unit- iii 1. middle east countries 2. central and middle
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT-III
1. Middle East Countries
2. Central and Middle Asia
3. China
4. SAARC Countries
WORLD TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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A
S
I
A
N
C
O
N
T
I
N
E
N
T
Countries in ASIAN Continent :
48+03+01
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WEST ASIA
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CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA
NORTH ASIA EAST ASIA SOUTH EAST ASIA
WEST ASIA
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WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES • Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Bahrain
• Cyprus
• Georgia
• Iraq
• Iran
• Israel
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Oman
• Palestine
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Syria
• Turkey
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen
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Georgia
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Iran
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Palestine
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Saudi Arabia
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United Arab Emirates
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CENTRAL ASIA
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Countries in Central Asia
• Kazakhstan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Tajikistan
• Turkmenistan
• Uzbekistan
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Turkmenistan
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SOUTH ASIA
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South Asian Countries
• Afghanistan
• Bangladesh
• Bhutan
• India
• Nepal
• Maldives
• Pakistan
• Sri Lanka
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NORTH ASIA
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NORTH ASIAN COUNTRIES
• RUSSIA
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RUSSIA
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EAST ASIA
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EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES
• CHINA
• HONG KONG
• JAPAN
• MACAU
• MONGOLIA
• NORTH KOREA
• SOUTH KOREA
• TAIWAN
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CHINA
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HONG KONG
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JAPAN
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MACAU
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MONGOLIA
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NORTH KOREA
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SOUTH KOREA
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TAIWAN
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SOUTH EAST ASIA
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SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES
• Brunei
• Cambodia
• East Timor
• Indonesia
• Laos
• Malaysia
• Myanmar
• Philippines
• Singapore
• Thailand
• Vietnam
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East Timor
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages
and Currency
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages and
Currency
(West Asia)
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* Armenia - Yerevan - Armenian - dram * Azerbaijan - Baku - Azerbaijani - manat * Bahrain - Manama - Arabic - bahraini dinar * Cyprus - Nicosia - Greek/turkish - cypriot pound * Gaza - Gaza - Arabic - israeli new sheqel * Georgia - Tbilisi - Georgian - lari * Iraq - Baghdad - Arabic - iraqi dinar * Israel - Jerusalem - Hebrew - israeli new sheqel * Jordan - Amman - Arabic - jordanian dinar * Kuwait - Kuwait City - Arabic - kuwait dinar * Lebanon - Beirut - Arabic - lebanese lira * Oman - Muscat - Arabic - rial * Qatar - Doha - Arabic - riyal * Saudi Arabia - Riyadh - Arabic - riyal * Syria - Damascus - Arabic - syrian pound * Turkey - Ankara - Turkish - new turkish lira * United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi - Arabic - UAE dirham * Yemen - Sanaá - Arabic - yemeni rial
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages and Currency
(Central Asia)
* Kazakhstan - Astana - Kazakh/Russian - Tenge
* Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek - Krygyz/Russian - Som
* Tajikistan - Dushanbe - Tajik - Somoni
* Turkmenistan - Ashgabat - Turkmen - Turkmen
Manat
* Uzbekistan - Tashkent - Uzbek - Uzbekistan Som
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages and Currency
(South Asia)
* Afghanistan - Kabul - persian - afghani * Bangladesh - Dhaka - bengali - taka * Bhutan - Thimphu - dzongkha - ngultrum * India - New Delhi - hindi - rupee * Iran - Tehran - persian - iranian rial * Maldives - Malé - dhihevi - rufiyaa * Nepal - Kathmandu - nepali - rupee * Pakistan - Islamabad - urdu - rupee * Sri Lanka - Colombo - sinhala/tamil - sri lankan rupee
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages
and Currency
(North Asia)
• Russia - Moscow - Russian - ruble
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages and Currency
(East Asia)
* China - Beijing - Mandarin - Yuan * Hong Kong - none - English/Chinese - Hong Kong Dollar * Japan - Tokyo - Japanese - Yen * Macau - none - Chinese/Portugese - Macanese Pataca * Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar - Mongolian - togrog * North Korea - Pyongyang - Korean - North Korean won * South Korea - Seoul - Korean - won * Taiwan - Taipei - mandarin - new taiwan dollar
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Countries, Capital Cities, Languages and Currency
(South East Asia) * Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan - Malay - brunei dollar
* Cambodia - Phnom Penh - khmer/french - riel * Indonesia - Jakarta -indonesian - rupiah * Laos - Vientiane - lao/french - kip * Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur - malay - ringgit * Myanmar (Burma)- Naypyidaw - burmese - kyat * Philippines - Manila - filipino/english - peso * Singapore - Singapore -english/mandarian/malay/tamil - singapore dollar * Thailand - Bangkok - thai - baht * Timor-Leste (East Timor) - Dili -tetum/portugese - US dollar * Vietnam - Hanoi - vietnamese - dong
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The Tourism Geography of the
Middle East
Countries of the Middle East
• Bahrain
• Cyprus
• Egypt
• Iran
• Iraq
• Iraqi Kurdistan (autonomy
within Iraq)
• Israel
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Oman
• State of Palestine
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Syria
• Turkey
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen
The Middle East-Cultural Features
• Vast petroleum resources
• All but two (Israel and Iran) of the countries in
the region are Arabic-Speaking
• Predominantly Muslim in Religion, except for
Israel and Lebanon
• There are substantial ethnic and religious
minorities
Cultural Features
Aspects of Islam that influence tourist
experience:
• The obligation of Muslims to pray five times a
day with special emphasis on Friday
• The requirement to fast between sunrise and
sunset during the month of Ramadan
• At least once in a lifetime, Muslims should
make the pilgrimage or haj to the holy city of
Mecca
Tourism Demand and Supply
• The region accounts for a relatively small
share of the world tourism – almost 3% of
arrivals
• Dubai invests heavily in tourism
• Oil-based prosperity of Saudi Arabia and the
Gulf states attract a large business travel
market
• There is considerable volume of travel
involving business tourism, returning migrant
workers, visiting friends and relatives,
Tourism Demand and Supply
• With only modest progress in education, most
countries in the region are ill-equipped to
meet the challenges of globalization
• Foreign investors and national governments
have provided much of the infrastructure
needed for international tourism
• Cheap oil: more vehicles
Tourism Resources
• A wealth of cultural attractions: the region
gave rise to the world’s earliest civilizations and 3 major religions – Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam
• A generally favourable climate for beach
tourism, although in some countries this is
restricted by cultural and religious attitudes
(except Israel and Dubai)
• The mountains in the north of the region
provide opportunities for winter sports
Tourism Resources
• There is also a scope for adventure holidays in
the more accessible mountain and desert
areas
• Ecotourism in practice has made little progress
Main Threats to Tourism
• The political situation has been a major factor
in preventing the region realising its tourism
potential. Terrorism resulted in much negative
publicity
• The unique appeal of the region lies in its
antiquities and cultural sites. These need
careful management and have a limited
capacity to receive visitors.
Tourism Geography of Egypt
• It is a meeting place of East and West:
mysterious yet highly accessible
• The most populous of the Arab countries and
the cultural center for the Arabic-speaking
world
• Its people is the inheritors of an ancient
civilization that flourished many centuries
before the rise of Islam
• The bulk of Egypt’s territory is desert
• The ‘Gift of the Nile’
Egypt
• Egypt is the dominant destination of
international tourists in the Middle East
• Egypt is attempting to widen its resource base
by encouraging conferences and special
interest tourism
Nile River
Tourism Resources of Egypt
• The Pyramids of Giza – the only survivors of
the ‘seven wonders of the ancient world’ • The temples and other antiquities near Luxor,
including the world famous Valley of the Kings
• The temple at Abu Simbel near Aswan, which
UNESCO campaigns saved from inundation by
the Aswan High Dam Project
Pyramids of Giza
LUXOR TEMPLES
ABU SIMBEL TEMPLES
Other Tourist Resources
• Fayyum (Fayoum) Oasis
• Sailing in traditional felucca on the Nile
• Trekking in the Sinai Dessert
• Great potential: The Mediterranean Coast and
the Red Sea coast (Red Sea Riviera)
FAYYUM OASIS
FELUCCA ON THE NILE
SINAI DESERT
Red Sea Riviera
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF ISRAEL
ISRAEL
• The country is poor in natural resources, but has a workforce that is enterprising and highly skilled in the latest technology
• Offer a variety of scenery and climate, including the snows of Mount Hermon, the sub-tropical Galilee, and the heat and aridity of the Dead Sea
• Security is a major consideration for travel in Israel itself, and El Al, the national carrier, routinely carried armed air marshals on its flights long before 9/11 made it a global issue
Mount Hermon
Sea of Galilee
Dead Sea
The Demand for Tourism
Israel can offer a great variety of tourist
products including:
• Summer holiday resorts along the
Mediterranean coast at Herzliya and Netanya,
and Ashkelon to the south
• Eilat, Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea, has become a popular winter sun destination,
with facilities for underwater photography,
diving and water skiing
Herzliya
Eilat
The Demand for Tourism
• Spa Tourism has been developed around
picturesque Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) and
the Dead Sea
• Working holidays on kibbutz, the uniquely
Israeli experiment in communal living
Spa on the Dead Sea
Mud Hut - Kibbutz
Trekking in the Negev Desert
Cultural Tourism
Archaeological sites many of which are mentioned in the
bible
Herod the Great’s Hilltop Fortress Historic port of Acre (Akko)
Christian Pilgrimages
Major Cities
• Tel Aviv is the Financial Center of the country
• Haifa is Israel’s largest port
• Jerusalem-the capital of ancient Judea
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF JORDAN
• Jordan is a small, relatively poor Arab country
• Tourism plays and important role in the economy
• Major attractions now include:
– Petra, the ancient city of the Nabatean civilisation
– The desert scenery of Wadi Rum
– Eastern shores of the Dead Sea
– The Crusader Castle at Kerak
– Roman City of Jerash
– Pilgrim sites on the east bank of the river Jordan
– Beaches and watersports of Aqaba on the Red Seas coast
Ancient city of Petra
Wadi Rum
Eastern shores of the Dead Sea
Crusader Castle at Kerak
Jerash
River Jordan
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA
• Roughly the size of England and Wales, Syria
comprises a large section of the Fertile
Crescent
• Poor infrastructure is a major constraint on
tourism development
• Syria’s cultural heritage are represented by: – The capital Damascus, the world’s oldest city
– Ruins of the ancient trading city of Palmyra
– The Krak des Chevaliers-castles built by the
crusaders
Damascus
Ommayad Mosque
Palmyra
Krak des Chevaliers
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF LEBANON
• Lebanon is a classic example of a multi-
cultural society peopled toa large extent by
successive waves of refugees from other parts
of the Middle East
• Beirut – not only the financial capital but also
its main entertainment center
• The country’s tourist attraction include: – Mount Lebanon – a number of ski centers have
been developed
– Bekaa Valley, includes the ancient temples of
Baalbek
Mount Lebanon
Bekaa Valley/temples of Baalbek
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED
ARAB EMIRATES
• A major player in international tourism
• Dubai has done most to attract Western tour
operators, and is an example of economic
diversification
– A cruise terminal
– World-class golf courses
– Yacht marinas
– Ultra-modern shopping malls and traditional markets
– Sport tourism, including the Dubai World Cup
Dubai
• Abu Dhabi is aiming to a centre of cultural
excellence
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF QATAR
• The Qatar Tourism Authority has used its
wealth, based on vast reserves of natural gas,
to become a ‘sustainable niche market destination.
• Doha’s international airport is designed specifically to handle the new generation of
Airbus ‘superjumbos’ • Has hosted a number of sports events,
including the 2006 Asian Games
Doha, Qatar
2006 Asian Games - Doha
Doha Landmarks – Doha Pearl
Doha Landmarks – Spiral Mosque
• The spiral mosque of
the Kassem Darwish
Fakhroo Islamic Centre
is a recent construction -
It has become in a few
years one of Doha's
most famous landmarks.
This is not a traditional
Qatari mosque but a
replica of the Great
Mosque of Al-
Mutawwakil in Samarra
in Iraq.
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF OMAN
• In contrast to Dubai, Oman can offer the
tourist a more genuine experience of
traditional Arab culture.
• The country has a long history of seafaring
traders from the port of Muscat venture
widely across the Indian Ocean.
• Batinah Coast- being developed as a winter
sun destination for Europeans.
• Dhofar region-appeals to Arabian families
Muscat, Oman
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF SAUDI
ARABIA
• Saudi Arabia has the largest GDP in the Middle
East – it has the quarter of the world’s oil reserves
• Primary destination for business travellers,
focusing on Riyadh and Jeddah
• Visiting religious reasons to perform the
haj/umrah to the holy cities of Mecca and
Medina
Mecca
Medina
Jeddah and Riyadh
Jeddah Airport
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF YEMEN
• Yemen is much poorer than other countries of
the Arabian Peninsula, and tribal traditions
persist to a much greater extent
• This mysterious country has much to offer the
more adventurous tourist, namely:
– Archictectural heritage of mud-brick tower houses
and palaces in Old Sana’a, Zabid and Shibam
– The remains of the ancient Sabean civilisation,
probably the biblical Sheba
Old Sana’a
Mud-brick houses in Sana’a
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF IRAQ
• The major part of Iraq is made up of the fertile
plains of the Tigris and Euphrates, historically
known as Mesopotamia
• Archeological sites: Ninevah, Babylon
• Baghdad is a modern capital, and little
remains of the city of the Abbsahid Caliphs
TOURISM GEOGRAPHY OF IRAN
• Known as Persia until 1935
• Different in laguage, ethnicity and culture from its Arab neighbors
• Iran’s Tourism resources include: – Isfahan ‘the city of mosques’ – Persepolis – remains of the Pre-Islamic Persian
civilisations
– Ski centers of Alborz mountains
– Summer resorts along the Caspian Sea
– The island Kish in the Gulf – upmarket winter destination
Isfahan – The City of Mosques
Alborz Mountains
Kish Island