhj 'kks/dk;Z Hkh fd;kA gekjs g`n; vkSj xqnksZ esa rarqvksa dk ,dfo'kky tky gksrk gS tks LFkkuh; ifjos'k esajklk;fud vFkok ;akf=kdcnyko gksus ij rqjUr flXuyHkstrs gSaA isUVy us fn[kk;k fdts&fjlsIVlZ gh vuSfPNdfØ;kvksa ds ftEesnkj gksrs gSavkSj muls gh eaklisf'k;ksa dhoftZ'k lhek fu/kZfjr gksrh gSAbl rjg dk okilh iQhMcSd oftZ'kds nkSjku eaklisf'k;ksa dh lqj{kkds fy, vko';d gksrk gSAts&fjlsIVlZ dh [kkst dh nqfu;kHkj esa [kwc okgokgh gqbZA

,-,l- isUVy,-,l- isUVy,-,l- isUVy,-,l- isUVy,-,l- isUVy(1925 - 2004)

vkSrkj flag isUVy 'kk;n Hkkjr ds lcls izfl¼ 'kjhj&oSKkfud (fiQft;kyksftLV) FksAoks ,d esgurh 'kks/drkZ Fks vkSj vius fopkjksa ds izfr n`<+izfrK FksA

isUVy dk tUe 1925 esa eksxkSd cekZ esa gqvk tgka muds firk fczfV'k esfMdy lfoZlesa dk;Zjr FksA mUgksaus pkSng lky dh vYik;q eas ykgkSj ls nloha dh ijh{kk ikl dh vkSjmlds ckn iQkSjeSu fØfLV;u dWkyst ls baVj ikl fd;kA mlds i'pkr oks vius ekrk&firkds ikl vk x, tks rc rd y[kumQ esa LFkkbZ :i ls cl x, FksA 1943 esa mUgksasus fdaxtktZ esfMdy dWkyst esa nkf[kyk fy;kA blesa cekZ dh ljdkj us mudh foRRkh; lgk;rkdhA

isUVy ,d foy{k.k Nk=k Fks vkSj ,echch,l dsnkSjku mUgksausa dbZ iq#Ldkj thrs ftuesa loZJs"BNk=k dk gohbV xksYM esMy 'kkfey FkkA mlle; gjsd MkWDVj ejhtksa dk bykt dj dksbZlqij&Lis'kfyLV cuuk pkgrk FkkA ijUrq isUVyus bl jkg dks R;kxdj 'kjhj&foKku(fiQft;kyksth) esa 'kks/ djus dh BkuhAmudh ,eMh ds 'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk bysfDVªdyfjftLVsUl vWkiQ n fLdu bu ukeZy chbUxl,aM lk;dkSfVDlA bl 'kks/dk;Z ds fy,mUgksauas [kqn vius gkFkksa ls lkjkoSKkfud midj.k cuk;kAij 'kks/ ds fy, 400

140 141

blls jV~Vw rksrk Nk=k ukjkt gksrs D;ksafd mUgsa rks jVus ds fy, dsoy uksV~l pkfg, Fks!gka] tks Nk=k Kku ds fiiklw Fks mUgsa isUVy ds izsjd ysDpjksa esa vikj vkuan vkrk FkkAisUVy lgh* vkSj xyr* ds vius ewY;ksa ij vVy jgrs vkSj futh ykHk ;k lkekftdeatwjh ds fy, mUgsa cnyus dh t:jr ugha le>rs FksA

vius ipkl lkykas ds yEcs 'kks/dky esa isUVy us 400 ls vf/d 'kks/i=k fy[ksA mudsvuqla/ku dk cWk;ksesfMdy lkbUl ij dkiQh izHkko iM+k vkSj 'kjhj&foKku (fiQft;kyksth)ds {ks=k esa rks mudk ;ksxnku vf}rh; gSA muds 'kks/i=kksa dk izp.M mYys[k fd;k tkrkgSA 2004 rd muds 'kks/i=kksa dk 3672 ckjmYys[k gqvk & tks fdlh Hkh 'kks/drkZ dsfy, cgqr cM+h miyfC/ gSA gakykfd isUVydk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh Hkh oSKkfud dkewY;akdu ek=k mlds 'kks/i=kkas vFkok fy[khiqLrdksa ds vk/kj ij ugha gksuk pkfg,Amuds vuqlkj ^bl izdkj ds ewY;kadu ls

isUVy vius 'kks/ ds {ks=k esa nqfu;k Hkj essa vxz.kh FksA izfl¼ oSKkfud izksiQslj lh- gSeUlus isUVy ds dke dh nkn nsrs gq, iQkbcj ,WD'ku iksVsuf'k;y ds nks Li"V dky lq>k,& ,d isUVy ls igys dk vkSj nwljs isUVy ds ckn dkA isUVy ts&fjlsIVlZ ds fHkUu i{kksaij 'kks/ djrs jgs ftlesa mQaps igkM+ksa ij 'kjhj&foKku ,oa cgqr Je ds ckn lakl iQwyustSlh fLFkfr;ka 'kkfey FkhaA bl 'kks/ us mQaph igkfM+;ksa ij dk;Zjr Hkkjrh; iQkSth dSls ogkadh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vH;Lr gksrs gSa bl ckr ij izdk'k MkykA

mQaps iz'kkldh; inksa dh ped&/ed dh vksj isUVy dHkh Hkh vkdf"kZr ugha gq,A oksviuh NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk esa [kq'k Fks tgka oks xgjkbZ ls viuh [kkstchu tkjh j[k ldrs FksAisUVy egt ,d vPNs 'kks/drkZ ugha FksA foKku ds uSfrd ewY;ksa eas mudh xgjh #fpFkh ftlds fy, mUgksausa lkslkbVh iQWkj lkbfUVfiQd oSY;wt (,l,l,) uke dh laLFkkLFkkfir dh FkhA cgqr ls ofj"B vkSj ;qok oSKkfud bl laLFkk ls tqM+s FksA ;g Vhe oSKkfud/ks[kk/M+h ds dslksa dh vius iSlksa ls takp iM+rky dj lPpkbZ rd igqapus dk Hkjldiz;kl djrhA vkt cgqr ls yksx vkSj tkuh&ekuh laLFkk,a bl Vhe dh lgk;rk ysrh gSaAisUVy ds mQaps uSfrd ekin.M vDlj muds lgdfeZ;ksa dks v[kjrs FksA oks fdlh gksVyesa vk;ksftr cSBd ;k dakÚsUl esa dHkh Hkkx ugha ysrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd 'kSf{kd;k oSKkfud cSBdsa ;wfuoflZVh ds izakxM+ esa gh vk;ksftr gksuh pkfg, u fd iakp&flrkjkgksVyksa esaA oks dHkh fdlh dyafdr laLFkk esa iSj Hkh ugha j[krs Fks & pkgsa oks laLFkk mUgsalEekfur gh D;ksa u dj jgh gks! muds mQaps uSfrd xq.kkas ds dkj.k cgqr ls yksx mUgsaludh djkj djds muls vyx Hkh gq,A

isUVy ds Nk=k mUgsa iz;ksx'kkyk esa vDlj fdlh midj.k dh ejEer djr gq, ikrsA ,slkdjuk fdlh Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ds fy, ,d nqyZHk ckr Fkh! muds uSfrdrk dss mPp ekudksaaij vey djuk vke yksxksa ds fy, eqf'dy FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd yksx udy djuk NksM+dqN ekSfyd 'kks/ djsa ftlls ekStwnk Kku dk HkaMkjc<+sA isUVy dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^nwljksa ds Je vkSjKku ij fuHkZj jgdj vuqla/ku djuk pksjh djustSlk FkkA*

'kjhj&foKku ij 'kks/ ds vykok isUVy dk ,dvU; 'kkSd Fkk & ;equk unh ij uko pykukA ij ;goks lkyksa igys djrs Fks D;ksafd ckn esas ;equk unhu jg dj ,d ukyk cu pqdh FkhA

mudk ysDpj ysus dk rjhdk Hkh cgqr jkspd FkkAmckmQ Hkk"k.k dh ctk, oks fdLls&dgkfu;ka vkSjvius vuqHko lqukrs vkSj oSKkfud ppkZ,a djrsA

tc vU; oSKkfud iSlksa dh Hkjekj okysu;s&u;s {ks=kksa esa ?kql jgs Fks rc Hkh isUVyvius iqjkus XySej&jfgr {ks=k esa yxu ls 'kks/djrs jgsA

mUgsa cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1981 esa mUgsa jWk;y lkslkbVh] yanu vkSj1996 esa jWk;y lkslkbVh] ,fMuczk dh iQsyksf'ki feyhA oks bafM;u uS'kuy lkbUl ,dsMehvkSj bafM;u lkbUl dakxzsl ds vè;{k jgsA oks VFkZM oYMZ ,dsMeh ds laLFkkidksa esa ls,d FksA bl laLFkk dk dke muds fny ds cgqr djhc FkkA 1986 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us

isUVy dks i|foHkw"k.k ls vyaÑr fd;kA oks viusihNs viuh iRuh vkuan dks NksM+ x,A vkuan usthou Hkj vius ifr ds 'kks/ eas gkFk caVk;kAizksiQslj isUVy dk O;fDrRo cgqr ljy Fkk]oks nwljksa dh xfYr;ksa dks utjUnkt djrs

vkSj viuh egkurk ij dHkh xoZ ughadjrs FksA esfMdy nqfu;k ds bl

egku 'kks/drkZ dk nsgkUr 21fnlEcj 2004 esa fnYyh esa gqvkA

dbZ vR;ko';d {ks=kksa esa 'kks/dk;Z tSls dks<+&jksx vkfn ij dkefiNM+rk gS (if'pe ns'kksa dks budht:jr ugha gS)A blfy, oSKkfudksads ewY;akdu dk vk/kj muds'kks/ dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk vkSjmuesa fufgr lkekftd ewY; gh gksldrs gSaA*

142 143

ds mQijh okrkoj.k dk oks {ks=k gS tks jsfM;ks&rjaxksa dks ijkofrZr dj okil Hkstrk gSAblh otg ls i`Foh dh xksy lrg ij jsfM;ks lapkj laHko gks ikrk gSA jWkdsVksa ds vkxeuls igys bl mQijh okrkoj.k rd igqap ikuk cgqr eqf'dy dke FkkA vk;uksLiQh;j dsckjs esa ge tks dqN FkksM+k&cgqr tkurs Fks oks LisDVªksLdksih vkSj i`Foh ij yxs oSKkfudmidj.kksa }kjk gh lEHko gks ik;k FkkA izksiQslj ,l-ds- fe=kk us Hkkjr esa vk;uksLiQh;j 'kks/dk;Z dh uhao j[khA izksiQslj ,-ih- fe=kk us bl dk;Z dks cgqr vkxs c<+k;kA

vk;uksLiQh;j ij 'kks/dk;Z ges'kk ml dky esa myiC/ rduhdksa ij fufHkZr jgk gSA lkBds n'kd esa bl mQijh okrkoj.k dh takp&ij[k jWkdsVksa ds lkFk Hksts midj.kksa ds tfj,dh xbZA lRrj ds n'kd esa lSVkykbV baLVªD'kuy Vsfyfotu ,DlisfjesUV (lkbZV) dk;ZØeds varxZr jsfM;ks&fdj.kksa }kjk bl {ks=k dk vè;;u fd;k x;kA vLlh ds n'kd esaghfy;e ds xqCckjksa vkSj jWkdsV~l ds tfj, bl mQijh {ks=k ds ckjs esa reke tkudkjh,df=kr dh xbZA uCcs ds n'kd esa lSVkykbV vkSj jWkMj ds tfj, i`Foh dh lrg ls 1000fdyksehVj mQij ds {ks=k dk vè;;u gqvkA blesa ml {ks=k ds HkkSfrd xq.k/eZ & ?kuRovkSj rkieku ds lkFk&lkFk vU; cgqr ls ekin.Mksa dk vè;;u gqvkA

baVjuS'kuy T;ksfiQftdy bZ;j 1957&58 vkSj baVjuS'kuy DokbVlWu bZ;j 1964&65 esa fe=kk gh Hkkjrh; Vhe dh izsjd 'kfDr FksA

1970 esa fe=kk us Vªksiks&LiQh;j {ks=k esa jsfM;ks&'kks/dk;Z dkizkjEHk fd;k ftlls Hkkjr dh jsfM;ks lapkj {kerk dks cgqr ykHkigqapkA mUgkasus baVjuS'kuy jsfM;ks ,aM ft;ksfiQftdy okfuZUxlsUVj dh LFkkiuk dh ftlls dh Hkkjr lesr eè; vkSjnf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa lEHkkfor HkwdEiksa dh tkuokjh igys gh fey tk,A mUgksaus blh rjgjsfM;ks Ýysj fMVsD'ku lsUVj Hkh LFkkfir fd;kA

fe=kk ,d foy{k.k oSKkfud ds lkFk&lkFk dq'ky iz'kkld Hkh FksA bu nksuksa xq.kksa vkSjmuds n`<+ fu.k;ksaZ ds dkj.k 1982&86 esa ,uih,y ds funs'kd vkSj 1986&91 rdlh,lvkbZvkj ds Mk;jsDVj tujy ds in mUgksausa izHkkoh rjhds ls fcrk,A oks ,f'k;kbZ{ks=k esa ekulwu LVMh izksxzke ds izeq[k Hkkjrh; lapkyd FksA

uCcs ds n'kd eas euq"; dh fØ;kvksa }kjk nqfu;k ds i;kZoj.k esa vkbZ cny ds vè;;uij fe=kk dk izeq[k cy jgkA vkstksu ijr] okrkoj.k dk jklk;u'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjr esaxzhugkml xSlksa dks ekius ds muds vf}rh; 'kks/dk;Z dk varjZk"Vªh; vlj gqvkA 1990ds 'kq# esa ;w ,l baokjuesUVy izksVsD'ku ,tsUlh us vkjksi yxk;k fd Hkkjr esa /ku ds[ksrksa ls 38 +4 fefy;u Vu ehFksu xSl fudyrh gS tks i`Foh ds rkieku ds c<+us dk ,dizeq[k dkj.k gSA fe=kk us bls liQsn >wB crk;k vkSj vius Bksl oSKkfud vè;;u ls

izksiQslj v'ks"k izlkn fe=kk us vk;uksLiQh;j vkSj ekSle&cnyko ds {ks=k eas vf}rh; dk;Zfd;kA mUgksauas vius xq# izksiQslj f'kf'kj dqekj fe=kk (,iQvkj,l) ds {ks=k esa 'kks/dk;Zdks n{krk ls vkxs c<+k;kA

,-ih- fe=kk dk tUe 21 tuojh 1927 esa dydRrk esa gqvkA blh 'kgj esa gh mudhizkjfEHkd f'k{kk gqbZA muds firk ,d Ldwyh f'k{kd Fks ftuls mUgksausa f'k{kk vkSj vuq'kkluds mPp ewY; xzg.k fd,A cpiu ds bu ewY;ksa dk fe=kk us iks"k.k fd;k vkSj mUgsa vkthouviuk;kA i<+kbZ esa rst gksus ds dkj.k oks ges'kk viuh d{kk esa izFke vkrsA dydRrk;wfuoflZVh ls ,e,llh dh i<+kbZ lekIr djus ds ckn mUgksausa izksiQslj ,l-ds- fe=kk

(,iQvkj,l) dh iz;ksx'kkyk esadke izkjEHk fd;kA izksiQslj fe=kkus vk;uksLiQh;j ds {ks=k esa vxz.kh'kks/dk;Z fd;k FkkA

1954 esa dydRrk ;wfuoflZVh lsMhfiQy lekIr djus ds ckn fe=kkus fnYyh fLFkr uS'kuy fiQftdyyScksjsVjh (,uih,y) esa dkedjuk 'kq# fd;kA ogka mUgkasuasjsfM;ks&foKku dk ,d u;k foHkkx'kq# fd;k vkSj mlds lkFk varrd cgqr djhch ls tqM+s jgsAjsfM;ks&foKku dk fodkl cgqrgn rd vk;uksLiQh;j ds vè;;uls tqM+k FkkA vk;uksLiQh;j i`Foh

,-ih- fe=kk,-ih- fe=kk,-ih- fe=kk,-ih- fe=kk,-ih- fe=kk(1927 - 2007)

144 145

esa ,jkslksy ds cgqr lw{e d.kksa dk ekSle ij iM+s izHkko dks le>kA fe=kk nqfu;k ds murhu vxz.kh oSKkfudksa esa ls Fks ftUgksauas bafM;u vks'ku bDlisfjesUV (baMks,Dl) esa Hkkxfy;kA bl iz;ksx dks Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fd;k x;k tgka ij vaVkdZfVd ls vkbZ 'kq¼gok Hkkjrh; egk}hi ls vkbZ iznwf"kr gok ls feyrh FkhA Hkkjrh; egklkxj bl vuwBs iz;ksxds vè;;u dh ,d fo'kky iz;ksx'kkyk cuhA oSKkfudksa dks Hkkjr ds {ks=kiQy ls lkrxquk cM+h ,d xgjh /qU/ mRrjh Hkkjrh; egklkxj esa fn[kkbZ iM+hA bl /qU/ lss cknyksads cuus vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=kk ij xEHkhj ifj.kke gks ldrs FksA fe=kk us psrkouh nh Fkh fd,sjkslksy ds lw{e d.kksa ls o"kkZ vkSj Ñf"k mit ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj nek c<+ldrk gSA

fe=kk us ikuh ds laj{k.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k vkSj Hkfo"; esa ns'kkas ds chp ikuh dks ysdj;q¼ gksus dh lEHkkouk ls badkj ugha fd;kA oks de&o"kkZ okys bykdksa esa vf/d ikuhpwlus okyh & xUus tSls iQlyksa dks izksRlkfgr djus okyh ladh.kZ uhfr;ksa ds dM+s vkykspdFksA

mUgksaus 200 ls vf/d oSKkfud 'kks/i=k ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ iqLrdsa fy[kha ;k mudklEiknu fd;kA buesa ls dqN mYys[kuh; iqLrdsa gSa% ,MokUlsl bu Lisl ,DlIyksjs'ku(1979] lEikfnr)] vkbuksLiQhfjd biQSDVl vWkiQ lksyj ÝyslZ] g;weu baÝyw,ufll vWku,WVekSfLiQ;jA oks dbZ oSKkfud 'kks/ if=kdkvksa ds lEiknu eaMy ds lnL; Hkh Fks tSls& tuZy vWkiQ ,VekSLiQh;fjd ,aM VsjsfLVª;y fiQftDl] Lisl lkbUl fjO;wl] bafM;utuZy vWkiQ jsfM;ks ,aM Lisl fiQftDlvkSj ekSleA

fe=kk dks cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfurfd;k x;k ftlesa HkkSfrdh ds fy,'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj vokMZ (1986)vkSj 1989 esa i|Hkw"k.k 'kkfey FksA 1988esa mUgsa jWk;y lkslkbVh vWkiQ yanu dkiQsyks euksuhr fd;k x;kA oks dbZ vU;izfrf"Br foKku vdknfe;ksa ds lnL; HkhFksA

fe=kk us Lora=k Hkkjr esa foKku }kjk fodklds lius dks ft;kA mudk nsgkUr 81 o"kZdh vk;q esa fnYyh esa 3 flrEcj 2007 dksgqvkA oks vius ihNs iRuh lquUnk] nkscsfV;ka vkSj nks ukfr;ka NksM+ x,A

fn[kk;k fd Hkkjrh; /ku ds [ksrksa ls dsoy 4 fefy;u Vu gh ehFksu fudyrh gS! vkSjlPpkbZ ;g gS fd if'pe ds ns'k izfr O;fDr Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa ukS xquk T;knk xzhugkmlxSlsa iSnk djrs gSaA mUgksauas Hkkjr dks Hkh dks;yk tyus vkSj nqdkuksa] ?kjksa esa yxs tsujsVjksavkSj Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxs Mhty batuksa }kjk iSnk iznw"k.k ls vkxkg fd;kA

oks i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h jktuhfr dks vPNs oSKkfud 'kks/ ls pqukSrh nsuk pkgrs FksA mudsvuqlkj fons'kh /u ds dke djus okyh cgqr lh laLFkk,a oSKkfud 'kks/ dks vius ladh.kZjk"Vªh; fgrksa ds fy, rksM+rh&ejksM+rh FkhaA mudh izcy bPNk Fkh fd lkmFk ,f'k;u,lksfl,'ku iQWkj jhtuy dksvkijs'ku (lkdZ) ds rRok/ku esa ,d ,slk usVodZ [kM+kgks tks bu ns'kksa esa gksus okys iznw"k.k vkSj ekSllh cny dh izkekf.kd tkudkjh ,df=krdjs vkSj Hkkjr bldh LFkkiuk dh vxqokbZ djsA fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa esa ekSle lEcU/h tkudkjh ,df=kr djus ds fy, iz;ksx'kkyk,a LFkkfir djus dk mUgksausa lq>ko fn;kA bl'kks/dk;Z esa fe=kk Hkkjrh; lsuk dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd lsuk iwohZ fgeky;ds mQapkbZ ij fLFkr mu {ks=kkasa esa dke djrh Fkh tgka oSKkfud ugha tkrs FksA mudk iDdkfo'okl Fkk fd vPNh uhfr;ksa ds fy, lgh vkSj mPp dksfV dh tkudkjh vfuok;Z FkhAmuds vuqlkj baVj&xojesUVy isuy vWku DykesV psUt (vkbZihlhlh) vius 'kks/ esa cgqrihNs FkkA oks pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr iznw"k.k vkSj xSl fudklh ij [kqn Bksl 'kks/dk;Z djsvkSj ekSle&cnyko ds eqn~ns ij mi;qDr uhfr;ka cuk,A

1999 esa fe=kk us Hkkjr] ;wjksi] ekYMho vkSj vejhdk ds 200 ls Hkh vf/d oSKkfudksads lkFk feydj Ng gÝrs dk ,d vHkwriwoZ oSKkfud vè;;u fd;kA blesa mUgksausa gok

Year

Tem

per

atu

re (

o C)

Global warming is shown in this graph of global yearly temperature.

146 147

mudh lcls fiz; iqLrd Fkh n fLifjV vWkiQ lsUV ywbZ tks izfl¼ gokckt pkYlZ fyUMcxZdh vej xkFkk gSA foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ok;uw ds jksy&ekWMy fo[;kr oSKkfudgkseh HkkHkk FksA ok;uw dh dykÑfr;ksa dks vkt Hkh muds }kjk LFkkfir fofHkUu os/'kkykvksa esa ns[kk vkSj fugkjk tk ldrk gSA

cpiu ls gh ok;uw us futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh (os/'kkyk) esa nwjchus ns[kh FkhaA jkf=k&vkdk'kds lkSUn;Z vkSj foLe; ls oks cpiu ls gh voxr FksA dWkyst esa mUgksausa ,d LisDVªksxzkiQdk fuekZ.k fd;kA blds fy, mUgksaus vius 'k;ud{k dh f[kM+dh ls yxkrkj Ng jkrksard ,d ^laosnu'khy* IysV ij izdk'k iM+us fn;kA 1946 esa bl fo"k; ij mUgksausa viukigyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA

1948 esa ,e,llh dh i<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn oks viuh vkthfodk ds fy,[kxksy'kkL=k dk {ks=k pquuk pkgrs FksA ijUrq ml le; Hkkjr esa bl is'ks ds volj cgqrde FksA ij HkkX;o'k mlh le; baXySUM ds jWk;y [kxksy'kkL=kh lj gSjYM LisUlj tksUlvkSj gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh ds izksiQslj gWkjyks 'ksiyh Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ij vk, FksA ok;uw usmuls gSnjkckn esa eqykdkr dhA 'ksiyh dh enn ls 1949 esa gSnjkckn ljdkj }kjk fn,othiQs ds dkj.k ok;uw gkjoMZ ;wfuoflZVh esa mPp f'k{kk ds fy, tk ik,A gkjoMZ esaok;uw us vius vkidks cgqr dkfcy vkSj izsjd yksxksa ds chp ik;kA gkjoMZ vkus ds paneghuksa ds Hkhrj ok;uw us ,d u;k iqPNyrkjk (dWkesV) [kkstkA vkdk'k ds lkekU; fp=kksadks ns[krs gq, mUgsa ,d iQksVks&IysV ij dqN vyx lk utj vk;kA bl izdkj viuslkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ok;uw us bl u, iqPNyrkjs dks [kkstk tks ckn esa cIiw&cksd&U;wfddZds uke ls tkuk x;kA mudh bl [kkst ds fy, ,LVªWkukfedy lkslkbVh vWkiQ n iSlsfiQdus cIiw dks MkWuksgks dWkesV esMy ls lEekfur fd;kA

,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw,e-ds- ok;uw cIiw(1927 - 1982)

Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds 'kks/ dk rkuk&ckuk cquus dk vf/dka'k Js; ok;uw cIiw dkstkrk gSA muds vFkd ifjJe dh otg ls gh Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z dhifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA

ok;uw cIiw dk tUe vxLr 10] 1927 dks gqvkA oSlk mudk ifjokj dSukuksj dk jgusokyk Fkk ijUrq muds firk gSnjkckn esa futkfe;k vkWCtjosVjh esa dk;Zjr FksA blfy, ok;uwdh Ldwy vkSj dWkyst dh f'k{kk gSnjkckn esa gh gqbZA oks ,d vPNs oDrk Fks vkSj bldkj.k Ldwy esa mudh cgqr iz'kalk gksrh FkhA vius dWkyst esa mUgksausa foKku&Dycvk;ksftr fd;k vkSj dWkyst if=kdk dk lEiknu Hkh fd;kA dWkyst dh fiQftDl,lksfl,'ku ds lfpo dh gSfl;r ls mUgksaus foKku ds fo"k;ksa ij dbZ yksdfiz; Hkk"k.kvk;ksftr fd,A 1943 esa tc lj lh oh jeu us gSnjkckn esa dbZ ysDpj fn, rks ok;uwus gj jkst viuh lkbfdy ij 16 fdyksehVj dh ;k=kk dh ftlls fd dksbZ Hkh ysDpj

u NwVsA

oks 'kkSfd;k isUVj Hkh Fks vkSjlkFk es mUgsa mRÑ"V lkfgR;esa xgjh #fp FkhA mUgsa vaxzsthdforkvksa ls izse Fkk vkSj mnwZds 'kk;j fetkZ xkfyc mudslcls fiz; dfo FksA dWkyst esaoks ,d 'kkunku fØdsV vkSjVsful f[kykM+h FksA ,d lkglh;qok tSls 'kk;n muds fny esa

iWk;yV cuus dh meax FkhA

148 149

(vkbZvkbZ,)A bl laLFkk us ns'k esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds {ks=k eas vuqla/ku dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Zfd;kA bl laLFkk dk ,d lS¼akfrd xqzi vkSj nwljk mi;ksxh xzqi Fkk ftldk dke ns'kHkj esa Lons'kh VsfyLdksiksa dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA vkbZvkbZ, dh 'kq#vkr jeu fjlpZ lsUVjesa gqbZ Fkh ij tYn gh oks dksjeaxyk] cSaxyksj esa vius gh dSEil esa LFkkukarfjr gks x;kAcIiw pkgrs Fks fd vkbZvkbZ, [kxksy'kkL=k esa fo'o dk ,d vxz.kh dsUnz cus vkSj blfn'kk esa mUgkasuas cgqr ifjJe fd;kA dkokywj esa dkyZ tkbZl ds VsfyLdksi yxus ds ianzgfnuksa ds vanj gh ogka ,d vuwBk vkSj fojy ^vkWdyVs'ku* fn[kkA blls c`gfLir xzgds panzek & xSuhehM esa okrkoj.k gksus dk izek.k feykA blds dqN o"kZ i'pkr blhVsfyLdksi ls ;wjsul ds fjax fn[kkbZ fn, ftuls c`geakM ds ckjs esa gekjk Kku c<+kA blizdkj cIiw ,d fo'o Lrjh; {kerk okyh os/'kkyk LFkkfir djus esa liQy gq,A

1970 esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj fotsrk ,l panz'ks[kj vkbZvkbZ, ns[kus x, vkSj mUgksauas cIiw dsiz;klksa dh [kwc iz'kalk dhA brus Je vkSj yxu dk thou fcrkus ls 55 o"kZ dh vYik;qesa gh cWk;ikl ltZjh ds ckn 19 vxLr 1982 dks cIiw dk nsgkUr gks x;kA viuh e`R;qls dqN le; igys gh oks baVjuS'kuy ,LVªksuksfedy ;wfu;u (vkbZ,;w) ds vè;{k in dsfy, pqus x, FksA cIiw ds liuksa okys 234&lsehVsfyLdksi dks ckn esa rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh Jhjktho xak/h us jk"Vª dks lefiZr fd;kA rHkhdkokywj os/'kkyk dk uke cnydj cIiw dslEeku esa ok;uw cIiw vkCtjosVjh j[kk x;kA

cIiw viuh cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds dkj.k cgqr lsiq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur gq,A 1970 esa mUgksauas'akkfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj vkSj 1977 esafiQftDl ds fy, gfjvkse vkJe iq#LdkjthrkA 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsai|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA vius ,dHkk"k.k esa cIiw us dgk] vDlj ge ;gns[krs gSa fd dksbZ deky dk vknehvkrk gS tks Hkze vkSj vO;oLFkk dhfLFkfr dks ifjofrZr dj mls rdZlaxr]lqanj vkSj ljy cuk tkrk gSA* bu'kCnksa dks c;ka djrs le; 'kk;ncIiw dks bl ckr dk vankt ugha Fkkfd oks [kqn viuh ftUnxh dk o.kZudj jgs FksA

1951 esa ih,pMh lekIr djus ds ckn cIiw igys Hkkjrh; Fks ftUgsa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z djus ds fy, izfrf"Br dkjusxh esyu iQsyksf'ki feyhA bl otg ls mUgsa ekmaVikSyksekj fLFkr nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s 200&bap VsfyLdksi ij dke djus dk lqvolj feykAcIiw us okSYiQ&js;r rkjksa ij xgu 'kks/ fd;k vkSj bl {ks=k esa mUgksausa iwjs fo'o esa cgqr'kksgjr gkfly dhA

1953 esa cIiw Hkkjr ykSVsA ml le; Hkkjr esa [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/ djus dh lqfo/k,a,dne izkphu Fkha vkSj ns'k esa miyC/ lcls cM+k VsfyLdksi ek=k 15&bap dk fjÝjSDVjFkk! 1954 esa ok;uw cIiw us okjk.klh fLFkr mRrj izns'k os/'kkyk esa izeq[k [kxksy foKkuhds :i esa dke 'kq# fd;kA mRrj izns'k ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh dks os/'kkyk csgrj LFkkuij ys tkus ds fy, mUgksaus jkth fd;kA cIiw us blds fy, uSuhrky ds ikl ,d mi;qDrigkM+h pquhA dqN gh lkyksa esa mUgksausa ogka ij dbZ ;qok vkSj izsfjr oSKkfud dks izf'kf{krfd;k ftUgksauas ckn esa ns'k esa [kxksy'kkL=k ds fodkl esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

1960 esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkxzg ij cIiw 170&lky iqjkuh dksMkbZdWuky os/'kkyk dslcls ;qok funs'kd cusA fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us 1792 esa bls enzkl esa LFkkfir fd;kFkkA fiQj mls 1899 esa dksMkbZdWuky esa LFkkukrafjr fd;kA blls igys izfrf"Br [kxksy'kkL=khtSls ,u-vkj- iksxlu vkSj ,oj'ksM izHkko ds tWku ,oj'ksM bl laLFkk ds funs'kd jgpqds FksA cIiw us ;gka ij ,d midj.k fuekZ.k vkSj nwljh vkfIVDl dh odZ'kki LFkkfirdhaA buesa dbZ NksVh nwjchuksa vkSj LisDVªksLdksIl dk fuekZ.k gqvkA mUgksauas iqjkus lksyj nwjchuksaesa tfVy bysDVªkfuDl dk lekos'k dj lw;Z dh takp&iM+rky djus ds fy, mudh {kerkdks c<+k;kA dksMkbZdWuky esa cIiw us [kxksy'kkL=k ij 'kks/dk;Z djus okyh ,d lEiw.kZlaLFkk vkSj ,d os/'kkyk dk liuk latks;kA

iwjs lky lw;Z vè;;u ds fy, dksMkbZdWuky os/'kkyk dh fLFkfr ,dne vumi;qDr FkhAu, LFkku dh [kkst esa cIiw us dU;kdqekjh ls ysdj fr#irh rd dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSjvar esa mUgsa rfeyukM eas toMh igkM+h ds ikl ,d mi;qDr LFkku feykA ;gka mUgsa ,diBkj feyk tks pkjksa vksj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA dkokywj uke ds xako ds ikl fLFkr;g LFkku [kxksy'kkL=kh; voyksduksa ds fy, loksZRreFkkA cIiw us dkokywj esa 38&bap dk VsfyLdksiLFkkfir fd;kA ckn esa blh os/'kkyk esa mUgksauas100 lseh dk dkyZ tkbZl VsfyLdksi yxk;kA

1971 esa dksMkbZdWuky vkSj dkokywj os/'kkykvksaus lfEefyr :i ls ,d Lora=k 'kks/ dsUnz dhLFkkiuk dh & n bafM;u bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ ,LVªksfiQftDl

VsfyLdksi

150 151

mPp lfefr t;iqj ds lokbZ ek/ks flag vLirky dk eqvkbuk djus ds fy, vkus okyhFkhA D;ksafd vLirky esa gM~Mh&jksx dk dksbZ foHkkx gh ugha Fkk blfy, iz/kukpk;Z us mulsbl u, foHkkx dks 'kq# djus dks dgkA mudh bl Ñfr ds fdrus nwjxkeh ifj.kke gksaxsbldk vankt 'kk;n iz/kukpk;Z dks Hkh ugha FkkA ckn esa lsBh us ,d gYds] fVdkmQ]de&ykxr dk Ñf=ke iSj cuk;k ftlls nqfu;k Hkj esa yk[kksa fodyakxksa ds thou esaifjorZu vk;kA

t;iqj&iQqV dk btkn ,d vuwBh Vhe us fd;k% ,d is'ksoj ltZu MkW- izeksn d.kZ lsBhtks fczVsu ds jWk;y dWkyst vWkiQ ltZUl ds iQsyks Fks vkSj muds lkFkh jkepanz 'kekZ usA'kekZ ,d foy{k.k feL=kh vkSj f'kYih Fks tks dHkh Ldwy ugha x, FksA nksukas rhl o"kZ igysigyh ckj t;iqj ds lokbZ ek/ks flag vLirky esa gh feysA rc MkW- lsBh ogka fodykaxejhtksa ds fy, cSlkf[k;ka cuk jgs Fks vkSj 'kekZ dks<+ ds ejhtksa dks gLrf'kYi cukuk fl[kkjgs FksA

lsBh iksfy;ks ihfM+rksa vkSj iSj dVs ejhtksa ds fy, t;iqj esa ghmi;qDr] de&dher okys midj.k cukuk pkgrs FksA Ñf=ke vaxcukus ds dsUnz cgqr nwj iq.ks ;k eqEcbZ esa Fks tgka dsoy vehj yksxgh tk ldrs FksA blfy, lsBh us vLirky ds izkaxM+ esa gh fodyakxksads fy, dqN LFkkuh; midj.k cukus dh lksphA iq.ks fLFkr vkehZfyEc lsUVj ,d fons'kh Ñf=ke iSj cukrk FkkA ;g iSj cgqr HkkjhvkSj dM+k Fkk vkSj mls ges'kk twrs ls <ad dj j[kuk iM+rk FkkAyksx etcwjh esa mls mls [kjhnrs ij tYn gh mls R;kx nsrs FksA blesatwrk lcls cM+h vM+pu FkkA Hkkjr esa yksx [ksrksa esa] ?kjkas esa vkSjiwtk ds LFkkuksa ij fcuk twrs ds uaxs iSj tkus ds vknh gksrs gSaA ;gfons'kh twrk cgqr eagxk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ikuh vkSj feV~Vh dslEidZ esa vkdj cgqr tYnh [kjkc gks tkrk FkkA mlesa ,d vkSjdeh Fkh & oks yphyk ugha FkkA fons'kh iSj yxkdj yksx u rks'kkSpky; eas vkSj u gh ikyFkh ekj dj cSB ldrs FksA

lsBh dks Jhyadk eas cuk ,d fMtkbu vPNk yxkA mlesa Ñf=keVkax dks jcj ds iSj ls <adk x;k FkkA bls igudj vke fdlkuikuh ls Hkjs /ku ds [ksrksa esa dke dj ldrk FkkA lsBh us ,dLFkkuh; dkjhxj ls oYdukbTM jcj dk ,d Ñf=ke iSj dk uewukcuok;kA 'kq# dk iSj Hkkjh vkSj dM+k Fkk ij /hjs&/hjs djds mlesalq/kj gqvk vkSj mlds [kksy dks gYdh Liat jcj ls Hkjk x;kA ckn esa ,sM+h ds LFkkuij eWkbØks&lsY;qyj jcj yxkbZ vkSj mQij dh vksj iPpj dkV dj ,d lHkh fn'kk esa

^eSaus vDlj ;qok MkWDVjksa dks ;g lykg nh gS fd oks <sjksa iSls cukus ds pDdj easu iM+sa & ejhtksa dh dr`Krk vkSj mudk vkHkkj gh muds fy, i;kZIr iQhl gksuhpkfg,A* & ih ds lsBh

nqfu;k Hkj ds ;q¼ {ks=kksa esa & viQxkfuLrku] Jhyadk ls ysdj jokaMk rd cgqr ls yksxksaus mRrj Hkkjr ds ,d 'kgj t;iqj ds uke lquk gSA jktLFkku dh jkt/kuh t;iqj dkuke ;q¼ {ks=kksa esa ,d vf}rh; Ñf=ke iSj & t;iqj&iQqV ds dkj.k e'kgwj gSA ySaM ekbUlls cus fodyakx yk[kksa yksxksa ds fy, ;g Øakfrdkjh iSj ,d ojnku lkfcr gqvk gSAt;iqj&iQqV dk fMtkbu MkWDVj izeksn d.kZ lsBh us vius lglkFkh ds lkFk fey djfd;kA

izeksn dk cpiu okjk.klh esa chrkA muds firk MkW- fuf[ky d.kZ lsBh cukjl fgUnw;wfuoflZVh esa fiQftDl i<+krs FksA ?kj esa i<+kbZ] lknxh] cfynku vkSj lsok tSls ewY;ksa ijtksj FkkA ifjokj esa xak/hth ds vkn'kksZa dk cksyckyk FkkA izksiQslj lsBh us HkkSfrd'kkL=kij fgUnh esa igyh iqLrd fy[kh vkSj mlds ckn mUgksauas dbZ oSKkfud xzaFkksa dk fgUnh

eas vuqokn fd;kA 'kknh esa ngst nsus dh ctk, mUgkasusviuh lHkh csfV;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, izksRlkfgrfd;kA 1930 esa izksiQslj lsBh vkxjk dWkyst esai<+kus yxs blfy, izeksn dh f'k{kk Hkh ogha gqbZAizeksn lsUV tWkUl Ldwy esa i<+sA ckn esa mUgksausa,echch,l vkSj ,e,l dh MkWDVjh i<+kbZ ljkstuhuk;Mw esfMdy dWkyst vkxjk ls iwjh dhA viuhfoy{k.k izfrHkk ds dkj.k 1954 esa mUgsa ,fMUczk

ls ,iQvkjlh,l dh fMxzh izkIr gqbZA

izeksn dh Vsªfuax rks ,d ltZu ds :i esagqbZ Fkh vkSj oks fcYdqy la;ksx lsgM~Mh&jksx ds {ks=k esa vk,A ,d

ih-ds- lsBhih-ds- lsBhih-ds- lsBhih-ds- lsBhih-ds- lsBh(1927 - 2008)

152 153

igys gh cgqr ls fodyakx gksrs gSaa & oks u, ejht ds eeZ dks le>rs gSa] mldk vknjdjrs gSa vkSj bl lkewfgd vuqHko ls ejht ds vkRe&fo'okl vkSj vkSj vkRe&lEekunksuksa esa btkiQk gksrk gSA mipkj iwjk gksus ds ckn ejht dks eqÝr esa ?kj tkus dk Vªsu fVdVvkSj ;k=kk ds nkSjku Hkkstu dk ,d iSfdV Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA* (eSxlsls iq#Ldkj dkm¼j.k)

u;s iSj dk uki ysus vkSj mls cukus esa yxHkx ,d ?kaVs dk le; yxrk gSA gj ejhtdh fof'k"V t:jrksa ds fglkc ls gh mldk iSj cuk;k tkrk gSA t;iqj&iQqV dks iguusds ckn O;fDr vklkuh ls [ksr eas dke] isM+ ij p<+uk] fjD'kk pykuk] mQcM+&[kkcM+ tehuij pyuk ;k fiQj ikjEifjd u`R; Hkh dj ldrk gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa iSj dVs ejht vDljcw<+s yksx gksrs gaS tcfd Hkkjr esa ;g vDlj ;qok vkSj xjhc izoklh etnwj gksrs gSaA

1978 eas lsBh dks foy{k.k esfMdy Vhpj ds fy, ch-lh- jWk; iq#Ldkj ls lEekfur fd;kx;kA 1981 esa mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj us i|Jh ls vyaÑr fd;kA mlh o"kZ mUgsa lkeqnkf;dlsok ds fy, xkSjoiw.kZ eSxlsls iq#Ldkj ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;kA

MkW- lsBh cgqr i<+s&fy[ks vkSj fo}ku FksA mudh isM+&ikS/ksaeas xgjh #fp FkhA mUgsa iqLrdksa vkSj laxhr ls xgjk yxkoFkkA mudk Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh 'kkL=kh; laxhr &tSt] jWkd vkSj yksdxhrksa esa #fp FkhA oks dHkhfdlh Dyc ds lnL; ugha cus vkSj u gh dHkh oksNqV~Vh crkSj fdlh ;k=kk ij x,A oks [kkyh le;vius ifjokjtuksa ds lkFk ?kj ij gh fcrkuk ilUndjrs FksA ifjokj esa mudh iRuh lqykspuk] rhucsfV;ka vkSj ,d csVk FkkA 80 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 6tuojh 2008 dks MkW- lsBh dk nsgkUr gqvkA

t;iqj&iqQV ds mQij MsfoM lqtwdh us dSusfM;uczkMdkfLVax dkjiksjs'ku ds fy, ,d MkD;wesUVªhfiQYe cukbZ FkhA *ukps e;wjh* uked cEcbZ;k fiQYeus t;iqj&iqQV dks lnk ds fy, vej dj fn;k gSA ;glnkcgkj fiQYe ,d izfl¼ 'kkL=kh; u`rdh lq/k panzuds ckjs eas gS ftudk fdlh gknls esa ,d iSj tkrk jgkAmUgksauas vius iSj esa t;iqj&iQqV yxk;k vkSj fiQj u, fljsls u`R; fd;k vkSj liQyrk dh cqyafn;ksa dks NqvkA d{kkrhu ds cPps lq/k panzu ds bl la?k"kZ vkSj t;iqj&iQqV dhliQyrk dks vc viuh vaxzsth dh ikB~;iqLrd esa i<+ldsaxsA

eqM+us okyk tksM+ cuk;k x;kA ,d ejht ds HkkbZ us ckgjh jcj dks fcYdqy peM+h tSlkjax fn;kA rks bl izdkj cuk igyk t;iqj&iQqVA

t;iqj&iQqV dh tedj tkap vktekbZ'k gqbZ ftlls mlds fVdkmQiu] mi;qDr dher vkSjvkjkens;rk dh iqf"V gqbZA pyrs le; tc pkSM+k iSj tehu dks Li'kZ djrk rks mlls iguusokys dks lqj{kk dk vuqHkwfr gksrhA ckgjh jcj ds [kksy ds dkj.k ;g Ñf=ke iSj VwV&iQwVls eqDr FkkA vxj mldh lrg [kqjp tkrh rks mldh ejEer lkbfdy ds iUpj tSlsiScUn yxkdj dh tk ldrh FkhA

1970 esa MkWDVj lsBh us t;iqj&iQqV ij igyk 'kks/i=k fy[kkA 1974 esa mUgsa fLoVjtySUMesa Ñf=ke vaxks ij gks jgh iQLVZ oYMZ dkUÚsUl esa eq[; oDrk ds :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;kx;kA

1975 esa fcgkj ds ,d /uh ejht Jh vtqZu vxzoky us ,d cM+k vuqnku fn;k ftllsfd vLirky eas gh ,d iakp&eaftyk iquokZlu dsUnz dk fuekZ.k lEHko gks ik;kA mldsckn jkT; ljdkj vkSj futh nkrkvksa us Hkh vuqnku fn,A fdl izdkj ejht iquokZlu dsUnzeas vkrs gSa vkSj mudk Lokxr gksrk gS ;g o.kZu i<+us yk;d gSA ejht ns'k ds lHkh fgLlksals fcuk [kcj fn, ogka igqaprs gSaA vDlj muds lkFk dksbZ fj'rsnkj gksrk gSA lcls igysoks lqjf{kr vLirky igqapus dh [kcj vius ?kj okyksa dks VsyhiQksu ls nsrs gSaA vLirkyesa Hkkstu] jguk vkSj lkjk mipkj eqÝr gksrk gSA lHkh ejhtksa dks ,d ljy fdV nh tkrhgS & ftleas lkcqu] eatu] czq'k] Fkkyh] ex vkSj ,d rkSfy;k 'kkfey gksrh gSA bu lcoLrqvksa ds lkFk ySal gksdj ejht iquokZlu dsUnz ds vkaxu eas izos'k djrk gSA vkaxu esa lq/k panzu

154 155

mlds ckn panzk caxyksj vk, vkSj ogka mUgksaus ubZ [kqyh jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa dkeizkjEHk fd;kA oks vius fo[;kr ekek lj lh-oh- jeu ds igys 'kks/ Nk=k FksA mu nksuksads chp dk lEcU/ ,d xq#&f'k"; tSlk Fkk vkSj u fd ekek&Hkkuts dk! mlh nkSjku,d fnu panzk dh HksaV cM+s HkkbZ izksiQslj jkek'ks"ku ds ?kj ij viuh Hkkoh iRuh byk dslkFk gqbZA panzk dks ml le; NksVh&lh fjlpZ xzakV feyrh Fkh ij mlesa esa iSls cpkdjmUgksausa ,d eksVjlkbfdy [kjhnhA viuh eksVjlkbfdy ij byk dks cSBkdj tc panzk lSjdks tkrs rks ogka ds #f<+oknh lekt esa dkiQh gypy eprh! nqHkkZX;o'k ,d nq?kZVuk esapanzk dks flj esa pksV yxh ftlls oks thou Hkj ihfM+r jgsA D;ksafd panzk vkSj byk fHkUuHkkSxksfyd bykdksa ls Fks vkSj vyx&vyx Hkk"kk,a cksyrs Fks blfy, fookg ls igys dqNleL;k,a vo'; vk;haA ijUrq tYn gh mudk gy Hkh fudy vk;kA

fookg ds rqjUr ckn panzk dks ,d othiQk feyk vkSj oks baXySUM dh iz[;kr dSfofUM'kyScksjsVªh esa 'kks/ djus pys x,A ogka mUgksaus ,Dl&js izdh.kZu (LdSVfjUx) esa dsfEczt;wfuoflZVh ls nwljh MkWDVªsV dh fMxzh gkfly dhA 1961 esa Hkkjr okil ykSVus ds cknoks eSlwj ;wfuoflZVh ds fiQftDl foHkkx ds igys izeq[k cusA ogka fiQftDl foHkkx ,dfc;kcku taxy esa fLFkr FkkA bl tehu dh ekyfdu eSlwj dh jktdqekjh yhykorh FkhaAvklikl ds taxy dh liQkbZ ds ckotwn bl bykds esa taxyh fl;kj] mYyw vkSj rsanq,vkrs&tkrs FksA ;gka ij panzk dh #fp fyfDoM fØLVy esa iSnk gqbZA blls igys ;g foKkudk ,d misf{kr {ks=k Fkk vkSj cgqr de oSKkfud ghs fyfDoM fØLVy inkFkksaZ ds ckjs dqNtkurs FksA panzk us ckn esa bl ckjs esa fy[kk] ml le; bl fo"k; ds ckjs esa esjh tkudkjhcgqr de FkhA eSa mlds ckjs esa tks dqNFkksM+k&cgqr tkurk Fkk oks tkudkjh eSausnl lky igys 1930 dh Nih fdrkcksa esai<+h FkhA* fiQj Hkh panzk us vius 'kks/dk;Z ls foKku ds bl {ks=k dh rLohjcnyh & oks mls Bksl fLFkr ls fyfDoM(rjy) fØLVy dh vksj ys x,A

fczVsu dh dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh vkSj;wfuoflZVh dWkyst yanu esa dqN le;fcrkus ds ckn 1971 esa panzk caxykSjdh jeu fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV esa vk,Aogka mUgksausa vius dqN iqjkus Nk=kkasdh lgk;rk ls feydj ,d fyfDoMfØLVy yscksjsVjh LFkkfir dh ftldhizfl¼h tYn gh nwj&nwj rd iQSyhApanzk dks bl ckr dk vankt Fkk

f'kojkekÑ".kuf'kojkekÑ".kuf'kojkekÑ".kuf'kojkekÑ".kuf'kojkekÑ".kupanz'ks[kjpanz'ks[kjpanz'ks[kjpanz'ks[kjpanz'ks[kj

(1930 - 2004)

vktdy fyfDoM fØLVy lHkh txg mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs gSa & eksckby iQksUl ls ysdjcM+s Vsyhfotu LØhu esa HkhA igys okys Hkkjh Hkjde dSFkksM&js V~;wc vc yqIr gks x,gSa vkSj mudk LFkku vc fyfDoM fØLVy fMlIys us ys fy;k gSA fyfDoM fØLVy ds{ks=k esa fodkl dk vf/dka'k Js; f'kojkekÑ".ku panz'ks[kj ds foy{k.k 'kks/dk;Z dkstkrk gSA yksx I;kj ls mUgsa panzk cqykrs FksA

panzk dk tUe 6 vxLr 1930 dks dydRrs esa gqvkA muds firk fczfV'k ljdkj ds fy,dke djrs FksA ckn esa inksUufr ds ckn oks Lora=k Hkkjr ds ,dkmaVsUV tujy cusA firkdss rcknyksa ds dkj.k ifjokj dks vyx&vyx 'kgjksaesa tkuk iM+rk Fkk ftlls panzk dh Ldwyh i<+kbZ esafo?u iM+rk FkkA panzk dks Hkh gj ckj u, Ldwy eastkuk vPNk ugha yxrk Fkk mlds ckotwn oks viuhd{kk esa vPNs vad ykrsA panzk ,d ukeh&fxjkehifjokj ds FksA mudh eka lhrky{eh izfl¼ oSKkfudvkSj foKku esa ukscsy iq#Ldkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh;lj lh oh jeu dh NksVh cgu FkhaA panzk ds NksVs HkkbZiapjRue (iapjRue iQst ds fy, iz[;kr) dkde mez esa gh nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA panzkds cM+s HkkbZ izksiQslj ,l- jkek'ks"kuHkh ,d cgqr izfl¼ oSKkfud FksA1951 esa panzk ,e,llh dh ijh{kkesa ukxiqj ;wfuoflZVh esa loZizFkevk,A mUgksausa nks Lo.kZ indthrs vkSj ogha ls ih,pMh dhA

156 157

panz'ks[kj dh oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa cgqr ls iq#Ldkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kx;kA Hkkjr dh rhuksa oSKkfud vdknfe;ksa us mUgsa viuk lnL; cuk;kA 1983 esa mUgsa jWk;ylkslkbVh] bafLV~V;wV vWkiQ fiQftDl (yanu) vkSj FkMZ oYMZ ,dsMeh vWkiQ lkbUlst dhiQsyksf'ki iznku dh xbZA 1990&92 esa oks baVjuS'kuy fyfDoM fØLVy lkslkbVh ds vè;{kcus vkSj bl laLFkk dh if=kdk eWkfyD;wyj fØLVy vkSj fyfDoM fØLVy dks oks nks n'kdksals T;knk rd lEikfnr djrs jgsA mUgsa dbZ iq#Ldkj feys & 'kakfrLo:i HkVukxj iq#Ldkj(1972)] gkseh HkkHkk (1987)] bUlk dk es?kukn lkgk esMy (1992)] jWk;y esMy(1994)] ;wusLdks dk uhYl cksgj Lo.kZ ind (1998) vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj dk i|Hkw"k.klEeku (1998)A

chekjh dh otg ls mUgsa FkksM+k dke gYdk djus dh fgnk;r nh xbZ FkhA blfy, oks ?kjij gh vkjke djrs vkSj vkxUrqdksa ls feydj [kq'k gksrs FksA tSls&tSls mudh lsgr esalq/kj vk;k oks fiQj mRlkg ls lekjksg vkSj cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysus dh rS;kjh dj jgs FksAnqHkkZX; ls 7 ekpZ 2004 dks mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA vius ihNs oks viuh iRuh byk] csVsvthr vkSj csVh bafnjk dks NksM+ x,A

fd vR;k/qfud 'kks/dk;Z ds fy, u, inkFkZ dh fuekZ.k {kerk vR;ko'd gksxhA blfy,mUgksauas lkFk esa u, inkFkZ cukus ds fy, ,d vkSjxSfud iz;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir dhA tYngh panzk dh iz;ksx'kkyk vius ekSfyd 'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k iwjs fo'o esa fyfDoM fØLVyij vuqla/ku dk ,d vxz.kh dsUnz cu xbZA 1977 esa panz'ks[kj tc vius oSKkfud dSfj;jds f'k[kj ij Fks rc mUgksausa vius lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fey ,d u, izdkj ds fyfDoMfØLVy dh [kkst dh tks u, rjg ds ijek.kqvksa dk cuk FkkA bu ijek.kqvksa dk vkdkjpdfr;ksa tSlk FkkA ;s ijek.kq igys vè;;u fd, csyukdkj ijek.kqvksa ls fcYdqy fHkUuFksA bl [kkst ls panzk dks varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr feyhA bl [kkst dk lekpkj izek.k ukedoSKkfud 'kks/xzaFk esa igyh ckj NikA fyfDoMfØLVy ds {ks=k esa bl fucU/ dk vkt Hkhlcls vf/d mYys[k gksrk gSA

vc rd pdrh vkdkj okys yxHkx 1500ijek.kqvksa dks iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa Ñf=ke rjhdksals cuk;k tk pqdk gS vkSj muds HkkSfrd vkSjjklk;fud xq.k/eksZa ij 2000 ls vf/d'kks/i=k fy[ks tk pqds gSaA bu u, inkFkksZa dksubZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj rduhdksa ds vu:i <kyktk jgk gS ftuesa tsjkDl] lksyj lsYl]vkfIVdy LVksjst fMokblst] vkSj gkbfczMdEi;wVj fpIl 'kkfey FksA

vU; phtksa ds lkFk&lkFk vc fyfDoMfØLVyl tSfod <akpksa tSls thfor fV';wl] dks le>us esa enn djrs gSaA vkSj ;g KkutSfod esEczsUl dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gSA blfy, tho'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj esfMdy 'kks/drkZvksa dh Hkh fyfDoM fØLVyl esa xgjh #fp j[krs gaSA oks lc panzk ds dke ds vkHkkjhgSaA

1977 esa dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl us panz'ks[kj dh iqLrd fyfDoM fØLVy izdkf'kr dhA;g bl fo"k; ij vuqla/ku djus okys fdlh Hkh Nk=k ds fy, ckbfcy ds leku gSA bliqLrd dk :lh ,oa tkikuh Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA bl iqLrd dk la'kksf/r vkSjfoLr`r laLdj.k 1992 esa NikA

panz'ks[kj us dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; lekjksgksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k ftuesa ls ,d 1973 esavkjvkjvkbZ dh jtr t;Urh ds miy{k esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA 1990 esa vkjvkjvkbZls lsokfuo`fRr ds ckn esa panz'ks[kj us Hkkjr bysDVªkfuDl fyfeVsM }kjk miyC/ djk;h,d fcfYMax esa lsUVj iQWkj fyfDoM fØLVy fjlpZ dh 'kq#vkr dhA

vc fyfDoM fØLVYl dk mi;ksx ?kfM+;ksa] ekWfuVj vkSj Vhoh LØhu esa gksrk gSA

pdrh fyfDoM fØLVy dk <akpkA

158 159

vxzoky ds xgjs lksp vkSj mudh fparkvksa dh igyh>yd n LVsV vWkiQ bafM;kt ,Uok;juesUV% , flfVtUlfjiksVZ ds Nius ij ekywe iM+hA bl fjiksVZ dks fy[kusesa mudh lgk;rk i;kZoj.k vkanksyukas ls tqM+s rekelfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa us dhA bl iqLrd esa Hkkjrh;i;kZoj.k ds mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dk igyh ckjxEHkhjrk ls vakdyu fd;k x;k FkkA iqLrd esa bZekunkjhvkSj vkd"kZd rjhds ls Hkkjr ds <yrs i;kZoj.k dhvlfy;r dks ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA bl vuwBh iqLrddks cgqr ljkgk x;k vkSj mls nqfu;k dh lSdM+kas xEHkhji=k&if=kdkvksa esa mldh leh{kk,a Niha!

igyh flfVtUl fjiksVZ us ladqfpr fopk/kjk okys fo}kuksa] va/h jktlRrk vkSj lksbZ turkdh vak[ksa [kksyhaA fjiksVZ us xako dh <yrh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ?kVrs b±/u&pkjs (ckW;ksekl)ds nkSj esa efgykvksa ij iM+rs Hkkjh cks> dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA blls i;kZoj.kvkSj fodkl ds chp ds fj'rs dks le>us esa enn feyhA bl fjiksVZ }kjk mBk, eqn~nksaij te dj ppkZ gq, vkSj dqN Bksl dne Hkh mBk, x,A fjiksVZ dk nwjxkeh izHkko iM+kAbl iqLrd dk dUuM+ vkSj fgUnh esa vuqokn izfl¼ i;kZoj.kfon~ f'kojke dkjUFk ,oavuqie feJ us fd;kA

blds ckn blh izdkj dh vU; flfVtUl fjiksVZl Nirh jghaA viuh iqLrd n iWkfyfVDlvWkiQ n bUok;juesUV esa vxzoky us ty vkSj tehu tSls lk/uksa ds leqfpr nksgu dsfy, lEiw.kZ (gksfyfLVd) izca/u dh vihy dhA rhljh jiV ^ck<+* ds fo"k; ija FkhApkSFkh jiV MkbZUx fotMe esa Hkkjr ds ijEijkxr ty lap;u ds rkSj&rjhdksa dksladfyr fd;k x;k FkkA tcfd igyh nks jiVksa esa vkanksyuksa ls tqM+s dk;ZdrkZvksa dklfØ; ;ksxnku Fkk] var dh jiVsa lh,lbZ us [kqn rS;kj dh Fkha & tks lh,lbZ vkSj i;kZoj.kls tqM+s tehuh vkUnksyuksa ds chp yqIr gksrs lEcU/ksa dk Hkh |ksrd gSA

VwoMZl xzhu foysftl esa vxzoky us fodsfUnzr xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa }kjk lalk/uksa ds fu;a=k.kdh is'kd'k dhA yksxksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ls gh i;kZoj.k lq/jsxk vkSj xzkeh.k fodklgksxkA lh,lbZ us blds lcwr esa ns'k esa py jgs dbZ lfØ; i;kZoj.k vaknksyuksa & gfj;k.kkesa lq[kksektjh] egkjk"Vª esa jkysxat fl¼ vkSj jktLFkku esa r#.k Hkkjr la?k ds vuqHkoksadks ntZ fd;kA bu vaknksyuksa us ty&tehu ds eqn~nksa ij lexz :i ls dke fd;k FkkA

jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa ls dqN ewyHkwr ifjorZu gksxk bl ckr ij vxzoky dks 'kd FkkA mUgsatehu ls tqM+s vaknksyuksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ls mEehn Fkh fd os jkT;lRrk ij cnyko ds fy,ncko MkysaxhA jktho xak/h us iz/kuea=kh cuus ds ckn vius dSfcuV ds lnL;ksa vkSj ofj"BukSdj'kkgksa ds fy, vxzoky }kjk fo'ks"k cSBdsa vk;ksftr djhA blls jktusrkvksa esai;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ds eqn~nksa ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed lathnxh vk;hA

vfuy vxzokyvfuy vxzokyvfuy vxzokyvfuy vxzokyvfuy vxzoky(1947 - 2002)

^vxj vki xjhcksa ds fy, lksprs gSa rks vki xzkWl uS'kuy izkWMDV (thMhih) }kjkxzkWl uspj izkWMDV dks [kRe ugha gksus ns ldrsA* & vfuy vxzoky% oYMZokbYMykbiQ iQaM] yanu (vDVwcj 8 1985)

vfuy vxzoky ,d izeq[k Hkkjrh; i;kZoj.kfon~ FksA mUgksausa igyh ckj i;kZoj.k dhleL;k dks xjhcksa ds utfj, ls ns[kkA xjhcksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+us ds dkj.k muij i;kZoj.k ds uk'k vkSj rsth ls taxyksa dh liQkbZ djus vkjksi yxk;k tkrk FkkAvxzoky us bu vo/kj.kksa dks pqukSrh nhA muds vuqlkj xjhcksa dk LokFkZ ftEesnkjh lsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lkFk tqM+k FkkA

vfuy vxzoky dk tUe dkuiqj ds ,d O;kikfjd ifjokj esa gqvkA 1970 esa mUgkasusavkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj ls fedSfudy baftfu;fjax dh fMxzh izkIr dhA oks cgqr vkstLoh oDrk

Fks vkSj vkbZvkbZVh esa Nk=k laxBu ds vè;{k pqus x, FksAi<+kbZ [kRe djus ds ckn oks vkbZvkbZVh ds vU; Nk=kksa

dh rjg vejhdk ugha x, vkSj mUgkasuas fgUnqLrkuVkbEl uked v[kckj esa foKku laoknnkrk tSls dkefd;kA muesa tfVy fopkjksa dks ljyrk vkSj Li"Vrkls is'k djds dh vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA tYn gh yksxmudh ys[ku 'kSyh dk yksgk ekuus yxsA

1970 ds eè; esa oks baXySaM x, vkSj ogka i;kZoj.kdh iqtkfju vkSj vksuyh ou vFkZ dh ysf[kdk ckjcjk

okMZ ds lEidZ esa vk,A i;kZIr varjkZ"Vªh; vuqHkoizkIr djus ds ckn vxzoky 1980 dh'kq#vkr esa ubZ fnYyh okil vk,vkSj ogka mUgksauas lsUVj iQWkj lkbUl, aM ,Uok;juesUV (lh,lb Z)LFkkfir fd;kA

vfuy vxzoky dk dkVwZu]lkHkkj% #Lre okfu;k

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vxzoky dks vius foy{k.k dke ds fy, vusdksa iq#Ldkj feysA vkbZvkbZVh dkuiqj us mUgsafMfLVaX;qf'kM ,Yequl vokMZ ls lEekfur fd;kA 1987 eas la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds i;kZoj.kdk;ZØe us mUgsa Xykscy 500 jksy vWkiQ gkWuj esa lfEefyr fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj usi;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ds muds mRÑ"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa i|Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;kA

chl lkyksa ls Hkh T;knk vlsZ rd vfuy vxzoky cqyUnh ds lkFk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dhvkokt mBkrs jgsA muesa tfVy oSKkfud 'kks/i=kksa vkSj fo'ks"k vè;;uksa dks i<+ dj mUgsaljy] Li"V 'kCnksa esa c;ka djus dh foy{k.k {kerk FkhA oks i;kZoj.k dh Toyar leL;kvksadks u dsoy turk ds chp mBkrs ij ,M+h&pksVh dk ne yxkdj mudk U;k;laxr gyHkh [kkstrsA

vxzoky cM+s n`<+ ladYi ds O;fDr FksA ,d yEcs dky rd oks chekfj;ksa ls tw>rs jgs& igys nes ls vkSj 1994 ds ckn ,d vuwBs dSUlj ftldk vlj dsoy efLr"d vkSjvka[kksa ij gksrk gSA vafre {k.kksa esa vLirky ds iyax ij ysVs gq, Hkh oks vius vafrevfHk;ku dh ;kstuk cukrs jgsA 2 tuojh 2002 dks 54 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa nsgjknwu esamudk nsgkUr gqvkA

,d tekuk Fkk tc fnYyh dh gok cgqr iznwf"kr Fkh vkSj yksxksa dk ne ?kqV jgk FkkA mlle; vxzoky us Lyks&eMZj ds izdk'ku ds lkFk&lkFk ,d cqyUn vfHk;ku dk lw=kikrfd;kA bl jiV esa fcuk ykx&yisV ds mUgksausa rsy dEifu;ksa] vkWVks fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;kedvf/dkfj;ksa dks nks"kh Bgjkdj dV?kjs esa [kM+k fd;kA bl fo'ys{k.k ds ckn ,d tksjnkjehfM;k vfHk;ku Hkh NsM+k ftlls ifj.kke Lo:i lqizhe dksVZ us iznw"k.k iQSykus okyhxkfM+;ksa ij vadq'k yxk;kA vxzoky us Bksl lcwrksa vkSj vakdM+ksa ds vk/kj ij ns'k dsvxz.kh iwaftifr;kas vkSj dEifu;ksa dks i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjk;kA mldsckn fnYyh dk iwjk lkoZtfud ifjogu dEizSLM uSpqjy xSl (lh,uth) esa ifjofrZr gqvkAvxj vkt fnYyh ds yksx dqN jkgr dh lakl ys jgs gSa rks bldk dqN Js; vfuy vxzokydks vo'; tkrk gSA

vxzoky us i;kZoj.k ds eqn~ns ij ,d ikf{kd if=kdk Mkmu VwvFkZ dh 'kq#vkr Hkh dhA blesa xkscj VkbEl uke dk vfr lqUnjcPpksa dh y?kq if=kdk Hkh gksrh gSA lh,lbZ us vDlj cM+s&cM+sdkWjiksjs'kUl ds f[kykiQ mQaph vkokt mBkbZ gS vkSj ljdkj dkslgh fu;e&dkuwu cukus vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, ckè;fd;k gSA vfuy vxzoky }kjk LFkkfir lh,lbZ us ,d Lora=ki;kZoj.k izgjh dh gSfl;r ls lkoZtfud fgrksa ds fy, cgqriz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k gSA

1989 esa vxzoky us Xykscy okfeZUx bu ,u vubZDoy oYMZ ij ,d ys[k fy[kkA mlesamUgksausa fn[kk;k fd xjhckas ds vkthfodk ls tqM+s mRltZu(,eh'kUl) /uh ns'kksa dh foyklrk & fefyVjh&vkS|ksfxddkEiysDl ls fudyh tgjhyh xSlksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSaAif'pe ds eqYdksa us ges'kk iznw"k.k drkZvksa dks iq#Ldkj fn;kgS vkSj mlds eqDrHkksfx;ksa dks ltk nh gSA if'peh ns'k ges'kkHkkjr vkSj phu tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Xykscy okfeZUx dsfy, nks"kh Bgjkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa viuk ?kj lkiQ djus dhfgnk;r nsrs gSaA vxzoky us bls i;kZo.khZ; vkSifuosf'kdokndjkj fn;k vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ls xzhugkml xSlksa dh ,frgkfldftEesnkjh dks Lohdkj djus dk vkxzg fd;kA egklkxjksa vkSjok;qeaMy }kjk lks[kh xbZ xzhugkml xSlksa dks dkcZu&fladdgrs gSaA dkcZu&flad dks orZeku esa ns'kksa }kjk NksM+hxzhugkml xSlksa ds vuqikr esa ckaVuk ,d ?kksj vU;k; gksxkAvxzoky ds vuqlkj U;k;iw.kZ i¼fr esa nqfu;k ds gj balkudks dkcZu&flad esa cjkcjh dk fgLlk feyuk pkfg,A

A publication of the Indian National Science Academy

^oSKkfud* 'kCn ls yksxksa ds tgu esa ,d ,sls O;fDr dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks ges'kkfdrkcksa] eagxs midj.kksa] ij[kufy;ksa vkSj /qavk mxyrs dkap ds chdj ls f?kjk gksAijUrq oSKkfudksa dh ftanxh ds Hkh reke vk;ke gksrs gSaA bl iqLrd ds dqN oSKkfuddgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,a fy[krs Fks] dqN dyk ds nhokus Fks vkSj dqN dks rst jÝrkjls cM+h eksVjlkbfdysa pykus dk 'kkSd Fkk! dbZ oSKkfudksa dk ckgjh lekt ds lkFkvarjax lEca/ Fkk vkSj mUgksausa nqfu;k dks csgrj cukus dk Hkjdl iz;kl Hkh fd;kA

iqLrd esa oSKkfudksa ds thou pfj=kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mudh ftanxh ds dqN jkspdi{kksa dks Hkh latks;k x;k gSA mUgsa foKku dh izsj.kk dSls feyh\ D;k muds cpiuds dksbZ vuqHko blds fy, ftEesnkj Fkk\ D;k bl izsj.kk ds ihNs dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr& mudh eka ;k dksbZ f'k{kd FkkA oSKkfudksa us fo'ks"kdj muesa efgykvksa us D;k&D;kla?k"kZ >sys\ muds thou ds la?k"kksZa ls ;qok ih<+h fuf'pr izsfjr gksxhA

vrhr ds izsjd Hkkjrh; oSKkfud esa 39 Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh thofu;ksa dksladfyr fd;k x;k gSA

dSju gSMkWd us vius chl lky ds Hkkjrh; izokl esa cPpksa dh vusdksaiqLrdksa esa vius eueksgd fp=kksa ls tku iQwadh gSA orZeku esa oks iq.ks ds iklegsUnzk oYMZ dkWyst esa thofoKku i<+krh gSaA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k vkSj u,'kSf{kd rjhds fodflr djus esa mudh xgjh jQfp gSA oks iqLrdsa Hkh fy[krhgSaA is'ks ls oks ,d ckW;ksfiQftflLV gSaA mUgksausa viuh MkDVªsV vkSj mPp f'k{kkvejhdk esa iwjh dhA

vjfoUn xqIrk Hkkjr esa foKku dks yksdfiz; cukus vkSj f[kykSus cukus dsfy, e'kgwj gSWA mUgksauas Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa esa ^dckM+ ls tqxkM+* fof/ lsoSKkfud ekWMy cukus dh gtkjksa dk;Z'kkyk,a vk;ksftr dh gSaA oks iqLrdasfy[krs gSa vkSj fgUnh esa vuqokn djrs gSaA mudh yksdfiz; osclkbVarvindguptatoys.com esa [kykSuksa vkSj iqLrdksa dk ,d vikj HkaMkjgSA

vjfoUn us 1975 esa vkbZ vkbZ Vh dkuiqj ls ch Vsd gkfly dhA pan lky VsYdks esa dke djusds ckn oks ukSdjh NksM+ dj foKku ds izpkj&izlkj esa yx x,A orZeku esa oks vk;qdk iq.ks esa fLFkreqDrkaxu cky foKku dsUnz esa dke djrs gSaA vius dke ds fy, mUgsa dbZ iqjQLdkj fey pqds gSaftuesa cPpksa esa foKku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dk loZizFke jk"Vªh; iqjQLdkj (1988)vkSj vkbZ vkbZ Vh dkuiqj dk fMfLVaX;qf'kM ,Yequl vokMZ (2000) 'kkfey gSA

vrhr ds izsjd hkkjrh; oskkfud - wordpress.com...fo"k;&lwph vjnkflj dqjlsrth 1 uus flga jkor...

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