trabajo con metales_1

7/22/2019 Trabajo Con Metales_1

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F h j . < 1 , 5

I O Q ] L O I H R E D D E K H L G ] O]reaebo ml iortlI o g oabl to m l p o m l r s l j u h r a h l g l d t r e z e m o i u e g m o slproilml e ior te r , mlalr ls te r clico l d t rezo ml keg lrei d e r e k l g t l v h s h a d l y de m h r l i i h g ml de duz h g i h m h r lgm h r l i i h g f e v o r e a d l m u r e g t l l d t reae bo .L g l d ieso m l t h b l res m l k e g o tlgmr , por ls to , qu lv l g h r de duz s h l k p r lm l de m l r l i c e y lg ld ml i hz e d d e s m lp e d e g i e y j u h d d o t h g e s s h l k p r l ml de h z q u h l r m e f j .-1> `p0 de pe-degie sl ie diudepere ug lsfulrzo ml d arezo ml 1>-6> `p.^ o r lsto g o mlalg sokltlrsl des t h bl r es e s o a r l i e r j e sp o r j o d p l s m l k e r t h d d o g h p o r p r o d o g j e i h g ml d e s p e d e g -ies iog e u x h d ho m l t u a o s . L g ieso i o g t r e r ho p u l m l gr o k p l r s l do s k e g j o s o des i u i c h d d e s qul sog mlk e t l r h e dt l k p d e m o .

D es i u i c h d d e s ml des t h b l r e s m l a l g ef h dersl i u e g m o l s d g l k a o t em e s , l s mli hr , cear q u l l s k l r h d e r d e s k e g -t l g h l g m o l d g j u d o ml f h do i o r r l i to e p r o x . 3 > W ) lg de per tl ls t rlice ml de i u i c h d d e suplrf h i h l m l e tequl)y go lg de e g i c e su plr f hi hl m l hgi hmlgi he ) . ^ e r e r le d hze r ls te oplrei hg mlalg slperersl u g e m l O t r e desi u i c h d d e s .

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Dhkemo lg ld torghd do ml aegioDe oplreihg ml d h k e r kegtlghlgmo des klmhmesb u s t e s y rled hzgmode iog p u d i r h t u m ml eiulrmo io gdo sme tos mld mhau bo lxh bi uge derj e y plgose prithie.Ld treaebo ml d hke q u l k s f r li ulg t lk lg t l sl prl-slgte iogshstl lg d hker de s p hlzes rliortemes ml ugkomo aesto, q u l p o m l k o s d deker p hlzes lg aru to ,ces te qul sl e bus tlg e des iotes lxeites mld m hau bo( f h j u r e


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D H K E M Oro lso mld erregqul ml vhrutes o dhkemures muregtl ld dhkemoIuegmo slpese, aebo prlshg, ugedhke soarlde suplrfhihl ml treaebo, dos fhdos ml susmhlgtlsdlveg-teg plqules vhrutes (dhkemures) qul sl veg edobegmo lg dos lspeihos pere v h ru te s qul qulmeglgtrl mhlgtl y mhlgtl. Iuegmo ve iogthguegmo su evegil de dhke, des dhkemures sog errestremesy fhgedklgtl lxpudsemes por ld iegto postlrhor ml de phlze treaebeme (fhj.


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]hpos ml d hkesDhkes tebemes ophiemes. Dos tebos sl ceilg teddgmodoslg kquhges lsplihedls por klmho ml ug ihgild. Ldteddemo sl ceil iog slpereihg y profugmhmem verheadls0des dhkes aestes, o ml mlsaester, t h l gl g mhlgtls aestos,de s dhkes aestermes, mhlgtls klmhegos y des ml e f hge r ,mhlgtls fhgos.Yl mhsthgjul lgtrl dhkes ml ug sodo reyemo y ml reyemomoadl fhjs.


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D H K E M O lshjgeihg ml des d hke sD e s d h k e s t h lglg m l s h j g e i h o g l s u g h f h i e m e s , l s m l i hr , m l u s o u g h v l r s e d .L blk pd o 0 D h ke p d ege m l i e a l z e r o k e A9>>x1 M H G 3 9 3 5 . Lg l s t e m l s h j gei h g , s h j g h f h i e g 2d e p e d ea r e p d e g e qul de f o r k e ml de slii hg t regsvlrse m l d i u l r p o ml de d h k e * l s p d e g e lg i o g t r e -pos hi hg po r l b lk pd o e d h k e sr l m o g m e s o e des i u e m r e m e s .D e l x p r l s h g i ea l z e r o k e , qul def o r k e ml de iealze l se i c e t e m e l g d u j e rml sl r p u g t h e j u m e ( fh j. S 1 M H G 3 9 3 5 0 / 7 d h k e p d e g e m l ieal/.e p u g t h e -j u m e A 9 > > x 1 MHG C 9 3 5

Qlmogme ]rhgjudo Iuemreme Forke ml edklgmre ]rhgjudo pdego

F h j . < 6 .1 D h k e s i o g o tres slii hogls t r e g s v l r s e d l s m l d i u l r p o ml de d h k eD es d l t r e s E, A , I o M sl rl f h l rlg e d t e k e o ml de d h k e , s h j g h f h i e g m o 2E 2 d h k e s p l s e m e s o k u y j r e g m l s 0 A 2 d h k e s i o r r h l g t l s o m l t e k e o k l m h o 0 I 2 d h k e s l s t r l i c e s y p l q u l -es , l ti.D es d h k e s l x t r e o r m hg e r h e k l g t l pls emes s l m l s h j g e g i o g l d g o k a r l m l \ r g e s m l a r ez o ( E r k f l h d l g ) .D e i h f r e 9 > > h gm h i e d e d o g j h t u m m l d i u l r p o m l de u r g e l g k k de i h f r e 1 d e s l p e r ei h g m l d r e y e m o .Lstos r e y e m o s sl m l s h j g e g iog des i h f res >>, O , H . 1 , 9 , =, < y 6, i o r r l s p o g m h l g m o de i h f r e >> e de k e y o ry de 6 e de s l p e r e i h g kes f hge ml d r e y e m o .D e m l s h j ge i h g M HG ( hg hi he dls m l d e s p e d e a r e sm e s hs t G o r k ; lsto l s g o r k e ) 3935 h gm h i e q ul d e d h k el g i u l s t h g c e s h m o i o g t r u m e l g f a r h i e s l j g l s p l i h f h i ei h o gl s u g h f h i e m e s m l s u k h g h s t r o m l t l r k h g e m e sp o r u g i o g v l g h o i o k g l g i u e g t o e ke tl r h e d , i d e s l m l p h i em o , t r e t ekh l g to t r kh i o , l t i .Eperetos pere sublihgL g ies h tomos do s t r e a e b o s m l d h k e , de p hlze e t r ea e b e r m l a l sl r f u l r t l k l g t l s u b l t e .L e p e r e t o m l s u b l i h g k s f r l i u l g t l k l g t l u s e m o ls l d to rg h d do pere dl do m l aegio ( f hj .


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DHK O etlrhed y dhkesI u e g m o sllsiobe u ge d hke pere ug ml t l r k h gemo t reae bo cear qul tlgl r eg tl tomo lg i u l g te qulld t hpo ml reyemo y su slpereihg sleg emliuemos pere l d ketl r he d qul sl veye e treae ber f hj . x O MHG 3935), mos proaltes ml m hs t hg toketlr h e d y sliihg iuemreme ml 9> x 9>, ml des iuedls uge ls ml eilro ml iogstruiihogls Yt >>o ahlg Yt 9:) y deotre ml E du 88 ls teadlihgmosl mlspus uge iokpereihg lgtrl de ied hmem ml de ssuplrfhihls treaebemes .E ug iuegmo de d hke ejerre ed prhgihpho klbor lg l d ketlrhed , k uyadegmo, ml de proalte mledukhgho , sl go te p rog to uge m h s k h g u i h g lg ld e r r e g q u lml v h ru t e eiokpeemo ml uge keriemeeiihg ml e reer ml de dhke, ls mlihr , qul ste promuil regures lg de suplrfhihl ml d e dukhg hoioko iogsliulgihe ml de fhbeihg ml des vhrutes y ld iogs hju hlg tl tepogekhlg to ml dos lspeihoslgtrl mhlgtl y m hlg tl . Lg de p roal te ml eilro suilmlg de s ioses ml o t ro komo2 mureg tl ld, lg s,rl de t hveklgtl p lqul o err eg qu l ml vhrute plrkeglil de d hke d hkphe y iog ieme mhlgtl ve erreg-iegmo gulves vhrutes .Des dhkes ml moadl phiemo sllkpdleg iog vlgtebe geme ks qul pere treaeber kltedls muros ioko,por lblkpdo, ld eilro.Yh eco re treaebek os de proalte ml e du k hgho iog uge d hke ml phiemo slgihddo y aesto sl oaslrvergdo s s hjuhlgtls rlsud temos2Aulg e r regqul ml v h ru te , j reg ieg t hmem ml d hkemures oa tlg hmes , euslgihe ml tepogekhlgto lg dosculios lgtrl mhlgtl y mhlgtl, suplrfhihl dhse. Dos lspeihos pere vhr ute s, derjos y lspeihemos lgtrls, lv h t eg l d e tesiekhlgto ml de s vhrutes y iog lddo ld ereemo ml de suplrfhihl.Des d hkes ml ug sodo reyemo sl lk pdle g pere l d treaebo ml kltedls adegmo s e dukhg ho , lsteo,pdoko) .Lg ld ieso ml ketlrhedls fharosos, ioko de kemlre , ld iulro o mhvlrsos ketlrhedls shgtthios, ldpldhjro ml t e p o g e k h l g toml dos lspeihos lgtrlmhlgtls ls eg k e y o r qul iog dos ketlr he dls adegmos.I o k o iog lstos k etlrhe dls freieseg te ka hg, edj ug es vlils, de s dhkes ml ug sodo reyemo, sl lk-pdleg pere l d dos de s d h k e s iog m hlg tls ml respe ddekem es lsiofhges vesl fhj.


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D H K E M OIoclshgL d erregqul ml v h r u t e , mlbegmo e ug demo de idesl ml clrrekhlgte, mlplgml kuicoml de ideslmldk e t l r h e d qul sl treaebe. stl pulml sl r adegmo o muro, ldst hio , f rj h d o t lg e z . ]omes lstes pro-phlmemls lstg rldeihogemes iog de idesl y k e j g h t u m ml des ful rze s hgtlrhorls.

\ g e ihgte ml eilro p. lb. ug kltro ml eilro) to-keme por dos lxtrlkos iog ekaes kegos pulmliurversl lg fo rk e eproxhkemeklgtl slkhihriuder.Yh sl suldteg lgtogils ekaos lxtrlkos ld kltrovodvlr , por ldesthihmem, e emquhrhr su forke prh-kht hve fhj.


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DHKEMOKejghtum ml de ioclshg lg dos ketlrhedlsMos kulstres ml edekarls ml >,1 kk mllsplsor, ugo mlioarly ldotro mleilro,slierjegugotresotro,e treiihg, iog plsos, cestequl sl rokpeg. Vekoseiokperer ecore lgtrlsdosplsosepdhiemos.Khlgtresqul ldedekarlmlioarlsl rokpl iog ugeierjeml eproxhkemeklgtl>,3 `p, ld mleilrorlshstl ceste uge ierje ml ugos 5,9 `p.Ml equ slmlmuilqul dekejghtumml desfulrzes mlioclshg ls mh fl rlgtl pereieme ketlrhed.Ioko egtls, vekos e ierjer suilshveklgtl ecore 9 edekarls ml ioarl ml mhkltros >,1, >,= y>,6 kk rlsplithveklgtl.

ld e d e k a r l ml > >,1 r okpl e p r o x h k e m e k l g t l e >,8 `pa ld edekarl ml> >,= r o k p l e p r o x h k e m e k l g t l e 9,6 `pi ld e d u k a r l ml > >,6 r o k p l e p r o x h k e m e k l g t l e 3,5 `pLsmlihr, q u l ,iokolre mllsplrer,dose d e kar l s l gse ye mos ceg e j u e g t e m o uge ierje d e g o k e y o r i u e g t ok v o r pre su m h k l t r o .

Fhj. , 1 , >,= y>,6 t hlglg lgt rl sh de rldeihg 5 2 1 2 9, d esierjes, por ldi o g t r e r h o >,8, 9,6 y 3 ,5 , j u e r m e g de r l d e i hg 5 2 = 2 8. L xpr l se gmo lsto k h s k o mlotrek e g l r e pomlkos m l i h r 2Ld e d e k a r l lgseyemo ml m h k l t r o moa d l s lrokpl e ierje i u m r u p d l y l d ml m h kl t r o t r h p d l e i e r je gu l vlvlils keyor . I og lsto rlsu d te qul des fulrzes ml r o tu r e ju e r me g des kh ske s r l d e i hogl s qul des sliihoglst regsvlrse dls ml dos e d e k a r l s , p u l s t o qu l u g e d e k ar l ml m h kl t r o moadl t h lgl u g e su pl r f h i h l i u mr u p d ly u go ml m h kl t r o t r hp d l u g e suplrf hihl g u l v l vlils ke yor f hj . `p.Ioko d esupl r f hi hl ls 9 , 5= kk- , d e r l s h s tlgi he s l i e d i u d e g u k r h i e k l g t lpor de l x p r l s h g s h j u h l g t l 2Ierje 8> `p

Yuplrfhihl 9 5= kk0 13 `p/kkDe k e j g h t u mml fulrzesmlioclshg lg dosmhvlrsosketlrhedlsls mhsthgte y iog lddo tekahg doslr,pordo t e g t o , su rls hs tlgi he .Lg l de r r e g q u lm l - v h r u t e ml d ketlr he d sl e p r l i h ek u y i d e r e k l g t lld s h j u h l g t l c l i c o 2ld i o a r l o ld e d u k h g h o r l s h s t l gihe r l mu i h me ) s l ml b e g d h k e r , t e d e m r e r , eslrrer, k l m h e g t l d e s c l r r e k h l g t e s


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DHKEMOe ml i ue me s pe re i eme ieso, iog fei h d hmem g o t e a d l k l g t l k e y o r q u l l d eilro ( k e y o r r ls h s tlgihe) . I o g ls tor l s u d t e slr de r l s h s t l g i h e t e k a h g u g e h k p o r t e g t l i e r ei t l r s t h i e p e r e b u z j e r soarl d e f e i h d h m e m m l t r e a e b oo k e q u h g e a h d h m e m m l d o s ke t l r h e d l s . ^ ul ml , p u l s , m l i h r s l 2 I u e g t o kl g o s f u l r t l ( k l g o s r l s h s t lg t l ) s l el d k e t l r h e d , t e g t o k s f i h d k l g t l s l m l b e r t r e a e b e r y v hilvlrse .Lg k u i c o s iesos, soarl tomo lg ld ml k u i c s h k e s idesls ml eilro, ld meto g u k r h i o ml de rlshs-tlgihe i o g s t h t u y l de iereitlrsthie qul h gm hie de i e d h me m mld thpo ml eilro.F b l k p do 2 Y t 9:* , s h jg h f h i e eilro m l 9 : ` / k k B m l r l s h s t l g i h e k g h k e e de t r e i i h g . Lsto q u h l rl ml -ihr qul lg lste i desl ml eilro sl je re g t hze uge rls h s t lgi he e de t reii h g ml 9: ` / k k 1 .^or ldiogtrerhoYt >> q u h l r l mlihr qul sltrete ml ugeilro lg ld i u e d go sl j e r e g t h z e lserlshstlgihekghke.Geturedklgtlqullstleilro,qul por otrepertl ls ldusemo ieshlxidushveklgtl lgilrre-blre pere i o g s t rui i h o g l s , t h l g l t e k a h g uge rlshstlgihe e de treiihg, r l s h s t lg i he q u l , por do jlgl-re d , ls perlihme e de mld Yt 9: .Iuegto ks fulrtl (ks rlshstlgtl) ls ld ketlrhed, ksvedhoso eiostukare e slr lgiuegto e susepdhieihogls ioko ldlklgto ml iogstruiihg, ls mlihr, t e g t o ks ldlveme ls su aogmem, su ie-dhmem.Dos ieadls pere j r e s , qul lstg clicos mld eilro d d e k e m o ml e d t e r l s h s t lg i he , go glil s h t eg slr t e gjrulsos ioko dos ml eilros ml plor iedhmem iuegmo c e y e g ml rlshsthr, shg rokplrsl, uge ierje,por l b l k p d o , ml 5>>>> `p.De iedhmem ml uge i d e s l mleilro go ls, por do tegto, l q u h v e d l g t l ed klbor o ml ks f i h d kequh-geahdhmem lg l d teddlr.urlz]ekahg de murlze mld ketlrhed vesl pj. 16) ls uge prophlmem qul go sl pulml lxpdhier shgopor de lxhstlgihe ml de ioclshg0 tegtokeyor lsste, tegtoks murols ld k e t l r h e d .

Fhj . 6> 5 Lg de prulae ml iokprlshg ml de aode lg lt tor-g h d do m l aegio, e i t e g f u l r z e s h jue d l s s o a r l e k a e s p r o a l t e sfulr0e ; r l e i i h g ) . D e m h f l r l g t l k e j g h t u m \ i d e s h kpr l s h o g l spr o mui h me s , l g k k e , s o a r l d e s p hlzes ofrl tl uge t h d k l m h m em l i o k p e r e i h g ml de m u r l z e

F.g u g k e t l r h e d mu ro pl g l t re g d e s i u i c h d d e s ml d es c l r r e k h l g t e s i o g k s m h f h i u d t e m q ul l g u g o a d e g m o .I o g l d d o s l kul s t r e ug l s t r li c o pe rl g t l s i o l g t rl d e s p ro p h l me m l s ml r l s h s t l g i h e y mu rl z e . I u e g d o k srlshstlgtl l s ug ketlr he d tegto k s muro l s t ekahg y tegto k s m hf i h d rlsudde su treaebo, l h g v l r s e k l g t l .D e mu rl z e pul ml ml t l rkh g e r s l ml d k h s k o k o m o k l m h e g t l l g s e y o s .\ g e ao de m l eilro , por l blkpdo , ml io b hgl tl ml a hi hi dl te , sl iodoie l g t r l m o s p r o a l t e s m l ke t l r h e d l s m h -f l r l g t l k l g t l muros y , e iog t hguei hg , proal tes y ao de sl p r l s h o g e g lg l d t o r g h d d o m l a e g i o ( f h j . 6>,5).Y l vl r qul d e a o d e p l g l t r e k s p r o f u g m e k l g t l lg l d k e t l r h e d a d e g m o q u l lg l d m u r o . I o k p e r e g m o l g t r ls de s suplrf hi hls ml d es h k p r l s h o g l s o a t l g h m e s pul ml fo rke rs l bu h i h o s o arl d e s m h f l r lg t l s mu rl z e s .* Lste mlshjgeihg iorrlspogmle des gorkes MHG y lgldde de s detres Yt ceilg rlflrlgihe e te peded .-e edlkege -YVecdqu l s h jg h f h i e eilro G thld ]


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DHK O reaebo ml d h k e lsaestemo y efhgemo iog de dhkeLg tomos dos t reaebos ml d h k e m o mlal etlgmlrsl,soarl tomo e kegtlglr lxei teklgtl de s klm hmes ,ls mlihr , qul des d og j h t umlsml des er hs tes y des kl-mhmes ml dos g j u d o s ml de phlze mlalg io hgi hm h r iogdes mld p d e g o ml ted dlr . Q l s u d t e lsplihedklgtl m h f hiud -toso oatlglr iog de d h k e suplrf hihls lxeiteklgtlpdees o eaokaemes.K l m he g t l plmhmes ml iogtrod, rled hzemes e su mlahmot hlkpo y iogvlghlgtlklgtl rl h tlremes , sl hkp hml lde r r e g q u l ml lxilshvo ketlrhed y qul de phlze rlsudtliog l d do h g t h dh g do s t reaebos ml e f h g o cey qul tlglr lg iulgte quliog de d hke ml mlsaester p r ov h s t e ml aulgos mhlgtls slerregie tomo ld ke t l r h e d qul sle poshadl ec orro mlt h lkpo) . E c o r e a hlg,ioko de d hke ml mlsaes ter promuillst r hes ces te ml > ,9 kk ml p r o fugm hmem , ld mlsaes temoprlv ho sl rledhze s do ceste ml be r ug lxilso ml klmhmeml > ,< kk tlrkhggmosl e i o g t h g u e i h g ld treaebo iogld e f hgemo f h j . 6 5 , 5 ) .Iuhmemos e tlglr iogeperetos de s clrrekhlgtes y

Dos mhlgtls ml de d hke , ml m u r l z e - v h t r l e , sog kuyslgshadls e dos jodpls o icoquls y sl rokplg fihd-k l gt l iuegmo sl klzideg des d hkes uges iog otresmlsormlgemeklgtl .Des dhkes sl juermeg ye sle lg de iebe ml des cl-r rekhlg tes o ye lg ld aegio ml treaebo lg ug shtholsplihed f h js . 65 ,1 y 9) . Lg ld aegio ml treaebo sliodoieg ed ediegil ml de k e g o e de mlrlice mld tor-g h d do ml aegio y slperemes ml des mlks clrre-khlgtes .Des phlzes lg a ru to , soarl tomo des f u g m h m e s o desdekhgemes, lstg iesh s hlkprl rliuahlrtes ml ugeiepe k uy m u r e y mldjeme iostre ml fugmhi hg o mld e k h g e i h g ) mlaebo ml de iued sl lg iulg t r e ld v l r -memlro k lted , por do jlg lred , ks adegmo qu l equl-dd e iostre.^or lst rezg, pere de s prhklres pesemes ml d hkesl ut h d hzeg lg lstos iesos d hkes usemes iog do iuedsl protljlg des d h k e s g ulv es .Des d hkes go sl keg l b eg ahlg y ml komo sljuro s hgoiuegmo ld kegjo lst f h rklklgtl f hbemo.Dos kegjos gulvos sl te demreg prlvheklgtl, lg vlzml coremer dos klmheg tl ld fu ljo fhj. E d,=), porq uled qulkersl de kemlre sl ieraoghze lg pertl, eadeg-mgmosl, iose qul sl t remuil lg ug p rog to efdobe-k h l g t o mld keg jo . ^ld hjro ml eiihmlgtl.)

V=3

U

5G

Fhl. 65 .5

hl 6 5 , 1

Fhj. 65 9

Fhl. 6 5 , =


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Yublihg ml des phlzes qul sl treaebegYoarl tomo lg dos t r e a e b o s ml mlsaestl l g dos qul ceyqul d hker iog uge j reg p rls hg ml ior t l , sl oaslrvef i h dklgtl qu l ld e r r e g q u l ml v h r u t e p t h k o sl o a t h l g lsdo i u e g m o de suplrf hihl qu l sl t r e a e b e t h l g l uge posh-i h g c o r h z o g t e d .Ioko, emlks, des p hlzes su bl tes ku ylg de rjo ku y lg vo d em hzo ) f d lxeg d e dkhge5lkphlzee v h a r e r ) c e a r q u l su bl te r de phlze teg ilrie ioko slp u l m e ml de suplr f hi hl ml t r eae b o .Des phlzes plqules sl sublteg lg l d t o r g h d d o pe r e d l doml aegio. Lg lstl ieso de suplrf hihl ml t r e a e b o mlal ls terc o r h z o g t e d y u g o s ,io g oa b l t o ml iogoil r mog ml eje r r e ded hke. ^or sl r ks i o g v l g h l g t l por ks j regml de suplrf hihl ml epoyo , sl mlsaeste , lg ld ieso, lspl-i he dklgtl , ml suplrfhihls plqules ml dhkemo, lg ugemh rliihg qul fo rkl =< iog dos ieg tos . fhgemo io g eilhtl y thzeL g do s l s tr licos l spei ho s pe re v h ru t e s ml des d hkes mle f hge r sl f h beg f i h dklgtl v h r u t e s 0 de d hke e r e e l g t o g i l sylgd suplr d hi hl d hkeme sl p romuil g su rios .

Lg l d e f hgemo sl oa t h lglg suplrf hihls d h ses ep d hiegmo e de cobe ml de d hke t hze , o t e k a h g eilhtl, t r l k l g -t hge o slao.^or ld iogtrerho, dessup lrfhihlsqul slmlsaestegmlalgkegtlglrsl hkprlsihgmhadlklgtl d harlsml jrese,eilhtl o sumo r ml des k e g o s p o r q u l , lg ieso i o g t r e r h o , de d hke go eje r r e ahlg y rlsaede soarl de s u p l r -fhihl dhse. blrihihos5. Lg qu iogshmlrei hogls sl aese de ldliihg ml uge d hke ep ro p heme pe re ug ml t l rkhgemo t r eae b o?1 . Ei d e re r de s hju hlg t l mls hjgei hg g o rk ed h ze me ml d h k e 2d hke iuemreme I 51> x = M f G 3 9359 . Des d hkes f rlsemes so g lsplihe dklgtl ieres . U u p u l m l c eil r sl pe re su kl bo r iogsl rv ei hg y iu hmemo?61


61/74

esiemo ml suplrfhihlsD e s s u p l r f hi h l s o a t l g h m e s k l m h e g t l d h k e m o , i l p h d d e m oo t o r g l e m o s o g k s o k l g o s s p l r e s . H g i du s o de ss u p l r f h i h l s i u h m e m o s ek l g t l e f h g e m e s p r l s l g t e g , i u e g -m o s l o a s l r v e g i o g u g e d u p e , i d e r e k l g t l e i u s e m o sd o s su r i os mld t r e a e bo f hj . 69,5 .E m l k s c e y q u l e e m h r q u l , p o r l b l kpd o , e d d h k e r ,g o l s fihd o a t l g l r u g e s u p l r f h i h lm l t r e a e bo q u l s l eu g h f o r k l . Es h d e s suplr f hi hls d d e k e m e s p d e g e s rlsu d teg , po r do jlglre d , m l fli t u o s es k o s t r e g m o h r rl -j u d e r h m e m l s lg f o r k e m l p e rt l s c u g m h m e s o e a u d t e -m e s f hj . 69,1 .D es suplrf hi hls splres y p rov hs tes ml mlfli tos mlf o r k e g o se t h s feilg k u i c e s vlils d e s i o g m hi ho g l sml lxei t h tum lx hj hmes lg l d m hau bo ml de p hlze . ^orl d i o g t r e r ho , sl p h m lg f r l i u l g t l k l g t l s u p l r f h i hl s m lj r e g u g h f o r k h m e m y d h su re .D es suplrfhihls ml k l m h m e ml rljdes mlpldo, phls mlr l y o l s i u e m r e s c e g m l s l r p d e g e s y d h ses puls , m l doi o g t r e r ho , g o s l r v h r e g p e r e s u o a bl to . L g do s t r e -ae bos ml e bus tl , ls mli h r , s hlkprl qul mos suplrf hi hlsc e y e g m l e i o p de r s l o e m e p te r s l l g t r l s , ye slep o r q u l t l g j e g , m u r e g t l l d f u g i h o g e k h l g to , qul mls -d h z e r u g e s o a r l o t r e , o sle, po rqul mlae l di o g b u g t om l e k a e s p l r k e g l i l r ls tegio e de p rls hg m l d e j u eo ml d jes qul pulme f h d t re rsl lg trl l d des , s l r glil-s e r ho o a tl g l r s u p l r f h i h l s k u y l x e i te k l g tl t r e a e b e -m e s f hj . 69.9 .

Fh f . 69,5 E s p l r l z e m l u g e s u p l r f h i h l a h l g e f h g e m e Fhl. 6 9,1 \ g h f o r k h m e m m l s u p l r f h i h l s h r e a e b e m e s . e Y u -p l r f h i h l p d e g e 0 c s u p l r f h i h l g o p d e g e o g m u d e m e )L d r e s iemo i o g s t h t u y l u g e o p l re i h g k e g u e d h k p o r t e g t l p e r e o a t l g l r supl r f hi hl s m l j r e g u g h f o r k h m e my d h s u r e . Em l k s m l d o s h g s t r u k l g t o s m l r e s i e m o p r o p h e k l g t l m h i c o s d d e k e m o s r e si e mor l s , s l l k p dl e gp e r e ls tl t r e a e bo s u p l r f h i h l s m l v l r h f hi e i h g i u hm e m o s e k l g tl h r e a e be m e s , i o k o , p o r l blkpdo , p deie orlj des m l l g t h g t e m o .

h j 69,9 ] r e a e b o s m l e b u s h l . e Y u p l r f h i h l s m l m l s d h z e k h l g t o 0 6 ) s u p l r f h i h l s m l b u k e l g l d l k l g t o s ml k q u h g e


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r 6= 5 ]reaebo iog ld resiemor

roilso ml d treaebo ml resiemoIoko iog ld resiemo sl prltlgml ghieklgtl de ldh-khgeihg ml mlflitos lg suplrfhihls ye treaebemes, ldresiemor go glilshte erregier shgo kuy plqulesvh ru tes .Lsto prlsupogl u ge mltlrkhgeme poshihg ml de clrre-khlg te 2 Yu suplrfhihl ml etequl mlalr lster hgid hgemeceihe mldegtl lg de mhrliihg ml d iortl0 sl treaebe iog g j u do ml etequl gljethvo, puls ml otro komo slidever held resiemor lg ld ketlrhed (fhj. 6=,5 .Dos mlflitos ml de suplrfhihl qul sl ce ml resier dhlglgqul rliogoilrsl o gotersl ahlg idereklgtl, ls mlihr, q u lgo mlalr erregiersl ketlrhed shgo lg equlddos shthos lgqul soarlsedjeg des rlaeaes ml dos surios mld klieghzemoo lg equl d dos lg qul rlsedtlg pertls ml de suplrfhihl ekomo ml a u d t o s o boroaes.

Khlgtres qul lg dessuplrfhihls mlsaestemes lg des efhgemes sleprliheg dos surios plrfliteklgtl e shkpdl vhste pumhlgmo ldh-khger de s rlaeaes klmhegtl u g keglbo emliuemo mld resiemor,go suilml do khsko iog dos mlflitos ml forke2 lg lstl iesols mhfihd , o totedklg tl hkp oshadl , rliogoilr mgm l qu lmeg z o-ge s c u g m h m es y mgml protualregihes.I og oablto ml poglr fihdklgtl ml keghfhlsto des hrrlju derhmemlsml de suplrfhihl,s l proilml e l g t h g t e r iog uge iepe dhjlre suplr-fhihls ml vlrhfhieihg lxei teklgtl pdeges ioko de s esh ddekemespdeies o krkodls y rljdes ml lgt hg temo o ml vlrhfhieihg soarldes iuedls sl ceil kovlr de suplrfhihl e resier (fhj.6=,1 .Y l forke lghogils soarl de suplrfhihl uge fhjure ddekeme mlepoyo o portegtl lg de qul rlsedteg des mhsthgtes zoges sokarle-mes lg iodor. D es pertls profugmes o cugmhmes ml de suplrfhihlq u l m eg io g arhddokltdhio, hgedtlremes, por go cealr shmo toiemespor de thgte . ^or ld iogtrer ho , ml dos shthos ks sedhlgtls, kseau d temos , ce s hmo l d hkhgemeiesh mld homo de thgte y prlslgtegpor lso uge iodoreihg robo idero o ezud i dero . E d demo ml lstocey zoges iodorlemes lg osiuro q u l iorrlspogmlg e dos shthoslg qul ce pomhmo qulmer emclrhme de thgte.D es zoges ml frhiihg lgtrl de pdeie ml lgthgtemo y de phlze qulsl tre te ml edhser gos hgmhieg do s a u d t o s q u l clkos mlld hkhgeriog ld resiemor.D es oplreihogls mld lgt hg temo o kerkodlemo y mld suashjuhlgtlresiemosl rlphtlg edtlrgemeklgtl ceste qul de fhjure q ul qulmesoarl de suplrfhihl ml de phlze gos h g m h q u l u ge sufhihlgtl pdegh-tum. ste sl tlgmr, sljg de iedhmem suplrfhihed qul sl lxhbe,iuegmo de proporihg ml des zoge s porteg tls sle rlsplito e detote d ml ug 9> e ug :> .Lblkpdo2 I u eg m o de suplrfhihl q u l mlal sl r resieme ml u ge phlzesle, por lblkpdo, ml 6 > x 3 > kk, ls mlihr, ml=3>>k k1mlalr egq u l m e r ioko portegtls, pere tlglr u g a u l g resiemo, u g 6 >ml de suplrfhihl, o sle,' eproxhkemeklgtl 18>> kks.Fhj. 6=,1 ^roilsoml treaebo edresier, u Qesiemo p r l v h o 0 a) kerkodlemosua s h ju h lg t l yrlpeso io g ld resiemor0i) g u l v o k e r k o d i e B o yresiemo fhged


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QesiemorlsLd fhdo ml dos resiemorls sl emep t e e de forke ml desuplrfhihl qul sl ce ml treaeb er. L d fh do f rog te d , rlito,ml d resiemor pde go sh rvl pere ld resiemo ml suplrfhihlsp d e g e s .Dos resiemorls p degos sl iogs t ruylg lg f o rke ml res-iemorls ml lkpu bg y ml t h rg , lkpdlgmosl dos prh-klros pere ldresiemo prlvhoy ml p u g t o sy dos sljugmospere ld resiemo fhged (fhjs. 6


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Q E Y I E M OEprliheihg o klmhme ml de forkeDe fo rk e ml des phlzes ml k eq uhg erh e lst shlkprl iereitlrhzeme por k lmho ml verhe s suplrfhihlsqul d e d hkhteg.Lstes suplrfhihls pulmlg slr pdeges o iurves. Yl ior teg lgtrl s aebo gjudos mltlr-k h g emo s y f o r k e g es des er hstes ml de phlze qul sl rlprlslgte so deklg tl lg dos p d eg o s .Des iotes dogj h tumhgedls o .egjuderls mld pdego o mhaubo mlted dlr meg hmle soarl de lxtlgshg ml de s suplrfhihls y soarl suposhihg rliproie.

Dos shjgos suplrfhihedls fhj. 66,5) gos hgmhieg, por ld iogtre-rho, qu jremo ml d h sure (mlsaestemo, e f h g emo , e f h g e m o fhgo) sllxhjl e des suplrfhihls ml de phlze.Yhg opoglrsl e lsto sl hgmhie por do jlglred lg ld mhaubo mlte lr ld j remo ml u g h f o r k h mem ml de suplrfhihl ml uge phlz07

w 66 ,5 Iedhmem suplrfhihed (d hsure).e) A r u t e 0 6 ) mlsaesteme0 i ) e f h ge m e 0/ ) iog e f hgemo fhgo

Fhj . 66 ,1 Ie d h mem s upl r f h i h e d ( ug h fo rk hm e m ) , e ) V l r h f h ie i hg ml des suplrf hi hls pdeges iog de rljde ml pldo0 a) vl r h f hie -ihg m l suplrf hi hls iurves p o r k l m ho ml p d e g t h d d e s m l i u r v e t u r e

Yl lg t h lg ml por u g h f o r k h mem l d j remo lg qul uge suplrfhihl p dege o i u r v e ml uge phlze sl ep r o x h k erledklgtl e u g pdego o e u g ih d hgmr o plrflitos, por lblkpdo.Yl lxhjl soarl tomo de u g h f o r k h m e m lg equ ld des phlzes qul c eg ml e b u s t e r lgtrl s (vesl pj. 5>5).De p d e g t u m ml de suplrfhihl ml des phlzes sl iok prul ae iog de rljde ml pldo (fhj. 66,1). Lg tomosBos iesos sl lkpdle pere vlrhfhier de p d e g h t um ld p roilmhkhlg to ml de rlgmh be ml duz . Yl aese lstlproilmhkhlgto lg mltlrk hger mhsirlpegihes iog de forke mlsleme k lmhe gtl eyume ml reyos mldu z qul peseg lg trl ek aes forkes. E s hkpdl v h s te pulmlg mltl rkhge rsl m h si rlpegi hes ml < khiro-gls (/*) ; >,>>


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QEYIEMOulrz ml okprlshgD e f u l r z e i o g q u l de p d eie m l l g t h g t e m o l s p r l s h o g e m e i o g t r ede suplr f hi hl m l t r ea e b o qul ce ml slr r e s i e m e , sl r l p e r t lm l t e d k o m o q u l e ieme i k - m l ls te d t h k e dl i o r r l s p o g m l r u g e m l t l r k h g e m e ]reii hg ml de ful rze to te d . Ls te f reii hgm l f u l r z e ,r l f l r hm e e d i k1 , ls do qul sl d d ek e t l g s h g m l io k -prls hg o t e k a h g s h k p d l k l g t l p r l s h g . Y l lxprlse por d er l d e i hg

F u l r z e ( ` p )Y u p l r f h i h l (ik*) ; t l g s h g m l i o k p r l s h g ( ` p / i k1 )

Lblkpdos2 \ g e s u p l r f h i h l qul ce ml resiersl y qul t h lgld O O x 5>>k k mlal slr tome l d d e u g h f o r k l k l g t l s o p o r t e m o r e( f h j . 6:,5). Yh sl p r l s h o g e de p deie m l l g t h g t e m o io g u g eful rze ml => `p, d e t l g s h g m l iokprls hg slr 2 Fhl. 6:, F u l r / e ( ` p )Yuplrf hi hl (ik*) t l g s h g ( ` p / i k * )=> `p

5>> ik5 ;>,= ` p / i k1E c o r e a h l g , d e f h j u r e p o r t e g t l g o s k u l s t r e q u l g h io gk u i c o ls soportemore t o m e de s u p l r f h i h l 2 lg de s suplr -f hi hls ked r e s i e m e s sl t h l g l q u l , e tomo do ks , l s s o p o r t e -more u g 1> % ml d e s u p l r f h i h l y l g de s iu h m em o s ek l g t l r e s-iem es , e t o m o do ks, u g :> ml de khske. L g l d iesomld 1 > , por lblkp do, de suplrf hi hl s opor temo re s oa rl dei u e d slr l p e r t ll g r l e d h m em de fulrze to te d go s l r 5>x5> ;; 5>> ik1 s h g o l d 1> % ml l s te s u p l r f h i h l o sle 1>ik-.

]l g s h g m l io kp r l s h g ; ; 1 ,> ` p / i k b1>ik5D e p r l s h g i o g q u l ei t e d e p u g t e m l d j r g l t l m l t r e z e rs o a r l de s u p l r f h i h l s o p o r t e m o r e ls kuy j r e g m l . Y h sl s u p o g lqul lse suplr f h i h l ve dl >,5 kk9 ; >,>>5 i ke y qul sl i e r j eld j r g l t l i og u g plso ml 6 `p, d e prls hg l b l ri hme s l r 2

6 ` p>,>>5 ik5 ; 6>>> ` p / ik1 6>>> `p ik?

D es f u l r / e s q u l s l e p d h i e g e suplr f h i h ls k u y p l q u l e s m e gd u j e , e t l g s h o g l s m l io k p r l s h g k u y j r eg m l s . Y l u t h d h z e g , Fhj.6:1 De fulrze ei tuegmo soarl u g e ,u -do k h s k o qul lg ld ieso m l d j r g l d l , p e r e p r o m u i h r u ge p l r f h i h i ku y plqule me d u j e r e jreg t lgs h gfih d p l g l t r e i h g ml d e c l r r e k h l g t e l g l d k e t l r h e d (f h j .6:,1). ml iokprlshgD e l d l v em e t l g s h g m l i o k p r l s h g ml de p u g e m l d j r g l d l (6>OO ` p / i k) v l g il f i h d k l g t l de r l s h s t l g i h em l d k e t l r h e d ( q u l v e d m r , po r l b lkpdo , pere l d Yt 9: ; 9:>> ` p / ik1 ) y l k p u b e e u gdemo de s p e r t i u d e s m lk e t l r h e d i o d o i e m e s m l a e b o m l eq u l d d e p u g t e . Ml l s t l k o m o d o s i d e v o s m l p u g e e f h d e m e , dos p h do tls y dosf h d o s m l i u e p l g l t r e g t e g t o k lb or l g l d k e t l r h e d iu e g t o k s p l q u l e s l e d e s u p l r f h i h lsoarl d e iue d slep d h i e ld lsfulrzo.Yh , por ld iog t rer ho , sl q u h l r l h k p l m h r l g do p o s h a d l de p l g l t r e i h g lg de aes l m l e s h l g t o sl c e r q u l d esuplr f hi hl s o p o r t e m o r e sl e j r eg m l .Ldplso m l u g l s q u h e m o r ( p o r l b l k p d o , 3 > ` p) sl r l p e r t l soarl de s u p l r f h i h lsoportemore m lekaos l sq u s(por l b lkpdo , 1 > > - 3 ik 1 91>>ik5). D e p l q u l e t l g s h g m l i o k p r l s h g - por lblkp do, e 3> `p291>> ik 1 >,>5< ` p / i k1 h k p h m lqul dos l squ s sl c u g m e g p r o f u g m e k l g t llg de g h l v l g h eug lg de rli hgi e m e .\ g k u r o s lm h s p o g l soarl u g eaesl k s e g i c e ( i h k h l g t oo f u g m e k l g t o ) p e r e m h s k h g u h rde t l g s h g m l iok-prls hg soarl l d sul do .D e s j r eg m l s r u l m e s ml dos t r e i to r l s slp r o vl l g m l j r ul se siu a h l r t e s a e d gi og o a b l to ml qu l l d v l c i u d ogo sl c u g m e m l k e s h e m o l g l d s u l d o d ea o r e a d l poio f h rkl.

6:


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QEYIEMOFulrzes ml frhiihg o rozekhlgtoE d k o v l r de p d ei e m l l g t h g t em o soarl de suplrf hi hlm l t r eae b o sl p rl s l g t e lg d es su p l r f h i h l s q u l m l s d h z eguge rlshs tlgihe qu l s lmlshjge io g d o s g o k a r l s m l r o z e k h l g t o o f r h i i h g .L d l s ful rz o m l r o z e k h l g t o sl o p o g l e de f u l r z e lg k o v h k h l g toy t hlgl s hlkprl m h rlii hg o p u l s t e e d e mlstl. D e f u l r z e m l r o z e k h l g t o ls, por do e g t o , u g e rleii hg f hj .63,5 .

Ld roz ekh l g t o sl prlslgte lg t o m e i desl ml k ovhk hlgto s pos ha dls 2 es ,p o r l blkpdo , e d h g t ro m u i h r t o rg h d d o s epe rl i l lg dos f d egios ml dos f h d l tls ,sl prlslgte h j u e d k l g t l lg d es suplr f hi hls m l m l s d h z ek h l g t o m l d o s sopor -tls o iobhgltls , lg dos e i o p d e k h l g t o s m l f r h i i h g , lg dos t ekaorl s m lf r lg o , lti.F 6 3 , 5 Ful r z e s ml r oz e kh l g t o l g d e s supl r f h i h l s m l s d h z e g t l s 0 e i t e g opog h gm osle dos k o v h k h l g t o s m l mlsd hzekhlgto , f rlggm odos

Mhsthgte eiihg ml des fulrzes ml rozekhlgtoL g d etedemremore m lsoarlklse, de ful rz e k o t r h z q u loare l g d e pl r h f l r h e m l depodle m l t r e g s k h s h gl s t r e g s k h t h m e e d c u s h d d o m l t e d e m r e r l g v h r t u m m l drozekhlgtolgtrl d e iorrle y d epodle. L dihtemoc u s h d d o slpogl iog l d d o lgkovhkhlgtoyqulmeiepeihtemo pere v l g i l r derlshstlgihe mliortl q u lsl dl prlslgte.I o g eyume ml d e f u l r z e m l rozekhlgto sl p u l m l g t r e g s k h t h r l s f u l r z o s y i ogs l ju h r k o v h k h l g d o s f hju re 63,1 .

r hj. 63 ,1 D os tlgsorls ml d e s io r r les ml t r e g s k h s h g e u k l g t e g de s ful rzeW m lr o z e k h l g t o 0 sll v h t e l d r l s a e de k h l g t oml de i o r r l e ,e Iorrle f do be 0 a io r r le t l g s e m eDes p hl z es m l k q u h g e s l s u b l t eg f h rklklgtl lgt rl d es suplrf hi hls ml subli hgml d e s k e g m a u d e sm l d t o r g h d d o m l a e g i o p e r e d l d o lg v h r t u m m l d r o z e k h l g t o . Y l p rl -slgte rlsaedekhlgto , ls mli h r k o v h k h l g t o ml d e p hlze , iuegmo de fu l r z e , po r l b l kp d o ,d e fu l r z e m l pl rius hg m l d k e r t h d d olg deo p l r e i h g m l i h g i l d e r ,lsk e y o r qul d eful rz em l roz ekh l g t o .

D e s ful rz es m l r o z e k h l g t o p u l m l g t e k a h g h k p l m h r k o v h k h l g t o s ,f r l g e r d o s ( f hj . 63 ,9) .E d e i t ue r l d i og t repl m e d l g l d p h g d h a rl m l uge a h i h i d l t e s l i e d h l g t e g d e s s upl r f hi h l sm l r o z e k h l g to iuao,l gvo d vl g t l m l f r l go ) 0 m l d k h s ko k o m o e d t e d em re r s l i e d h l g t eg t eg t o d earoie ioko de p hlze .L d ro z ek h l g t o l gj l gm re i e d o r 2 d e s s upl r f h i h l s q ul roz eg l g t rl s h s l i e d h l g t e g .

Kejgh tum ml des fulrzes ml rozekhlgto.WK Des iorrles ml t r e g s k h s h g , y do khsko desrulmes ml ug e u t o k v h d , lkphlzeg e rlsae-de r iuegmo de fu l r z e k o t r h z ls keyor qulde m l rozekhlgto.^o r k l m h o m l d r o z e k h l g t o s l p u l m l g t r e g s -k h t h r g h i e k l g t l fu l r z es m l u g e m l t l r k h g e m ek e j g h t u m , q u l p u l m l g m l t l r k h g e r s l l g ` paesgmosl lg lgseyos.Fhj . 63,9 Y u b l i h g ml de p h l z e l g t r l de s suplrf hi hlsml des k e g m a u d e s m l d t o r g h d d o th l a e g i o , l g v h r t u mmld rozekhlgto


67/74

Fulrzes ml rozekhlgto mlsleadls

Fhj . 68.5 D e d u a r hi e i h g m h s k h g u y l de s f u l r z e s m l r o z e k h l g t o g o m l s l ea d l s lg dos soportls o iob hgl tls , e L g -j re s l p o r k l m ho m l iopes Y t e u f f l r 0 E l gj re s l l g io b h gl t l s m l a o d e s 0 ? ) l gj re s l io g eil h t l l g u h . soportl ml mls-d h z e k h l g t oDe s i o r r le s s l f r o t e g i o g i l r e , i ue gm o l d s ul do l s t c l d e m o s l l s p e r i le r l g e p o r l g i h k e m l d , d o s l s q u h e m o r l ss u a l g k o g t e e e r r h a e i o g p l d l s , l t i .D e s i e r je s p l s e m e s p u l m l g k o v l r s l k s f i h d k l g t l ,c e i h g m o d e s r o m e r , l s m l i h r t r e g s f o r k e g m ol dk o v h k h l g t om l m l s d h z e k h l g t o l g u g o m l r o m e m u r e , h g t l r i e d e g m o , p o rl b l k p d o , l x t r l k o s m l t u a o f hj- 68,1). D o s s opor t l s m lm l s d h z e k h l g t o lx hj lg u g k e y o r i o g s u k o m l f u l r z e q u ld o s ml a o d e s o dos ml r o m h d d o s .L d r o z e k h l g t o m l r o m e m u r e l s k l g o r q u l l d m l m l s d h ze -k h l g t o .

D e s f u l r z e s m l r o z e k h l g t o g o m l s l e a d l ss l p u l m l g m h s k h g u h rm lk o m ok u y g o t e a d lp o r d u a r h i e i h g io g eilhtl, e j u e y e g -do j o s f hj . 68,5).D e s f u l r z e s m l r o z e k h l g t o m l s l e a d l s ,i o k o , p o r l b lk p do , d e s f u l r / e s m l f r l -g e m o , s le u k l g t eg l f h i e z k l g t l i o ge y u m em l k l m h o s m l f r h i i h g e r l g e , i l r e , s up l r -f h i h l sm l m l s d h z e k h l g t osplres).

Klmhihg ml fulrzes ml rozekhlgtoIog oablto ml tlglr uge klmhme t h dpere eprliher de kejghtum ml des f u l r z e s ml rozekhlgto qulhgtlrvhl-g l g lg ieme ieso, sl ceg klmhmo lxplrhklgte dklgtl pere kuices mhflrlgtls suplrfhihls ml frotekhlgtoporlblkpdo, eilro soarl f u g m h i h g j r h s , eilro soarlkemlre, lti.) ypere desmhvlrses iogmhihoglsml f u g -ihogekhlgto qul pulmeg prlslgtersl mlsdhzekhlgto, romemure, lstemo slio, duarhiemo, s u p l r f h i h l splre,suplrfhihl d h s e ) , de k e j g h t u m ml desfulrzes ml rozekhlgtoy desfulrzes mliokprlshg qul eiteg gorked-klgtl e de suplrfhihl ml frhiihg. De iohgihmlgihe ml rlsudtemos ml tomos doslxplrhklgtosce mlkostremoqullgtrl defulrze ml rozekhlgtoydeml iokprlshg lxhstl shlkprl dekhske rldeihgiuegmodosketlrhe-d l s y des iogmhihogls ml mlsdhzekhlgto sog hjuedls.Lblkpdo2 \g torgo ls kovhmo co rhzgtehklgtl soarl ld suldo mld t e d d l r .Fulrze ml iokprlshg ; plso ; 3>> `p.Fulrze ml rozekhlgto2 iog mlsdhzekhlgto s h g romhddos) ; =>> `p0E ) iog rome mure klmhegtl romhddos) ; => `p.Qldeihg Fulrzeml rozekhlgto 2Fulrze ml i o k -prlshg.t i og mlsdhzekhlgto2

Fulrze ml mlsdhzekhlgto =55> ` pFulrze ml iokprlshg

a iog romemure2Fulrze ml mlsdhzekhlgtoFulrze ml iokprlshg

3> 5 ` p=> `p >,> > ` p

D e r l d e i h g l g t r l d e f u l r z e m l r o z e k h l g t o y d e m l iokprlshg s l d d e k e i o l f h i h lg t lmlrozekhlgto.Iolf hi hlgtl ml r o z e k h l g t o ; F u l r z e m l r o z e k h l g t oF u l r z e m l i o k p r l s h g

I o g e u x h d h o m l d i o l f h i h l g t l m l r o z e k h l g to p u l m l m l t l r k h g e r s l q u k e j g h t u m v e e t l g l r d e f u l rz e m l roze-k h l g t o l g m l t l r k h g e m o siesos lg q ul s le i o go i hm e d e k e j g h tum m l d e f ul r ze m l i o k p r ls hg . L g d e f ul r zem l i o k p r l s h g i o g s h m l r e m e ioko f u l r z e q u l e i t e p l r p l g m h i u d e r k l g t l e de s up l r f h i h l m l f r h i i hg , c e yq u l t l g l r l g i u l g t e q u l g h i e k l g t lio g s up l r f h i h l sm l f r h i i hg c o r h z o g t e d l s p u l m l t o k e r s l l d plso iokof u l r z e m l i o k p r l s h g . L g l dieso m ls u p l r f h i h l s m l f r h i i h g e s i l g m l g t l so m l s i l g m l g t l sd e f u l r z e m l i o k p r l -s hg ls , por ld i o g t r e r h o , k l g o r q u l l dplso.


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- Q E Y I E M O]reaebo ml resiemoL d resiemo lxhjl u ge j r e g m l s tr l ze k e g u e d y l s pli h e d i u h me mo p e r e su l bliui hg . Io g l d r e s i e m o pulmlgoa t lglr s l l x e i t h t u m l s m l t r e a e b o q u l g h i e k l g t l i o g j reg m h f h i u d t e m pulmlg oa t lglr s l i o g u g t r e ae bokli g h i o , i o k o , p o r l b l k p d o , lg ld r l i t h f h i e mo m l suplr f h i h ls , lg l i h d h gm r h i o o lg l d p d e g l t e r h o .D e s s upl r f h i h l s m l j u e m l k q u h g e s c l r r e k h l g t e s qu l t r e a e b e g i o g j r eg p r li h s h g ioko, p o r l b lkp d o ,d e s k q u h g e s m l t e d e m r e r p d e g t h d d e s , m l g o t e g i u e g m o l s t g resiemes e k e g o g h i e k l g t l m h f lr l g i he m l p d e -g h t u m ml 1 /5>>> k k ; 1 k h i r o g l s .I u e g t o k s d h s e s y u g h f o r k l s s l e g d e s s upl r f h i h l sre si emes y soarl t omo lg phlzes q u l ml s d h z e g u g e soarlotre, t e g t o k l g o r l s r l s u d t e g d es i o k p r l s h o g l s y io g ld do l d mlsjes tl lg s l rv h i h o . ^lro , t e k a h g r l s u d t e glg t ogi ls t e g t o klgorl s d e s f ul r z e s m l r o z e k h l g t o qul sl p r l s lg t e g lg de s suplr f h i h ls m l f r h i i h g y iogl d d o d e s p r m h m e s m l f u l r z e k o t r h z .D el x e i t h t u m m l t r e a e b o i o g s l j u h m e lg deso p l r e i ho g l s m lr e s i e m ols ml h g f d u l g i h e mli h s hve soarl d ep o s t l r h o rl f hiei he ml des p hl z es m u r e g t l l d s l r v h i h o .

Iuhmemos iog des clrrekhlgtes l hgstruklgtos ml treaeboD o s r e s iemo rls qul sl ceg l k a o t e m o sl e f h d eg m l gulvolg d e k u l d e i o k o m l i os t ukarl . D e rlaeae m l d e f h d e mos l l d h k h g e k l m h e g t l ug rlpeso ml fes suplr f h i h ls ml d f h dosoarl uge p h l m r e m l eilh tl (f hj . :>,5 .Dos f h d o s ml r e s i e m o r i u e g m o t h lglg r la ea es meg d u j e re surios p r o f u g m o s soa rl d e s upl r f h i h l m l t r eae bo .Des pdeies y des rljdes ml lgthgtemo sog hgstruklgtosm l t r e a e b o k uy ml d h i e mos y su s s upl r f h i h l s m l klm h i h gm l a l g p r o t l j l r s l i u h m e m o s e k l g t l i o g t r e d e o x h m e i h gy d o s jo dpls , p o r l b l k p d o , k l m h e g t l p d e g i c e s m l k e m l r e( f h j u re :>,1 . I o g oabl to m l oa t lgl r ug mlsjes t l ugh -f o r k l , c e y q u l p o g l r i u h m e m o lg u t h d h ze r t o m e d e suplr -f h i hl ml d o s hgs t ruk lgt o s ml i o k p r o a e i h g p r o i l m h l g m olg ls tl uso iog uge i hl r te e d t l rgei h g .De mlsepe r h i hg ml d e sk e r i es m l re si emo soarl d e ssu p l r -f hi hls ml k lm hi hg me uge hmle soarl l d mlsjes tl ml d e sm h s t h g t e s z o g e s ml de su p l r f h i h l .

Fhj. :>,5

Fhl. : > 9

Yublihg ml des phlzesIoko d e i o k p r l s h g m l t r e ae b o l b lr i h me mu re g t l l d res-iemo ls p l q u l e , d e s phlzes go glils h t eg ls t e r subltesm lkomo l x t r e o r m h g e r h e k l g t l f u lr t l. Lsto t hlgl t e ka h gh k p o r t e g i h e p o r q u l lg ieso i o g t r e r h o sl ml f o rk e f i h d -k l g t l d e p hlze . D e s p hlzes m l f o r k e m e s i u e g m o sl de ss ul d t e ml de su bli hg sl e d e a l e r g g u l v e k l g t l .

Qesiemo ml suplrfhihls pdeges Qesiemo prlvho 2D es s u p l r f h i hl s p d e g e s sl r e s i e g p rlv h e k lg t l iog l d res-i e m o r mll k p u b l i o g m h r l i i h g m l=< rlsplito e de m h rli -ihg m l t r e ae b o ml d e opl re i h g e g t l r h o r ( po r l b l k p d o ,rlsplito e de s r e y e s m l d h ke mo) r e s i e g m o d e rj o y p rls ho -g e g m o ful r t l . L g l d r e s i e m o p r lv h o go sl r l i u r r l e d lg-t h g t e m o .E p d h i e g m o l d r e s i e m o r p e r e d l d e k l g t l e d e m h r l i i h g m lt reae bo , sl i d eve f i h d k l g t l . D e m h r l i i h g m l t r e ae b omld r e s i e m o r mlal i e k a h e r s l i o g f r l i ulgi h e lg 8>p o r q u l l g t o g i l s sl r liogoilg d e s f e d t e s m l p d e g h t u m k sf i h d klg t l ( f hj . :>,9 .


69/74

Fhj. : 5 , 1

QEYIEMOQ l p e s e m o 2] eg p r ogto i ok o des fed tes ml p d e g h tu m m lblg ml plrih-ahrsl e s hkpdl vrste, sl proilml ed lgt hgtemo . De pdeieml l g t h g t e m o s rliuarl por f r o te i h g iog uge iepemldjeme ml p h g t u r e y sl k u l v l mlspus ml ug demo eotrosoarl de suplrf hi hl ml t reaebo , l blri hlgmo uge prls hgk o m l r e m e .

D es phlzes p l q u l e s sl iodoieg soarl de pdeie y lg lstlieso sog lddes des qul sog kovhmes ml ug demo e otrosoarl de pdeie.D os p u g t o s k s ldlvemos ml de f hjure ml epoyo o mlsu s tl g te i h g sl veg l d h k h g e g m o h j u e d k l g t l iog ld res-iemor ml l kpub l , plro lblrihlgmo u ge prls hg klgory c e i h l g m o de resieme k s iorte (resiemo p u g t h f o r k l )vodvhgmosl e l g t h g t e r e i o g t hgu e i h g ( f h j . :5,5 .Lg ld k o v h k h l g t o ml rltroilso ml resiemor mlal mlberslml l blrilr prls hg pere lvh ter u g p r l k e tu r o l k a o te -khlgto. Qesiemo fhged2Ld k o m o ml t r e a e be r ld resiemor ml l k p u bl go sl prlstepere iogslju hr j regmls zoges ml suplr f hi hl sopor temore .K s a h l g do qul pese ls q u l lgieme l k p u bl sl f o r k e gg u l v e s e u g q u l go teg profugmes culd des iog aormlsml epoyo prx hkos ugos e otros . stos t hlglg f hged -klgtl , pere eieaer de oplreihg ml resiemo, q u l tregs-forkersl lg suplrfhi hl ml epoyo iog ld resiemor ml t h r g .L g lste oplreihg ml resier e t h r g , de clr rekhlg te sld dlve soarl de su p l r f h i h l ml treaebo iog d hjlre prls hgml de k e go h zq u hl r m e ( f h j .:5,1 .K u l s t r l e m o 2Lg des suplr f hi hls ml j u he , suplr f h i h ls ml klmhi hg lglsiuemres o ie r t e a o gl s , lti., sl suldl ceilr frliulg tl-klgtl mlspus mld resiemo f hge o ml eieaemo, do qulsl d d e ke de kulstreo t e k a h g l d m h a u b oml eieaemoml e su p l r f h i h l q u l iogshs tl lg i r u ze r de suplrfhi hl io gresiemesdhjlresyiortesclicesiog ldresiemorml t h rg( f hj . :5,9 .Lste k u l s t r e o m h a u b o ml eieaemo ml qul slprovll e de su p l r f h i h l resieme go me e sde u ge klbori e d h m em suplr f hi he d s hgo g h i e k l g t l u g klbor esplito.E m l k s , lg lstes suplr f hi hls mo temes ml ku lstre slgo te f i h d k l gtl i u e d qu hl r m l sj e s tl qul sl prlslgtl lgld f u g i h o g e k h l g t o , por de mlseperhihg mld mhaubo. esiemo ml suplrfhihls iurvesL d resiemo ml iesquhd dos ml iobhgltl lxhjl u g k e gl bol s pl i h e d kl g t l l x p l r to ml d resiemor p o r q u l lg lste opl-rei hg sl ideve io g jreg fei h d hmem d e cl r rek hlg te (fh-jure :5,= .-.g d u j e rml de pdeie ml lg t hg temo sl l k p dl e e qu i ok o suplrf hihl ml v lr h f h iei hg o ml iokperei hg ld r a o do lbl p r l v h e k l g t l rlith f hiemo i h d h gm r h i e k l gtl iog jreg prlihshg y qul , do khs ko q u l egtls sl cei he iogde pdeie ml l g t h g t e m o , sl rliuarl , por f ro tekhlgto , iog fhgs hke iepe ml t hg te y sl k u l vl lg ld t e d e m r o io-r rlspogmhlgtl e u g demo y eotro pere q u lslp o gj e g mlk e g h f h l s t o lg dosi e squ h d d o sdo s p u g to s e dto s q ul ceyqul resier. blrihihos5. ^or qu des suplrf hi hls ml mlsd hzekhlgto qul prlslgteg ked epoyo O su s tl g te i h g l s t g k slxpuls tes e u g rp hmo mlsjestl qul des i u hm e m o se k l gtl resiemes?1 . Iog errljdo e q u p u g t o s ml v hs te sl pulml m h i t e k h g e r soarl de i e d hm e m suplr f hi he d ml suplr f hi hlsk li e-ghzemes lg des phlzes?9 . ^or qu sl provllg, e k o m o ml ei eaemo , des su p l r f h i h l sresiemes por l blkpdo, lg pdeies ml lg-t h g t e m o , j u e s ml m ls d h z ek h lg t o lg dos t o r g o s iog ug k u l s t rl em o ?

Fhl . :5.9

Fhg . : 5 , =


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Klmhihg y klmhmes (pj. 5< )Lg de klmhihg ml dogjh tuml s, t hlkpos, fulrz es, l ti. , sl iokp ere de kej gh tu m lg iulst hg ded o g j h t u m ml uge erhste , ug h g t l r v e d o ml t hlkpo, por l b lkp do iog uge ughm m ml klmhm prlv he -klgtl fhbeme, por lblkpdo, 5kk, 5 s, 5 `p . . .Yl oat h lgl e klmhme ausieme , ml t l rkhgegmo iuegtes vlils iogt h lgl e de u g h m e m ml klmhme (9> vl-ils 5kk ; 9> kk =>>>>>ve pertl ml ugk lrhm hego tlrrls t rl. Otres u g h m e m l sml klmhme sog des s hjuhlgtls 2 mk, ik y kk shlgmo H k 5>mk 5>> i k 5>>> k k0 pere klmhi hoglsml prli hs hg2 5khirg (5 //) ; >,>>5 kk. Mlr hvemos ml de u g h m e m ml d ogj h hum H k sl t h lgl de s s hju hlg tl sughmemls.De ughmem ml suplrfhihl H k por 5 k; 5 k" , 5 ke ; 5> mk por 5> mk ; 5>> mgV, lti.De u g h m em ml vo duklg 5 k por 5 k por H k; 5k9 , 5k; 5 > mk por 5> mk por mk ; 5>>>k5\ghmemls ml klmhme pere ld thlkpo pj. 5>eve per t l ml ug me soder klmho. Yl l g t h l g m l ported ld lspeiho ml t h lkpo iokprlgmhmo por t l rk h g o k l m h o l g t r l mos pesosmld sod por ld igh t .Yl t h lglg klmhmes ml t h lkpo keyorls iogs hmlregmo ld i o g b u g t o ml 6> s qul fo rk eg ug k h g u t o ,ld ml 6> k hgu tos qul fork eg uge core , y , f hge dklgtl , l d ml d es 1= c ores qul fork eg ld mesoder.^ere klmhr t hlkpos, ls ikomo l k p dl e r dos i rogklt ros teg iogoihmos por su u t h d h / e i h g lg dosmlportls o tekahg dos rldobls mlpudslreiog hgmhiemor ml sljugmos qulpulml, dokhskoqul lgequl d dos , mltlglrsl o poglrsl lg k eri c e k l m h eg t l ug p u d sem o r .Lblrihihos5 . E qu klm hme ml t hlkpoi o r r l sp o g m lde mhs tegihe lgtrl mos trezos iogt hjuos ml de m h v h s hg lg ug iro-gkltro o lg ug rldob-pudslre iog jreg hgmhiemor ml sljugmos?1. U u hgs tegtls io hgihmlg lg de lsiede i h r iu de r ml d rldob i rogklt ro?9. Iko sl dllg lg ld i ro g k l t roklmhm es ml t hlkpo suplr horls e ug k h g u t o ?:1


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Klmhihg ml kovhkhlgtos rlithdg los ughforkls\ g k o v h k h l g t o r l i t h d g l o sl d d e k e u g h f o r k l iuegmo l g lspeihos ml t h l k p o hjuedls sl rliorrlgiekhgos hjuedls .Yloathlgl u ge klmhme ml de rephmlz ml t e d k o v h k h l g t o i e d i u d e g m o l d t r l i c o rliorrhmo lg deugh-mem ml t h l k p o 0 lste k l m h m e s l d d ek e v l d o i h m em .

i e k h g o r l i o r r h m o s)Vldoihmem v) mlkpo / )^ere i e d i u d e r h cey qul k lm h r p rlv h ek lg t l l d iekhgo y ld thlkpo. Yh sl khml l d iekhgo l g k y l dt h l k p o l g k h g , s l oa t h lg l d e vldoihmem l g k / k h g q u l sl dll2 kltros po r k h g u t o ) . Otres u g h m e m l sml k l m h m e pere de vldoihmem sog des s hjuhlg tls 2 k/s ` k / c .D e liueihg e g t l r h o r p u l m l t e k a h g sl r l k p d l e m e pere k o v h k h l g t o s go u g h f o r k l s , l s mlihr, perek o v h k h l g t o s l g d o s q u l l g lspeihos h j u e d l s m l t h l k p o s l r l i o r r l g i e k h g o s m l d o g j h t u m l s m h f l r lg t ls do s e u t o k v h d l s l g l d t r f h i o ml uge i h u m e m , l d k o v h k h l g t o ml deshlrre ml erio 0 lsllkpdlo v hlgl,lkplro, iogmhihogemo e qul sl iogshmlrl uge vl doi hm em klmhe, d d e k e m e c e a h t u e d k l g t l ml lslkomo2 vldoihmem klmhe.Lblrihihos5 ] r e g s f o r k e r 3 > ` k / c lg k / k h g yk/s, 8 > > k / k h g lg k/s y ` k / c , 51> k/s jg k/ r g h g y ` k / c .1. \g e u t o k o v h d h s t e q u h l r l k l m h rs u vldoihmem yoaslrve qul su ioicl pese po r j d c h t o ` h d o k t r h io 59 :, k h g u to s y por ld c h t o ` h d o k t r h i o 55< , de fulrv.e lblrihmesoarlu g rlsor tl ml t r eii h g po r u g e k lm h m e pe t rg ml p d e t h g o - h r h m h o . M l lstl komo ce pomhmo ceilrsl vhs hadly k l m h a d l d e k e j g h t u m m l d e s f u l r z e s .De u g h m e m ml k l m h m e ml d plso y ml de ful rze sl d d e k e / `hdopogm. 5 ` h d o po g m `p ) t h l g l 5>>> po gm p) .5 `p H kljepogm Kp ) . dlklgtos mltlrkhgethvos ml uge fulrzeL gl d i hgil demo ml suplrfhihls , por l blkpdo , go sl t r e t e s o d ek lg t l ml c eil r evegzer l d i hgild iog uge m l t l r -k h g em e fu l rze ml plrius hg m l d k e r t h d d o , s hgo q ul l d x h t o ml d t r eae b o m lplg m l t ek ah g ml qul sl e p d h q u li o r r l i t e k l g t l l d i hgildo sle ml qul de f u l r z e ml p l r i u s h g sl e p d h q u llg ld s h t ho i o g v l g h l g t l ml de suplr-fhihl q ul s l t r e a e b e . Ce y q ul t lg l r iu h m em o t e k a h g ml h k p r h k h r uge m hrlii hg ml plrius hg proporiho-g em e puls lg ieso i o g t r e r h o de suplrf hi hl ml de phlze go r l s u d t e r d e d h se .L s mlihr , q u l pe re po m lr b u zj e rsoarl do sl fli tos ml uge f u l r z e i u e d q u h l r e go a e s t e , po r d o t eg t o , io g q u lio g o ziek o s su k e j g h t u m lg `p, shgo q ul l s t ek ah g g lils e r h o io g o il r su m h r l i i h g y p r l i h s e rl d p u g t olg q u l sl e p d h i e .


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K^DH HOG

\ g e fu l rze i u e d q u h l r e q u l m e p l r f l i te k l g t l m l t l r k h g e m e k l m h e g t l su kejghtum su mhrliihg y suphko ml epdhieihg. Iog oabl to ml r lprl slg te r ls tos t r ls l d l kl g tos ml tl r khg e t hvos , ml ug komojr f hi o sl m ha u be g de s f u l r z e s lg f o r k e ml vlitorls .Lg stosiorrlspogmlg,demhrliihgml de fdlice e de ml de fulrze , ld orhjlg o prhgihpho mldvlitore d p u g t o ml epd hieihg y de d o g j h t u mm l d k h s k o e de k e j g h t u m l d ve do r ml d e f u l r z e . Y l p u l m lml lstl komo lsteadlilr do qul sl d deke uge lsiede ml f u l r z e s c e i h l g m o p o r l b l k p d o qu l

ik ml vlitor 5> `p blrihihos5 ) M l s i r h a h r l d l f l i t o m l e d j u g e s f u l r z e s q u l c e y h s oaslrvemo f u l r e m l d t e d d l r .1 ) Q l p r l s l g t e r u g e f u l r z e ml ^ ; = < `p , oaregmo v l r t h i e d k l g t i c e i he e a e b o , p r h k l r o e lsi e de m l H ik ~5 > `p ymlspus e lsiede ml 5 ik 9> `p.9 ) ]reter m l m l t l r k h g e r d o k s l x e i t e k l g t l p o s h a d l do s p u g t o s m l e p d h i e i h g m l dos l s f u l r z o s e d i h g i l d e r ,

ed d h k e r , ed eslrrer o ed jregltler. U u p e p l d b u l j e g , lg iuegto e t r e g s k h s h g ml f u l r z e s , des clrre-k h l g t e s rlsplithves?

^lso y mlgshmemIog oablto ml l v e d u e rl d plso ml ug e phlze plseme do qul sl ceil ls t r e t e r ml d l v e g t e r d e .E suplsom h r hj hm o v l r t h i e d k l g t l ceihe e a e b o c e y l g t o g i l s q u l o p o g l r u g e f u l r z e k u s i u d e r q u l t l g j e , e dklg os , de khske kejg h tum y lst m h r hj hme lg slgdhmo iogtrerho.D e l xpl r h l g i h e qul t lg lkos rlspli to e dos oa bl tos qul g os romleg g os plrkh tl , l k p l r o , l v h t e r l s ll g s e y o k u s i u d e r pe re eprli he r l d plso p roaeadl ml de p hlze y r l l k p d e z e r d o p or u ge l s t h k e i h geobo. e r e ls te epr li hei hg sl epoy e r g u ls t ro b u h i h o lg mos oaslrve i hog ls 2 lg su t ek eo , su vo-d u k l g , yemlkslg doplseme qulpulme slr deketlrhe ml qullst clice. Es, por lblkpdo,sl seal por l x p l r h l g i h e qul des phlzes mleilro sog k ui co k s plsemes qul d e s ml e d u k h g h o qu lt l g j e g e p r o x h k e m e k l g t l l d k h s k o t e k e o .D e m h f l r l g t l p l s e g t l z m l d os k e t l r h e d l s m l q u l p u l m e g l st e r i o g s t h t u h m o s dos i u l r p o s s l p u l m lm l t l r k h g e r ml komo slg i h ddo plseg mo t rozos ml d khsko tek eo por l b lkpdo iu ah tos ml 5 ikml e r h s te ml dos m h s t hg tos ketl r he d ls te d ls ioko eilro, ioarl , d e tg , e duk hg ho , p d s t hio , ke-mlre ,lti.Ml ls tl komo sl oa t h lg l ug e klmhme ml d e m h f l r lg tl p l s e g t l z m l d o s k e t l r h e d l s . L s t e k l m h m es l d d e k e mlgshmem y v hlg l meme , s ljg sleg d e s ug hme ml s ml k lm hme lk pdle mes , lg p /ike o l g` p / m k 9 . De mlg s hmem ls por do teg to l d plso por u g h m e m ml v o d u k l g ml de ketlr he iogshmlreme.Yh sl iogoil , por l b lk pdo , por d e s t ea des , d e mlg s hmem ml d ke tl r he d ml qul ls t iog s t ru hme ug e p hlzey sl pulml ie diu de r su vo duklg , pomrlkos mltlrkhger- tekahg por idiudo su plso.Lblkpdo2 De mlg s hmem ml d eilro l s :,3 y por 5 > > kk ml dogjhtum.Yoduihg2 L d v o d u k l g mld t rozo ml d d eg te ls-; < > i k 9 y ioko H ior* plse :,3


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^ uls to q u l ful r z e y s u p l r f h i h l so g k e j g h t u m l sq u l p u l m l g k l m h r s l y qul l s t g e q u lg p r o p o r i h gh gvlr s e d e uge r l spli to e d e o t r e , p o m r l k o s l x p r l s e r l g f o r k e m l u g e l i u e i h g g u k r h i e d e r l d e i h ge g t l s i h t e m e lg d e qul d e l x p r l s h g f u l r z e m h v h m h m e p o r supl r f h i h l ls m l s h j g e m e i o k o tlgs hgo t e k a h g p r l s h g . O sle2

/ `p T e ` p )]lgs hg ml i o k p r l s h g ; p r l s h g ) . T i k 1 / s u p l r f h i h l ik-)Lblrihihos5) ]reter m l lxprlser l d s l g t h m o m l d e l i u e i h g e g t l r h o r i o g f r e s l prlihse yiorte1 ) Ihter y l x p d h i e r l b l k p d o s prithios l g q u l s l o a t h l g l g t l g s h o g l s m l iokprlshg p r l s h o g l s ) j r e g m l sy p l q u l e s .Fulrzes ml frhiihg iolfhihlgtl ml rozekhlgto pjs. 63 y 68)D e s f u l r z e s m l f r h i i h g , o m l r o z e k h l g t o , e i t e g , p o r l b l k p d o , l g d e s s u p l r f h i h l s m l i o g t e i t o m lp h l z e s q u l m l s d h z e g o r u l m e g u g e s o a r l o t r e , i o k o p e s e l g d e s j u h e s m l d e s k q u h g e s c l r r e k h l g t e s ,lg dos sopor tls , lg d es i e r r l t l r e s , lg d es io r rles m l t r e g s k h s h g , l t i .I o g e y u m e m l d e s f u l r / e s m l f r h i i h g s l p u l m l g t r e g s k h t h r l s f u l r z o s y i o g l d do i o g s l j u h r o t e k a h gh k p l m h r k o v h k h l g t o s . L g tomo i e s o , de s f u l r z e s ml f r h i i h g so g f u l r z e s e g t e j o g h s t e s ml m h r l i i h gopuls te e d e ml d e f u l r z e k o t r h z .L d r o z e k h l g t o l g j l g m r e i e d o r 2 de s s u p l r f h i h l sm l f r h i i h g sli e d h l g t e g .D e k e j g h t u m m l de s f u l r z e s ml f r h i i h g l s susilp t ha d l ml sl r klm hme . Klm heg tl lgseyos sl ce d d ljemoe i o k p r o a e r q u l d e s f u l r z e s m l f r h i i h g s o g t e g t o k e y o r l s i u e g t o k e y o r ls d e f u l r z e m l i o k -prls hg qul sl l blril p l r p l g m h i u d e r k l g t l e d e supl r f h i h l ml mls d h z ek hlg to o ml romemu re , i rli hlgmode ful r z e ml f r h i i hg lg d e khsk e p rop o ri h g qul d e ml iok prls hg . Ls mli h r , qul ls ful rzos ml iok -prls hg ml < , 5> 5< `p me g d uje r e l s ful rzos ml f r h i i hg qul ve d lg , po r l blkp d o , r l spli t hvek lg tlu g o s 1 , = 6 `p .L g tomos d os iesos, l k p l r o , d e ful r z e ml f r h i i h g l s u g e i h l r t e f r e i i h g ml d l s ful rzo ml i o k p r l -s hg e r r h a e , =/5> ) . D e k e j g h t u m m l lste f r e i i h g l g i e m e i e s o m l p l g m l m l d e g e t u r e d l z e m l do s k e -t l r h e d l s qul m ls d h z eg lg t rl s , ml qul d e s supl r f h i hl s ml mls dh z e khlg to sleg d h se s o spl res y , f h g e d -k l g t l , ml qul sl tlgje f r h i i h g m l m l s d h z e k h l g t oo m l r o m e m u r e .] o m e s lstes k e j g h t u m l sm l t l r k h g e t h v e s s l ce g c e d d e m o k l m h e g t l lg s e y os y s l c e g h g i d u h m o l g t e a d e slg qul sl ceil f hju re r d e r l d ei hg ful r z e m l f r h i i h g 2 f u l r z e m l i o k p r l s h g . L s te r l d e i h g s ld d e k e iolfhihlgtl m t rozekhlgto o ml frhiihg y v h l g lm e m e lg f o r k e ml f r e i i h g m l i h k e d , p or l blk-p d o , p e r e l d eil ro soa rl de f u g m h i h g j r h s lgjreseme vedl > ,>5.I o g o i h l g m o d e k e j g h t u m m l d e ful r z e m l i o k p r l s h g p u l m l i e di u d e r s l, i o g e y u m e m l d i o l f h i h lg t lm l r o z e k h l g t o , de f u l r z e m l f r h i i h g q u l pulml p romui h r sl .F u l r z e m l f r h i i h g ` p ) f u l r z e m l i o k p r l s h g ` p ) p o r iol f h i hlg tl m l r o z e k h l g t o .LblrihihosL g q u iesos s o g m l mlsler d e s f u l r z e s m l f r h i i h g y l g i u d l s g o ? F u g m e k l g t e r d o s l bl k p d o s emuihmosUu h g f d u l g i h e s m l t l r k h g e d e k e j g h t u m m l d e s f u l r z e s m l f r h i i h g ?

Fulrze y rleiihg p j . =5)I u e g m o ug rlsor tl ml t r e i i h g sl l s t h r e ae bo de i e r j e ml ug plsosusplgmhmo ml d tegto k ssl l s th r e r i u e g t o k e y o r sle l d p l s o e i t u e r i o g t r e lsl plso ug e f u l r z e ml d e k h s k e k e j g h -t u m 2 lg lstl ieso lste f u l r z e sl d d eke rl s h s tlgi he e de m l f o r k e i h g ml d rlsor tl .L d plso y de r l s h s t l g i h eo de m l f o r k e i h g sog ml s l g t h m o s o p u l s t o y sl d de k s h j l g l r e d k l g t l fulrzey rleiihg. ] e g p r o g t o i o k o ce f hg e d h z emo l d p r o i l s o m l e d e r j e k h l g t o mld rlsor tl ml t reii hg ,lstg de f u l r z e y de r l e i i h g l g l q u h d h a r h o k u t u o y l d r l s o r t l q u l m e lg rlposo.


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Fulrze F) Qleii hg (F )Lstes ful rzes y r leii hogls lg l qu h d ha r ho sl oaslrveg k u y f r l i ul g tl kl gtl lg de tighie y lg de ge-t u r e d l z e . E s h , por l blkpdo, de s ful rzes ml f r h ii hg o roz e khl g to sog rleiihogls q u l sl opoglg e deful rz e lg kovhkhlgto (pj. 63) . L dplso ml d l s t r h a o ml ug pul g tl , su prlshg lg de suplrf hi hl mlepoyo,provoie uge fulrze gorkedml dekhske kejghtumy quloarelgslgthmoopulsto.Lg proilsos ml ior tl , e r r e g q u l o i hze d dekhlgo, s l p rlslg te e g d o j e k l g t l u g e eiihg rli proielgtrldoslsfulrzosmliortl,yegdojos, lkpdlemosy derlshstlgihemliortleperlihme.steslaeselg de fulrze ml iocls hg ml des pe r t iudes ml k et lr he d (pj.

trabajo con metales_1

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