Universidad de Edimburgo

La Universidad de Edimburgo, (University of Edin-burgh) es un centro de enseñanza superior e investigaciónsituado en Edimburgo (Escocia, Reino Unido). Fue fun-dado en 1582 y es la sexta universidad del mundo anglo-parlante más antigua del mundo y una de las más antiguasen Escocia[1] La Universidad de Edimburgo recibe apro-ximadamente 47,000 solicitudes por año,[2] convirtién-dose en la tercera universidad más popular por volumende solicitudes del Reino Unido después de la Universidadde Oxford y la Universidad de Cambridge. La universidadde Edimburgo mantiene vínculos cercanos con la familiareal británica, siendo su Rectora actual la Princesa Ana.La Universidad de Edimburgo se encuentra en el número17 del ranking mundial de universidades 2014-2015 QS.El Research Excellence Framework, ranking de investi-gación del gobierno británico para determinar financia-miento para futuras investigaciones, posicionó a la Uni-versidad de Edimburgo como la 4ta universidad británi-ca con mayor poder investigativo. Se encuentra en la po-sición número 12 para artes y humanidades del ranking2014-2015 de Time. Esta universidad también se ubicaen la posición número 15 en relación a la empleabilidadde sus graduados, de acuerdo al ranking 2013 de Glo-bal Employability University Ranking. Adicionalmente,se encuentra en la posición número 6 de las mejores uni-versidades de Europa, de acuerdo al News’ Best GlobalUniversity Ranking de Estados Unidos. Es miembro delGrupo Russell y la League of European Research Univer-sities, un grupo de 21 universidades dedicadas a la inves-tigación en Europa. Además, tiene el tercer patrimoniomás grande de las universidades del Reino Unido, des-pués de Cambridge y Oxford.La Universidad de Edimburgo jugó un papel central en elposicionamiento de Edimburgo como una ciudad funda-mental en el desarrollo intelectual de la Ilustración, porlo que la ciudad recibió el nombre de la Atenas del Nor-te. Ex-alumnos de la universidad incluyen figuras centra-les en la historia moderna como el físico Clerk Maxwell,el naturalista Charles Darwin, el filósofo David Hume,el matemático Thomas Bayes, el cirujano Joseph Lister,miembros que firmaron la independencia de los EstadosUnidos como James Wilson, Joseph Witherspoon y Ben-jamin Rush, el inventor Alexander Graham Bell, el pri-mer presidente de Tanzania Julius Nyerere, y escritorescomo Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson,J. M. Barrie, Sir Walter Scott y J. K. Rowling. Las perso-nas asociadas a la universidad incluyen 20 premios No-bel, 2 ganadores del premio Turing, 1 ganador del premioAbel, 1 premio Pulitzer y 3 primeros ministros del Reino

Unido.La Universidad de Edimburgo recibe aproximadamente47.000 aplicaciones anuales, lo que la convierte en la ter-cera más popular del Reino Unido. No obstante, la acep-tación es competitiva. En el periodo 2012-2013 la univer-sidad solo aceptó al 11.5% de los postulantes. Después dela Universidad de St. Andrews, es la universidad más di-fícil para entrar en Escocia, y es la número 9 en el ReinoUnido en esta área.

1 Historia

Se atribuye la fundación de esta universidad al obispo Ro-bert Reid, de la Catedral de San Magnus, Kirkwall, quienlegó fondos tras su muerte en 1558.La Universidad se estableció por un Decreto Real con-cedida por el rey Jacobo VI en 1582, deviniendo lacuarta universidad escocesa, en un momento en el cualInglaterra, mucho más populosa y próspera, tenía tan so-lo dos.En el siglo XVIII Edimburgo era uno de los centros prin-cipales de Europa y se desarrolló como una de las univer-sidades importantes del continente.En 2002 la universidad fue reorganizada y sus nueve fa-cultades pasaron a agruparse en tres colegios, y desdeentonces está organizada en los Colegios de Humanida-des y Ciencias Sociales (HSS, College of Humanities andSocial Sciences), de Ciencia e Ingeniería (SCE, Scienceand Engineering) y de Medicina y Medicina Veterinaria(MVM, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine).

2 Reputación

El QS World University Rankings clasificó en 2014 a laUniversidad de Edimburgo así:[3]

• 6.ª en el Reino Unido

• 7.ª en Europa en general

• 11.ª en el mundo en Artes y Humanidades

• 3.ª en Europa en Artes y Humanidades

• 17.ª en el mundo en general

1

2 6 EX ALUMNOS NOTABLES EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES, ARTES Y EMPRESAS

El Suplemento sobre Clasificación de Universidades delMundo del periódico The Times [THES] clasificó la Uni-versidad de Edimburgo en 2011/2012 así:[4]

• 5.ª en el Reino Unido

• 36.ª en el mundo

Este mismo Suplemento clasificó a la Universidad deEdimburgo en 2005 así:

• 9.ª en Europa en general

• 16.ª en el mundo para la biomedicina

• 14.ª en el mundo según los reclutadores

• 27.ª en el mundo para artes y humanidad

• 38.ª en el mundo para la ciencia

• 30.ª en el mundo en general

3 Asociaciones con otras universi-dades

La Universidad de Edimburgo es miembro del GrupoRussell de universidades británicas dedicadas a la inves-tigación. También es la única universidad escocesa (y unade las tres universidades británicas, junto con las univer-sidades de Oxford y Cambridge), que es miembro tan-to del Grupo Coimbra como del LERU, dos grupos eu-ropeos de universidades. La Universidad de Edimburgotambién es miembro del grupo Universitas 21, un gru-po internacional de universidades. Además la Universi-dad de Edimburgo tiene lazos históricos y asociacionescon prestigiosas universidades en los Estados Unidos yCanadá, incluyendo miembros de la Ivy League y U15.

4 Escuela de Medicina

La Escuela de Medicina forma parte de la Facultad deMedicina y Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad deEdimburgo. Establecida hace casi 300 años, la Escuelade Medicina de Edimburgo es una de las más antiguasy de las mejores escuelas de medicina de Escocia y delReino Unido. Ocupa el cuarto puesto en el Reino Unido,según The Guardian University Guide en 2009[5] y sexto,según la Buena Guía de la Universidad de The Times.[6]

Desde 2008 esta escuela británica acepta unos 218 estu-diantes de medicina por año y otros 16 estudiantes delextranjero.[7] La admisión a la Escuela de Medicina deEdimburgo es muy competitiva, con más del 85% de lossolicitantes y el Reino Unido el 92% de rechazo de lossolicitantes de cada año.[8]

Edificio histórico de la Escuela de Medicina en Teviot Place.

5 Organización de los estudiantes

Los estudiantes en la universidad son representados porel Consejo Representativo de los Estudiantes (SRC), fun-dado en 1884 por Robert Fitzroy Bell, y la Asociación delos Estudiantes de la Universidad de Edimburgo (EUSA),comprendiendo la Unión de Universidad de Edimburgo(EUU), fundada en 1889.

6 Ex alumnos notables en cienciassociales, artes y empresas

6.1 Arquitectura

• Robert Adam, architect

• A. R. Hye, architect

• Robert Lorimer, architect

• Robert Matthew, architect

• Richard Murphy, architect

6.2 Empresas

• William Denholm Barnetson, Baron Barnetson(1917–1981), Chairman United Newspapers,Reuters and Thames Television

• Chris Beard, CEO of Mozilla

• Donald Brydon, Chairman of the Royal Mail, SageGroup and Medical Research Council and Patron ofthe British Postal Museum and Archive

• Crawford W. Beveridge, Executive Vice PresidentSun Microsystems

• John Boyd Dunlop, founder of Dunlop Rubber

• Nicholas Ferguson, Chairman of BskyB

6.4 Literatura 3

• John Ritchie Findlay, owner of The Scotsman news-paper

• Hugh Grant, Chairman, President & CEO ofMonsanto Company

• Tony Hayward, Chairman of Glencore Xstrata andformer CEO of BP

• William Jardine, merchant, surgeon, and co-founderof global conglomerate Jardine Matheson

• Christopher Lovelock, business school professor andservices marketing pioneer

• James Matheson, MP for the Ross and Cromartyconstituency and co-founder of global conglomerateJardine Matheson

• Chris Montgomery, former CEO of mp3.com Eu-rope

• Nigel Stein, Chief Executive of GKN plc

• George Touche, co-founder of Deloitte

• Sir David Tweedie, Chairman of the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB)

• Lord Swann, Chairman BBC

• Arthur Young, founder of Ernst & Young

6.3 Economía

• Kenneth E. Boulding, economist, John Bates ClarkMedal winner in 1949[9]

• John Grahl, economist

• John Kay, economist

• James Mirrlees, economist, Nobel laureate[10]

• John Hardman Moore, economist, Yrjö JahnssonAward winner in 1999[11]

• John Rae, economist

• Jerzy Żyżyński, prominent Polish economist

6.4 Literatura

• Edward Abbey author

• J. M. Barrie, author of Peter Pan

• James Boswell, lawyer, author and biographer ofSamuel Johnson

• Maoilios Caimbeul, Gaelic poet

• Thomas Carlyle, essayist and historian

• Bliss Carman, Canadian poet

• George Chalmers, antiquarian and political writer

• Bruce Chatwin, author and winner of the James TaitBlack Memorial Prize

• Richard A Collins, author and scientist

• E. S. Dallas, author and journalist

• David Daiches, literary historian and critic

• Thomas Dick, writer

• Angus Donald, author and journalist

• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author and creator ofSherlock Holmes

• Robert Garioch, poet and translator

• Oliver Goldsmith, writer and physician

• Michael Grant, writer and historian

• Philippa Gregory, author of The Other Boleyn Girl

• Ella Hickson, award winning playwright

• Ku Hung-ming, writer and polyglot

• Sorley MacLean (Somhairle MacGill-Eain), Gaelicpoet

• Joel McIver, author

• Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff, writer and trans-lator

• Kole Omotosho, writer

• Neil Paterson, footballer, author and screenwriter

• John William Polidori, writer and physician

• Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series

• Peter Mark Roget, author of the first Thesaurus

• J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series

• Professor Andrew Rutherford CBE Regious Prof.of English Literature, Aberdeen University; Vice-Chancellor, London University

• Sir Walter Scott, author and poet

• Alexander McCall Smith, author of The No. 1 La-dies’ Detective Agency series and professor of me-dical law

• Robert Louis Stevenson, author of Treasure Islandand Kidnapped

4 6 EX ALUMNOS NOTABLES EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES, ARTES Y EMPRESAS

6.5 Artes y medios de comunicación

• Michael McIntyre, comedian

• Maria Bamford, comedian

• Mitch Benn, comedian, songwriter and broadcaster

• Elizabeth Blackadder, artist

• Jamie Borthwick, Sports reporter for STV News

• Michael Boyd, artistic director of the Royal Shakes-peare Company

• Tom Bradby, journalist and novelist

• Tom Chaplin, musician and singer in the Englishpiano rock band Keane

• Ian Charleson, actor

• Rawdon Christie, Television New Zealand produ-cer/presenter

• Robbie Coltrane, actor

• Quentin Cooper, science journalist and broadcaster

• Darius Danesh, musician and singer

• Daisy Donovan, actor and broadcaster

• Jimmy Finlayson, actor and comedian

• Iain Gale, journalist and author

• Jay Jopling, art dealer

• Angus Macfadyen, actor

• Miles Jupp, comedian

• Laura Kuenssberg, BBC chief political correspon-dent

• Allan Little, BBC Foreign Correspondent

• Sally Magnusson, BBC journalist

• Ewen MacIntosh, actor (notably The Office andLittle Britain)

• Kirsty McCabe, GMTV weather presenter

• Hilton McRae, actor

• Gillian McKeith, television presenter and writer

• JudithMiller (antiques expert), antiques expert, wri-ter and broadcaster

• Steve Morrison, TV producer and (as of 2015) Rec-tor of the university

• David Rintoul, actor

• Anthony d'Offay, art dealer

• Marina O'Loughlin, restaurant critic

• Alastair Sim, actor

• Rachael Stirling, actress

• Elize du Toit, actress

• Bill Turnbull, journalist and television presenter

• Kirsty Wark, broadcaster

• Ed Stoppard, actor

• Hamish Clark, actor

• Lucy Kirkwood, playwright

• Ella Hickson, playwright

• Sam Holcroft, playwright

• Iain Stirling, comedian

6.6 Música

• James Douglas, composer

• Kenneth Leighton, composer

• James MacMillan, classical composer

• Stuart MacRae, composer

• Marcus Mumford, lead singer of Mumford & Sons

• Nigel Osborne, composer

• Mike Scott (musician), founder of The Waterboys

• John Thomson (composer)

• Donald Francis Tovey, composer, pianist,musicologist

• Julian Wagstaff, composer

• William Wordsworth (composer)

6.7 Historia, filosofía y teología

• John Baillie, theologian

• S. Barry Barnes, philosopher and sociologist ofscience

• David Bloor, philosopher and sociologist of science

• Thomas Brown, medicine and philosophy

• James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, naturalist, philo-sopher, linguist

• Andy Clark, philosopher of mind and cognition

• AdamFerguson, philosopher and historian, father ofsociology

5

• Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet, philosopher

• David Hume, philosopher and historian

• Michael Ingham, Anglican bishop and author

• Norman Kemp Smith, philosopher

• Arthur Marwick, historian

• JohnMcIntyre, Moderator of the General Assemblyof the Church of Scotland and Dean of the Thistle

• James Mill, historian and utilitarianist philosopher

• KeithO'Brien, current Archbishop of Saint Andrewsand Edinburgh

• George Newlands, theologian

• David George Ritchie, philosopher

• William Robertson, Historiographer Royal andPrincipal of the University of Edinburgh

• Timothy Sprigge, philosopher

• Dugald Stewart, philosopher

• John Toland, philosopher

• Iain Torrance, theologian and President of PrincetonTheological Seminary

• Ligon Duncan, theologian

• K. V. Mathew, Biblical Scholar from India

• Géza Vermes, historian and theologian

• Asher Wade, American-born international lecturerand psychotherapist

• Timothy Williamson, philosopher

• Michael Worton, current Vice Provost of UniversityCollege of London

6.8 Otros

• Chris Atton, University Professor and musician

• Edwin Feulner, President of the Heritage Founda-tion

• John Fraser (GC), distinguished soldier and attor-ney, sole receiver of GC from the university

• Alan M. Leslie, psychologist

• David MacRitchie, archaeologist

• Roger Mercer, archaeologist

• A.S. Neill, educationalist

• Madsen Pirie, founder and President of the AdamSmith Institute

7 Ex-alumnos notables de cienciasnaturales, ingeniería y medicina

7.1 Astronomía

• John A. Peacock, astronomer, Shaw Prize winner in2014[12]

• Charles Piazzi Smyth, astronomer

• Anneila Sargent, astronomer

7.2 Química

• Thomas Anderson discoverer of pyridine

• Joseph Black, discoverer of carbon dioxide, latentheat and specific heat

• John Davy, discoverer of phosgene

• James Dewar, inventor of the Dewar flask

• David Leigh, Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry atEdinburgh University from 2001 to 2012, FeynmanPrize in Nanotechnology winner in 2007

• Guy Lloyd-Jones, Forbes Chair of Organic Che-mistry at Edinburgh University (2012–)

• Christina Cruickshank Miller, synthesizedphosphorus trioxide

• Dai Rees, CEO of the Medical Research Councilfrom 1987 to 1996

• Daniel Rutherford, discovered nitrogen while he wasstudying at Edinburgh University in 1772

• Sir James Fraser Stoddart, supramolecular chemist

• Prafulla Chandra Roy, distinguished chemist andfounder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals

• Lesley Yellowlees CBE, first female president of theRoyal Society of Chemistry, Vice-President of theUniversity of Edinburgh

7.3 Geología

• Robert Bell, geologist

• Sir John William Dawson, geologist

• Archibald Geikie, geologist

• James Hector, geologist

• James Hutton, the father of modern geology

• Robert Jameson, naturalist and mineralist

• Sir William Edmond Logan, geologist

• Stan Paterson, glaciologist

6 7 EX-ALUMNOS NOTABLES DE CIENCIAS NATURALES, INGENIERÍA Y MEDICINA

7.4 Informática

• Samson Abramsky FRS, computer scientist

• Christopher Bishop, computer scientist, AssistantDirector of Microsoft Research, Cambridge

• Andrew Blake FRS, computer scientist

• Bob Boyer, computer scientist, mathematician, phi-losopher

• Alan Bundy CBE, FRS, FREng, FRSE, mathemati-cian and artificial intelligence researcher

• Peter Buneman MBE FRS, computer scientist

• Luca Cardelli FRS, computer scientist, AssistantDirector of Microsoft Research, Cambridge

• Ian Clarke, computer scientist

• Michael Gordon FRS, computer scientist

• Richard Gregory FRS, cognitive scientist

• Christopher Longuet-Higgins FRS, cognitive scien-tist

• Geoffrey Hinton FRS, informatician

• Robert Kowalski, logician, computer scientist

• Donald Michie, FRS, FRSE, artificial intelligencepioneer

• Robin Milner FRS, computer scientist, winner ofthe Turing Award

• J Strother Moore, computer scientist

• Timothy O'Shea, computer scientist; principal andvice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh

• Aaron Sloman, philosopher, cognitive scientist

• Gordon Plotkin FRS, computer scientist

• Leslie Valiant FRS, informatician and computerscientist, winner of the Turing Award

• Lǐ Wèi , mathematician and computer scientist,President of Beihang University

• Nigel Shadbolt, computer scientist, Chairman of theOpen Data Institute

7.5 Matemáticas, física e ingeniería

• Alexander Aitken, mathematician, worked in Hut6 Bletchley Park decrypting the ENIGMA code,known for the Aitken’s delta-squared process

• Sir Michael Atiyah FRS, mathematician, Fields Me-dallist in 1966, winner of Abel Prize in 2004 (Maths’equivalent of the Nobel Prize)

• Charles Glover Barkla, winner of the Nobel Prize inPhysics (1917) for his work in X-ray spectroscopyand related areas in the study of X-rays (Roentgenrays)

• Thomas Bayes, mathematician, known for Bayes’theorem

• Alexander Graham Bell, engineer and inventor ofthe telephone

• David Brewster, scientist and inventor

• Max Born, Nobel laureate, pioneer in quantum me-chanics, Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at theUniversity of Edinburgh from 1936 to 1953

• J. W. S. Cassels, mathematician

• Cheng Kaijia, physicist and pioneer of nuclear tech-nology in China

• James Alfred Ewing, physicist and engineer

• Klaus Fuchs, theoretical physicist

• Peter Higgs, Nobel laureate, theoretical physicist,Emeritus Professor of Physics and discoverer of theHiggs Mechanism

• W. V. D. Hodge, mathematician

• Archie Howie, physicist

• Charles Hutton, mathematician

• Fleeming Jenkin, engineer, inventor of telpherage

• Philip Kelland, mathematician

• Tom W. B. Kibble, theoretical physicist, SakuraiPrize winner in 2010

• Sir John Leslie, mathematician and physicist

• Colin Maclaurin, mathematician

• James Clerk Maxwell, physicist and father ofelectromagnetism

• John Playfair, mathematician

• John Shepherd-Barron, inventor of the automatedteller machine (ATM)

7.6 Medicina y biología 7

• William John Macquorn Rankine, engineer andphysicist, early contributor to the development ofthermodynamics

• Peter Guthrie Tait, physicist

• Edmund Whittaker, mathematician

• Thomas Young, polymath and optical physicists,performed Young’s interference experiment andcontributed in the fields of optics and solid mecha-nics

7.6 Medicina y biología

• Thomas Addis, pioneer in nephrology

• Nick Barton, evolutionary biologist, winner of theDarwin-Wallace Medal in 2008

• Sir David Baulcombe, plant scientist, discoveredSiRNA and its role in gene silencing in plants, Win-ner of the Lasker Award in 2008

• John Beddington, population biologist, UK Govern-ment Chief Scientific Adviser

• Charles Bell, anatomist, surgeon

• Joseph Bell, medicine

• Seneka Bibile, influential Sri Lankan pharmacolo-gist

• Sophia Jex-Blake, pioneer of medical education forwomen in Britain

• James Braid, surgeon, hypnotist

• James A.C. Brown, psychiatrist

• Robert Brown, botanist

• Thomas Brown, medicine and philosophy

• William Budd, medicine [13]

• John Murray Carnochan, neurosurgeon, performedfirst successful surgery for trigeminal neuralgia

• Brian Charlesworth, professor of evolutionary bio-logy 1997–, winner of the Darwin-Wallace Medalin 2010

• Deborah Charlesworth, professor of evolu-tionary biology 1997–, expert on the geneticself-incompatibility of plants

• Eustace Chesser, psychiatrist

• Richard A Collins, biochemist and author

• Hilary Critchley, obstetrician and gynaecologist

• William Cullen, physician and professor of medici-ne

• Charles Darwin, naturalist, author of "The Origin ofSpecies"

• Erasmus Darwin, physician and Enlightenment thin-ker

• James Douglas, physician and anatomist; theDouglas pouch and Douglas line are named for him

• Cuthbert Dukes, pathologist and author

• Richard Eastell, professor of bone medicine

• John Elliotson physician, mesmerist

• James Esdaile, surgeon, mesmerist

• John Haldane, physiologist

• Richard Henderson, biologist

• James Africanus Beale Horton, medicine

• Steve Jones, biologist

• George Kelly, psychologist

• Sir John Liddell, physician and director-general ofthe Medical Department of the Royal Navy

• Joseph Lister, introduced antiseptics into surgery

• John Claudius Loudon, botanist

• William Sutherland Macdonald, physician and sol-dier

• Aubrey Manning, zoologist

• Gilean McVean, post-doctoral fellow, evolutionarybiologist, member of the steering committee for the1000 Genomes Project

• Alexander Monro (primus), (secundus) and(tertius), anatomists

• Richard Owen, biologist and palaeontologist

• Thomas Hodgkin, physician

• Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, physiologist andneuroscientist

• Robert Sibbald, Professor of Medicine

• James Young Simpson, pioneered the use of chloro-form in midwifery

• Jeremy Smith, Biological Scientist

• Edwin Southern, biomedical scientist, inventedSouthern blot, winner of the 2005 Lasker Award andGairdner Foundation International Award

• John Walker, naturalist

• Ian Wilmut, embryologist and former supervisor ofthe team that cloned Dolly the Sheep

8 10 ENLACES EXTERNOS

• Robert Whytt, medicine

• Nairn Wilson, dental surgeon

• William Withering, physician

• Robert Ramsay Wright, biologist, helped establishthe University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine

• Charles Wyville Thomson, naturalist and chiefscientist on the Challenger expedition

• Yao Zhen, biologist

8 Referencias

Pabellón McEwan

[1] http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/edinburgh-is-top-scots-university/story-e6frgcjx-1226161319595

[2] http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/

[3] http://www.topuniversities.com/qs-world-university-rankings

[4] |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/top-400.html|TheTimes World University Rankings 2011 2012

[5] «University Guide 2009- Medicine». Consultado el 1 demarzo de 2009.

[6] «Good University Guide 2009». Consultado el 1 de marzode 2009.

[7] «www.ukmedicalschools.comUKMedical School Statis-tics». ukmedicalschools.com. Consultado el 8 de septiem-bre de 2008.

[8] «The Selection Process». Consultado el 1 de marzo de2009.

[9] Beaud, Michel; Dostaler, Gilles (September 27, 2005).Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictio-nary of Major Economists. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN1134711522.

[10] «James A. Mirrlees - Curriculum Vitae». Nobel Founda-tion. Consultado el 2 June 2015.

[11] «Professor John HardmanMoore». Edinburgh University.Consultado el 4 June 2015.

[12] «Shaw Laureates in 2014 in Astronomy: Biographical No-tes of Laureates». Shaw Foundation. Consultado el 4 June2015.

[13] RobertMoorhead, "WilliamBudd and typhoid fever". Re-trieved March 7, 2010. J R Soc Med. 2002 November;95(11): 561–564.

9 Véase también• University of Edinburgh Business School

10 Enlaces externos

• Wikimedia Commons alberga contenidomultimedia sobre Universidad de Edimbur-goCommons.

• Universidad de Edimburgo (en inglés)

9

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