unidad ii organización y control del mantenimiento

8/19/2019 Unidad II Organización y Control Del Mantenimiento

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/unidad-ii-organizacion-y-control-del-mantenimiento 1/65

REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL

“RAFAEL MARIA BARALT”

VICERECTORADO ACADÉMICOPROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

PROYECTO: INGENIERÍA DE GAS

CATEDRA: MANTENIMIENTO DE INSTALACIONES DE GAS NATURAL

ORGANIZACIÓN Y CONTROL DEL MANTENIMIENTO

Bachilleres:

Fernn!e"# L$%&

M'n(%)*+# ,+*%er

R'-+n# N+-+n

S%)*+# R'.er

S$)/+rn# M%.$e)

V+)er'# I&r+e)

Ve)&0$e"# Or%+n+

Profesor:

S+)+"+r# R%12+r!

San rancisco! No"ie#$re %&'(



ES)*EMA

INTRODUCCI3N

45 TIPOS ACTIVIDADES DE MANTENIMIENTO54545 Re6+r+1%7n 8 re*%&%7n54595 M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5455 M+n(en%-%en(' 6re!%1(%*'545;5 M+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*'595 REDUCCI3N DE COSTOS DE PRODUCCI3N59545 P)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'59595 Pr%n1%6%'& .ener+)e& !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 1'n(r')5955 Pr'.r+-+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'55 PLANIFICACI3N A LARGO PLAZO DEL TRABA,O DE

MANTENIMIENTO5545 P)+n%<%1+1%7n !e !e&+rr'))'5595 P)+n%<%1+1%7n + )+r.' 6)+"'555 C'n!%1%'ne& e<e1(%*+& !e -0$%n+& 8 6)+n(+55;5 E) .r+!' !e $(%)%"+1%7n55=5 E) <+1('r 1+r.+55>5 ?C$) e0$%6' 2+8 0$e !e&(+1+r 8 1$n!'@55 Re1$r&'& !e -+n(en%-%en('555 P)+n !e &$&(%($1%7n555 P)+n !e re*%&%7n5545 P)+n%<%1+1%7n + )+r.' 6)+"' !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5;5 PLANIFICACI3N A CORTO PLAZO DEL TRABA,O DE

MANTENIMIENTO5;545 C)1$)' !e (%e-6'5;595 Pr'.r+-+1%7n5;55 C'n(r')5;5;5 Pr%'r%!+!5;5=5 T%e-6' !e en(re.+5;5>5 S%&(e-+ !e 7r!ene& 6+r+ re6+r+1%'ne&5;55 S%&(e-+ !e 7r!ene& 6+r+ -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5;55 S%&(e-+ !e 'r!en 6+r+ e) (r+/+' .ener+) !e -+n(en%-%en('5;55 D'1$-en(+1%7n (1n%1+5;545 Len.$+e (1n%1' 6+r+ )+ !'1$-en(+1%7n5=5 ORGANIZACI3N DE MANTENIMIENTO Y MANTENIBILIDAD5=545 Pr%'r%!+!e& 8 '(r'& (%6'& !e (r+/+'&5=595 %&('.r+<%+&5=55 F)$'.r+-+& 8 <$n1%'ne& !e -+n(en%-%en('5=5;5 Or.+n%.r+-+5



CONCLUSIONES

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

ANEXOS

INTROD*CCIÓN

En e&(e (r+/+' 6r1(%1' n'& +!en(r+re-'& +Hn -& !en(r' !e)

+6+&%'n+n(e -$n!' !e) -+n(en%-%en('# -e!%+n(e )+ +6re2en&%7n !e )'&

1'n1e6('& ne1e&+r%'& 6+r+ 6'!er %n%1%+rn'& !en(r' !e e&(+ %n*e&(%.+1%7n# )+

1$+) !e/e /+&+r&e +n(e ('!' en )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 1'n(r') !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

A!e-& !e 1'n'1er e) 1'n1e6(' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8 &$& (%6'&

+/+r1+re-'& &$ 6r'.r+-+1%7n 8 )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n (+n(' + 1'r(' 6)+"' 1'-'

-e!%+n' 8 )+r.' 6)+"'# +& 1'-' (+-/%n )'& &%&(e-+& !e 7r!ene&# )+

'r.+n%"+1%7n# en(re '(r'& 6$n('& -$8 %-6'r(+n(e&5

A$n0$e )'& 1'n1e6('& 0$e 2e-'& -en1%'n+!' +n(er%'r-en(e 2+n &%!'+/'r!+!'& en e&(e (r+/+' 6r1(%1' !e -+ner+ &en1%))+# e))'& en.)'/+n !e

-+ner+ .ener+) )'& +&6e1('& -& %-6'r(+n(e& !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

Un &%&(e-+ e<%1%en(e !e '6er+1%7n 8 1'n(r') !e) -+n(en%-%en(' e& )+ /+&e

!e $n+ /$en+ +!-%n%&(r+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6'r -e!%' !e $n /$en

1'n(r') !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e 6er-%(e 1''r!%n+r )+ !e-+n!+ !e)

-+n(en%-%en(' 8 )'& re1$r&'& !%&6'n%/)e& 6+r+ +)1+n"+r $n n%*e) !e&e+!' !e

e<%1+1%+ 8 e<%1%en1%+5

L'& &%&(e-+& !e 'r!ene& (r+/+' &'n e) -e!%' 6+r+ 6)+ne+r 8 1'n(r')+r e)

(r+/+' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8 6r'6'r1%'n+ )+ %n<'r-+1%7n ne1e&+r%+ 6+r+ *%.%)+r

e %n<'r-+r &'/re e) (r+/+' !e -+n(en%-%en('5



L+ e*+)$+1%7n 8 1'n(r') 6er-%(e 'r%en(+r )+ .e&(%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8

!e<%n%r +)(ern+(%*+& !e -e'r+ (1n%1+ 8 '6(%-%"+r 1'&('&5 P'r '(r+ 6+r(e#

1'n(r%/$8e + !+r)e $n 1+r1(er &%&(-%1' +) -+n(en%-%en('# )' 1$+) .+r+n(%"+

)+ 1'n(%n$%!+! '6er+(%*+ !e )'& 6r'1e&'& !en(r' !e )+& eJ%.en1%+& !ee<e1(%*%!+! !e) &%&(e-+ 6r'!$1(%*'5

'+ TIPOS DE ACTI,IDADES DE MANTENIMIENTO+

P+r+ re+)%"+r )+& )+/'re& !e -+n(en%-%en(' e& %n!%&6en&+/)e 1'n'1er e)

(%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e &e )e *+ +6)%1+r + )'& 1'-6'nen(e& !en(r' !e $n

&%&(e-+ 6r'!$1(%*'# 6+r+ e))' &e 1$en(+ 1'n $n+ <%)'&'<+ 0$e &e 1en(r+ en

6r'6'r1%'n+r e&(r+(e.%+& 8 &')$1%'ne& 6+r+ 6re&er*+r ' re&(+$r+r )'& +1(%*'&

/r%n!+n!' &e.$r%!+! + ('!' e) S5P5 Re!$1%en!' )+& 6r'/+/%)%!+!e& !e <+))'& 8

6+r+!+& %-6re*%&(+& !e e0$%6'& 0$e .eneren 6er!%!+& en )+ 6r'!$11%7n5

En )+ +1($+)%!+! e) re(' !e )+ %n!$&(r%+ *ene"')+n+# -e'r+r )+ $(%)%"+1%7n

!e &$& re1$r&'& 6+r+ '/(ener )+ -+8'r 1+)%!+! !e) 6r'!$1(' 1'n $n+ 1+n(%!+!

eJ%.%!+ en e-6re&+ !e 6r'!$11%7n5 P+r+ e))' &e 2+1e ne1e&+r%' +&e.$r+r +

(r+*& !e) -+n(en%-%en(' !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e )'& e0$%6'& (en%en!' 6re&en(e&

)'& n$e*'& +*+n1e& (e1n')7.%1'&# )'& 1$+)e& <+1%)%(+n %!e+& re*')$1%'n+r%+&5

L+ In.en%er+# (%ene *%(+) %-6'r(+n1%+ 6+r+ e) !e&+rr'))' In!$&(r%+) !e $n

6+&K &e en1+r.+ !e 'r.+n%"+r# 6)+n%<%1+r# 1'n(r')+r 8 ))e*+r + 1+/' ('!+&

+0$e))+& +11%'ne& 0$e &'n ne1e&+r%+& 6+r+ '/(ener 6r'!$11%7n 1'n(%n$+# $n+

1'n&er*+1%7n 8 $n+ +)(+ e<%1%en1%+ en -0$%n+&5 P'r (+n('# e) -+n(en%-%en('

$(%)%"+ 1'n'1%-%en('& !e) re&(' !e )+& e&6e1%+)%!+!e& 1'n )+ <%n+)%!+! !e

+)1+n"+r &$ '/e(%*'5

C'n&1%en(e& !e) +*+n1e (e1n')7.%1' 8 !e) %n1re-en(' !e )'& 1'&('& !e

-+n(en%-%en('# e& 1'-Hn en1'n(r+r en $n+ e-6re&+ !e e&(r$1($r+# e)



e-6)e' !e .r+n!e& re1$r&'& &%n '/(ener re&$)(+!'& 6r'6'r1%'n+)e& + )'&

-%&-'&# )'.r+n!' ren!%-%en('& %-6re*%&('&5

O/e(%*' !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

E) -+n(en%-%en(' ee1$(+ !%<eren(e& +1(%*%!+!e&# (+)e& 1'-': 6r$e/+

%n&6e11%7n ree-6)+"'# re%n&(+)+1%7n# !e(e11%7n 8 +n)%&%& !e <+))+&#

1+)%/r+1%7n# re6+r+1%7n# -'!%<%1+1%7n re1'n&(r$11%7n# )$/r%1+1%7n 8

-e'r+-%en('# + (r+*& !e '6(%-%"+1%7n !e )'& re1$r&'& 2$-+n'& 8

e1'n7-%1'&# 1'n e) <%n !e -+n(ener r+& 1'n!%1%'ne& !e &er*%1%'& e&(+/)e1%!+&

&e.Hn e) !%&e' !e )'& e0$%6'&# 8 !e )'.r+r e) +)1+n1e !e *%!+ H(%) !e )'&

-%&-'&5

'+'Re-araci.n / re"isi.n+

L+& &')$1%'ne& !e -+n(en%-%en('# re6+r+1%7n 8 re*%&%7n MRO !e

Te+-1en(er 6er-%(en e&(+/)e1er <$n1%'ne& !e 6'&*en(+ + )+ -e!%!+ !e )'&re0$%&%('& !e )+ .e&(%7n !e) 1%1)' !e *%!+ !e )'& &er*%1%'& 8 !e )'& +1(%*'&

e-6re&+r%+)e&5 Te+-1en(er 2+1e 6'&%/)e $n+ *%&%/%)%!+! ('(+) !e 6r'!$1('&

1'-6)e'& 0$e <$n1%'n+n 1'-' +1(%*'& <%n+n1%er'&5

E& 6'&%/)e -+J%-%"+r )+ e<%1+1%+ !e )'& !e6+r(+-en('& !e &er*%1%'&

$(%)%"+n!' )+& +6)%1+1%'ne& !e MRO /+&+!+& en 1'n<%.$r+1%'ne& 6+r+

6)+n%<%1+r '6er+1%'ne&# '6(%-%"+r )+ ee1$1%7n !e &er*%1%'& 8 $(%)%"+r -e'r )'&

%n*en(+r%'& !e +1(%*'&# 6%e"+&# 2err+-%en(+& 8 e0$%6'&5

Ge&(%7n !e !+('& !e &er*%1%'5 D%&6'n!r !e *%&%/%)%!+! !e )'& +1(%*'& !e

)+r.+ !$r+1%7n# %n1)$8en!' )'& !+('& 8 e) e&(+!' !e )+& 1'n<%.$r+1%'ne& 8 )+



1+6($r+ !e +1(%*%!+!e& !e e*en('& !e &er*%1%'& + (r+*& !e 6+ne)e&

1'-6+(%/)e& 1'n )'& 1'n(r+('& !e PBLSLA5

Ge&(%7n !e 6e(%1%'ne& !e &er*%1%'5 E& 6'&%/)e .e&(%'n+r e<%1+"-en(e )+&

6e(%1%'ne& !e &er*%1%' !e $n+ -+ner+ 0$e -e'r+ )+ 1+6+1%!+! !e re+11%7n 8#

6'r 1'n&%.$%en(e# )+ &+(%&<+11%7n !e) 1)%en(e5 A!e-&# <+1%)%(+ e) 1'n(r') !e

1'&(e& 8 e) -+n(en%-%en(' !e )+& n'r-+& !e &er*%1%'5

P)+n%<%1+1%7n !e) &er*%1%'5 P'!r 1re+r# .e&(%'n+r 8 +6r'*e12+r )+

%n<'r-+1%7n !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 6+r+ &$&(en(+r -'!e)'& !e -+n(en%-%en('

/+&+!'& en -e!%!+& 6re*en(%*+&# e&(+!' ' <%+/%)%!+!5

Pr'.r+-+1%7n 8 ee1$1%7n !e) &er*%1%'5 E& 6'&%/)e 6r'.r+-+r e<%1+"-en(e

6r'8e1('& 8 (+re+& !e &er*%1%'# +& 1'-' re+)%"+r $n &e.$%-%en(' 2+&(+ e) <%n+)

8 )+ +1e6(+1%7n# re1'.%en!' %n<'r-+1%7n %-6'r(+n(e !e )'& +1(%*'& 6+r+

-e'r+r )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n !e) &er*%1%' 8 )'& <$($r'& 6r'!$1('&5

E)+/'r+1%7n !e %n<'r-e& 8 +n)%&%&5 E& 6'&%/)e eJ+-%n+r )+ %n<'r-+1%7n

'6er+(%*+ !e )'& &er*%1%'& 6+r+ %!en(%<%1+r (en!en1%+& en e) ren!%-%en(' 8

<%+/%)%!+! !e )'& +1(%*'&# +& 1'-' re+)%"+r $n &e.$%-%en('+n)%&%& !e )'&

+1(%*'& 8 )'& PI 'r.+n%"+(%*'&5

Ven(++&:

Per-%(%r + )+& 'r.+n%"+1%'ne& !e &er*%1%' 6)+n%<%1+r 8 6re&(+r )'&

&er*%1%'& !e MRO !e <'r-+ -& e<%1+"5 M+J%-%"+1%7n !e )+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! '6er+(%*+ 8 )+ <%+/%)%!+! !e )'&

+1(%*'& .e&(%'n+!'&5 Pr'6'r1%'n+r 1'n'1%-%en('& +1($+)%"+!'& !e )'& +1(%*'& + e0$%6'&

!e &er*%1%' !e <'r-+ 0$e 6$e!+n 1'-6ren!er )'& re0$%&%('& !e)

&er*%1%'5 E&(+/)e1%-%en(' !e /$1)e& !e 1'-en(+r%'& 6+r+ (r+n&-%(%r )+&

%n0$%e($!e& !e )'& (1n%1'& !e 1+-6' + )'& !e&+rr'))+!'re& !e

6r'!$1('& e %n.en%er'& !e &er*%1%'5



A6'8' !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*+& 8 /+&+!+&

en )+& 1'n!%1%'ne& 8 )+ <%+/%)%!+!5

C)+&%<%1+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

L+ 1)+&%<%1+1%7n /&%1+ !e) -+n(en%-%en(' )' !%*%!e 6r%n1%6+)-en(e en !'&

.r+n!e& +1(%*%!+!e& e) 6re*en(%*' 8 e) 1'rre1(%*'5 Per'# )+& !%<eren(e&

(en!en1%+& + 1'n<$n!%r )'& )-%(e& 0$e &e6+r+n !%12+& +1(%*%!+!e&# &$6'nen

$n+ 1)+&%<%1+1%7n -& 1'-6)e(+# &$/!%*%!%en!' e&(+& .r+n!e& +1(%*%!+!e& en&e%& (%6'& 0$e 6$e!en &er )'& &%.$%en(e&:

M+n(en%-%en(' r$(%n+r%'5

C'-6ren!e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& (+)e& 1'-': )$/r%1+1%7n# )%-6%e"+# 6r'(e11%7n#

+$&(e&# 1+)%/r+1%7n 8 '(r+&: &$ <re1$en1%+ !e ee1$1%7n e& 2+&(+ 6er'!'&

&e-+n+)e&# .ener+)-en(e e& ee1$(+!' 6'r )'& -%&-'& '6er+r%'& !e )'&e0$%6'& 8 &$ '/e(%*' e& -+n(ener 8 +)+r.+r )+ *%!+ H(%) !e )'& -%&-'&

e*%(+n!' &$ !e&.+&(e5

M+n(en%-%en(' 6r'.r+-+!'5

T'-+ 1'-' /+&+-en(' )+& %n&(r$11%'ne& (1n%1+& re1'-en!+!+& 6'r )'&

<+/r%1+n(e&# 1'n&(r$1('re& !%&e+!'re&# $&$+r%'&# 8 eJ6er%en1%+& 1'n'1%!+&#6+r+ '/(ener 1%1)'& !e re*%&%7n 8' &$&(%($1%'ne& 6+r+ )'& e)e-en('& -&

%-6'r(+n(e& !e $n e0$%6' + '/e(' !e !e(er-%n+r &$ (r+/+' 0$e e& ne1e&+r%'

6r'.r+-+r5



S$ <re1$en1%+ !e ee1$1%7n 1$/re !e&!e 0$%n1e !+& 2+&(+ .ener+)-en(e

6er'!'& !e $n+ +'5 E& ee1$(+!' 6'r )+& )+/'re& %n1'r6'r+!+& en $n

1+)en!+r%' +n$+)5

M+n(en%-%en(' 6'r +*er+ ' re6+r+1%7n5

Se !e<%ne 1'-' )+ +(en1%7n !e $n e0$%6' 1$+n!' +6+re1e $n+ <+))+5 S$

'/e(%*' e& -+n(ener en &er*%1%' +!e1$+!+-en(e !%12'& e0$%6'&#

-%n%-%"+n!' &$& (%e-6'& !e 6+n+!+5

E& ee1$(+!' 6'n e) 6er&'n+) !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('5 L+

+(en1%7n + )+& <+))+& !e/e &er %n-e!%+(+ 8 6'r (+n(' n' !+ (%e-6' + &er

6r'.r+-+!+ 6$e& %-6)%1+ e) +$-en(' en 1'&('& !e 6+r+!+& %nne1e&+r%+& !e

6er&'n+) 8 e0$%6'5

'+%+ Man0eni#ien0o -re"en0i"o+

E& e) -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e (%ene 6'r -%&%7n -+n(ener $n n%*e) !e &er*%1%'

!e(er-%n+!' en )'& e0$%6'&# 6r'.r+-+n!' )+& %n(er*en1%'ne& !e &$& 6$n('&

*$)ner+/)e& en e) -'-en(' -& '6'r($n'5 S$e)e (ener $n 1+r1(er

&%&(e-(%1'# e& !e1%r# &e %n(er*%ene +$n0$e e) e0$%6' n' 2+8+ !+!' n%n.Hn

&n('-+ !e (ener $n 6r'/)e-+5

E) e&($!%' !e <+))+& !e $n e0$%6' !er%*+ !'& (%6'& !e +*er+&K +0$e))+& 0$e.ener+n re&$)(+!'& 0$e '/)%.$en + )+ +(en1%7n !e )'& e0$%6'& -e!%+n(e

-+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*' 8 )+& 0$e &e 6re&en(+n 1'n 1%er(+ re.$)+r%!+! 8 0$e

+-er%(en &$ 6re*en1%7n5



'+1+ Man0eni#ien0o -re2ic0i"o+

E& e) 0$e 6er&%.$e 1'n'1er e %n<'r-+r 6er-+nen(e-en(e !e) e&(+!' 8

'6er+(%*%!+! !e )+& %n&(+)+1%'ne& -e!%+n(e e) 1'n'1%-%en(' !e )'& *+)'re& !e

!e(er-%n+!+& *+r%+/)e&# re6re&en(+(%*+& !e (+) e&(+!' 8 '6er+(%*%!+!5

E&(e

-+n(en%-%en(' n'& 6er-%(e 6r'n'&(%1+r e) 6$n(' <$($r' !e $n+ <+))+ !e $n

1'-6'nen(e !e $n+ -+0$%n+ + (r+*& !e) 1'n(r')# -'n%('re' !e 6+r-e(r'& 8

*+r%+/)e&# !e (+) <'r-+ 0$e !%12' 1'-6'nen(e 6$e!+ ree-6)+"+r&e# 1'n /+&e

en $n 6)+n# $&(' +n(e& !e 0$e <+))e5

P+r+ +6)%1+r e&(e -+n(en%-%en('# e& ne1e&+r%' %!en(%<%1+r *+r%+/)e& <&%1+&

(e-6er+($r+# *%/r+1%7n# 1'n&$-' !e ener.+# e(15 1$8+ *+r%+1%7n &e+

%n!%1+(%*+ !e 6r'/)e-+& 0$e 6$e!+n e&(+r +6+re1%en!' en e) e0$%6'5

E& e) (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' -& (e1n')7.%1'# 6$e& re0$%ere !e -e!%'&

(1n%1'& +*+n"+!'&# 8 en '1+&%'ne&# !e <$er(e& 1'n'1%-%en('& -+(e-(%1'&#

<&%1'& 8' (1n%1'&5

E) -+n(en%-%en(' (r+e 1'-' <%n+)%!+! !%&-%n$%r e) (%e-6' -$er(' !e)

e0$%6' 8 -+J%-%"+r e) (%e-6' !e *%!+ !e) -%&-'5

En(re )+& (1n%1+& 0$e &e 6$e!en re+)%"+r 6'!e-'& -en1%'n+r:

+5 An)%&%& !e *%/r+1%'ne&: E) %n(er& 6+r+ e) -+n(en%-%en(' !e/er &er )+

%!en(%<%1+1%7n !e )+& +-6)%($!e& 6re!'-%n+n(e& !e )+& *%/r+1%'ne& !e(e1(+!+&

en e) e)e-en(' ' -0$%n+# )+ !e(er-%n+1%7n !e )+& 1+$&+& !e *%/r+1%7n# 8 )+

1'rre11%7n !e) 6r'/)e-+ 0$e e))'& re6re&en(+n5

L+& 1'n&e1$en1%+& 0$e +1+rre+n )+& *%/r+1%'ne& -e1n%1+& &'n e)

+$-en(' !e )'& e&<$er"'& 8 )+& (en&%'ne&# 6er!%!+& !e ener.+# !e&.+&(e !e



-+(er%+)e&# !+'& 6'r <+(%.+ +!e-& !e r$%!'& -')e&('& en e) +-/%en(e

!'n!e &e (r+/++5

/5 An)%&%& !e )$/r%1+n(e&: En(re )'& 1$+)e& !e&(+1+n )'& +n)%&%& %n%1%+)e&#

0$e &e re+)%"+n + 6r'!$1('& !e +0$e))'& e0$%6'& 0$e 6re&en(+n !$!+&

6r'*en%en(e& !e )'& re&$)(+!'& !e) e&($!%' !e )$/r%1+1%7n 8 6er-%(en

1'rre11%'ne& en )+ &e)e11%7n !e) 6r'!$1('# -'(%*+!+& + 1+-/%'& en

1'n!%1%'ne& !e '6er+1%7n5

An)%&%& r$(%n+r%'&# +6)%1+!'& 6+r+ e0$%6'& 1'n&%!er+!'& 1'-' 1r(%1'& '

!e .r+n 1+6+1%!+!# en )'& 1$+)e& &e !e<%ne $n+ <re1$en1%+ !e -$e&(re'#

&%en!' e) '/e(%*' 6r%n1%6+) !e )'& +n)%&%& )+ !e(er-%n+1%7n !e) e&(+!' !e)

+1e%(e# n%*e) !e !e.+&(e 8 1'n(+-%n+1%7n5

P'r H)(%-' (ene-'& e) +n)%&%& !e e-er.en1%+# e<e1($+!' 6+r+ !e(e1(+r

1$+)0$%er +n'-+)+ en e) e0$%6' ' )$/r%1+n(e5

15 An)%&%& 6'r $)(r+&'n%!': M('!' 0$e e&($!%+ )+& 'n!+& e &'n%!' !e /++

<re1$en1%+ 6r'!$1%!+& 6'r )'& e0$%6'& 0$e n' &'n 6er1e6(%/)e& +) '!%'

2$-+n'5

L+ +6)%1+1%7n !e e&(e -('!' &e 2+1e %n!%&6en&+/)e e&6e1%+)-en(e en )+

!e(e11%7n !e <+))+& eJ%&(en(e& en e0$%6'& r'(+(%*'& 0$e .%r+n + *e)'1%!+!e&

%n<er%'re& + )+& RPM# !'n!e )+ (1n%1+ !e -e!%1%7n 6'r *%/r+1%7n &e ('rn+

%ne<%1%en(e5

!5 Ter-'.r+<+: E& +6)%1+!+ + (r+*& !e %n<r+rr'' e& $n+ (1n%1+ 0$e 6er-%(e

1+6(+r + !%&(+n1%+ 8 &%n n%n.Hn 1'n(+1(' <&%1' 1'-' )+ &$6er<%1%e + e*+)$+r )'&

1+-/%'& ' e&(+!' !e (e-6er+($r+& !e +).Hn e0$%6'# 6re&en(+n $n +)(' .r+!'!e 6re&%7n5

L+ .r+n -+8'r+ !e )'& 6r'/)e-+& 8 +*er+& en e) en('rn' %n!$&(r%+) 8+

&e+ !e (%6' -e1n%1'# e)1(r%1' e&(n 6re&%!%!'& 6'r 1+-/%'& !e (e-6er+($r+



0$e 6$e!en &er !e(e1(+!'& -e!%+n(e )+ -'n%('r%"+1%7n !e (e-6er+($r+ 1'n

&%&(e-+ (er-'*%&%7n en %n&(+)+1%'ne&# -+0$%n+r%+&# e(15

'+3+ Man0eni#ien0o correc0i"o+

C'-6ren!e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e ('!' (%6' en1+-%n+!+& + (r+(+r !e e)%-%n+r

)+ ne1e&%!+! !e -+n(en%-%en('# 1'rr%.%en!' )+& <+))+& !e $n+ -+ner+ %n(e.r+)

+ -e!%+n' 6)+"'5 L+& +11%'ne& -& 1'-$ne& 0$e &e re+)%"+n &'n:

-'!%<%1+1%7n !e +)(ern+(%*+& !e 6r'1e&'# -'!%<%1+1%7n !e e)e-en('& !e

-0$%n+&# 1+-/%'& !e e&6e1%<%1+1%'ne&# +-6)%+1%'ne& re*%&%7n !e e)e-en('&

/&%1'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8 1'n&er*+1%7n5

E&(e (%6' !e +1(%*%!+!e& e& ee1$(+!' 6'r e) 6er&'n+) !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n

!e -+n(en%-%en(' 8' en(e& <'rne'&# !e6en!%en!' !e )+ -+.n%($! 1'&('&#

e&6e1%+)%"+1%7n ne1e&+r%+K &$ %n(er*en1%7n (%ene 0$e &er 6)+n%<%1+!+ 8

6r'.r+-+!+ en e) (%e-6' 6+r+ 0$e &$ +(+0$e e*%(e 6+r+!+& %n$&(%<%1+!+&5

E&(e -+n(en%-%en(' (+-/%n e& !en'-%n+!' “-+n(en%-%en(' re+1(%*'”#

(%ene )$.+r )$e.' 0$e '1$rre $n+ <+))+ ' +*er+# e& !e1%r# &')' +1($+r 1$+n!'

&e 6re&en(+ $n err'r en e) &%&(e-+5 En e&(e 1+&' &% n' &e 6r'!$1e n%n.$n+

<+))+# e) -+n(en%-%en(' &er n$)'# 6'r )' 0$e &e (en!r 0$e e&6er+r 2+&(+ 0$e

&e 6re&en(e e) !e&6er<e1(' 6+r+ re1%n ('-+r -e!%!+& !e 1'rre11%7n !e

err're&5

E&(e -+n(en%-%en(' (r+e 1'n&%.' )+& &%.$%en(e& 1'n&e1$en1%+&: ' 6+r+!+&

n' 6re*%&(+& en e) 6r'1e&' 6r'!$1(%*'# !%&-%n$8en!' )+& 2'r+& '6er+(%*+&# '

+<e1(+ )+& 1+!en+& 6r'!$1(%*+&# e& !e1%r# 0$e )'& 1%1)'& 6r'!$1(%*'&

6'&(er%'re& &e *ern 6+r+!'& + )+ e&6er+ !e )+ 1'rre11%7n !e )+ e(+6+ +n(er%'r

' 6re&en(+ 1'&('& 6'r re6+r+1%7n 8 re6$e&('& n' 6re&$6$e&(+!'&# 6'r )' 0$e

&e !+r e) 1+&' 0$e 6'r <+)(+ !e re1$r&'& e1'n7-%1'& n' &e 6'!rn 1'-6r+r



)'& re6$e&('& en e) -'-en(' !e&e+!' ' )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n !e) (%e-6' 0$e

e&(+r e) &%&(e-+ <$er+ !e '6er+1%7n n' e& 6re!e1%/)e5

E) -+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*' ' -+n(en%-%en(' 6'r r'($r+ <$e e) e&/'"' !e

)' 0$e 2'8 !+ e& e) -+n(en%-%en('# e&(+ e(+6+ !e) -+n(en%-%en(' *+

6re1e!%!+ !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6)+n%<%1+!' PM5

+&(+ )'& +'& =# en 6)en' !e&+rr'))' !e )+ 6r'!$11%7n en 1+!en+ 8 !e )+

&'1%e!+! !e 1'n&$-'# )' %-6'r(+n(e er+ 6r'!$1%r -$12' + /+' 1'&('5 En

e&(+ e(+6+# e) -+n(en%-%en(' er+ *%&(' 1'-' $n &er*%1%' ne1e&+r%' 0$e !e/+

1'&(+r 6'1' 8 6+&+r %n+!*er(%!' 1'-' &e+) !e 0$e Q)+& 1'&+& -+r12+/+n

/%enQ5

En e&(+ e(+6+# Q-+n(enerQ er+ &%n7n%-' !e Qre6+r+rQ 8 e) &er*%1%' !e

-+n(en%-%en(' '6er+/+ 1'n $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 6)+n%<%1+1%7n -n%-+&

-e1n%1+ 8 en.r+&e 6$e& )+ %n!$&(r%+ n' e&(+/+ -$8 -e1+n%"+!+ 8 )+&

6+r+!+& !e )'& e0$%6'& 6r'!$1(%*'& n' (en+n !e-+&%+!+ %-6'r(+n1%+ +)

(r+(+r&e !e -+0$%n+r%+ &en1%))+ 8 <%+/)e 8# !e/%!' + e&(+ &en1%))e"# <1%) !e

re6+r+r5 L+ 6')(%1+ !e )+ e-6re&+ er+ )+ !e -%n%-%"+r e) 1'&(' !e

-+n(en%-%en('5

C'rre11%7n !e )+& +*er+& ' <+))+&# 1$+n!' &(+& &e 6re&en(+n# 8 n'

6)+n%<%1+!+ -en(e# +) 1'n(r+r%' !e) 1+&' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5

E&(+ <'r-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' %-6%!e e) !%+.n'&(%1' <%+/)e !e )+& 1+$&+&

0$e 6r'*'1+n )+ <+))+# 6$e& &e %.n'r+ &% <+))7 6'r -+) (r+('# 6'r +/+n!'n'# 6'r

!e&1'n'1%-%en(' !e) -+ne'# 6'r !e&.+&(e n+($r+)# e(15

E) ee-6)' !e e&(e (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*' n' 6)+n%<%1+!' e& )+2+/%($+) re6+r+1%7n $r.en(e (r+& $n+ +*er+ 0$e '/)%.7 + !e(ener e) e0$%6' '

-0$%n+ !++!+5



M+n(en%-%en(' 1%r1$n&(+n1%+) e& $n+ -e"1)+ en(re r$(%n+r%'# 6r'.r+-+!'#

+*er+ 8 1'rre1(%*' 8+ 0$e 6'r &$ %n(er-e!%' &e ee1$(+n +11%'ne& !e r$(%n+

6er' n' (%enen $n 6$n(' <%' en e) (%e-6' 6+r+ %n%1%+r &$ ee1$1%7n# 6'r0$e )'&

&%&(e-+& +(en!%!'& <$n1%'n+n !e -+ner+ +)(ern+K &e ee1$(+n +11%'ne& 0$ee&(n 6r'.r+-+!+& en $n 1+)en!+r%' +n$+) 6er' 0$e (+-6'1' (%enen $n

6$n(' <%' !e %n%1%' 6'r )+ r+"7n +n(er%'rK &e !e(%enen +*er+& 1$+n!' e)

&%&(e-+ &e !e(%ene# eJ%&(%en!' 6'r &$6$e&(' '(r' &%&(e-+ 0$e 1$-6)+ &$

<$n1%7n# 8 e) e&($!%' !e )+ <+))+ 6er-%(e )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e &$ 1'rre11%7n

e)%-%n+n!' !%12+ +*er+ + -e!%+n' 6)+"'5

L+ +(en1%7n !e )'& e0$%6'& /+' e&(e (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e6en!e n'

!e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e (%ene + !%12'& e0$%6'& !en(r' !e

&$& 6)+ne& 8 6r'.r+-+&# &%n' !e '(r'& en(e& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n# )'& 1$+)e&

&$.%eren +$-en(' en )+ 1+6+1%!+! !e 6r'!$11%7n# 1+-/%'& !e 6r'1e&'&#

!%&-%n$1%7n !e *en(+&# re!$11%7n !e 6er&'n+) 8' ($rn'& !e (r+/+'5

%+ RED*CCIÓN DE COSTOS DE PROD*CCIÓN+

%+'+ Planificaci.n / -ro4ra#aci.n 2el #an0eni#ien0o -re"en0i"o+

E) M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' e& e) 0$e $(%)%"+ ('!'& )'& -e!%'&

!%&6'n%/)e&# %n1)$&' )'& e&(+!&(%1'&# 6+r+ !e(er-%n+r )+ <re1$en1%+ !e )+&

%n&6e11%'ne&# re*%&%'ne&# &$&(%($1%7n !e 6%e"+& 1)+*e&# 6r'/+/%)%!+! !e

+6+r%1%7n !e +*er+&# *%!+ H(%)# 8 '(r+&5 S$ '/e(%*' e& +!e)+n(+r&e + )+

+6+r%1%7n ' 6re!e1%r )+ 6re&en1%+ !e <+))+&5

E) M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' e& e) 1'n$n(' !e +11%'ne& ne1e&+r%+& 6+r+

1'n&er*+r $n e0$%6' en /$en e&(+!' %n!e6en!%en(e-en(e !e )+ +6+r%1%7n !e

)+& <+))+&5



E&(e (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' /$&1+ .+r+n(%"+r 0$e )+& 1'n!%1%'ne&

n'r-+)e& !e '6er+1%7n !e $n e0$%6' ' &%&(e-+ &e+n re&6e(+!+& e& !e1%r 0$e

e) e0$%6' e&( )%/re !e 6')*'# &$& )$/r%1+n(e& 1'n&er*en &$& 1+r+1(er&(%1+& 8

&$& e)e-en('& 1'n&$-%/)e& (+)e& 1'-' <%)(r'&# -+n.$er+&# 1'rre+& e(15 Se+n&$&(%($%!+& !en(r' !e &$ *%!+ H(%)5

E) M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' 1)&%1' 6re* <+))+& + (r+*& !e &$& 1$+(r' re+&

/&%1+&:

+ L%-6%e"+: )+& -0$%n+& )%-6%+& &'n -& <1%)e& !e -+n(ener '6er+n -e'r

8 re!$1en )+ 1'n(+-%n+1%7n5 L+ )%-6%e"+ 1'n&(%($8e )+ +1(%*%!+! -& &en1%))+ 8

e<%1+" 6+r+ re!$1%r !e&.+&(e&# !e(er%'r'& 8 r'($r+&5

/ In&6e11%7n: &e re+)%"+n 6+r+ *er%<%1+r e) <$n1%'n+-%en(' &e.$r'# e<%1%en(e 8

e1'n7-%1' !e )+ -+0$%n+r%+ 8 e0$%6'5 EL 6er&'n+) !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e/er

re1'n'1er )+ %-6'r(+n1%+ !e $n+ %n&6e11%7n '/e(%*+ 6+r+ !e(er-%n+r )+&

1'n!%1%'ne& !e) e0$%6'5 C'n )+& %n<'r-+1%'ne& '/(en%!+& 6'r -e!%' !e )+&

%n&6e11%'ne&# &e ('-+n )+& !e1%&%'ne& + <%n !e ))e*+r + 1+/' e) -+n(en%-%en('

+!e1$+!' 8 '6'r($n'5

1 L$/r%1+1%7n: $n )$/r%1+n(e e& ('!+ &$&(+n1%+ 0$e +) &er %n(r'!$1%!+ en(re

!'& 6+r(e& -7*%)e&# re!$1e e) <r'(+-%en(' 1+)en(+-%en(' 8 !e&.+&(e# !e/%!' +

)+ <'r-+1%7n !e $n+ 1+6+ re&/+)+n(e en(re e))+&5 L+ )$/r%1+1%7n e& )+ +11%7n

re+)%"+!+ 6'r e) )$/r%1+n(e5

A$n0$e e&(+ '6er+1%7n e& n'r-+)-en(e re+)%"+!+ !e +1$er!' 1'n )+&

e&6e1%<%1+1%'ne& !e) <+/r%1+n(e# )+ $/%1+1%7n <&%1+ 8 .e'.r<%1+ !e) e0$%6' 8

-+0$%n+r%+K +!e-& !e )+ eJ6er%en1%+# 6$e!e +)(er+r )+& re1'-en!+1%'ne&5

! A$&(e: E& $n+ 1'n&e1$en1%+ !%re1(+ !e )+ %n&6e11%7nK 8+ 0$e e& + (r+*&

!e e))+& 0$e &e !e(e1(+n )+& 1'n!%1%'ne& %n+!e1$+!+& !e )'& e0$%6'& 8

-+0$%n+r%+&# e*%(n!'&e +& 6'&%/)e& <+))+&5



E) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' &e re+)%"+ n'r-+)-en(e + (r+*& !e

%n&6e11%'ne& 8 '6er+1%'ne& &%&(e-(%1+&5 E&(+& 6$e!en re+)%"+r 1'n e)

e0$%6' en -+r12+# %n-'*%)%"+!' 6er' &%n ne1e&%!+! !e !e&-'n(+e#

%n-'*%)%"+!' 1'n !e&-'n(+e5

P$e!e +&$-%r (+-/%n )+ <'r-+ !e &$&(%($1%'ne& &%&(e-(%1+& !e

1'-6'nen(e&# 7r.+n'& ' e0$%6'& 1'-6)e('&# 0$e /$&0$en 6r')'n.+r )+ *%!+

H(%) !e) &%&(e-+# !%&-%n$8en!' )+ 6r'/+/%)%!+! !e '1$rren1%+ !e <+))+& !e

e&('& e)e-en('&# n'r-+)-en(e en &$ e(+6+ !e !e&.+&(e5

C$+n!' )+ <+))+ &e 6re&en(+ !e -+ner+ 6r'.re&%*+# 6$e!en -'n%('re+r&e

1%er('& 6+r-e(r'& <&%1'& 0$e 6er-%(en !e1%!%r )+ %n(er*en1%7n !e) e0$%6'

+n(e& !e )+ '1$rren1%+ !e )+ <+))+5

E&(e (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' n' 1'n(e-6)+!' en )+ 1)+&%<%1+1%7n .ener+) !e)

-+n(en%-%en(' 6'r &er $n+ &$/!%*%&%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' &e

1'n'1e 1'-' -+n(en%-%en(' 6'r 1'n!%1%7n ' 6re!%1(%*' 8+ 0$e /$&1+

e<e1($+r )+ re6+r+1%7n !e) e0$%6' en e) $-/r+) !e '1$rren1%+ !e )+ <+))+# e&

!e1%r# en e) 6re1%&' -'-en(' !e &$ +6+r%1%7nK /+' 1'n!%1%'ne& 6r'.r+-+!+&#

-%n%-%"+n!' +& )'& 1'&('& .)'/+)e& !e -+n(en%-%en('5

E&(e -+n(en%-%en(' &e ))e*+ +1+/' $&+n!' 2err+-%en(+& !e 6re!%11%7n

<&%1+ $)(r+&'n%!'&# r+8'& X# (er-'.r+<+# *%/r'-e(r+# +n)%&%&

e&6e1('.r<%1'& !e )$/r%1+n(e& ' e&(+!&(%1'& $&' !e (1n%1+& !e

1'n<%+/%)%!+!5

C$+n!' e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' %-6)%1+ )+ 6$e&(+ + n$e*' !e $n

e0$%6' + (r+*& !e )+ &$&(%($1%7n &%&(e-(%1+ !e ('!'& &$& 1'-6'nen(e& 0$e

-$e&(r+n !e&.+&(e# &e 2+/)+ (+-/%n !e $n O*er2+$)# .r+n re*%&%7n '

re*%&%7n -+8'r# 0$e 6$e!en &er 2e12'& 6'r e(+6+& 1+-/%+n!' $n

1'-6'nen(e + )+ *e" ' !e -+ner+ .)'/+)# 1'-' e& e) 1+&' !e )+& 6+r+!+& !e

6)+n(+5



%+%+ Princi-ios 4enerales 2e -lanificaci.n / con0rol+

De(er-%n+r )'& '/e(%*'&5

De(er-%n+r )'& re1$r&'& ne1e&+r%'& 8 )+ 1+n(%!+! &$<%1%en(e + $(%)%"+r5

T%e-6' en e) 0$e &e $&+rn )'& re1$r&'&# &e 6$e!e $&+r e) -('!'

PERTCPM !'15 +!$n(' “.r$6' 96)+n%<%1+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('

PERTCPM”5

De(er-%n+r e) (%e-6' en e) 1$+) &e $&+rn )'& e0$%6'&5

E-%(%r 7r!ene& 6'r e&1r%(' 0$e 6er-%(+n e) $&' !e )'& re1$r&'&# en )'&

(%e-6'& e&(%6$)+!'&5

+1er &e.$%-%en(' 8 1'n(r') !e )'& re1$r&'& 8 +1(%*%!+!e& 6+r+ *er%<%1+r

0$e &e+n $(%)%"+!'& (+) 1'-' <$er'n 6)+n%<%1+!+&5

E&($!%+r )'& re&$)(+!'& !e e&(e 6r'1e!%-%en(' 6+r+ +6)%1+r +11%'ne&

1'rre1(%*+& 8 &$6er+r )+& !e<%1%en1%+&5

E&(r+(e.%+& 6+r+ e)%-%n+r r+!%1+)-en(e +*er+& e %n1%!en1%+& en e0$%6'&

%n!$&(r%+)e&5

E&($!%' !e) -'!e)' !e -+n(en%-%en(' eJ1e)en(e5

D%+.n7&(%1' !e) 6$n(' !e 6+r(%!+ 6+r+ -e'r+r )+& '6er+1%'ne& !e

-+n(en%-%en('5

Or.+n%"+1%7n 8 !e&+rr'))' !e) 6%)+r -+n(en%-%en(' 6)+n%<%1+!'5



Pr%n1%6%'& <$n!+-en(+)e& !e .e&(%7n !e +*er+&5

A$!%('r%+& !e 6r'.re&'5

E&(+n!+r%"+1%7n !e) (r+/+' !e -+n(en%-%en('5

+1er e) 6er<%) !e )'& re1$r&'& 2$-+n'& 8 (e1n')7.%1'& 0$e &e re0$%eren

6+r+ e) <$n1%'n+-%en(' 76(%-' !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n5

De<%n%1%7n !e )+& (1n%1+& !e -+n(en%-%en('5

%+1+ Pro4ra#aci.n 2el #an0eni#ien0o -re"en0i"o+

L+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'# 1'n&%&(e en e) 6r'1e&' !e

1'rre)+1%7n !e )'& 17!%.'& !e )'& e0$%6'& 1'n )+ 6er%'!%1%!+!# 1r'n'.r+-+ !e

)+ ee1$1%7n !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& 6r'.r+-+!+&# %n&(r$11%'ne& !e

-+n(en%-%en('# !+('& !e -e!%1%7n# 1en(r' !e 1'&('&# 17!%.' !e -+(er%+) 8

1$+)0$%er '(r' !+('# $".+!' 6'r e) $&$+r%' 1'-' ne1e&+r%' 6+r+ +1($+r

6re*en(%*+-en(e en )'& e0$%6'&5

Un 6r'.r+-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' /%en ee1$(+!' !e/e %n1)$%r:

+5 C'n&er*+1%7n r$(%n+r%+ ' -+n(en%-%en(' !%+r%': e& $n (%6' !e (r+/+' 0$e

&e re+)%"+ <re1$en(e-en(e + %n(er*+)'& 1'r('& ' re.$)+re&# (+)e& 1'-':

6e0$e'& +$&(e&# )%-6%e"+# )$/r%1+1%7n5 Gener+)-en(e &e re+)%"+n 1'n ('!'

e) e0$%6' en '6er+1%7n ' 1$+n!' 2+8 6+r+!+& r$(%n+r%+& !e/%!' + )+& 6+r+!+&

6r'.r+-+!+& !e )+ 6r'!$11%7n5

T+-/%n 6$e!e %n1)$%r&e e0$%6'& 0$e n' e&(n %n*')$1r+!'& !%re1(+-en(e

1'n )+ 6r'!$11%7n# &%&(e-+ !e %)$-%n+1%7n# +%re +1'n!%1%'n+!'# en(re '(r'&5



/5 In&6e11%'ne& 6er%7!%1+&: e& $n (r+/+' 6)+n%<%1+!' 6+r+ !e(e1(+r 6'&%/)e&

<+))+& 8 6r'n'&(%1+r 0$ 6%e"+& 2+/rn !e ree-6)+"+r&e5 L+ <re1$en1%+ !e

e&(+& %n&6e11%'ne& !e6en!e !e) (%6' !e e0$%6' 8 &$ %-6'r(+n1%+ !en(r' !e )+

e-6re&+5

15 Tr+/+' 1'n(%n.en(e ' re6+r+1%'ne& 6re*en(%*+&: %n1)$8e (r+/+'& +

%n(er*+)'& !e<%n%!'&# +6r'*e12+n!' )+& 6+r+!+& 1+&$+)e& !e) e0$%6'5

1+ PLANIICACIÓN A LARGO PLAZO DEL TRABA5O DE

MANTENIMIENTO+

L+ 6)+ne+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' n'& 6er-%(e 6r'.r+-+r )'& 6r'8e1('& +

-e!%+n' 8 )+r.' 6)+"' !e )+& +11%'ne& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e !+n )+ !%re11%7n

+ )+ %n!$&(r%+5

M$12'& &'n )'& /ene<%1%'& +)1+n"+!'& +) ))e*+r $n 6r'.r+-+ e&(+/)e1%!'

!e -'!e)'& !e -+n(en%-%en('# 6r'.r+-+1%7n 8 1'n(r') !e) re+ !e

-+n(en%-%en('# 1%(' +).$n'&: Men'r 1'n&$-' !e 2'r+& 2'-/re5 D%&-%n$1%7n !e %n*en(+r%'&5 Men'r (%e-6' !e 6+r+!+ !e e0$%6'&5 Me'r+ e) 1)%-+ )+/'r+) en e) 6er&'n+) !e -+n(en%-%en('5 Me'r+ )+ 6r'!$1(%*%!+! E<%1%en1%+ J E<%1+1%+5 A2'rr' en 1'&('&5

1+%+ Planificaci.n 2e 2esarrollo+

P)+n%<%1+1%7n !e !e&+rr'))' + )+r.' 6)+"'# !e&+rr'))' !e )+ e-6re&+#

ee-6)': 6)+n e&(r+(.%1' !e )+ n+1%7n5 En e) !%&e' !e) 6)+n !e

-+n(en%-%en('# !e/en (ener&e en 1$en(+ !'& 1'n&%!er+1%'ne& -$8

%-6'r(+n(e& 0$e +<e1(+n + +).$n'& e0$%6'& en 6+r(%1$)+r5



En 6r%-er )$.+r# +).$n'& e0$%6'& e&(n &'-e(%!'& + n'r-+(%*+& )e.+)e&

0$e re.$)+n &$ -+n(en%-%en('# '/)%.+n!' + 0$e &e re+)%1en en e))'&

!e(er-%n+!+& +1(%*%!+!e& 1'n $n+ 6er%'!%1%!+! e&(+/)e1%!+5

En &e.$n!' )$.+r# +).$n+& !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en(' n'

6'!e-'& re+)%"+r)+& 1'n e) e0$%6' 2+/%($+) !e -+n(en%-%en(' &e+ 6r'6%' '

1'n(r+(+!' 6$e& &e re0$%ere !e 1'n'1%-%en('& 8' -e!%'& e&6e1<%1'& 0$e

&')' e&(n en -+n'& !e) <+/r%1+n(e# !%&(r%/$%!'r ' !e $n e&6e1%+)%&(+ en e)

e0$%6'5

E&('& !'& +&6e1('& !e/en &er *+)'r+!'& 1$+n!' (r+(+-'& !e !e(er-%n+r

e) -'!e)' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e !e/e-'& +6)%1+r + $n e0$%6'5

M+n(en%-%en(' )e.+)5

A).$n'& e0$%6'& e&(n &'-e(%!'& + n'r-+(%*+& ' + re.$)+1%'ne& 6'r 6+r(e

!e )+ A!-%n%&(r+1%7n5 S'/re ('!'# &'n e0$%6'& 0$e en(r++n r%e&.'& 6+r+ )+&

6er&'n+& ' 6+r+ e) en('rn'5

L+ A!-%n%&(r+1%7n eJ%.e )+ re+)%"+1%7n !e $n+ &er%e !e (+re+&# 6r$e/+& e

%n&6e11%'ne&# e %n1)$&' +).$n+& !e e))+& !e/en &er re+)%"+!+& 6'r e-6re&+&

!e/%!+-en(e +$('r%"+!+& 6+r+ ))e*+r)+& + 1+/'5 E&(+& (+re+& !e/en

ne1e&+r%+-en(e %n1'r6'r+r&e +) 6)+n !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e) e0$%6'# &e+ 1$+)

&e+ e) -'!e)' 0$e &e !e1%!+ +6)%1+r)e5

M+n(en%-%en(' &$/1'n(r+(+!' + $n e&6e1%+)%&(+5



C$+n!' 2+/)+-'& !e $n e&6e1%+)%&(+# n'& re<er%-'& + $n %n!%*%!$' '

e-6re&+ e&6e1%+)%"+!+ en $n e0$%6' 1'n1re('5 E) e&6e1%+)%&(+ 6$e!e &er e)

<+/r%1+n(e !e) e0$%6'# e) &er*%1%' (1n%1' !e) %-6'r(+!'r# ' $n+ e-6re&+ 0$e

&e 2+ e&6e1%+)%"+!' en $n (%6' 1'n1re(' !e %n(er*en1%'ne&5 C'-' 2e-'&!%12'# !e/e-'& re1$rr%r +) e&6e1%+)%&(+ 1$+n!':

N' (ene-'& 1'n'1%-%en('& &$<%1%en(e&5 N' (ene-'& )'& -e!%'& ne1e&+r%'&

S% &e !+n e&(+& 1%r1$n&(+n1%+&# +).$n+& ' ('!+& )+& (+re+& !e

-+n(en%-%en(' !e/ere-'& &$/1'n(r+(+r)+& + e-6re&+& e&6e1%+)%"+!+&5

1+1+ Planificaci.n a lar4o -la6o+

L+ P)+n%<%1+1%7n + )+r.' 6)+"' n' e& -& 0$e !e1%!%r 1'n +n(%1%6+1%7n e)

17-' 2+1er# e) 0$ 2+1er# 1$n!' 2+1er)'# 8 0$%n !e/e 2+1er)'5 E&(' 1'n e)

<%n !e 1'n(r%/$%r +) )'.r' !e )'& '/e(%*'& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n# 1'n&%!er+n!' &$

*%&%7n 8 &e)e11%'n+n!' e&(r+(e.%+& + &e.$%r5

E& +0$e) 0$e *+ -& +)) !e )' 0$e +/+r1+ e) 6)+n -+e&(r' !e )+

6r'!$11%7n 8 &$ 6er%'!' e&( 1'-6ren!%!' !e ; + = +'& ' -&5 L+ 6r%-er+

1$/re )+ 6)+ne+1%7n + )+r.' 6)+"' !e )'& re0$er%-%en('& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8

e&( -$8 )%.+!+ + )'& 6r'8e1('& !e )+r.' 6)+"' !e) !e6+r(+-en(' !e

6r'!$11%7n !e )+ e-6re&+5

E& )+ /+&e 6+r+ 6'!er ))e*+r + 1+/' )+& +11%'ne& !e -+n(en%-%en('# &%n

%-6'r(+r !e 0$e (%6' &e+ e) -%&-'# 8 +& -e'r+r 8 (ener !e $n+ -+ner+

'r!en+!+ )'& 6+&'& + &e.$%r# 6+r+ 0$e &e 1$-6)+ e) (r+/+' en &%ner.%+5

L+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n &e re+)%"+ + (r+*& !e )+ er+r0$%"+1%7n !e 6)+ne& 1'-'

6r'67&%('& '/e(%*'&# e&(r+(e.%+&# 6')(%1+&# 6r'1e!%-%en('&# re.)+&#

6r'.r+-+&# 6re&$6$e&('&# en(re '(r'&5



E) 6r'67&%(' <$n!+-en(+) !e) 6)+ne+-%en(' + )+r.' 6)+"' e& -+n(ener )'&

'/e(%*'&# )+& 6')(%1+& 8 )'& 6r'1e!%-%en('& !e -+n(en%-%en(' +1'r!e& 1'n

)'& '/e(%*'& <$n!+-en(+)e& !e )+ e-6re&+5

1+3+ Con2iciones efec0i"as 2e #789ina / -lan0a+

L+ C+6+1%!+! e<e1(%*+ ' re+) e& $n+ re!$11%7n 1'-' 8+ )' 2+/+-'&

-en1%'n+!' !e )+ C+6+1%!+! !e D%&e'# 8+ 0$e# re<)e+ 1'n!%1%'ne& (6%1+&

!e <$n1%'n+-%en('5 T+-/%n e& $n n!%1e !e 6r'!$11%7n 6+r+ 1'n!%1%'ne&

eJ%&(en(e&5

Un+ *e" &e)e11%'n+!' $n &%(%' +1'r!e 1'n )+& 1+r+1(er&(%1+& !e) 6r'1e&'

6r'!$1(%*'# &e 6r'1e!er &e.$%!+-en(e + !%&e+r )+ <'r-+ en 0$e !e/en

$/%1+r&e )'& !%<eren(e& re1$r&'& 1'n 0$e 1$en(+ )+ e-6re&+5 E) '/e(%*'

6r%-'r!%+) &e 1en(r+ en e)%-%n+r )+& +1(%*%!+!e& 8 '6er+1%'ne& %nne1e&+r%+&#

6+r+ <+/r%1+r $n 6r'!$1(' +1'r!e 1'n )+& e&6e1%<%1+1%'ne& !e) 1)%en(e + $n

-n%-' 1'&('5

E&(e (%6' !e e&($!%' &e !en'-%n+ !%&e' !e %n&(+)+1%'ne&5 C'n&%&(e en

6)+n%<%1+r )+ -+ner+ en 0$e e) re1$r&' 2$-+n' 8 (e1n')7.%1'# +& 1'-' )+

$/%1+1%7n !e )'& %n&$-'& 8 e) 6r'!$1(' (er-%n+!' 2+n !e +rre.)+r&e5 E&(e

+rre.)' !e/e '/e!e1er + )+& )%-%(+1%'ne& !e !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e (erren' 8 !e)

6r'6%' &%&(e-+ 6r'!$1(%*' + <%n !e '6(%-%"+r )+& '6er+1%'ne& 8 1'n!%1%'ne& !e

)+& e-6re&+&# -0$%n+& 8 6)+n(+&5

1+(+ El 4ra2o 2e 90ili6aci.n+

C'-' 8+ )' 2e -en1%'n+!' &e 6$e!e eJ6re&+r 1'-' $n re&6e1(' !e )+

“C+6+1%!+! e<e1(%*+” 0$e n'& !en'(+ $n+ I-6r'!$1(%*%!+! '1+&%'n+!+ 6'r



<+))+& en e) 6r'1e&'5 Re+)%"+n!' e) +n)%&%& !e) 6r'1e&' 4 0$e &e en<'1+ + )+

6r'!$11%7n5

1++ El fac0or car4a+

E) <+1('r 1+r.+ n' e& -& 0$e )+ re)+1%7n en(re )+ 1+r.+ -e!%+ en $n

&%&(e-+ !$r+n(e $n 6er'!' e&6e1<%1' !e (%e-6' 8 )+ 1+r.+ -J%-+ 0$e &e

6r'!$"1+ en e&e 6er'!'5

1+;+ <C97l e89i-o ha/ 89e 2es0acar / c97n2o=

P+r+ ))e*+r + 1+/' e) -e'r -+n(en%-%en(' &e +n+)%"+n )+& *en(++& 8

!e&*en(++& !e 1+!+ $n' !e )'& e0$%6'& !en(r' !e )+ 6)+n(+ 6+r+ +& e&1'.er

8 !e&(+1+r e) 0$e 6er-%(+ -+n(ener $n 76(%-' 6r'1e&' 6r'!$1(%*'# 1'n )'&

-en're& 1'&('&# &%e-6re !en(r' !e) -+r1' !e )+ &e.$r%!+! 8 e) -e!%'

+-/%en(e# +& -%&-' (+-/%n e&1'.er 8 !e&(+1+r e) -'-en(' en e) 1$+) e

!e/e !+r e) -+n(en%-%en('5

1+>+ Rec9rsos 2e #an0eni#ien0o+

A (r+*& !e )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n &e !e(er-%n+ )+& ne1e&%!+!e& 8 1+r+1(er&(%1+&

!e )'& re1$r&'& 0$e !e/ern e&(+r !%&6'n%/)e& en e) )$.+r# 1+n(%!+! 8 1+)%!+!

6+r+ )+ ee1$1%7n !e )'& !%<eren(e& 6r'.r+-+& !e -+n(en%-%en(' !%&e+!'&5

T%6'& !e re1$r&'&:

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos/seguinfo/seguinfo.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos15/medio-ambiente-venezuela/medio-ambiente-venezuela.shtml







Per&'n+) 1'n e) 6er<%) (1n%1' 8 2$-+n' +!e1$+!': .eren(e&#

%n.en%er'&# (1n%1'&5 M+(er%+)e& +!e1$+!'& 6+r+ )+& +1(%*%!+!e& + re+)%"+r: re6$e&('&#

)$/r%1+n(e&# %-6)e-en('& !e &e.$r%!+!5 In<r+e&(r$1($r+ 6+r+ )+ 6re&(+1%7n !e) &er*%1%': (+))ere&# e0$%6'&#

!e67&%('&# 2err+-%en(+&# *e21$)'&5 In<'r-+1%7n: re0$er%-%en('& 1)%en(e&# '/e(%*'&# -e(+&# %n!%1+!'re&

!e !e&e-6e'5 C'n(r+(%&(+& 6+r+ (r+/+'& e&6e1%+)e&# <+/r%1+1%7n !e re6$e&('&

A1(%*%!+!e& (6%1+&:

Pr'.r+-+1%7n !e +!0$%&%1%'ne& 8 1'n(r+(+1%'ne&5 C''r!%n+1%7n 1'n )'& 6r'1e&'& !e 1'-6r+& 8 .e&(%7n !e re1$r&'&

2$-+n'&5 C'n(r') !e )+ 1+)%!+! !e 6r'!$1('& ' &er*%1%'& 1'-6r+!'& '

1'n(r+(+!'&5 A)-+1en+-%en(' 8 1'n(r') !e %n*en(+r%'& !e -+(er%+)e& 8

re6$e&('&5

1+?+ Plan 2e s9s0i09ci.n+

E) 6)+n !e &$&(%($1%7n n' e& -& 0$e e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re!%1(%*' '

6r'.r+-+!' en 1$+n(' )+ <+))+ e& )'1+)%"+!+# e& 1$+n!' &e !e/e &$&(%($%r $n+

6%e"+ ' -+0$%n+ !e/%!' + 0$e 8+ ))e.' +) <%n+) !e <$n1%'n+-%en('

e&6e1%<%1+!' en &$ -+n$+) !e 1'n&(r$11%7n ' 6'r <+))+&5

1+'&+ Plan 2e re"isi.n+

E) 6)+n !e -+n(en%-%en(' e& e) -+n(en%-%en(' r$(%n+r%' !e re*%&%7n !e

1+!+ e)e-en(' !en(r' !e )+ 6)+n(+ 6+r+ !e(e1(+r <+))+& !e e0$%6'& $ '(r'&

e)e-en('& !e )+& 6)+n(+&5



1+''+ Planificaci.n a lar4o -la6o 2el #an0eni#ien0o

-re"en0i"o+

En e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' + )+r.' 6)+"'# &e e& en <%n !e e*%(+r )+&

+*er+& +1($+n!' +n(e& !e 0$e &$r+n5 N'r-+)-en(e &e 2+1e &$&(%($8en!'

6%e"+& !e !e&.+&(e +n(e& !e) <%n !e &$ *%!+ H(%)5 T+-/%n 6$e!e (r+(+r&e !e

+11%'ne& !e )%-6%e"+ ' )$/r%1+1%7n5 E) ee-6)' -& 1)+r' e& e) -+n(en%-%en('

!e *e21$)'&# en )'& 0$e &e &$&(%($8e +1e%(e# 1'rre+&# <%)(r'& 8 '(r'& e)e-en('&

!e <'r-+ 6r'.r+-+!+# +n(e& !e 0$e &$ !e&.+&(e 6r'*'0$e +*er+&5

E&(e &%&(e-+ 6er-%(e 6)+n%<%1+r )+ %n(er*en1%7n# 6$e&(' 0$e )+ -0$%n+ '

%n&(+)+1%7n (r+/++ !e <'r-+ 1'rre1(+5 A) 1'n'1er !e +n(e-+n' )'& re1$r&'&

ne1e&+r%'&# &e 6$e!e 6)+n%<%1+r $n+ 6+r+!+ 6re*en(%*+ 0$e +<e1(e )' -en'&

6'&%/)e + )+ 6r'!$11%7n5

Un 1)+r' %n1'n*en%en(e e& )+ !%<%1$)(+! !e 6re*er 1$n!' !e/e re+)%"+r&e )+

+11%7n 6re*en(%*+# 6$e&(' 0$e:

A1'r(+r )'& (%e-6'& &$6'ne +$-en(+r )'& re1$r&'&5 S% $n +1e%(e

(%ene $n+ *%!+ H(%) !e $n +' 8 )' &$&(%($8' 1+!+ !%e" -e&e&# en

)$.+r !e 2+1er !%e" 1+-/%'& en !%e" +'&# (en!r 0$e 2+1er !'1e#

+$-en(+n!' )'& -+(er%+)e& 8 re1$r&'& 2$-+n'& ne1e&+r%'&5 A)+r.+r )'& (%e-6'& &$6'ne -& +*er+&5 S%.$%en!' e) ee-6)'

+n(er%'r# &% 1+-/%' e) +1e%(e 1+!+ 1+('r1e -e&e&# 1'rr' e) r%e&.' !e

+$-en(+r e) !e&.+&(e 8 6r'*'1+r $n+ +*er+# 0$e 6'!r+ &er -$8

1'&('&+5



3+ PLANIICACIÓN A CORTO PLAZO DEL TRABA5O DE

MANTENIMIENTO+

L'& 6)+ne& + 1'r(' 6)+"' &'n 6'r $n' ' !'& +'& 8 )'& 6re6+r+n )'&

!%re1('re& !e !e6+r(+-en(' 8 )'& e<e& !e '<%1%n+5 L'& 6re&$6$e&('&# )+

-+8'r+ !e )+& re6+r+1%'ne& !e %-6'r(+n1%+ 8 ('!' -+n(en%-%en(' .r+n!e

1'rre&6'n!en + e&(+ 1+(e.'r+5 +8 (re& <+&e& /&%1+& en )+ 6)+ne+1%7n +

1'r(' 6)+"'# + &+/er: %n&(+)+1%7n !e e0$%6' n$e*'# (r+/+' !e 1+r1(er 11)%1'

8 )+/'r !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5

L'& 6r'.r+-+& + 1'r(' 6)+"' 1'n*%er(en )' e&(+/)e1%!' en )+ 6)+ne+1%7n

+.re.+!+# 8 )'& en(re.+/)e& !e )'& 6)+ne& -+e&(r'& !e 6r'!$11%7n en

+&%.n+1%'ne& !e 1+r.+& 8 &e1$en1%+& -$8 e&6e1<%1+& !e <$er"+ )+/'r+)#

-+(er%+)e& 8 -+0$%n+r%+5

S$ 6r%n1%6+) '/e(%*' e& 1$-6)%r 1'n )+& -e(+& !e !e-+n!+ !e +1$er!' +

)+ 1+6+1%!+! !%&6'n%/)eK $n+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n + 1'r(' 6)+"' 6$e!e e<e1($+r&e !e

-$12+& -+ner+&# e) (%6' !e 6r'.r+-+1%7n 0$e &e $(%)%1e 6+r+ +&%.n+r )+&

1+r.+& !e6en!e en .r+n -e!%!+ !e) en<'0$e !e) &%&(e-+ 6r'!$1(%*'# 8 )+

&e1$en1%+ !e6en!e !e )'& 1r%(er%'& !e 6r'.r+-+1%7n 0$e 6r%-en (en%en!' en

1$en(+ )'& <+1('re& 0$e +<e1(en e) 6r'1e&'5

L+& (1n%1+& $(%)%"+!+& en )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n + 1'r(' 6)+"' &e 6$e!en 1)+&%<%1+r

en:

+5 Pr'.r+-+1%7n 2+1%+ +!e)+n(e: E&(+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n &e %n%1%+ (+n 6r'n('

1'-' &e 1'n'1en )'& re0$er%-%en('& !e 6r'!$11%7n# $(%)%"+r)+ %-6)%1+ en .r+n

-e!%!+ !e&1'n&%!er+r )+ <e12+ !e en(re.+# 8 e& $(%)%"+!+ $&$+)-en(e en6r'1e&'& 0$e (r+/++n &'/re 6e!%!'# en )'& 0$e )+ en(re.+ &e re0$%ere )'

+n(e& 6'&%/)e# 6'r ee-6)' en re&(+$r+n(e&# 1en(r'& !e /e))e"+# 2'&6%(+)e&#

(+))ere& &+()%(e !e!%1+!'& + )+ -+0$%)+# e(15



/5 Pr'.r+-+1%7n 2+1%+ +(r&: E&(+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n %n%1%+ 1'n )+ <e12+ !e

en(re.+ !e) 6e!%!'# &$ 6r%n1%6+) 1'n&%!er+1%7n e& 1$-6)%r 1'n )'& 6)+"'& !e

en(re.+ 6+1(+!'& ' e&(+/)e1er 6)+"'& +)1+n"+/)e&5 L+ !%n-%1+ !e e&(+

6r'.r+-+1%7n 1'n&%&(e en 6r'.r+-+r en 6r%-er )$.+r )+ '6er+1%7n <%n+)# 8&$1e&%*+-en(e )+& '6er+1%'ne& 0$e )+ +n(e1e!en en 'r!en %n*er&'5

3+%+ C7lc9lo 2e 0ie#-o+

L+ e(+6+ !e) 1)1$)' !e) (%e-6' e&(n!+r -+r1+ e) %n%1%' !e) (r+/+' !e

'<%1%n+ en e) e&($!%' !e (%e-6'&# +$n0$e e& -$8 6r'/+/)e 0$e e) e&6e1%+)%&(+

en -e!%' !e) +n)%&%& 1'n&%!ere ne1e&+r%' +6'8+r&e n$e*+-en(e en )+

'/&er*+1%7n !e )+& '6er+1%'ne&5 E&(+ <+&e n' re0$%ere $n .r+n !'-%n%'

+r%(-(%1'# 6'r )' 0$e 1'n&%&(e en 1)1$)'& 1'-$ne& 8 1'rr%en(e& 0$e 6$e!e

e<e1($+r e) +n+)%&(+ en -$8 6'1' (%e-6'# $n +8$!+n(e ' $n+ 2'+ !e 1)1$)'5

Re0$%ere e&' &# !e $n+ .r+n 1+6+1%!+! !e +n)%&%& !e 1'n&%&(en1%+ !e )'&

!+('& '/(en%!'& en )+ <+&e !e '/&er*+1%7n# 8 $n e*%!en(e 1'n'1%-%en(' !e )+&

-e!%!+& + ('-+r !e6en!%en!' !e )+ &%($+1%7n 0$e &e 6re&en(e5

3+1+ Pro4ra#aci.n+

S%n !$!+ $n e)e-en(' 1r$1%+) !e 1$+)0$%er e&(r+(e.%+ !e 1'n<%+/%)%!+! e& )+

6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en('5

Gener+)-en(e 1$+n!' &e e-6)e+ $n+ 2err+-%en(+ !e 1'n<%+/%)%!+! &e 2+1e

1'n e) '/e(%*' !e .ener+r e&(r+(e.%+& 0$e 1'n(en.+n 6)+ne& !e '6(%-%"+1%7n

8 -e'r+& !e )+ 6r'!$1(%*%!+!# &%n e-/+r.'# en -$12+& 'r.+n%"+1%'ne& &$e)e

eJ%&(%r $n+ /re12+ -$8 .r+n!e en(re e&('& 6)+ne& 8 )+ '/(en1%7n !e



re&$)(+!'& e<e1(%*'&# %-6%!%en!' e) +*+n1e !e&!e $n +-/%en(e re+1(%*' + $n'

6r'+1(%*'5

L+ &%.$%en(e en(re.+ &e en<'1+ en !e&1r%/%r )+ +6)%1+1%7n 1'rre1(+ !e $n

M'!e)' !e P)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 Pr'.r+-+1%7n !e M+n(en%-%en(' 8 !e 17-' )+

/re12+ en(re )'& 6)+ne& .ener+!'& en )+ e&(r+(e.%+ 8 )'& re&$)(+!'& '<re1%!'&

6'r )+& 2err+-%en(+& !e 1'n<%+/%)%!+! &e e&(re12+n +6)%1+n!' 6r%n1%6%'&

&%-6)e !e .eren1%+ !e) (r+/+'5

E(+6+& !e $n -'!e)' !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('5

In%1%+1%7n 8 1re+1%7n !e $n re0$er%-%en(' !e (r+/+'5

E) 6r'1e&' !e %n%1%+1%7n &e 1en(r+ en )+ %!en(%<%1+1%7n +!e1$+!+ !e)

(r+/+'5 E&(+ e(+6+ !e) 6r'1e&' !e/e (ener )$.+r (+n 6r'n(' 1'-' e) (r+/+'

&e %!en(%<%1+ 8 e& !'n!e &e 1')'1+ ('!+ )+ %n<'r-+1%7n 0$e e) &')%1%(+n(e

1'n&%!er+ 6er(%nen(e 6+r+ )+ ee1$1%7n 1'rre1(+ !e) (r+/+'# 1'-' 6'r

ee-6)'5

NH-er' !e) e0$%6'# <e12+ !e) re0$er%-%en('# (eJ(' 1'r(' !e )+ !e&1r%61%7n

!e) 6r'/)e-+# n'-/re !e) &')%1%(+n(e 8 1$+)0$%er '(r+ %n<'r-+1%7n re)e*+n(e0$e 1'n(r%/$8+ + )+ %!en(%<%1+1%7n !e )'& e0$%6'& 8 !e) 1'n'1%-%en(' &'/re e)

6r'/)e-+5

Re*%&%7n 8 +6r'/+1%7n !e )'& re0$er%-%en('&5

Un+ *e" 0$e $n+ &')%1%($! !e (r+/+' &e 1re+# )+ %n<'r-+1%7n e&(

!%&6'n%/)e en e) &%&(e-+ 1'-6$(+r%"+!' !e Ge&(%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('CMMS 6'r &$& &%.)+& en %n.)e5 L'& 6)+n%<%1+!'re& 1'n&$)(+n e&(e &%&(e-+

&'/re $n+ /+&e !%+r%+ 6+r+ %!en(%<%1+r )+& n$e*+& &')%1%($!e& !e (r+/+'5 L+&

&')%1%($!e& !e (r+/+'# &ern 'r!en+!'& 6'r 6r%'r%!+! 8 (%6' !e (r+/+' 6+r+

!e(er-%n+r )+ !%&6'&%1%7n 1'rre1(+ 8 .ener+r $n+ 'r!en !e (r+/+' ODT5



An)%&%&# re1')e11%7n !e !+('&# +)1+n1e# 8 e&(%-+1%'ne&5

De&6$& !e re*%&+r )+& re0$%&%1%'ne& !e (r+/+'# e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r +n+)%"+ 8!%&1$(e )+& &')%1%($!e& 1'n )+& 6er&'n+& %n(ere&+!+& 8 !e/%!+-en(e

%n<'r-+!+&# 1'-' )'& &$6er*%&'re& !e '6er+1%'ne&# -+n(en%-%en('# (1n%1'&#

e&6e1%+)%&(+&# %n&6e1('re& ' %n.en%er'& !e 1'n<%+/%)%!+!5 Un+ re*%&%7n en e)

1+-6' !e) (r+/+' &e ))e*+r + 1+/'5

E) '/e(%*' e& +&e.$r+r&e !e 0$e e) +)1+n1e !e) (r+/+' 8 )+ r+"7n 6+r+

2+1er)' e&(n 1)+r'& 8 0$e e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r '/(en.+ %n<'r-+1%7n 0$e 6$e!+ +

+8$!+r + !e&+rr'))+r e) 6)+n !e (r+/+' 8 )+& e&(%-+1%'ne& !e !'(+1%7n !e

re1$r&'&5

I!en(%<%1+1%7n !e M+(er%+)e&# ne1e&%!+!e& !e 6r'1$r+ 8 e&(r+(e.%+ !e

ee1$1%7n5

Un <+1('r 1)+*e 6+r+ )+ ee1$1%7n e<%1%en(e !e )'& (r+/+'& !e

-+n(en%-%en(' e& 0$e ('!'& )'& re1$r&'& e&(n !%&6'n%/)e& +n(e& !e )+

6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )'& -%&-'&5 De/e +&e.$r+r&e 0$e ('!'& )'& -+(er%+)e&

e&(+rn en e) +)-+1n# )'& 6r'1e!%-%en('& !e&+rr'))+!'&# 8 )'& e0$%6'&#

-+0$%n+r%+& 8 2err+-%en(+& %!en(%<%1+!+&5

E&(' +&e.$r+ 0$e )'& (1n%1'& 6$e!en %r !%re1(+-en(e + ee1$(+r )+&

+1(%*%!+!e& $n+ *e" 0$e e) (r+/+' e&( 6r'.r+-+!' 8 n' 6er!ern e) (%e-6'

1+"+n!' )+& 6%e"+& ' 2err+-%en(+& 0$e ne1e&%(en5 I.$+)-en(e e) P)+n%<%1+!'r

6re6+r+ $n+ &')%1%($! !e 1'-6r+ 6+r+ ('!'& )'& -+(er%+)e& 0$e n' e&(n en

&('1 en e) +)-+1n5



E&(+ &')%1%($! e&(+r *%n1$)+!+ + $n+ 'r!en !e 1'-6r+ 8 e&(+ + &$ *e" +

)+ &')%1%($! !e (r+/+'# )+ 1$+)# &e 1')'1+r+ +$('-(%1+-en(e en $n e&(+($& !e

“+ )+ e&6er+ !e M+(er%+)e&” 1$+n!' )+ &')%1%($! !e 1'-6r+ &e e-%(e5

I!en(%<%1+1%7n !e )'& re1$r&'&# 2+/%)%!+!e& 8 1'-6e(en1%+& re0$er%!+&#

&er*%1%'& re0$er%!'&5

E&(e e& $n' !e )'& 6r%n1%6+)e& '/e(%*'& !e )'& -'!e)'& !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8

6r'.r+-+1%7n 1'-' 6r+1(%1+ re1'-en!+!+ 6+r+ -e'r+r )+ 6r'!$1(%*%!+! 8 &e

/+&+ en )+ e*+)$+1%7n !e )+ -+n' !e '/r+# +n(e& !e 6+&+r + )+ ee1$1%7n !e

)'& (r+/+'&5

P'r e&(+ r+"7n# ('!'& )'& (r+/+'& &e 6)+n%<%1+rn en /+&e +) 1'n'1%-%en('

8 + )+& 2+/%)%!+!e& e&6e1%+)e& 0$e &e re0$%er+n# e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r e&

re&6'n&+/)e !e !e(er-%n+r e&(+& ne1e&%!+!e&5 L+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e -+n' !e

'/r+ &er !e(er-%n+!+ !$r+n(e )+ e(+6+ !e 6r'.r+-+1%7n# 8 e) 6)+n !e +$&(+r

en e&e -'-en(' &')' &% e& e&(r%1(+-en(e ne1e&+r%'5

Cre+1%7n !e $n+ 'r!en !e (r+/+'5

S')' !e&6$& !e 2+/er 1'-6)e(+!'& ('!'& )'& 6+&'& +n(er%'re& &e 6r'1e!e +

)+ .ener+1%7n ' 1re+1%7n !e $n+ 'r!en !e (r+/+'# )+ 1$+) %n-e!%+(+-en(e

('-+ e) e&(+($& !e Q6)+n%<%1+!+Q5

L+& 7r!ene& !e (r+/+' e& e) !'1$-en(' -& %-6'r(+n(e en ('!' e&(e

6r'1e&'# !e/en 1'n(ener 1'-' -n%-' )+ &%.$%en(e %n<'r-+1%7n:

L'& !e(+))e& !e) (r+/+' 0$e &e 1$/r%r 6'r )+ 'r!en !e (r+/+' E) (%6' !e 'r!en !e (r+/+' M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'# 1'rre1('#

&er*%1%'# 6r'8e1('# e(15 E) nH-er' ' 17!%.' !e) e0$%6' + %n(er*en%r 8 &$ $/%1+1%7n L+& 2'r+& e&(%-+!+& + &er $(%)%"+!+& 6'r e) 6er&'n+) 0$e ee1$(+r+ e)

(r+/+'5



I.$+)-en(e !e/e 1'n(ener e&6+1%' 6+r+ )'& !+('& !e 1%erre !e )+ 'r!en

!e (r+/+': E) (%e-6' !e %n%1%' 8 (%e-6' !e 1$)-%n+1%7n !e) (r+/+'5 L'& 1'-en(+r%'& !e) 6er&'n+) !e -+n(en%-%en(' &'/re )'& (r+/+'&

re+)%"+!'&5 C$+)0$%er re1'-en!+1%7n !e 1+-/%'& en e) 6r'1e!%-%en(' ' en )+

e&(r+(e.%+ !e ee1$1%7n5 L'& -+(er%+)e& 8 re6$e&('& +!%1%'n+)-en(e $(%)%"+!'&# 8+ *en.+n !e)

+)-+1n ' n'5

Pr'.r+-+1%7n 8 er+r0$%"+1%7n !e )+& 7r!ene& !e (r+/+'5

E) 6r%-er 6+&' !e $n+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e/er &er 1'(e+r )+ -+n' !e '/r+ 8

)+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e )'& e0$%6'& 8 2err+-%en(+& !%&6'n%/)e&# 6+r+ 6'!er

!e(er-%n+r )+ *%+/%)%!+! !e )+ ee1$1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'&5 E) 6r'.r+-+!'r !e/e

&')%1%(+r +1($+)%"+1%'ne& &e-+n+)e& !e -+n' !e '/r+ 8 !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e )'&

e0$%6'& 8 2err+-%en(+& + )'& &$6er*%&'re& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6+r+ +&e.$r+r

0$e )+& 6re*%&%'ne& 2+n &%en!' 2e12+&5

Un+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n 6re)%-%n+r n' e& 6'&%/)e &% n' &e !e<%nen $n 'r!en en )+

ee1$1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'&# 6+r+ e&' &e $&+ )+ er+r0$%"+1%7n !e )+& ODT en

<$n1%7n +) (%6' !e (r+/+'# )+ 1r%(%1%!+! !e) e0$%6' + %n(er*en%r# /+1)'.

+1$-$)+!'# *en(+n+& !e '6'r($n%!+! 0$e &e 6$e!e 6er!er 6'r ee-6)'# $n+

6+r+!+ -+8'r !e $n e0$%6' ' &%&(e-+# en(re '(r'& <+1('re&5

Re$n%7n !e 1''r!%n+1%7n5

C'n $n+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n 6re)%-%n+r 1'n1)$%!+ e) 6r'.r+-+!'r !e/e1'n*'1+r + $n+ re$n%7n !e 1''r!%n+1%7n !'n!e e&(+rn 6re&en(e ('!'& )'&

%n*')$1r+!'& en )+ )'.&(%1+ 6+r+ )+ ee1$1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'&5 A& 6$e& !e/e

1'n*'1+r&e +: C'-6r+&# +)-+1ene&# '6er+1%'ne& !e 6r'!$11%7n# %n.en%er+



!e 1'n<%+/%)%!+!# &$6er*%&'re& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8 !e Se.$r%!+!# %.%ene 8

A-/%en(e SA# 1'-' -n%-'5

De&6$& !e )+& +6r'/+1%'ne& 6er(%nen(e& &'-e(%!+& en e&(+ re$n%7n# e)

6r'.r+-+!'r <%n+)%"+ e) 6r'1e&' !e 6r'.r+-+1%7n# re<)e+ )'& +$&(e&

re0$er%!'& 8 1'n.e)+ )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n5 En e&(e e&(+!' )+ 'r!en !e (r+/+'

1+-/%+ +) e&(+($& “Pr'.r+-+!'” 8 &e )e +&%.n+ $n+ <e12+ !e %n%1%'5

Ee1$1%7n !e )+ +1(%*%!+!5

Un+ *e" )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 2+ &%!' 6re6+r+!+ 8 )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n 2+8+<%n+)%"+!'# e) 6r'.r+-+!'r !e/e !%&(r%/$%r )'& 6)+ne& !e (r+/+' + )'&

&$6er*%&'re& !e -+n(en%-%en('# )'& 1$+)e& &e 1'n*er(%rn en e&e %n&(+n(e en

)'& re&6'n&+/)e& !e )+& (1(%1+& !e ee1$1%7n5

L'& 6)+ne& &e $(%)%"+rn 6+r+ %n<'r-+r + )'& (1n%1'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e

)+ !e&1r%61%7n !e) (r+/+'# 1'n e&(' &e +&e.$r+ 0$e e) 6er&'n+) en(%en!+ )'&

re0$er%-%en('& !e) (r+/+'# )'& +&6e1('& &e.$r%!+!# %.%ene 8 A-/%en(e

SA 0$e e&(n %n*')$1r+!'& 8 '(r+& 1'n&%!er+1%'ne& ne1e&+r%+& 6+r+1'-6)e(+r e) (r+/+'# $n+ *e" ee1$(+!' e&(e# e) (1n%1' !e/e &er /%en e&(r%1('

en 1$-6)%r 1'n )'& +&6e1(' !e %n(e.r%!+!# 'r!en 8 )%-6%e"+# 1%erre !e

6er-%&'& 8 re1'n!%1%'n+-%en(' !e )'& e0$%6'& +n(e& !e &er en(re.+!'& +

'6er+1%'ne&5

Re(r'+)%-en(+1%7n# &e.$%-%en('# re6'r(e (1n%1' 8 1%erre !e )+ 'r!en5

E) (r+/+' n' e&(+r 1'-6)e(+!' 2+&(+ 0$e n' &e %n%1%+ )+

re(r'+)%-en(+1%7n en(re e) (1n%1' 0$e ee1$(' e) (r+/+' 8 &$ &$6er*%&'r5 Un+

re(r'+)%-en(+1%7n /&%1+ !e/e 1'n(ener 1'-' -n%-': )+& 2'r+& !e -+n' !e

'/r+& $(%)%"+!+&# -+(er%+)e& 8 6+r(e& $(%)%"+!'&# re*%&%7n !e )'& 6r'1e!%-%en('&



8 6)+ne& !e (r+/+'& en <$n1%7n !e -e'r+r)'& ' 1'rre.%r)'&# '(r+&

2err+-%en(+& e&6e1%+)e& $(%)%"+!+& 8 )+& !%<%1$)(+!e& 0$e &e 6re&en(+r'n en )+

ee1$1%7n !e) (r+/+'5

E&(' !e/e 6)+&-+r&e en $n re6'r(e e&1r%(' 6'r e) (1n%1' 0$e ee1$(' e)

(r+/+' 8 1'-6)e-en(+!' 1'n )'& 1'-en(+r%'& 8 '/&er*+1%'ne& !e &$

&$6er*%&'r5 E&(+ <+&e !e) 6r'1e&' )e 6er-%(e +) 6)+n%<%1+!'r '/(ener

%n<'r-+1%7n !e 6r%-er+ -+n' 6+r+ -e'r+r &$ (r+/+'# '6(%-%"+r )'& 6r'1e&'&

8 2+1er &e.$%-%en('&5

In!%1+!'re& !e .e&(%7n5

L'& %n!%1+!'re& !e .e&(%7n &'n 1)+*e& 6+r+ -e!%r e) ren!%-%en(' !e)

6r'1e&' !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n 8 6+r+ '6(%-%"+r )+ $(%)%"+1%7n !e

re1$r&'&# 1'n(r')+r e) B+1)'.# 8 +$-en(+r )+ e<%1+1%+ !e )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n5

L'& %n!%1+!'re& !e .e&(%7n !e/en &er -e!%!'& 8 re6'r(+!'&# !en(r' !e )'&

(%e-6'& +!e1$+!'& 8 e) re&$)(+!' !e/e &er 1'-6+r+!' 1'n )'& '/e(%*'& !e

)+ e-6re&+# )+& -e're& 6r1(%1+& !e) &e1('r 8 1'n(r+ )+& 1+$&+& !e )+&

!e&*%+1%'ne& !e(e1(+!+&5

L+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en('

+$-en(+ )+ 1+6+1%!+! 6+r+ ee1$(+r eJ%('&+-en(e )+& &')%1%($!e& !e (r+/+'

re0$er%!+&5 L'& 6)+ne& !e (r+/+' 8 6r'1e!%-%en('& 6re*%+-en(e e)+/'r+!'&

e*%(+n !e-'r+& 8 6er-%(en )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )'& -%&-'&5 L+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n

!e -+n(en%-%en('# 6'r &$ 6+r(e# 6er-%(e + )'& &$6er*%&'re& +&%.n+r 8

1'n(r')+r )+ 1+n(%!+! +!e1$+!+ !e (r+/+'5

L+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n e&( )%.+!+ + $n+ 1''r!%n+1%7n !e(+))+!+#

1'n )'& .r$6'& !e +6'8' )'.&(%1'&# 1'n )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e 6r'!$11%7n 8 1'n

$n+ .e&(%7n !e -+(er%+)e& 8 re6$e&('& e<%1%en(e# e&(' 6er-%(e 0$e )'& e0$%6'&

!e (r+/+' e&(n )%&('& 6+r+ %r %n-e!%+(+-en(e + ee1$(+r )'& (r+/+'& !e



-+ner+ e<%1%en(e# +) re1%/%r $n+ +&%.n+1%7n 1'rre1(+-en(e 1''r!%n+!+# 1'n

%n&(r$11%'ne& 1)+r+& 8 1'n )'& -+(er%+)e&# re6$e&('&# 2err+-%en(+&# 6er-%&'&

8 '(r'& +&6e1('& )'.&(%1'& )%&('& 6+r+ &$ $&'5

Un 6r'1e&' !e 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n e<%1%en(e &e 1+r+1(er%"+r+ 6'r

&er ee1$(+!' 6'r 6er&'n+) 1+6+1%(+!'# 6'r $n+ +&%.n+1%7n !e (r+/+' r6%!'

8 6'r $n <$er(e +6'8' 'r.+n%"+1%'n+)# e&(' 6er-%(e )+ -e"1)+ 6er<e1(+ en(re

1+)%!+! 8 +)(+ 6r'!$1(%*%!+! en )+ ee1$1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'&5

L+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n e& 1'n&%!er+!' 1'-' e) -+re(%n. !e )+

.e&(%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('# 8+ 0$e# e) re&$)(+!' 1'rre1(' !e e&(e 6r'1e&' &e

(r+!$1e en )+ &+(%&<+11%7n !e )'& &')%1%(+n(e& !e )'& (r+/+'& 1)%en(e& 8 en e)

1$-6)%-%en(' !e )+& -e(+& 8 '/e(%*'& re)+1%'n+!'& 1'n )+ 1'n<%+/%)%!+!

'6er+1%'n+)# )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e 6r'!$11%7n 8 )'& re&$)(+!'& <%n+n1%er'& !e

)+& e-6re&+&5

3+3+ Con0rol

C'n&%&(e en -e!%r re&$)(+!'& 8 *er%<%1+r 1'n re&6e1(' + )+&

e&6e1%<%1+1%'ne&5 Se.Hn )+ &%($+1%7n# 6$e!e re+)%"+r&e 1'n ('!' e) re&$)(+!' '

&')' &'/re -$e&(r+& ('-+!+& <re1$en(e-en(e5 E&(e &e.$n!' 1+&' &e

!en'-%n+ e) 1'n(r') e&(+!&(%1' !e 6r'1e&'&5

L+& 6re-%&+& !e +n)%&%& en e) 1'n(r') !e 6r'1e&'&# &'n:

L+ 1+)%!+! -e!%!+ !e $n re&$)(+!' !e $n 6r'1e&' &%e-6re e&( &$e('

+ $n+ 1%er(+ 1+n(%!+! !e *er%<%1+1%7n !e/%!' +) +"+r5 Un &%&(e-+ e&(+/)e !e 1+$&+& +)e+('r%+& &%e-6re &e 6re&en(+ en

1$+)0$%er -('!' !e 6r'!$11%7n 8 en )+ re+)%"+1%7n !e 6r$e/+& !e

1+)%!+!5 L+ *+r%+1%7n !en(r' !e) &%&(e-+ 6r'!$1(%*' e& %ne*%(+/)e# 6'r e))'& )+

*+r%+1%7n +&%.n+/)e &e !e/e + !e(e1(+r 8 e)%-%n+r5



3+(+ Pr%'r%!+!5

En )+ 6r'6$e&(+ !e &$/!%*%&%7n (er-%n')7.%1+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e )+

ONU4 (+-/%n &e 6re&en(+ )+ %!en(%<%1+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e

e-er.en1%+# $&+!+ 6'r +).$n'& 1'-' &%n7n%-' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*'#

)+ 1$+) -e"1)+ e) 1'n1e6(' !e (%e-6' !e +(en1%7n !e) e0$%6' !e

-+n(en%-%en(' 6r%'r%!+! 1'n )+ 1'n!%1%7n '6er+(%*+ !e) e0$%6'5

L+ 6r%'r%!+! + &er !+!+ en )+ ee1$1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 6+r+ $n e0$%6'#

(+-/%n e& +&$n(' 6')-%1' en &$ &$/!%*%&%7n5 S%en!' &$ 1'n1e6(' .enr%1'

“1+)%!+! !e )' 0$e e&( en 6r%-er )$.+r ' !e )' 0$e +6+re1e 6r%-er'”

+1e6(+!' 6'r )+ -+8'r+ !e )+& 6er&'n+& 0$e (r+/++n en e) &e1('r

6r'!$1(%*'5

En e) +&6e1(' (1n%1'# )+ 6r%'r%!+! e& 1+r+1(er%"+!+ 1'-' “e) %n(er*+)' !e

(%e-6' 0$e !e/e (r+n&1$rr%r en(re )+ 1'n&(+(+1%7n !e )+ ne1e&%!+! !e

-+n(en%-%en(' 8 e) %n%1%' !e e&(+ +1(%*%!+!” 8 en(re )+& !%&(%n(+& 6r'6$e&(+&

!e &$/!%*%&%7n $(%)%"+!+& 6'r )'& 7r.+n'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' &e 2+n

&e)e11%'n+!' +0$e))+& 6re&en(+!+& 6'r +).$n+& e-6re&+& +-er%1+n+& 0$ee&(+/)e1en 1$+(r' n%*e)e& &$/&e1$en(e& 6+r+ e&(+ %n(er*+)' !e (%e-6':

Pr%'r%!+! 45 E-er.en1%+5 M+n(en%-%en(' 0$e !e/e &er re+)%"+!'

%n-e!%+(+-en(e !e&6$& !e !e(e1(+!+ &$ ne1e&%!+!5 F+))+ en $n

e0$%6' 6r%'r%(+r%' 1)+&e A5 Pr%'r%!+! 95 Ur.en1%+5 M+n(en%-%en(' 0$e !e/e &er re+)%"+!' )' -&

r6%!' 6'&%/)e# 6re<er%/)e-en(e &%n &$6er+r )+& 9; 2'r+& (r+& 2+/er

!e(e1(+!' &$ ne1e&%!+!5 F+))+ en $n e0$%6' &e1$n!+r%' 1)+&e B5 Pr%'r%!+! 5 Ne1e&+r%+5 M+n(en%-%en(' 0$e 6$e!e &er 6'&(er.+!' 6'r

+).$n'& !+& 6er' 0$e &$ ee1$1%7n n' !e/e &$6er+r $n+ &e-+n+5

M+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*' en e0$%6' &e1$n!+r%' ' re6+r+1%7n !e

!e<e1('& en e0$%6'& &e1$n!+r%'&5



Pr%'r%!+! ;5 De&e+/)e5 M+n(en%-%en(' 0$e 6$e!e &er 6'&(er.+!' 6'r

+).$n+& &e-+n+& re1'-en!+/)e ; = 6er' n' !e/e &er '-%(%!'5

M+n(en%-%en(' en e0$%6' &e1$n!+r%'# ' <+))+& en e0$%6' 0$e n'

%n(er<%ere en )+ 6r'!$11%7n 1)+&e C5 Pr%'r%!+! =5 Pr'rr'.+/)e5 M+n(en%-%en(' 0$e 6$e!e !e+r !e &er

ee1$(+!'5 Me'r+ e&((%1+ !e )+ %n&(+)+1%7n# !e<e1(' en e0$%6' 0$e n'

%n(er<%ere en e) 6r'1e&' 6r'!$1(%*'5

P+r+ e) 7r.+n' !e '6er+1%7n &e 6'!r+n !+r '(r'& n%*e)e& !e 6r%'r%!+! 0$e

e&(n re)+1%'n+!'& +&:

Pr%'r%!+! 45 E0$%6' 6r%'r%(+r%' <$er+ !e &er*%1%' 1'n 6r!%!+ !e

6r'!$11%7n5 Pr%'r%!+! 95 E0$%6' 6r%'r%(+r%' en 1'n!%1%'ne& !e<%1%en(e& !e '6er+1%7n5 Pr%'r%!+! 5 E0$%6' 6r%'r%(+r%' <$er+ !e &er*%1%'# &%n 6r!%!+ !e

6r'!$11%7n 6'r 6er%'!' )%-%(+!'5 Pr%'r%!+! ; E0$%6' n' 6r%'r%(+r%'5

P+r+ e) 7r.+n' !e &e.$r%!+! %n!$&(r%+) &e 6'!r+n !+r '(r'& n%*e)e& !e

6r%'r%!+! 1'n (er-%n')'.+& +6r'6%+!+& + &$ re+ !e +1($+1%7n 1'-':

Pr%'r%!+! 45 R%e&.' !e *%!+ 1'-Hn5 Pr%'r%!+! 9 R%e&.' !e *%!+ )%-%(+!+5 Pr%'r%!+! R%e&.' !e +11%!en(e n' <+(+)5 Pr%'r%!+! ; S%n r%e&.' !e +11%!en(e5

P+r+ )+ !e<%n%1%7n !e $n+ (+/)+ 1'-Hn !e 6r%'r%!+!e&# &e 6$e!e 2+1er $n+

1'-/%n+1%7n 6+r+ e&(+/)e1er $n+ (+/)+ !e 6r%'r%!+!e& <%n+)e&# en <$n1%7n !e)

re&$)(+!' !e )+ 1'-/%n+1%7n5

En e) &%&(e-+# e&(+ (+/)+ 8+ <'r-+ 6+r(e !e )+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n 8 en

1'n&e1$en1%+# )+ &')%1%($! !e (r+/+' 6$e!e &er e-%(%!+ 1'n e) n%*e) !e

6r%'r%!+!5

T+-/%n 6$e!e &er $(%)%"+!' e) “-('!' GUT”5



G5 Gr+*e!+! !e) 6r'/)e-+5 O &e+ e) 6r'/)e-+ 6$e!e 6er$!%1+r e) e0$%6' '

%n&(+)+1%7n ' 1')'1+r en r%e&.' )+& *%!+& 2$-+n+& ' +) -e!%' +-/%en(e5

U5 Re6re&en(+ )+ $r.en1%+# ' &e+ 0$e )+ <+))+ 6$e!e .ener+r 6er$%1%'& +)

6r'1e&' ' +) &er*%1%'# 1'-6r'-e(%en!' )+& '/)%.+1%'ne& !e )+ e-6re&+ !e

6)+"'# 1'&('& ' 1+)%!+!5

T5 Re6re&en(+ )+ “Ten!en1%+” ' &e+ 1'-' e) 6r'/)e-+ 6$e!e !e&+rr'))+r&e '

!e.ener+r 1'n e) (%e-6'

L+ 6r%'r%!+! )+ e&(+/)e1e e) 6r'!$1(' !e GJUJT !n!')e *+)'re& !e 4 + =

&e.Hn 1r%(er%' !e )'& e*+)$+!'re&5 E) 0$e (en.+ -& +)(' *+)'r e& )+ 0$e &e )e

!+ )+ 6r%'r%!+! 4 + +& en 'r!en !e&1en!%en(e + *+r%+& 7r!ene& !e &er*%1%'

0$e &e 6re&en(en5

3++ Tie#-o 2e en0re4a

E) (%e-6' !e en(re.+ e& e) re(r+&' +6)%1+/)e 6+r+ e) 1'n(r') !e %n*en(+r%'5

E&(e re(r+&' e& .ener+)-en(e )+ &$-+ !e) re(r+&' !e) &$-%n%&(r'# e& !e1%r# e)(%e-6' 0$e )e ))e*+ + $n 6r'*ee!'r en(re.+r )+& -er1+n1+& $n+ *e" 0$e &e

re+)%"+ $n+ 'r!en# 8 e) re(r+&' !e )+ re'r!en+1%7n# 0$e e& e) (%e-6' 0$e 6+&+

2+&(+ 0$e &e *$e)*e + 6re&en(+r $n+ '6'r($n%!+! !e re+)%"+r $n+ 'r!en5 E&(e

(%e-6' !e en(re.+ .ener+)-en(e &e 1+)1$)+ en !+&5

E) (%e-6' !e en(re.+ (%ene &%.n%<%1+!'& -$8 !%&(%n('& &e.Hn )+ %n!$&(r%+

0$e &e 1'n&%!ere5 En e&(+ 6.%n+# '/&er*+re-'& e) (%e-6' !e en(re.+ !e&!e

e) 6$n(' !e *%&(+ !e) 1'n(r') !e %n*en(+r%'# e& !e1%r# 1'-' $n' !e )'& <+1('re&1)+*e& + (ener en 1$en(+ 6+r+ )'.r+r '6(%-%"+r e) %n*en(+r%'5 E&(+ 6er&6e1(%*+

.ener+)-en(e re&$)(+ &er -$8 H(%) 6+r+ -%n'r%&(+& 8 -+8'r%&(+&5



Re(r+&' en e) &$-%n%&(r'5

En )+ -+8'r+ !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& 1'-er1%+)e&# e) %n*en(+r%' n' 6$e!e &er

re+/+&(e1%!' %n&(+n(ne+-en(e 6'r $n 6r'*ee!'r5 P'r e&(+ r+"7n# 6+r+

.+r+n(%"+r 0$e )+ <re1$en1%+ !e <+)(+& !e eJ%&(en1%+& &e -+n(en.+ )'

&$<%1%en(e-en(e /++# e& ne1e&+r%' 0$e e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r !e !e-+n!+ +n(%1%6e )+

1+n(%!+! !e %n*en(+r%' 0$e &e 1'n&$-%r en(re e) -'-en(' +1($+) 8 e)

6r7J%-' re+/+&(e1%-%en('# &$6'n%en!' 0$e $n+ 'r!en &e re+)%1e en -'!'

%n-e!%+('5 De 2e12'# -%en(r+& )'& +r(1$)'& &e en1$en(r+n en (rn&%('# e)

%n*en(+r%' %r !%&-%n$8en!' .r+!$+)-en(e5

Re*%&e-'& +).$n'& ee-6)'& 0$e &'n (6%1'& !e )+ .e&(%7n !e )+ 1+!en+ !e

&$-%n%&(r':

D+ !e re(r+&' !e &$-%n%&(r' 6+r+ en(re.+& +) !+ &%.$%en(e en e) 1+&'

!e (%en!+& re+/+&(e1%!+& 6'r $n !e67&%(' re.%'n+)5 Se-+n+ !e re(r+&' !e &$-%n%&(r' 6+r+ -+8'r%&(+& 0$e 'r!en+n + $n

6r'!$1('r )'1+)5

Me&e& !e re(r+&' !e &$-%n%&(r' 6+r+ $n <+/r%1+n(e 0$e 6r'!$1e en A&%+ 8 (%ene $n !e67&%(' en E$r'6+ ' en A-r%1+ !e) N'r(e5

(+ Sis0e#a 2e .r2enes -ara re-araciones+

E) S%&(e-+ !e .e&(%7n !e (+))ere& S+( Ne('r# 2+ &%!' 1re+!' (en%en!' en

1$en(+ 1+!+ $n+ !e )+& ne1e&%!+!e& 0$e &e 6re&en(+n !%+r%+-en(e en $n

(+))er !e re6+r+1%'ne&5 C'n n$e&(r' &%&(e-+ !e .e&(%7n 6+r+ (+))ere&# $&(e!

+11e!er + $n 1'n(r') ('(+) !e &$ (+))er# )'.r+n!' +& '<re1er e) -e'r &er*%1%'

+ &$& 1)%en(e&5



E) &'<(+re SAT 1$-6)e 6er<e1(+-en(e 1'n )+& +1($+)e& eJ%.en1%+& !e $n

+.en(e !e &er*%1%'& +$('r%"+!'&# &%n !e+r !e )+!' + )+& 6e0$e+& 8 -e!%+n+&

e-6re&+& 0$e 6re&(+n &er*%1%'& (1n%1'& en <'r-+ 6+r(%1$)+r 8 !%re1(+5

L+& 1'n&(+n(e& -e'r+& 0$e 2e-'& %n1'r6'r+!'# 2+n 6'&%1%'n+!' +)

&%&(e-+ SAT en(re )'& 6r'.r+-+& !e .e&(%7n 6+r+ e) (+))er -& &')%1%(+!'& 6'r

)'& 6r'<e&%'n+)e&5 S+( Ne('r )' %n*%(+ + 6r'/+r e) &%&(e-+ &%n 1'-6r'-%&'&#

!e&1+r.+n!' en <'r-+ ('(+)-en(e .r+($%(+ $n+ 1'6%+ !e e*+)$+1%7n5

C'n n$e&(r' &%&(e-+ !e .e&(%7n SAT $&(e! 6'!r: -e'r+r )'& (%e-6'& en

)+ '/(en1%7n !e -+(er%+)e& 6+r+ )+& re6+r+1%'ne&# +6r'*e12+r +) -J%-' )'&

re1$r&'& (1n%1'& !e &$ (+))er# +1e)er+r )'& (%e-6'& !e re6+r+1%7n# -e'r+r )+

1'-$n%1+1%7n en(re e) (+))er 8 )'& 1)%en(e&# '/(ener -H)(%6)e& %n<'r-e&#

-+n(ener $n 1'-6)e(&%-' 2%&('r%+) !e )+& re6+r+1%'ne& re+)%"+!+&# ))e*+r $n

+*+n"+!' 1'n(r') !e &$ %n*en(+r%' !e re6$e&('& 8 *en!er 6r'!$1('& '

+11e&'r%'&5

A !%<eren1%+ !e '(r'& 6r'.r+-+& !e &$ (%6'# e) &%&(e-+ SAT e&( !%&e+!'

e&(r$1($r+)-en(e 6+r+ &er <1%)-en(e +!+6(+/)e + ('!' (%6' !e (+))ere&# en )+

1'6%+ !e e*+)$+1%7n !e) 6r'!$1(' (en!r )+ 6'&%/%)%!+! !e &e)e11%'n+r en(re:(+))er !e +r(1$)'& e)e1(r7n%1'&# (+))er !e e)e1(r'!'-&(%1'&# (+))er !e

1'-6$(+1%7n# (+))er !e -'('&# (+))er !e +$('&# (+))er !e <'('.r+<+# (+))er !e

(e)e<'n+# (+))er !e re)'er+# (+))er !e -0$%n+& 2err+-%en(+&# (+))er !e

+er'n$(%1+# (+))er n+*+)# (+))er !e <'('1'6%+!'r+& 8 (+))er !e e)e1(r' -e!%1%n+5

A!e-&# .r+1%+& + )+& 1+6+1%!+!e& !e 1'n<%.$r+1%7n 8 +!+6(+/%)%!+! !e)

&%&(e-+# $&(e! 6'!r <1%)-en(e +6)%1+r)' + 1$+)0$%er '(r' r$/r' !e

re6+r+1%'ne& 8 *en(+&5

En S+(Ne('r &'-'& 1'n&1%en(e& !e) 1'n&(+n(e +*+n1e (e1n')7.%1' 8 )'&

1+-/%'& en )+ %n(er+11%7n 1'n )'& 1)%en(e&# 6'r (+) -'(%*' n$e&(r' &%&(e-+

1$en(+

1'n )+& -& +*+n"+!+& 2err+-%en(+& !e 1'-$n%1+1%7n# 1'n )+&



-%&-+& 6'!re-'& /r%n!+r %n<'r-+1%7n !e )'& e&(+!'& !e )'& e0$%6'& + )'&

1)%en(e& !%re1(+-en(e en n$e&(r' &%(%' e/# $(%)%"+r -en&+er+ SMS# ' en*%+r

e-+%)& +$('-+(%"+!'&5 A!e-& e) &%&(e-+ SAT e& 1'-6+(%/)e 1'n W%n!'&

L%*e Me&&en.er 8 1'n e) -+r1+!'r (e)e<7n%1' !e W%n!'&5

;+ Sis0e#a 2e or2en -ara el #an0eni#ien0o -re"en0i"o+

S'n )'& 0$e &e 'r%.%n+n !e 6r'.r+-+& e&(+/)e1%!'&# e& !e1%r !e/en &er

ee1$(+!+& + $n+ <re1$en1%+ 6ree&(+/)e1%!+5 S$ '/e(%*' e& 6)+n%<%1+r 8



1'n(r')+r )'& 6er%'!'& !e 1+!+ $n+ !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en(' +

re+)%"+r en 1+!+ e0$%6'5

L+ -+8'r+ !e )+& 'r.+n%"+1%'ne& 1'n(r')+n 1'n -+8'r n<+&%& )+&

7r!ene& !e (r+/+' !e (%6' 1'rre1(%*'# 6er' +) +6)%1+r)e )+ -e('!')'.+ !e)

-+n(en%-%en(' 76(%-'# &e 2+1e ne1e&+r%' !%&e+r $n &%&(e-+ !e 1'n(r') !e

)'& (r+/+'& !e) (%6' 6re*en(%*'5

En )+ 'r!en !e (r+/+'# +!e-& !e %n!%1+r&e e) )$.+r .e'.r<%1' 6re1%&' 8

+).$n'& !+('& 6er&'n+)e& !e 0$%en &')%1%(7 )+ re+)%"+1%7n !e) (r+/+'# en e)

1+&' 0$e &e (r+(e !e $n+ e-6re&+ !e %n&(+)+1%'ne&# &e 6'!r %n!%1+r e)

(%e-6' 0$e &e e&(%-+ !e/e !$r+r e) (r+/+' + re+)%"+r en e) )$.+r# )'&

-+(er%+)e& 0$e &e ne1e&%(+rn 6+r+ ))e*+r)' + 1+/'# )'& 1'&('& +6r'J%-+!'& 8

1$+)0$%er '(r' (%6' !e 1'n(%n.en1%+ 0$e &e+ re)e*+n(e !e &er -en1%'n+!+

6'r0$e +1(H+ !%re1(+-en(e en )+ 1'n1re1%7n !e) (r+/+' en 1$e&(%7n5

E& 6'&%/)e en1'n(r+r&e 1'n !'& (%6'& !e 7r!ene& !e (r+/+'# )+ 1'rre1(%*+#

0$e n'& %n<'r-+ e&6e1%+)-en(e &'/re e) 6r'/)e-+ + &')$1%'n+r 0$e <$e

'6'r($n+-en(e re6'r(+!'5 En (+n('# )+ 'r!en !e (r+/+' 6re*en(%*+ e& +0$e))+

0$e &e e-%(e !e -'!' +$('-(%1' 8 0$e e&( *%n1$)+!+ 1'n e) -+n(en%-%en('6re*en(%*' 0$e !e-+n!+n +).$n+& -0$%n+&# 6'r ee-6)'5 En e&(+&#

n'r-+)-en(e# &e e&6e1%<%1+ 1+!+ 6+&' + 1'n&%!er+r en )+ re6+r+1%7n en

1$e&(%7n

>+ Sis0e#a 2e or2en 2e 0ra$a@o -ara el #an0eni#ien0o 4eneral

Un &%&(e-+ !e 'r!en !e (r+/+' !e1%!e )+ 1)+&e !e (r+/+' 0$e !e/e

2+1er&e 8 1'-' !e/e 2+1er&e# &$ '/e(%*' e& e) !e &er $n -e!%' !e 1'n(r')#

6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en('# 2+1%en!'

n<+&%& en )'& (r+/+'& !e (%6' 1'rre1(%*'5



E) 6r'67&%(' !e) &%&(e-+ !e 7r!ene& !e (r+/+' e& 6r'6'r1%'n+r -e!%'&

6+r+ &')%1%(+r 6'r e&1r%(' e) (r+/+' 0$e *+ + re+)%"+r e) !e6+r(+-en(' !e

-+n(en%-%en('# &e)e11%'n+r 6'r '6er+1%7n e) (r+/+' &')%1%(+!'# +&%.n+r e)

-e'r -('!' 8 )'& (r+/++!'re& -& 1+)%<%1+!'& 6+r+ e) (r+/+'# re!$1%r e)1'&(' -e!%+n(e $n+ $(%)%"+1%7n e<%1+" !e )'& re1$r&'&# -e'r+r )+ 6)+ne+1%7n 8

)+ 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e) (r+/+' !e -+n(en%-%en('# 8 -e'r+r e) -+n(en%-%en(' en

.ener+)5

De6en!%en!' !e) !%&e' !e) <'r-+(' !e )+ ODT# &(+ 6$e!e &er $(%)%"+!+

1'-' $n+ &')%1%($! !e (r+/+'# $n !'1$-en(' !e 6)+ne+1%7n# $n re.%&(r'

2%&(7r%1'# $n+ 2err+-%en(+ 6+r+ e) -'n%('re' 8 1'n(r')# 8 $n+ n'(%<%1+1%7n !e

(r+/+' 1'-6)e(+!'5

En 1$+n(' + )+ eJ%&(en1%+ !e )+& ODT&# &e 2+1e $n $&' &%.n%<%1+(%*' !e

e&(e -e1+n%&-' !e 6)+ne+1%7n 8 !e 1'n(r') 6+r+ )'& (r+/+'& !e

-+n(en%-%en('K &%n e-/+r.'# +Hn 6er&%&(en %n!$&(r%+& 0$e n' )' $(%)%"+n#

e-6)e+n!' '(r'& 6r'1e!%-%en('& 6'1' <'r-+)e&5

L'& /ene<%1%'& 0$e 6$e!en )'.r+r&e !e )+& /'n!+!e& !e e&(e &%&(e-+ &'n )'&

&%.$%en(e&:

C'n'1er )'& (%e-6'& 8 e) 1'&(' !e )'& (r+/+'& 0$e &e ee1$(+n5 Pr'8e1(+r ' !%-en&%'n+r )'& re0$er%-%en('& <$($r'&5 O/(ener $n+ -+8'r e<e1(%*%!+! !e) &%&(e-+ ('(+)5 De(er-%n+r e) ren!%-%en(' 6er&'n+)5

C'-6'nen(e&5

C'-' 1'-6'nen(e& !e) &%&(e-+ !e 'r!en !e (r+/+' &e 1'n&%!er+ 1+!+

&')%1%($! !e &er*%1%' !e -+n(en%-%en('5 En e))+& &e !e/e 6r'1e&+r )+& 1+r.+&!e (%e-6' 2'r+& '-/re& 8 )'& -+(er%+)e& $(%)%"+!'&5



T'!' e&(' 6er-%(e !%&(r%/$%r )'& 1'&('& ('(+)e& %n*')$1r+!'& en )+ +1(%*%!+!

!e -+n(en%-%en(' en(re ('!+& )+& 7r!ene& 6r'1e&+!+& 8 +) <%n+) 1'n'1er

1$)e& &'n )'& 1'&('& 6'r 6+r(e !e (r+/+'5

F$n1%'ne&5

L+& <$n1%'ne& 6r%n1%6+)e& 0$e &e (%enen 0$e ))e*+r + 1+/' !en(r' !e $n

&%&(e-+ !e 'r!en !e (r+/+'# 6+r+ 1$-6)%r 1'n 4 e&(+/)e1%!' en e)

-+n(en%-%en(' '6(%-'# &'n )'& &%.$%en(e&: &')%1%($!# 6)+n%<%1+1%7n# e&(%-+1%7n#

+$('r%"+1%7n# 6r'.r+-+1%7n# ee1$1%7n 8 re*%&%7n

S')%1%(+n(e5

S$ re&6'n&+/%)%!+! !en(r' !e) &%&(e-+ 6+re1e &en1%))+# 8+ 0$e -$12'&

ee1$('re& 1'n&%!er+n +) ee1$(+n(e $n en('r6e1e!'r !e )+& )+/'re& !e

-+n(en%-%en('# 6er' n' 2+8 0$e ')*%!+r 0$e ) e& e) !$e' !e) /%en -$e/)e

' %n-$e/)e# ' )+ 6er&'n+ re&6'n&+/)e !e )+ 6r'!$11%7n !en(r' !e 1$+)0$%er

'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 &$ <$n1%7n 6r%n1%6+) e& )+ !e *e)+r 6'r )+ ren(+/%)%!+! 8 )+6r'!$1(%*%!+! !e )+ -%&-+5

P'r (+) -'(%*' !e/e eJ%&(%r !e/e !e eJ%&(%r $n+ re)+1%7n e&(re12+ en(re e)

&')%1%(+n(e '6er+!'r !e )+ <+1%)%!+! &e.Hn +).$n'& +$('re&# e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r 8

e) ee1$(+n(e !e) &er*%1%' !e -+n(en%-%en('# 2+8 0$e (ener en -en(e 0$e e)

6r%-er' (%ene 1'-' (+re+ %-6'r(+n(e )+ !e +6r'/+r ' !e&+6r'/+r )+& 'r!ene&

!e (r+/+'5

Re)+1%'ne&5

EI &%&(e-+ !e 'r!en !e (r+/+' !en(r' !e 1$+)0$%er 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e

-+n(en%-%en(' (%ene )+ re&6'n&+/%)%!+! !e -+ne+r e( 0$e 1'-' &e e&(n



re+)%"+n!' )+& +1(%*%!+!e&5 T+) 1'-' &e 2+ '/&er*+!' en e) 6$n(' +n(er%'r

e&(e &%&(e-+ (%ene *+r%+& <$n1%'ne&5

P+r+ 1$-6)%r 1'n (+n %-6'r(+n(e& (+re+& &e !e/en ))e*+r re)+1%'ne&

e&(re12+& 1'n e) &')%1%(+n(e ' 6er&'n+ re&6'n&+/)e !e )+ +1(%*%!+! 6r'6%+ !e

)+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n# 1'n )+ 6r'!$11%7n !e /%ene& 8 &er*%1%'&# &%n ')*%!+r 0$e e(

&')%1%(+n(e )+ -+8'r+ !e )+& *e1e& e& e) 0$e 1$en(+ 1'n e) re1$r&'

e1'n7-%1' ' -+ne' 6re&$6$e&(+r%'# +.re.n!'&e en +).$n'& 1+&'& 1%er('

6'!er 6')(%1' 6+r+ -+n%6$)+r )'& '/e(%*'& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n + &$

1'n*en%en1%+5

In(ern+-en(e en )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e/en eJ%&(%r

re)+1%'ne& e&(re12+& en(re e) 6)+n%<%1+!'r 8 e) ee1$('r !e )'& (r+/+'&# &%n

')*%!+r )+& re)+1%'ne& 1'n )'& !e6+r(+-en('& &$-%n%&(r+!'re& !e )'& re1$r&'&

2$-+n'& 8 -+(er%+)e&5

EI +-/%en(e 0$e en*$e)*e e&(e &%&(e-+ e& /+&(+n(e +-6)%'# 8+ 0$e ('!+&

)+& 6er&'n+& %n*')$1r+!+& 1'n )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e/en

&$-%n%&(r+r %n<'r-+1%7n# +) -%&-' ' 6'r &$ -e!%' (r+n&<%eren /%ene& '

&er*%1%'&# $(%)%"+n!' )'& 6r'1e!%-%en('& /%en !e<%n%!'& 6+r+ )e*+r + 1+/' )+&<$n1%'ne& 6r'6%+& !e) -+n(en%-%en(' en <'r-+ ren(+/)e 8 1'n -%r+& + '/(ener

$n +$-en(' en &$ 6r'!$1(%*%!+!5



Ór2enes 2e 0ra$a@o

Carac0ers0ica Porcen0a@e

EJ%&(en1%+ !e <'r-+('& !e ODT #>

In<'r-+1%7n 1'n(en%!+ en )+ ODT:

T%e-6' 1'n&$-%!' en e) (r+/+'

T%e-6' -$er('

Fe12+ 8 2'r+ !e 1$)-%n+1%7n !e )'&

(r+/+'&

C+$&+ !e )+& <+))+&

C'n&e1$en1%+ !e )+& <+))+&

M+(er%+)e& $(%)%"+!'&

err+-%en(+& $(%)%"+!+&

4

4

4

#

4#

>#>

;=#=



C)+&%<%1+1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'&5

P+r+ +&%.n+r (%e-6'& + )'& (r+/+'& 6$e!e &er $n+ *+)%'&+ +8$!+ 6r'1e!er

6re*%+-en(e + )+ 1)+&%<%1+1%7n !e )'& -%&-'&5 Un+ 6'&%/)e 1)+&%<%1+1%7n# en

e&(e &en(%!'# &er+ )+ &%.$%en(e:

+5 Pe0$e'& (r+/+'& n' r$(%n+r%'&: De -en'& !e ; 2'r+& !e !$r+1%7n5 N' e&

ren(+/)e )+ '/(en1%7n !e (%e-6'&5

/5 Tr+/+'& r$(%n+r%'&: Re6e(%(%*'& 8 6re*%&%/)e&# ee1$(+!'& 6'r $n e0$%6' <%'

+&%.n+!' + 1+!+ %n&(+)+1%7n5 E& H(%) !%&6'ner !e (%e-6'& +&%.n+!'& 86r'1e!%-%en('& !e (r+/+'5

15 Tr+/+'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' !%*er&'&: S'n )+ -+8'r 6+r(e !e )'& (r+/+'&

!e -+n(en%-%en('# +6+re1en 1'n 1%er(+ re6e(%(%*%!+! 8 n' 1'n $n+ .r+n

*+r%+/%)%!+!5 E& ne1e&+r%' (ener (%e-6'& 1'n )+ 6re1%&%7n %n!%1+!+ 8

6r'1e!%-%en('& !e (r+/+' e&1r%('&5

!5 Tr+/+'& !e +8$!+ + 6r'!$11%7n: A$&(e&# 1+-/%'& !e <'r-+('# e(15 Se

!e/en (ener 6r'1e!%-%en('& 8 (%e-6'& 6+r+ )'& re6e(%(%*'&5 P+r+ )'& n'

re6e(%(%*'& /+&(+ 1'n )'& (%e-6'&5

e5 Tr+/+'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' eJ(r+'r!%n+r%': Gr+n!e& re*%&%'ne& '

re6+r+1%'ne&5 In(ere&+ !%&6'ner !e 6r'1e!%-%en('& e&1r%('& 8 (%e-6'& !e

%n(er*en1%7n5

En !e<%n%(%*+ n' &e 6re1%&+ !%&6'ner n% !e (%e-6'& n% !e 6r'1e!%-%en('&

e&1r%('& 6+r+ e) 4 !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e&# +$n0$e &% e& %-6'r(+n(e !%&6'ner !e e))+& en )'& 1+&'& %n!%1+!'&5



3+?+ Doc9#en0aci.n 0cnica+

L+ !'1$-en(+1%7n (1n%1+ 1'n&%&(e en ('!+ )+ %n<'r-+1%7n 0$e n'& eJ6)%1+

17-' <$n1%'n+ $n &%&(e-+ 1'-' e&( !%&e+!' 8 1'n 0$ <%n5 Un !'1$-en('

!e e&(e (%6' &$e)e 1'n(ener )+& 1+r+1(er&(%1+& (1n%1+& 8 )+ <'r-+ !e '6er+r

!e) &%&(e-+# e&(+ %n<'r-+1%7n &%r*e 6+r+ !+r)e + en(en!er + )+& 6er&'n+& 0$e

*+))+n + (r+/++r 1'n ) 8 !e e&(+ <'r-+ &e )e 6$e!+ !+r -+n(en%-%en('5

L+ !'1$-en(+1%7n +!e1$+!+ 8 1'-6)e(+# !e $n+ +6)%1+1%7n 0$e &e !e&e+

%-6)+n(+r# -+n(ener 8 +1($+)%"+r en <'r-+ &+(%&<+1('r%+# e& e&en1%+) en

1$+)0$%er &%&(e-+ !e %n<'r-+1%7n# &%n e-/+r.'# <re1$en(e-en(e e& )+ 6+r(e +

)+ 1$+) &e !e!%1+ e) -en'r (%e-6' 8 &e )e 6re&(+ -en'& +(en1%7n5

S%e-6re &e !e/e !'1$-en(+r $n &%&(e-+ 6en&+n!' en 0$e n' )'

$&+re-'& en -$12' (%e-6' 8+ 0$e &% )+ !'1$-en(+1%7n !e) &%&(e-+ e&

%n1'-6)e(+ e) !%&e+!'r 1'n(%n$+-en(e e&(+r %n*')$1r+!' 8 n' 6'!r

-'*er&e + '(r+ +&%.n+1%7n5

3+'&+ Len49a@e 0cnico -ara la 2oc9#en0aci.n+

Un !'1$-en(' (1n%1' &e e&1r%/e en )en.$+e (1n%1'5 E) )en.$+e (1n%1'

e*%(+ )+ $(%)%"+1%7n !e 6+)+/r+& 1'n &%.n%<%1+!'& +-/%.$'&# e& 6re1%&' en )'&

&%.n%<%1+!'&# +/$n!+ en )+ +6)%1+1%7n !e )'& (r-%n'& (1n%1'& 6r'6%'& !e)

!'-%n%' &'/re e) 0$e &e 2+/)+# 8 e&(r$1($r+ e) 1'n(en%!' + /+&e !e <r+&e&

1'r(+& 8 !%re1(+&5 E&(' H)(%-' &%.n%<%1+ 0$e e) )en.$+e (1n%1' n' $(%)%"+

re1$r&'& 1'-' (r'6'&# -e(<'r+& n% '(r'& e)e-en('& 6r'6%'& !e) )en.$+e

)%(er+r%'5

E) !'1$-en(' (1n%1' !e/e -+n(ener )+ 1'rre11%7n (1n%1+ !e) 1'n(en%!' 8

!e )+ e&(r$1($r+ 1'n re&6e1(' + )'& '/e(%*'& 8 n+($r+)e"+ !e) 6r'8e1('5 L+

$(%)%"+1%7n !e (r-%n'& <$er+ !e) !'-%n%' (1n%1'# !e -e('!')'.+& ' (1n%1+&



n' 1'n(r+&(+!+&# !e re&$)(+!'& %n1'2eren(e&# !e +<%r-+1%'ne& ' 1'n1)$&%'ne&

n' <$n!+-en(+!+&# e(15# e& &n('-+ %ne0$*'1' !e %n1'rre11%7n (1n%1+5

(+ ORGANIZACIÓN DEL MANTENIMIENTO Y

MANTENIBILIDAD+

L'& (r+/+'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' e&(n !%&e+!'& !e (+) <'r-+ 0$e

+&e.$ren )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 0$e )'& &%&(e-+& 8 -('!'& $(%)%"+!'& &e+n

e<%1%en(e&5

L+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en('# !e<%ne 1'-' e&( e&(r$1($r+!' '

1'-6$e&(' )'& !%&(%n('& e)e-en('&# &%&(e-+& 8 &$/&%&(e-+& 0$e 1'-6'nen '

%n(er*%enen en e) -+n(en%-%en(' !en(r' !e $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n# !e %.$+) -+ner+

!e<%ne re&6'n&+/%)%!+!e& + 1+!+ $n%!+! ' &$e(' 0$e %n(er*%ene en e)

-+n(en%-%en('# ('!' e))' 1'n )+ <%n+)%!+! !e +)1+n"+r &$& '/e(%*'&5

E(+6+&5

L+ +1(%*%!+! -+n(en%-%en(' %n!$&(r%+) e& $n 1+&' 6+r(%1$)+r !e) 1r1$)'

+!-%n%&(r+(%*' .ener+) 8 )' 1'-6ren!en )+& &%.$%en(e& e(+6+&5

P)+n%<%1+1%7n5

C'n<'r-+r e) '/e(%*' (+re+ 0$e &e 0$%ere +)1+n"+r &%en!' &$& e(+6+&

6r%n1%6+)e&:

Pre1%&+r )'& '/e(%*'& 0$e &e 0$%ere +)1+n"+r5 De(er-%n+r )+& 6re-%&+& eJ%&(en(e&5



Tr+"+r +)(ern+(%*+& 6+r+ )'.r+r )'& '/e(%*'& <$n!+-en(+)e&5 Se)e11%7n !e )+ -e'r +)(ern+(%*+5 F'r-$)+r e) +1$er!' !e !%re11%7n 0$e eJ6re&+ )+ !e1%&%7n ('-+!+5

Or.+n%"+1%7n5

E& )+ !e<%n%1%7n 8 <'r-+1%7n !e) &$e(' 8 e) '/e(' !e !%re11%7n5 Se 6$e!e

)'.r+r +) <'r-$)+r )+& &%.$%en(e& 6re.$n(+&:

?$%ne& re+)%"+n e) 6r'1e&'@ ?C'n 0$e &e re+)%"+n@ ?C7-' &e re+)%"+ e) 6r'1e&'@ ?$%ne& ee1$(+n 8 0$%ne& 'r%en(+n@

?C7-' <)$8e )+ %n<'r-+1%7n@

F+1('re& !e) 6r'1e&' 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

L+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) &%&(e-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e6en!e $n+ &er%e !e

<+1('re& 0$e !e&e-6e+ $n 6+6e) !e1%&%*' !en(r' !e )+ +1(%*%!+! <+/r%)5 E) n'

(ener en 1$en(+ e&('& <+1('re& 8 0$erer 1'6%+r# en *e" !e <+*'re1er )+

+1(%*%!+! 6$e!e en('r6e1er)+ 8 2+1er)+ %ne<%1%en(e5 L'& <+1('re& + (ener en1$en(+ &'n:

V')$-en 8 *+)'r !e )+ 6r'!$11%7n5 C+r+1(er&(%1+ (e1n')7.%1+ !e )+ 6r'!$11%7n5 T+-+' !e )+ e-6re&+5 L+ !%&(r%/$1%7n en 6)+n(+& !e) e0$%6+-%en(' 0$e re1%/%r )+ +11%7n !e)

-+n(en%-%en('5 F$er"+ 1+6+1%(+!+ 8 re1$r&'& -+(er%+)e& *er!e& !%&6'ne )+ en(%!+!

6+r+ +1'-e(er e) (r+/+'5

A&6e1('& 6+r+ +!'6(+r )+ <'r-+ !e 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en('5

T+-+' !e )+ 6)+n(+5 NH-er' !e %n&(+)+1%'ne& 8 !%&(r%/$1%7n .e'.r<%1+5 D%&(r%/$1%7n e&6+1%+) !e )'& (+))ere&5



Re0$er%-%en(' !e !e&(re"+& en )+& re+&5 Re0$er%-%en(' !e 2err+-%en(+& 8 $(en&%)%'& 6'r re+&5 D%-en&%'ne& !e )+ <$er"+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' ne1e&+r%+5 M+n' !e '/r+ 1+)%<%1+!+5

C'-6)e%!+! !e) e0$%6+-%en(' + +(en!er5 C'&('& !e +<e1(+1%'ne& +) 6r'1e&' <+/r%) 6'r 6+r+!+& !e)

e0$%6+-%en('5 E&(r+(e.%+ !e )+ en(%!+!5

Pr%n1%6%'& /&%1'& 6+r+ )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(':

E&(+/)e1er $n+ 1)+r+ 8 r+"'n+/)e !%*%&%7n !e +$('r%!+! 8

re&6'n&+/%)%!+!5 M+n(ener $n+ )ne+ *er(%1+) !e +$('r%!+! 8 re&6'n&+/%)%!+! )' -&

1'r(+ 6'&%/)e5 E&(+/)e1er e) nH-er' 76(%-' !e 6er&'n+& 0$e &e &$/'r!%n+n 8

re6'r(+n + $n -+n!'5 E&(+/)e1er )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e) 6er&'n+) %n*')$1r+!' )+ +1(%*%!+!5 Re!$1%r 1'&('& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6'r $n+ *%!+ 6r'!$1(%*+5 M%n%-%"+r e) (%e-6' !e +<e1(+1%'ne& +) 6r'1e&' 6r'!$1(%*' 6'r )'&

e0$%6'& 1r(%1'&5

M%n%-%"+r 1'&(' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6'r )'& e0$%6'& n' 1r(%1'&5

D%&e' !e $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('5

P+r+ !%&e+r )+ e&(r$1($r+ 'r.+n%"+1%'n+) &e !e/en 1'-/%n+r )+& !%&(%n(+&

6'&%1%'ne& %n!%*%!$+)e& en .r$6'&# &e.Hn )+ e&6e1%<%1+1%7n !e &$& 1+r.'&#

re&6'n&+/%)%!+!e& 8 e) .r+!' !e e&6e1%+)%"+1%7n5 E&('& .r$6'& + &$ *e"#

6$e!e &er +.r$6+!'& en $n%!+!e& -& .r+n!e& 2+&(+ 0$e ('!+ )+'r.+n%"+1%7n 0$e!+ 1'n(en%!+ en $n .r$6' <%n+)5

De e&(+ -+ner+ &e 1'n&(r$8en )'& n%*e)e& err0$%1'& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8

&e +&%.n+n )'& 6'!ere& !e !e1%&%7n5 E) 'r.+n%.r+-+ e& )+ re6re&en(+1%7n



.r<%1+ !e e&('& n%*e)e& err0$%1'&# e& !e1%r# e& e) re&$)(+!' !e) 6r'1e&' !e

+.r$6+-%en('5

A2'r+ /%en# n' eJ%&(e $n+ e&(r$1($r+ 76(%-+ 6+r+ $n (%6' !+!' !e

'r.+n%"+1%7n5 L' 0$e re&$)(+ +!e1$+!' 6+r+ $n+ e& 6'&%/)e 0$e n' )' &e+

6+r+ '(r+5 L+& 'r.+n%"+1%'ne& 6e0$e+& n'r-+)-en(e e&(n e&(r$1($r+!+&

<$n1%'n+)-en(e 1en(r+)%"+!+&# -%en(r+& 0$e )+& !e (+-+' -e!%+n' &e

%n1)%n+n 6'r e&(r$1($r+& !%*%&%'n+)e& !e&1en(r+)%"+!+& 8 )+& .r+n!e&

.ener+)-en(e '6(+n 6'r $n%!+!e& e&(r+(.%1+& !e ne.'1%' ' 6'r e&(r$1($r+&

-+(r%1%+)e&5

I-6'r(+n(e# +) !%&e+r $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('# *er )'& &%.$%en(e&

+&6e1('&:

+5 L+ 6r'1e!en1%+ !e) 6er&'n+): Pr'6%' ' 1'n(r+(+!'5

/5 L+& -'!+)%!+!e& !e '6er+1%7n !e )+ e-6re&+ 8' nH-er' !e ($rn'&5

15 L+& e&6e1%+)%!+!e&: -e1n%1+# e)e1(r%1%!+!# 1%*%)# %n&(r$-en(+1%7n# en(re

'(r'&5

!5 L+ $/%1+1%7n !e )'& (+))ere&: (+))er 1en(r+)# (+))er 1en(r+) -& "'n+)# (+))ere&

6'r (%6' !e e0$%6' (+))er !e *)*$)+&# !e /'-/+&# !e 1'-6re&'re&# !e

%n&(r$-en('&5

E& %-6'r(+n(e 1'-6ren!er e) +)1+n1e !e )+& '6er+1%'ne& !e

-+n(en%-%en('# e& !e1%r 1$) e& e) r+n.' !e +11%7n !e !%12+ $n%!+!# 8+ 0$e

2'8 !+ -+n(en%-%en(' +!e-& !e +(en!er )+& +1(%*%!+!e& (en!%en(e& +

+&e.$r+r )+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! -J%-+ 6)+n%<%1+!+& !e )'& e0$%6'& +) -en'r 1'&('

!en(r' !e )'& re0$%&%('& !e &e.$r%!+!# )+ +(en1%7n !e )'& &er*%1%'& +)

e&(+/)e1%-%en('# 1'-' (+)e&# &e en(%en!en )'& &er*%1%'& re0$er%!'& 6+r+

!%&6'ner !e )+ ener.+ e)1(r%1+# 1+)7r%1+ /+' &$& !%&(%n(+& <'r-+& *+6'r#



+.$+ 1+)%en(e# (%/%+# +.$+ en )+ %n!$&(r%+ +)%-en(%1%+ 6'(+/)e# +%re

1'-6r%-%!'# re<r%.er+1%7n# *+1'# en(re '(r'&5

En )+& 1+n(%!+!e& 8 1+)%!+!e& &')%1%(+!+& 6'r )+ +1(%*%!+! !e )+ e-6re&+ 8#

(+-/%n !e )+ 1')e1(+# (r+(+-%en(' 8 !%&6'&%1%7n !e )'& re&%!$'& &7)%!'&#

)0$%!'& 8 .+&e'&'& 0$e &e .ener+n en e))+5

T%6'& !e 'r.+n%"+1%7n5

+5 Cen(r+)%"+!': P'&ee $n+ e&(r$1($r+ &%-%)+r + )+ !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n

.eren1%+) !e )+ e-6re&+# &e en1$en(r+ +) -%&-' n%*e) !e er+r0$+ 0$e

6r'!$11%7n 8 e& $n+ e&(r$1($r+ (6%1+ 6r%n1%6+)-en(e en e-6re&+& .r+n!e& 81'-6)e+&5

/5 ,er+r0$+ !e )+ e&(r$1($r+ 1en(r+)%"+!+: L+ e&(r$1($r+ 1en(r+)%"+!+ (+-/%n

&e 1'n'1e 1'-' e&(r$1($r+ <$n1%'n+)# 8 eJ%&(en !'& (%6'& !e e&(+&

'r.+n%"+1%'ne&5

15 Or.+n%"+1%7n &%-6)e: N'r-+)-en(e e& $(%)%"+!+ 6'r e-6re&+& 6e0$e+&5

C'n <re1$en1%+# en e&(+ &%($+1%7n $n+ 6er&'n+# 1+&% &%e-6re e) e-6re&+r%'#

+&$-e )+ -+8'r 6+r(e !e )'& (r+/+'&# %n1)$8en!' e) -+n(en%-%en('# n' eJ%&(e

!%&6'&%1%'ne& <'r-+)e& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 1'-Hn-en(e )'& e-6)e+!'& !e

)+& 'r.+n%"+1%'ne& /+' e&(+ e&(r$1($r+ !e&e-6e+n -H)(%6)e& (+re+&5

!5 Or.+n%"+1%7n <$n1%'n+): &e +.r$6+n + )+& 6er&'n+& 1'n /+&e en &$ 6er%1%+

8 eJ6er%en1%+ 1'-$ne& ' + 0$e $(%)%"+n )'& -%&-'& re1$r&'&5 C+!+

re1(n.$)' !e) 'r.+n%.r+-+ re6re&en(+ $n+ e&6e1%+)%"+1%7n <$n1%'n+)

!%<eren(e# )+ 1$+) &e 1'n1en(r+ en &$ 6r'6%+ (+re+ e&6e1%+)%"+!+5

e5 De&1en(r+)%"+!': )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e -+n(en%-%en(' &e &$/!%*%!e en

&e11%'ne&# !e +1$er!' + )+& $n%!+!e& 6r'!$1(%*+&5 Se en1$en(r+ en +0$e))+&

e-6re&+& 0$e 6'&een *+r%+& 6)+n(+& 1'n (%6'& !e -+0$%n+r%+& !%<eren(e&# '

1$+n!' )+& 6)+n(+& &e 2+))+n !%&(r%/$%!+& en $n re+ .e'.r<%1+ eJ(en&+5



<5 M%J(': &e 6re&en(+ 1$+n!' eJ%&(e $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 1en(r+) %n!e6en!%en(e 8

$n+ &er%e !e $n%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 0$e !e6en!en ('(+) ' 6+r1%+)-en(e

!e )+& $n%!+!e& !e 6r'!$11%7n5

(+'+ Priori2a2es / o0ros 0i-os 2e 0ra$a@os+

Un' !e )'& 6r'/)e-+& + 6)+n(e+r&e + )+ 2'r+ !e .e&(%'n+r +!e1$+!+-en(e

)+& 7r!ene& !e (r+/+' 1'rre1(%*+& e& +&%.n+r 6r%'r%!+!e& + )+& !%<eren(e&

7r!ene& 0$e &e .ener+n5 L+& 6)+n(%))+& !e -+n(en%-%en(' &'n 1+!+ *e" -&

re!$1%!+&# /$&1+n!' $n )7.%1' +2'rr' en 1'&(e&5 P'r e))'# n' e& 6'&%/)e (ener

6er&'n+) e&6er+n!' en e) (+))er !e -+n(en%-%en(' + 0$e ))e.$e $n+ 'r!en !e

(r+/+' 6+r+ %n(er*en%r5

C$+n!' &e 6r'!$1e $n+ +*er+# e) 6er&'n+) .ener+)-en(e e&( (r+/++n!'

en '(r+&# 8 (%ene $n+ 1%er(+ 1+r.+ !e (r+/+' +1$-$)+!+5 Se 2+1e 6$e&

ne1e&+r%' 1re+r $n &%&(e-+ 0$e 6er-%(+ %!en(%<%1+r 0$ +*er+& &'n -&

$r.en(e& 8 !e/en &er +(en!%!+& !e <'r-+ 6r%'r%(+r%+5

L'& n%*e)e& !e 6r%'r%!+! 6$e!en &er -$12'& 8 -$8 *+r%+!'&# 6er' en 1+&%

('!+& )+& e-6re&+& 0$e 6'&een $n &%&(e-+ !e +&%.n+1%7n !e 6r%'r%!+!e& &ee&(+/)e1en +) -en'& e&('& (re& n%*e)e&:

A*er+& $r.en(e&: &'n +0$e))+& 0$e !e/en re&')*er&e %n-e!%+(+-en(e#

&%n e&6er+&# 6$e& 1+$&+n $n .r+*e 6er$%1%' + )+& e-6re&+&5 A*er+& %-6'r(+n(e&# 0$e +$n0$e 1+$&+n $n (r+&('rn' +) n'r-+)

<$n1%'n+-%en(' !e )+ 6)+n(+ 6$e!en e&6er+r + 0$e ('!+& )+& +*er+&

$r.en(e& e&(n re&$e)(+& A*er+& 1$8+ &')$1%7n 6$e!e 6r'.r+-+r&e5 P$e!e 0$e &e+

1'n*en%en(e e&6er+r + $n+ 6+r+!+ !e) e0$%6'# ' &%-6)e-en(e 0$e e)

(r+&('rn' 0$e 1+$&+n e& 6e0$e'# 8 e& -& %n(ere&+n(e +1$-$)+r

'(r+& 7r!ene& &'/re e) -%&-' e0$%6'5



E&('& n%*e)e& &e &$e)en &$/!%*%!%r en (+n('& 1'-' 6$e!+ &er -&

+1'n&e+/)e 6+r+ $n+ /$en+ .e&(%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*'5

(+%+ is0o4rafas+

De&1r%/e 1r'n')7.%1+-en(e )+& %n(er*en1%'ne& &$<r%!+& 6'r )+ -0$%n+

!e&!e &$ 6$e&(+ en &er*%1%'5 S$ eJ6)'(+1%7n 6'&(er%'r e& )' 0$e $&(%<%1+ &$

eJ%&(en1%+ 8 1'n!%1%'n+ &$ 1'n(en%!'5

Se !e/en re1'.er ('!+& )+& %n(er*en1%'ne& 1'rre1(%*+& 8# !e )+&

6re*en(%*+&# )+& 0$e )' &e+n 6'r %-6er+(%*' )e.+)e& +& 1'-' 1+)%/r+1%'ne& '

*er%<%1+1%'ne& !e %n&(r$-en('& %n1)$%!'& en e) 6)+n !e 1+)%/r+1%7n -+n$+) !e

1+)%!+!5 A (($)' !e ee-6)':

Fe12+ 8 nH-er' !e OT Or!en !e Tr+/+' E&6e1%+)%!+! T%6' !e <+))' n'r-+)%"+r 8 1'!%<%1+r NH-er' !e 2'r+& !e (r+/+'5 I-6'r(e T%e-6' <$er+ !e &er*%1%'

D+('& !e )+ %n(er*en1%7n: Sn('-+& De<e1('& en1'n(r+!'& C'rre11%7n e<e1($+!+

Re1'-en!+1%'ne& 6+r+ e*%(+r &$ re6e(%1%7n5 C'n e&('& !+('& &er 6'&%/)e

re+)%"+r )'& &%.$%en(e& +n)%&%&:

+ An)%&%& !e <%+/%)%!+!: C)1$)'& !e )+ (+&+ !e <+))'&# MTBF# e(15

/ An)%&%& !e !%&6'n%/%)%!+!: C)1$)'& !e -+n(en%/%)%!+!# !%&6'n%/%)%!+! 8 &$&

6'&%/)e& -e'r+&5

1 An)%&%& !e -e'r+ !e -('!'&: Se)e11%7n !e 6$n('& !/%)e&# +n)%&%&

AMFE5



! An)%&%& !e re6$e&('&: D+('& !e 1'n&$-'& 8 n%*e) !e eJ%&(en1%+& 76(%-'#

&e)e11%7n !e re6$e&('& + -+n(ener en &('15

e An)%&%& !e )+ 6')(%1+ !e -+n(en%-%en(':

M0$%n+& 1'n -+8'r nH-er' !e +*er+&5 M0$%n+& 1'n -+8'r %-6'r(e !e +*er+&5 T%6'& !e <+))'& -& <re1$en(e&5

E) +n)%&%& !e &('& !+('& n'& 6er-%(e e&(+/)e1er '/e(%*'& !e -e'r+ 8

!%&e+r e) -('!' !e -+n(en%-%en(' 1'rre1(%*' 6re*en(%*' 6re!%1(%*' -&

+!e1$+!' + 1+!+ -0$%n+5

(+1+ l9@o4ra#as / f9nciones 2el #an0eni#ien0o+

F)$'.r+-+# (+-/%n !en'-%n+!' !%+.r+-+ !e <)$'# e& $n+ -$e&(r+

*%&$+) !e $n+ )ne+ !e 6+&'& !e +11%'ne& 0$e %-6)%1+n $n 6r'1e&'

!e(er-%n+!'5 E& !e1%r# e) <)$'.r+-+ 1'n&%&(e en re6re&en(+r .r<%1+-en(e#

&%($+1%'ne&# 2e12'&# -'*%-%en('& 8 re)+1%'ne& !e ('!' (%6' + 6+r(%r !e

&-/')'&5

B&%1+-en(e# e) <)$' .r+-+ 2+1e 0$e &e+ -$12' -& &en1%))' e) +n)%&%&

!e $n !e(er-%n+!' 6r'1e&' 6+r+ )+ %!en(%<%1+1%7n !e# 6'r ee-6)'# )+&

en(r+!+& !e )'& 6r'*ee!'re&# )+& &+)%!+& !e )'& 1)%en(e& 8 !e +0$e))'& 6$n('&

1r(%1'& !e) 6r'1e&'5

P'r ee-6)'# e) !%+.r+-+ !e <)$' 6$e!e &er $(%)%"+!' 6+r+ !e&1r%/%r 6+&' +

6+&' )+& '6er+1%'ne& 0$e &e re+)%"+rn !en(r' !e) 6r'1e&' !e <+/r%1+1%7n !e

$n 6r'!$1('# ' +&%-%&-' )+ 6er&6e1(%*+ 1'-er1%+) !e $n+ e-6re&+ ' ne.'1%'5

L'& <)$'.r+-+& $(%)%"+n $n+ *+r%e!+! !e &-/')'& !e<%n%!'& !'n!e 1+!+

$n' re6re&en(+ $n 6+&' !e) 6r'1e&'# 8 )+ ee1$1%7n !e !%12' 6r'1e&' e&

re6re&en(+!' -e!%+n(e <)e12+& 0$e *+n 1'ne1(+n!' en(re e))+& )'& 6+&'& 0$e



&e en1$en(r+n en(re e) 6$n(' !e %n%1%' 1'-%en"' 8 6$n(' !e <%n !e) 6r'1e&'

<%n+)5

Un+ 1+r+1(er&(%1+ %-6'r(+n(e !e )'& !%+.r+-+& !e <)$' e& 0$e &7)'

6$e!en 6'&eer $n Hn%1' 6$n(' !e %n%1%' ' 1'-%en"'# 8 $n &')' 6$n(' <%n+) '

!e <%n !e) 6r'1e&'5

En(re )'& &-/')'& -& 1'-$ne& &e !e&(+1+n: e)%6&e)-%(e& %!en(%<%1+ e)

%n%1%' 8 e) <%n !e $n 6r'1e&'# re1(n.$)''6er+1%'ne& re6re&en(+ $n+ e(+6+

!e) 6r'1e&'K (+n(' e) n'-/re !e )+ e(+6+ 1'-' !e 0$%en &e en1+r.+ !e

ee1$(+r)+# &e %n&1r%/en !en(r' !e) &-/')'# 1$+!r+!' re1'r(+!' 6'r !e/+'

!'1$-en('& !'1$-en(' 0$e e& +)(+ !e )+ 1'rre&6'n!%en(e '6er+1%7nK en e)

%n(er%'r &e +n'(+ e) n'-/re 0$e 1'rre&6'n!+ 8 r'-/'!e1%&%7n re6re&en(+ +)

6$n(' !e) 6r'1e&' en e) 1$+) 2+8 0$e ('-+r $n+ !e1%&%7n5 C+r+1(er&(%1+& !e )'& F)$'.r+-+&5

S%n((%1+: L+ re6re&en(+1%7n 0$e &e 2+.+ !e $n &%&(e-+ ' $n 6r'1e&'

!e/er 0$e!+r re&$-%!' en 6'1+& 2'+&# !e 6re<eren1%+ en $n+ &')+5

L'& !%+.r+-+& eJ(en&%*'& !%<%1$)(+n &$ 1'-6ren&%7n 8 +&%-%)+1%7n# 6'r

(+n(' !e+n !e &er 6r1(%1'&5

S%-/')%"+!+: L+ +6)%1+1%7n !e )+ &%-/')'.+ +!e1$+!+ + )'& !%+.r+-+&!e &%&(e-+& 8 6r'1e!%-%en('& e*%(+ + )'& +n+)%&(+& +n'(+1%'ne&

eJ1e&%*+&# re6e(%(%*+& 8 1'n<$&+& en &$ %n(er6re(+1%7n5 De <'r-+ *%&%/)e + $n &%&(e-+ ' $n 6r'1e&': L'& !%+.r+-+& n'&

6er-%(en '/&er*+r ('!'& )'& 6+&'& !e $n &%&(e-+ ' 6r'1e&' &%n

ne1e&%!+! !e )eer n'(+& eJ(en&+&5 Un !%+.r+-+ e& 1'-6+r+/)e# en

1%er(+ <'r-+# 1'n $n+ <'('.r+<+ +re+ 0$e 1'n(%ene )'& r+&.'&

6r%n1%6+)e& !e $n+ re.%7n# 8 0$e + &$ *e" 6er-%(e '/&er*+r e&('&

r+&.'& ' !e(+))e& 6r%n1%6+)e&5

(+1+'+ 9nciones 2el #an0eni#ien0o+



Un' !e )'& +&6e1('& -& 1r(%1'& !e )+ .e&(%7n !e) -+n(en%-%en(' e& )+

.e&(%7n !e )'& re1$r&'& 2$-+n'&5 E) n%*e) !e +!%e&(r+-%en('# e&(+!'

'r.+n%"+(%*'# 1)%-+ )+/'r+) 8 !e-& <+1('re& 2$-+n'& +!0$%ere $n+ .r+n

%-6'r(+n1%+ 8+ 0$e !e(er-%n+r )+ e<%1%en1%+ !e) &er*%1%'5

F$n1%'ne& !e) 6er&'n+)5

En (r-%n'& .ener+)e& 6'!e-'& re&$-%r 0$e )+& <$n1%'ne& !e) 6er&'n+) !e

-+n(en%-%en(' &'n:

A&e.$r+r )+ -J%-+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e )'& e0$%6'& +) -en'r 1'&('

6'&%/)e5 Re.%&(r+r e) re&$)(+!' !e &$ +1(%*%!+! 6+r+# -e!%+n(e &$ +n)%&%&#

6er-%(%r )+ -e'r+ 1'n(%n$+ -e'r+ !e )+ <%+/%)%!+!# !e )+

-+n(en%/%)%!+!# 6r'!$1(%*%!+!5

C'n&er*+r# re6+r+r 8 re+1'n!%1%'n+r )'&

e0$%6'&# -+0$%n+& e %n&(+)+1%'ne&5 De&+rr'))+ )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'& !e

-+n(en%-%en('5 An+)%"+r 8 !e(er-%n+r e) -'-en(' 76(%-' 6+r+ )+ &$&(%($1%7n !e )'&

/%ene& 6r'!$1(%*'&5 M+n(ener )'& e0$%6'& 8 !%&6'&%(%*'& !e &e.$r%!+! en 1'n!%1%'ne&

76(%-+& !e <$n1%'n+-%en('5 Pr'6'r1%'n+r &er*%1%'& !e )%-6%e"+ + )+ 6)+n(+5 Pre6+r+r e&(+!&(%1+& e %n!%1+!'re& 0$e 6er-%(+n re+)%"+r &e.$%-%en('

+ )+ .e&(%7n !e -+n(en%-%en('

E&(+& <$n1%'ne& .enr%1+& 2+/r 0$e (r+!$1%r)+& en (+re+& 1'n1re(+& +

re+)%"+r 6'r 1+!+ $n' !e )'& 6$e&('& !e<%n%!'& en e) 'r.+n%.r+-+ !e

-+n(en%-%en('5

NH-er' !e e<e1(%*'&5



De/e +n+)%"+r&e en 1+!+ 1+&' 6+r(%1$)+r5 De6en!e -$12' !e) (%6' !e

%n&(+)+1%7n 6er' &'/re ('!' !e )+ 6')(%1+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' e&(+/)e1%!+:

T%6' !e 6r'!$11%7n# !%&(r%/$1%7n !e )+& %n&(+)+1%'ne& E&(+!' !e )'& e0$%6'&# .r+!' !e +$('-+(%"+1%7n T%6' !e 'r.+n%"+1%7n# <'r-+1%7n !e) 6er&'n+) T%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' !e&e+!' D%&6'n%/%)%!+! !e -e!%'& e %n&(r$-en('&

L' 0$e %-6%!e 6)+n(e+r e) 6r'/)e-+ 1$+n(%(+(%*+-en(e5 L+ 6re6+r+1%7n 8

6r'.r+-+1%7n !e )'& (r+/+'& e& e) Hn%1' %n&(r$-en(' 0$e +8$!+ + !e<%n%r )'&

re1$r&'& ne1e&+r%'& 8 )+& ne1e&%!+!e& !e 6er&'n+) +en'# )' 0$e ))e*+ + $n'&re1$r&'& 2$-+n'& *+r%+/)e& 1'n )+ 1+r.+ !e (r+/+'5

NH-er' !e &$6er*%&'re&5

E) e<e !e e0$%6' !e/e -+ne+r en(re $n -n%-' !e 8 $n -J%-' !e 9

'6er+r%'&# %n<)$8en!' en )+ +&%.n+1%7n )'& &%.$%en(e& <+1('re&:

T%6' !e e&6e1%+)%!+! +)/+%)e& 2+&(+ 9 N%*e) !e <'r-+1%7n !e) 6er&'n+) T%6'& !e (r+/+'& r$(%n+eJ(r+'r!%n+r%'& D%&(r%/$1%7n .e'.r<%1+ !e )'& (r+/+'&

L+ &$6er*%&%7n (%ene $n 1'&(e 0$e e& $&(' &'6'r(+r en )+ -e!%!+ 0$e

6er-%(en (r+/+'& /%en 2e12'&5 Un eJ1e&' &er+ !e&6%)<+rr' 6er' $n !e<e1('

(en!r+ re6er1$&%'ne& +Hn 6e're&5

F$n1%'ne& !e )ne+ 8 !e S(+<<5



De/e !e e&(+/)e1er&e# +!e-& !e) 6er&'n+) !e )ne+ + 0$e n'& 2e-'&

re<er%!' +n(e& 6er&'n+) '6er+(%*' -& &$6er*%&'re& $n 6er&'n+) !e QSTAFFQ

0$e &e '1$6e !e:

L+ 6re6+r+1%7n !e (r+/+'& C'n<e11%7n !e 6r'1e!%-%en('& !e (r+/+' Pre*er e) &$-%n%&(r' !e -+(er%+)e& 8 re6$e&('& !e &('1 A!$!%1+1%7n !e (r+/+'& + &$/1'n(r+(+& E&(+/)e1er e) (%6' !e -+n(en%-%en(' -& +!e1$+!' 8+ 0$e )+

6re&%7n !e) !+ + !+ %-6%!e '1$6+r&e +) 6er&'n+) !e )ne+ !e

'/e(%*'& !%&(%n('& !e) %n-e!%+(' !e .+r+n(%"+r )+ 6r'!$11%7n5 P)+ne+r 8 6r'.r+-+r en <'r-+ 1'n*en%en(e )+ )+/'r !e)

-+n(en%-%en('5 D%&6'ner# re6+r+r 8 re*%&+r -+0$%n+r%+ 8 e0$%6'& !e 6r'!$11%7n#

2err+-%en(+& e)1(r%1+& 6'r((%)e& 8 e0$%6'& 6+r+ e) -+ne' !e

-+(er%+)e&# -+n(en%en!' ('!+& )+& $n%!+!e& re&6e1(%*+& en

/$en e&(+!' !e <$n1%'n+-%en('5 C'n&er*+r 8 re6+r+r )'1+)e&# %n&(+)+1%'ne&# -'/%)%+r%'# e0$%6'&

!e '<%1%n+5 In&(+)+r# re!%&(r%/$%r ' re(%r+r -+0$%n+r%+& 8 e0$%6'&5

(+3+ Or4ani4ra#a+

EJ%&(en !%<eren(e& -'!e)'& !e e&(r$1($r+& 'r.+n%"+(%*+&# e&(e -'!e)' !e

e&(r$1($r+ 'r.+n%"+1%'n+) !e/e &er*%r !e 'r%en(+1%7n + )'& +!-%n%&(r+!'re&

0$e !e&e+n %-6)+n(+r 8 !e&+rr'))+r $n &%&(e-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' 1'-6+(%/)e

1'n )+& ne1e&%!+!e& !e )+ e-6re&+5 L'& +!-%n%&(r+!'re& !e/ern !e1%!%r

1$)e& &'n )+& $n%!+!e& 0$e !e/en 1'n<'r-+r e) 'r.+n%.r+-+ en <$n1%7n !e

)+& 1+r+1(er&(%1+& !e )+ e-6re&+5

C+!+ $n%!+! (%ene )+& &%.$%en(e& +1(%*%!+!e&:

A6'8' +!-%n%&(r+(%*'5 C'n(r') !e )'& +r12%*'&5



Ee1$1%7n !e &er*%1%'& /$r'1r(%1'&: -e1+n'.r+<+# 1'6%+&#

%-6re&%'ne&# e(15 C''r!%n+1%7n !e )'& -e!%'& !e (r+n&6'r(e *e21$)'&5 C''r!%n+1%7n !e )+ 1'-6r+ !e -+(er%+)e&5 C''r!%n+1%7n !e )+ ee1$1%7n !e) 6re&$6$e&(' +n$+)5 C'n(r') !e 1'&('&5

Pr'.r+-+1%7n 8 1'n(r')5 P)+n%<%1+1%7n !e )+& +1(%*%!+!e& !e -+n(en%-%en('# + 1'r(' 8 -e!%+n'

6)+"'5 Se.$%-%en(' !e )'& %n!%1+!'re& !e -+n(en%-%en('5 C''r!%n+1%7n 1'n e) 6er&'n+) ee1$('r# 6+r+ e)+/'r+r )'& 6r'.r+-+& !e

-+n(en%-%en(' 6re*en(%*'5

C''r!%n+r )+ ee1$1%7n !e )'& 6r'.r+-+& !e -+n(en%-%en(' $n(' +)6er&'n+) !e '6er+1%7n 1)%en(e5

E)1(r%1+5 Ee1$(+ ('!+& )+& +1(%*%!+!e& ne1e&+r%+&# en e) re+ !e e)e1(r%1%!+!5

Me1n%1+5 Ee1$(+ ('!+& )+& +1(%*%!+!e& ne1e&+r%+&# en e) re+ !e Me1n%1+

In&(r$-en(+1%7n 8 e)e1(r7n%1+5 Ee1$(+ ('!+& )+& +1(%*%!+!e& ne1e&+r%+&# en e) re+ !e

In&(r$-en(+1%7n 8 e)e1(r7n%1+5

C%*%)5 Ee1$(+ ('!+& )+& +1(%*%!+!e& en e) re+ 1%*%)# (+)e& 1'-': P%n($r+& en e!%<%1%'&# ($/'& 8 e0$%6'& Pe0$e+& 1'n&(r$11%'ne& M+n(en%-%en(' en re6re&+&# 1+rre(er+&# e(15 C'n&er*+1%7n !e )'& e!%<%1%'& e %n&(+)+1%'ne& 6re!%+)e&# e(15

CONCL*SIONES



S% $n+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n +&6%r+ + 6er-+ne1er &+n+ !e/e 6)+n(e+r&e'/e(%*'& re+)%&(+&5 L+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n e&( 1'-6r'-e(%!+ en )+ <%+1%7n !e )'&'/e(%*'& !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n 8 en )+& <'r-+& .ener+)e& 6+r+ +)1+n"+r)'&5 L+'61%7n <ren(e + )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n e& )+ +1(%*%!+! +)e+('r%+# n' 1''r!%n+!+ e

%nH(%)5 L'& 6)+ne& e<e1(%*'& &'n <)eJ%/)e& 8 &e +!+6(+n 1'n!%1%'ne&1+-/%+n(e&5

De/e 2+1er&e n'(+r 0$e n% )+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n e&(r+(.%1+ n% )+ '6er+(%*+e& $n e&<$er"' '1+&%'n+) &% &e 0$%ere 0$e &e+ e<e1(%*+ 8 )'.re )'& re&$)(+!'&!e&e+!'&5 M& /%en e& $n 1r1$)' 1'n(%n$' 0$e n$n1+ !e/e (er-%n+r en $n+'r.+n%"+1%7nK !e/e &er *%.%)+!+ 6er%7!%1+-en(e# re*%&+!+ 8 -'!%<%1+!+ !e+1$er!' 1'n )'& re&$)(+!'& %n(ern'&# 8 eJ(ern'& 8 )'& e*en('&5

E) -+n(en%-%en(' re6re&en(+ $n' !e )'& !e(er-%n+n(e& 6r%n1%6+)e& ene) )'.r' !e )'& '/e(%*'& !e )'& $&$+r%'&# en )' re)+(%*' en )+ 1+6+1%!+!'6er+(%*+# !%&6'n%/%)%!+!# 6re&(%.%'& 8 '(r'& '/e(%*'& &%-%)+re&5 P'r e))'# e)+n)%&%& !e )+& 6')(%1+&# 1'n1e6('&# (1n%1+& 8 -'!e)'& + !%&6'&%1%7n !e )'&%n.en%er'& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 8 !e )'& !%re1(%*'&# e& <$n!+-en(+) 6+r+ )+6)+n%<%1+1%7n 8 -e'r+ !e &$& !e1%&%'ne& re&6e1(' + )+ .e&(%7n !e-+n(en%-%en('# )' 0$e !%re1(+-en(e %n<)$8e en )+ !%&6'n%/%)%!+! 8 ren(+/%)%!+!!e )'& e0$%6'& 8 &%&(e-+& !e )'& 1$+)e& &e e& $&$+r%'5

S% &e +n+)%"+ e) -+n(en%-%en(' 1'-' $n 6r'1e&' .eren1%+) e& !e1%r#0$e /$&1+ +!-%n%&(r+r e<e1(%*+ 8 e<%1%en(e-en(e )'& re1$r&'&# &e '/&er*+ 0$e)+ 6)+n%<%1+1%7n 1'n&(%($8e e) 6$n(' !e 6+r(%!+ !e )+ .e&(%7n 8+ 0$e %n*')$1r+)+ ne1e&%!+! !e *%&$+)%"+r 8 re)+1%'n+r )+& 6r'/+/)e& +1(%*%!+!e& 0$e 2+/rn!e 1$-6)%r&e 6+r+ '/(ener )'& '/e(%*'& 8 re&$)(+!'& 6)+n(e+!'&#1'n&%!er+n!' )'& re1$r&'& ne1e&+r%'& 6+r+ 6'!er )'.r+r )'& -%&-'&5

L+ <'r-$)+1%7n# %-6)e-en(+1%7n 8 e*+)$+1%7n !e) 6)+n e&(r+(.%1'!e6en!en !e $n+ 1)+r+ !e<%n%1%7n !e )+ -%&%7n !e )+ 'r.+n%"+1%7n !e-+n(en%-%en('# !e $n+ e*+)$+1%7n 6re1%&+ !e) +-/%en(e eJ(ern' 8 !e $n+n)%&%& en 6r'<$n!%!+! !e) -e!%' +-/%en(e %n(ern'5

L+ ee1$1%7n# e*+)$+1%7n 8 1'n(r') !e) -+n(en%-%en(' e& e) -e!%'

-& %!7ne' 6+r+ !e(er-%n+r 2+&(+ 0$ 6$n(' &e e&(n )'.r+n!' re+)-en(e)'& '/e(%*'& e&(r+(.%1'&5 E&(+ %n<'r-+1%7n &e !e*$e)*e + )'& n%*e)e&e&(r+(.%1'& + (r+*& !e 1%1)'& !e re(r'+)%-en(+1%7n# /%en &e+ 6+r+ re+<%r-+r )'& '/e(%*'& 8 e&(r+(e.%+& eJ%&(en(e& ' 6+r+ &$.er%r 1+-/%'&5



E) -+n(en%-%en(' &%n n%n.Hn (%6' !e e&(r+(e.%+ n% 'r.+n%"+1%7n#)%-%(n!'n'& + re6+r+r !+'& 6r'!$1%!'& '# en e) -e'r !e )'& 1+&'&#re+)%"+n!' )+ .+-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' re1'-en!+!+ 6'r )'& <+/r%1+n(e& !ee0$%6'& 8 -+0$%n+r%+&# e& )+ -e'r <'r-+ !e n' 2+1er -+n(en%-%en('5 En

%n&(+)+1%'ne& 1r(%1+& e) -+n(en%-%en(' 1'/r+ $n 6+6e) 6r%-'r!%+)5

A6+re1e 6$e& )+ ne1e&%!+! !e +/'r!+r e) -+n(en%-%en(' 1'-' $n+2err+-%en(+ !e *+)'r !en(r' !e) 6r'1e&' 6r'!$1(%*'# (r+(+n!' !e e)%-%n+r 1'&('& en )+ ee1$1%7n !e) -%&-' &%n 6er!er &$ <%n+)%!+!# 0$e e& )+eJ6)'(+1%7n !e) -e!%' + -+n(ener e) -+8'r (%e-6' 6'&%/)e 8 1'n e) -en'r 1'&('5

A!e-& !e e&(r+(e.%+&# &e+n *en%!' %-6)e-en(+n!' (1n%1+& !e-+n(en%-%en(' (+)e& 1'-' ) RCM5 $e e& $n+ (1n%1+ /+&+!+ en )+1'n<%+/%)%!+!# /+' $n+ -e('!')'.+ !e +n)%&%& &%&(e-(%1'# $&+!' 6+r+!e(er-%n+r e) !e&e-6e' 76(%-' !e )+& (+re+& !e -+n(en%-%en('# +!e(er-%n+!+& <re1$en1%+& !e %n(er*en1%7n# /+&n!'&e en )+ %-6)e-en(+1%7n+1er(+!+ !e 1r%(er%'& !e &e.$r%!+!# '6er+1%'n+)e&# e1'n7-%1'& 8 !e 1$%!+!'!e) -e!%' +-/%en(e5 T+-/%n ))+-+!'& )+& 1%n1' Q&QK E&(+ -e('!')'.+ e&(/+&+!+ en e) en(en!%-%en(' !e )+& <$n1%'ne& 0$e !e/e 6re&(+r 1+!+ &%&(e-+8 en1'n(r+r e) -'(%*' !e %n(err$61%7n !e !%12+& <$n1%'ne& 6'r 1+$&+ !e $n<+))' 8 &$ 6re*en1%7n5

BIBLIOGRAA

D9ffin D+ 95 S%&(e-+& !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6)+ne+1%7n 8 1'n(r')5

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/henrym/henrym.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos6/napro/napro.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/nuevmicro/nuevmicro.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/administ-procesos/administ-procesos.shtml#PROCE

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos4/costos/costos.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/coad/coad.shtml#costo

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/metods/metods.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/metods/metods.shtml#ANALIT

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos15/indicad-evaluacion/indicad-evaluacion.shtml



http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/teosis/teosis.shtml


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos6/napro/napro.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/nuevmicro/nuevmicro.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/administ-procesos/administ-procesos.shtml#PROCE

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos4/costos/costos.shtml

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/coad/coad.shtml#costo


http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/metods/metods.shtml#ANALIT

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos15/indicad-evaluacion/indicad-evaluacion.shtml



http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/teosis/teosis.shtml



E!%('r%+) L%-$&+# 4er+ e!%1%7n# MJ%1'5

oer inle/ 45 C'n1e6('& /&%1'& &'/re -+n(en%-%en(' 36(%-'5

Morro '+ 4>5 M+n$+) !e M+n(en%-%en(' In!$&(r%+)5 E!%('r%+)C'n(%nen(+)5 Vene"$e)+

Pero6o A+ 45 M+n(en%-%en(' In!$&(r%+)5 M+r+1+%/'5

Pero6o A+ 9=5 Ge&(%7n !e M+n(en%-%en('5 M+r+1+%/'5

D**AA# R+'$< 8 DIFON 95 S%&(e-+& !e M+n(en%-%en('# P)+ne+1%7n

8 C'n(r')5 L%-$&+ W%)e85 4er+5 E!%1%7n

Leonel Enri89e Por0illo Ro#ero# 9; S%&(e-+ !e -+n(en%-%en(' 6+r+ )+&re!e& !e !%&(r%/$1%7n !e .+& -e(+n' 6'r ($/er+5

ANEFOS

unidad ii organización y control del mantenimiento

Documents