tesis prototipo (jorge)

7/23/2019 Tesis Prototipo (Jorge)

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INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO

“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”

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ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA PARAEL CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTORES TRIFÁSICOS CON UN

MÁXIMO DE 2HP EN LA AGRÍCOLA LAS CLAVELLINAS C.A.DEL GRUPO PROAGRO/PROTINAL C.A.

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Va%"'#$a3 /+'$o 4567REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA



EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA



DEDICATORIA

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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA



EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA


MÁXIMO DE 2HP EN LA AGRÍCOLA LAS CLAVELLINAS C.A.DEL GRUPO PROAGRO/PROTINAL C.A.

Autor /or-" Go'01%"0

Tutor !"!#$%&"o Or%a'&o Mo'ro2



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65



INTRODUCCIÓN

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CAPÍTULO I



EL PROBLEMA

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CAPÍTULO II

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"*+$!o " !o&r1' r"a%$0ar %a r"!"#($8a !r1#($#a 2 !r+"ba &" #o'(ro% &"

F



8"%o#$&a&3 *+" $'(r+$r1 a %o "(+&$a'(" &" 9or)a (=#'$#a3 &"arro%%a'&o +&"(r"0a $'("%"#(+a%" 2 a, "r a!%$#a&a "' "% #a)!o !ro9"$o'a%.

E% #o'("'$&o &" "(" !ro2"#(o br$'&a +' a!or(" r"%a#$o'a&o #o' %o

9+'&a)"'(o b1$#o obr" "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" +' )o(or (r$91$#o &"

$'&+##$;'3 "' "!"#$a% "' %o *+" r"!"#(a a %o "%")"'(o "%"#(r;'$#o

#o'($(+($8o &" +' 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& !ara !ro#"&"r #o' + #o'(r+##$;'.

B!)*) t*0r&"!)

E(a "(a!a " %a "%abora#$;' #o'#"!(+a% &"% !rob%")a. E' =% a!ar"#"' %a

&"9$'$#$o'" &" %a 8ar$ab%" #o'(")!%a&a "' "% !rob%")a 2 "' %o obj"($8o

&" $'8"($-a#$;'3 2 &" %o (=r)$'o #%a8" *+" 8a' a "r +a&o #o' )a2or

9r"#+"'#$a. Ta%" &"9$'$#$o'" " <a#"' &" a#+"r&o a %a &"9$'$#$o'"

!ro!+"(a !or o(ro $'8"($-a&or" 23 "' #ao (a%3 a %a ("or,a "' %a *+" "

a!o2a %a $'8"($-a#$;'.

Motor #* &'#u""&0'

E% )o(or &" $'&+##$;' o' +' ($!o &" )o(or &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a "' "% *+"

%a #orr$"'(" "%=#(r$#a &"% ro(or '"#"ar$a !ara !ro&+#$r (or$;' " $'&+#$&a !or

$'&+##$;' "%"#(ro)a-'=($#a &"% #a)!o )a-'=($#o &" %a bob$'a &"% "(a(or3

Por %o (a'(o +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' 'o r"*+$"r" +'a #o')+(a#$;'

)"#1'$#a a!ar(" &" + )$)a ">#$(a#$;' o !ara (o&o o !ar(" &" %a "'"r-,a

(ra'9"r$&a &"% "(a(or a% ro(or3 #o)o "' %o +'$8"ra%"3 DC 2 )o(or"

-ra'&" ,'#ro'o . E% )o(or &" $'&+##$;' 'o '"#"$(a "#ob$%%a '$ #o%"#(or3

+ ar)a&+ra " &" !%a#a &" )"(a% )a-'"($0ab%" 8"r 9$-+ra 6.

F

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_de_corriente_alterna

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conmutaci%C3%B3n_mec%C3%A1nica&action=edit&redlink=1


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_universal

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_DC

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_s%C3%ADncrono




http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_universal

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_DC


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_de_corriente_alterna



E% "'($&o a%("r'o &" #$r#+%a#$;'3 &" %a #orr$"'(" "' %a "!$ra &"% "(a(or -"'"ra +' #a)!o )a-'=($#o -$ra(or$o *+" arra(ra %a !%a#a &" )"(a%

)a-'"($0ab%" 2 %a <a#" -$rar.

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&"% $'&+#$&o.

F



Figura 1.V&)t! *' "ort* #* u' %otor !u(! #* !r#&((!. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#aC<a!)a'.

D"!"'&$"'&o &"% ($!o &" ro(or ("'")o &o ($!o &" )o(or"

a$'#r;'$#o (r$91$#oK

a. Mo(or a$'#r;'$#o &" ro(or bob$'a&o

b. Mo(or a$'#r;'$#o ($!o ja+%a &" ar&$%%a

!. Motor !)&'"r0'&"o #* rotor 1o1&'!#o

S+ #ara#("r,($#a !r$'#$!a% " *+" "' "% ro(or " a%oja +' #o'j+'(o &"

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ro0a'(" #o)o %o )+"(ra %a 9$-+ra 4.

F



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$ "% )o(or 9+"ra ,'#ro'o.

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Figura 2.Rotor 1o1&'!#o. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a C<a!)a'.

1. Motor !)&'"r0'&"o t&o !u(! #* !r#&((!

F



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F



Figura 3.Rotor !u(! #* !r#&((!. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a C<a!)a'. C+a'&o "(" ro(or "(1 "'(r" &o !o%o &" #a)!o "%"#(ro)a-'=($#o *+"

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o%o. Lo *+" " '"#"$(a " +' #a)!o ro(a(or$o "' %+-ar &" +' #a)!o a%("r'o.

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&" %a 9$-+ra ?. ($"'"' +' '#%"o &" <$"rro %a)$'a&o.

D*)(&!%&*'to

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La 8"%o#$&a& &" -$ro &"% ro(or &"b" "r )"'or *+" %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% 9%+jo

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E"u!"&0' <

D;'&"K

s:

deslizamiento (adimensional)ns :velocidad sincronica (rpm )

nm : velocidad mecanica (rpm )

P!r %otor

E% !ar )o(or o (or*+" " "% )o)"'(o &" 9+"r0a *+" "j"r#" +' )o(or obr"

"% "j" &" (ra')$$;' &" !o("'#$a. La !o("'#$a &"arro%%a&a !or "% !ar )o(or

" !ro!or#$o'a% a %a 8"%o#$&a& a'-+%ar &"% "j" &" (ra')$$;'3 8$'$"'&o &a&a

!orK

E"u!"&0' 2

F

ns−¿nm

ns

P= M ∗ω



S$"'&oK

P: la potencia en vatios (w)

M: el par motor en (N.m)

ω : es la velocidad angular (en rad/s)

P!r #* 4&ro

E% 8a%or &"% !ar &" -$ro &"% )o(or 8$"'" &a&o !orK

E"u!"&0' @

S$"'&oK

T : torque ( N . m ) . K :constanta.

∂ : flujo magneticodel campo giratorio ( web ) . I r : intensidad decorriente del rotor ( mp ) .

C!r!"t*r5)t&"! #* 6u'"&o'!%&*'to #*( %otor #* &'#u""&0'

E% 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o &" +' )o(or3 "' -"'"ra%3 " baa "' %a !ro!$"&a&"

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"%%a3 +' #a)!o )a-'=($#o -$ra(or$o *+" $'&+#" +' )o8$)$"'(o &" ro(a#$;'.

F

T =¿ K ¿ ∂ ¿ I r



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8a%or "' "% *+" " &"arro%%" "% !ar )1>$)o.

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a!%$#a&o.

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S" &"'o)$'a arra'*+" &" +' )o(or a% r=-$)"' (ra'$(or$o "' "% *+" ""%"8a %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% )$)o &"&" "% "(a&o &" )o(or &"("'$&o <a(a "% &"

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a F 8"#" %a #orr$"'(" &"% )$)o a !%"'a #ar-a3 2 a+'*+" !+"&" "r &" #or(a

&+ra#$;'3 !ro&+#$r,a obr"#ar-a "' %a %,'"a 2 #o'"#+"'(")"'(" #a,&a &"

8o%(aj" &" )+#<a $'#$&"'#$a "' %a r"&.

M$to#o #* !rr!'u*

F



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Fu'#!%*'to) 18)&"o) )o1r* *( "o'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# #* u' %otor

tr&68)&"o #* &'#u""&0'

E% )o(or &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a3 a !"ar &" "r +' )o(or rob+(o3 &" !o#o

)a'("'$)$"'(o3 %$8$a'o " $&"a% !ara %a )a2or,a &" %a a!%$#a#$o'"$'&+(r$a%"3 ($"'" "% $'#o'8"'$"'(" &" "r +' )o(or r,-$&o "' #+a'(o a %a

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Co'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# %*#&!'t* *( "!%1&o *' (! 6r*"u*'"&! #*

!(&%*'t!"&0'

F



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F



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F



Figura 5 K D*3!'!#o *)t!t0r&"o #* #o) o(o) !r! "!%1&o #* o(o). +"'("K M1*+$'a

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&"&" 8a#,o a !%"'a #ar-a.

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CAPÍTULO III

MARCO METODOLÓGICO

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%a $'("r!r"(a#$;' &" &a(o.

S" &$#" *+" "(a $'8"($-a#$;' &" "'9a($0a "' +' #o'(">(o &"#r$!($8o

&"b$&o a *+" %o "(+&$o "(1' baa&o "' %a ob"r8a#$;'3 &o'&" %o &a(o

&" $'("r= " a&*+$"r"' a (ra8= &" %a +!"r8$$;' &" %o #o)!or(a)$"'(o 2

<"#<o o#+rr$&o.La $'8"($-a#$;' &"#r$!($8a 8a )1 a%%1 &" %a (o)a 2 (ab+%a#$;' &" &a(o3

!+" a&")1 b+#a "!"#$9$#ar %a !ro!$"&a&"3 #ara#("r,($#a 2 %o !"r9$%"

)1 r"a%(a'(" " $)!or(a'(" &" !"ro'a3 -r+!o3 "'(" o #+a%*+$"r o(ro

9"';)"'o *+" " o)"(a a% a'1%$$.

F



Po1(!"&0' + Mu*)tr!

Po1(!"&0'

S" &"9$'" a %a !ob%a#$;' #o)o %a (o(a%$&a& &" +' 9"';)"'o &" "(+&$o3

$'#%+2" %a (o(a%$&a& &" +'$&a&" &" a'1%$$ o "'($&a&" &" !ob%a#$;' *+"

$'("-ra' &$#<o 9"';)"'o 2 *+" &"b" #+a'($9$#ar" !ara +' &"("r)$'a&o

"(+&$o $'("-ra'&o #o'j+'(o N &" "'($&a&" *+" !ar($#$!a' &" +'a

&"("r)$'a&a #ara#("r,($#a U'. S" %" &"'o)$'a !ob%a#$;' !or #o'($(+$r %a

(o(a%$&a& &"% 9"';)"'o a&#r$(o +' "(+&$o o $'8"($-a#$;'.E' -"'"ra% %a

!ob%a#$;' " +' #o'j+'(o 9$'$(o o $'9$'$(o &" "%")"'(o #o' #ara#("r,($#a

#o)+'". E% a+(or Ta)a2o M. 4553 P1-. 6F4 !r""'(a "% #o'#"!(o &"

)+"(r"o $'("'#$o'a&o3 "' "% #+a% "% $'8"($-a&or "%"##$o'a %o "%")"'(o

*+" a + j+$#$o o' r"!r""'(a($8o3 %o ">$-"' +' #o'o#$)$"'(o !r"8$o &" %a

!ob%a#$;' *+" " "(+&$a' !ara !o&"r &"("r)$'ar #+1%" o' %a #a("-or,a o

"%")"'(o *+" " !+"&"' #o'$&"rar #o)o r"!r""'(a($8o &"% 9"';)"'o.

E(a $'8"($-a#$;' ($"'" #o)o !ob%a#$;' &" "(+&$o3 %o )o(or" &"

$'&+##$;' (r$91$#o #o' +' )1>$)o &" 4 <!.

Mu*)tr!

A !ar($r &" %a !ob%a#$;' #+a'($9$#a&a !ara +'a $'8"($-a#$;' " &"("r)$'a

%a )+"(ra3 #+a'&o 'o " !o$b%" )"&$r #a&a +'a &" %a "'($&a&" &"

!ob%a#$;' "(a )+"(ra3 " #o'$&"ra3 " r"!r""'(a($8a &" %a !ob%a#$;'.

Para Sa)!$"r$ 4553 &"9$'"' %a )+"(ra #o)oK “%a )+"(ra " ""'#$a &" +'

+b-r+!o &" %a !ob%a#$;'. D$-a)o *+" " +' +b#o'j+'(o &" "%")"'(o *+"

!"r("'"#"' a "" #o'j+'(o &"9$'$&o "' + #ara#("r,($#a a% *+" %%a)a)o

!ob%a#$;'” !.45. La )+"(ra " +' +b#o'j+'(o r"!r""'(a($8o 2 9$'$(o *+"

" ">(ra" &" %a !ob%a#$;' a##"$b%". E' %o *+" #o'#$"r'" a "(" Trabajo

E!"#$a% &" Gra&o %a )+"(ra ob("'$&a o' %o )o(or" &" $'&+##$;'

(r$91$#o *+" " +($%$0ar1' "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.

F7



T$"'&"!) * I')tru%*'to) #* R*"o(*""&0' #* D!to)

La (=#'$#a &" r"#o%"##$;' &" &a(o o' %a &$($'(a 9or)a o )a'"ra

&" ob("'"r $'9or)a#$;'. Lo $'(r+)"'(o o' %o )"&$o )a("r$a%" *+" "")!%"a' !ara r"#o-"r 2 a%)a#"'ar %a $'9or)a#$;'.

E' "(" !+'(o " #o)$"'0a %a !+"(a "' )ar#<a &" %a $'8"($-a#$;'

!ro!$a)"'("3 "% #o)$"'0o &" %a "j"#+#$;'3 !+" %a a'("r$or" "ra' "(a!a

!r"!ara(or$a. A'(" &" r"a%$0ar "% %"8a'(a)$"'(o &" $'9or)a#$;' !ara "%

!ro2"#(o3 " ob($"'"' 9+'&a)"'(o (";r$#o &" #o'+%(a "' %$bro

"!"#$a%$0a&o3 ("$ " -ra&o " I'("r'"(3 #o' r"%a#$;' a% (")a a &"arro%%ar.

Ta)b$=' "r1 '"#"ar$o r"#a+&ar (o&a %a $'9or)a#$;' *+" " "'#o'(rar1 "'9+"'(" "-+'&ar$a #o)o %o "r1' )o'o-ra9,a3 bo%"($'" "(a&,($#o3

<$(;r$#o &" o!"ra#$o'"3 "'(r" o(ro ">$("'("3 !ara %+"-o a!%$#ar "% !%a'

"%abora&o "' "% &$":o )"(o&o%;-$#o !ara + r"#o%"##$;'.

Para %a r"#o!$%a#$;' &" $'9or)a#$;' " +($%$0aro' %o $-+$"'(" )=(o&oK

O1)*r3!"&0' D&r*"t!

Para %a r"#o%"##$;' &" &a(o !r$)ar$o " +($%$0ara (=#'$#a &" %a

ob"r8a#$;' &$r"#(a3 "% #+a% #o'$(" &"% +o $(")1($#o &" '+"(ro

"'($&o or$"'(a&o a %a #a!(a#$;' &" %a r"a%$&a& *+" *+"r")o "(+&$ar 2

"'(r"8$(a3 "' "%%a " #a!(ara %a r"a%$&a& &" %o *+" " &""a "(+&$ar

(a)b$=' " a!%$#ara' "'(r"8$(a 'o "(r+#(+ra&a &" ($!o -+$a&a o !or

!a+(a3 a% !"ro'a% #a!a#$(a&o "' %a (")1($#a (ra(a&a.

R*3&)&0' #* &'6or%!"&0' t$"'&"! + #o"u%*'t!(

E(a #o'$($; "' %a r"8$$;' 2 r"#o%"##$;' &" &a(o &" $'9or)a#$;'

(=#'$#a #o)o !%a'o3 )a'+a%" "*+$!o 8ar$a&or" &" 9r"#+"'#$a.

F



Pro"*#&%&*'to M*to#o(04&"o

E' "(a !ar(" " &"#r$b"' %a #+a(ro 5 9a" &" %a $'8"($-a#$;'3 *+"

&$"ro' #ab$&a a% a'1%$$ 2 a% &$a-';($#o &" %a $(+a#$;' a#(+a%3 a, #o)o %o!o$b%" 9a#(or" *+" $'#$&"' "' %a )$)a3 (o)a'&o "' #+"'(a +' "(+&$o

br"8" "' %a 8ar$ab%" *+" $'("r8$"'"' "' "% !rob%")a !%a'("a&o3 !ara a,

%%"-ar a &"arro%%ar a%("r'a($8a 8$ab%" *+" !"r)$(a' &ar o%+#$;' a% !rob%")a

!ro!+"(o.

E(a 9a" &"b"r1' "j"#+(ar" "#+"'#$a%)"'(" !ara -ara'($0ar "% =>$(o

&" %a $'8"($-a#$;' 2 "r1' &"#r$(a a #o'($'+a#$;'K

F!)* <. D&!4'o)t&"!r (! )&tu!"&0' !"tu!( u* )* r*)*'t! r*)*"to !

(! '*"*)&#!# #* u)o + "o'tro( #* %otor*) tr&68)&"o) *' (! !4r5"o(! L!)

C(!3*((&'!) C.A.; ut&(&!'#o (!) t$"'&"!) #* r*"o(*""&0' #* &'6or%!"&0'.

I'$#$a%)"'(" " &"arro%%ar1 +' &$a-';($#o &" %a $(+a#$;' ">$("'(" "' %a

r"a%$&a& &"% obj"(o &" "(+&$o3 a 9$' &" &"("r)$'ar %a #o'&$#$o'" 2

#ara#("r,($#a !ro!$a &"% 8ar$a&or3 #o' "% 9$' &" ("'"r #o'o#$)$"'(o "

$'9or)a#$;' obr" "% $(")a &" a%$)"'(a#$;' "%=#(r$#a a +($%$0ar3 !ara ob("'"r

+'a 8$$;' &" %o %,)$(" &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& a &$":ar "' "% !r""'("

!ro2"#(o3 %a r"#o%"##$;' &" $'9or)a#$;'3 a'1%$$ &" &a(o 2 r"8$$o'" &"

Ma'+a%" 2 Nor)a Na#$o'a%" " I'("r'a#$o'a%".

A, )$)o " -"'"rara %o &$a-ra)a &" 9%+jo '"#"ar$o !ara "%

&"arro%%o "*+")1($#o &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&3 "% #+a% !"r)$($r1 or$"'(ar "%

&$":o &" %a $-+$"'(" 9a".

F!)* 2. A'!(&!r (o) #!to) r*"o(*"t!#o) #*( #&!4'0)t&"o !r!ro"*#*r "o' *( #&)*>o or )o6t!r* #* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #*

6r*"u*'"&! #o'#* )* )&%u(* *( 6u'"&o'!%&*'to 0t&%o #* (!) *t!!) #*

ot*'"&!; *( "&r"u&to #* "o'tro( + *( &'3*r)or CCCA.

E' %a "-+'&a 9a" &"% !ro2"#(o 2 a("'&$"'&o a %o r"+%(a&o &"%

F



&$a-';($#o3 " 9or)+%ar1 "% )o&"%o o!"ra($8o !ro!+"(o3 r"9"r$&o a%3 &o'&" 2

&" *+= )a'"ra " $'("'(a &ar r"!+"(a o r"o%8"r "% !rob%")a !%a'("a&o

#o)o o'K

a. D"#r$!#$;' &" %o !ar1)"(ro '"#"ar$o !ara %a r"a%$0a#$;' &"!r+"ba &" 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o a% 8ar$a&or.

b. I&"'($9$#a#$;' &"% ($!o &" 9a%%a *+" "% 8ar$a&or !o&r1 !r""'(ar.

#. D"#r$!#$;' &" %o )a("r$a%" 2 "*+$!o a "r +($%$0a&o "' %a "(a!a

&" )"&$#$;'3 a%$)"'(a#$;' 2 !ro("##$;' &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&.

&. E%abora#$;' &"% &$":o (o)a'&o "' #+"'(a %o "*+$!o ">$("'(" "' "%

!a,.

". D"#r$!#$;' &" %o )a("r$a%" 2 "*+$!o *+" &"b"' "r #o)!ra&o 2+($%$0a&o "' %a "(a!a &" )"&$#$;'3 a%$)"'(a#$;'3 !ro("##$;' 2 "(r+#(+ra

o!or(" &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&.

F!)* @. D*)!rro((!r *( )&)t*%! 65)&"o J9!r#!r*K #*( 3!r&!#or #*

6r*"u*'"&!; to%!'#o *' "u*'t! to#! (! &'4*'&*r5! #* #*t!((* '*"*)!r&!;

!r! **"ut!r u'! ru*1! #* 6u'"&o'!%&*'to "o' u' %otor tr&68)&"o #*

u' %8-&%o #* 2 9.

S$)+%a#$;' &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& "' +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' (r$91$#a3

a%$)"'(a&o !or +'a r"& )o'o91$#a &" 645 8o%($o.

a. I)!%")"'(a#$;' &"% o9(Jar" PROTEUS 8"r$;' F.

b. D$a-ra)a#$;' &" %o #$r#+$(o &$":a&o "' %a 9a" 4.

#. S$)+%a#$;' &"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& "' +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;'

(r$91$#a3 a%$)"'(a&o !or +'a r"& )o'o91$#a &" 645 8o%($o.

&. E%abora#$;' &" Co'#%+$o'"3 L$)$(a#$o'" 2 R"#o)"'&a#$o'" !ara

+ba'ar &$9$#+%(a&" 2o %%"8ar a #abo $'8"($-a#$o'" 9+(+ra.F!)* ?. E)t&%!r (! 6!"t&1&(&#!# t$"'&"! + *"o'0%&"! #* (! *(!1or!"&0'

#* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&! !r! *( "o'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# #*

%otor*) tr&68)&"o) #* u' %8-&%o #* 2 9.

E' "(a #+ar(a 9a" &"% !ro2"#(o " r"a%$0ara +' "(+&$o "' "% 1)b$(o

FF



(=#'$#o 2 "#o';)$#o *+" !o'-a &" )a'$9$"(o %a 9a#($b$%$&a& &"% 8ar$a&or &"

8"%o#$&a&.

R*6*r*'"&!) B&1(&o4r86&"!)

C<a!)a'3 S. /. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a.4&a."&. M=>$#oK M#GraJH$%%3 4557.

E'r,*+"03 G. . Ma'+a% &" E%"#(r$#$&a& I'&+(r$a% II3 R"!ara#$;' &" Mo(or"

E%=#(r$#o. M=>$#oK L$)+a3 6.

$(0-"ra%&3 A. E. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a. E&$(or$a% M# GraJH$%%. M=>$#o. 6F.

WooJ3 I. Co'(ro% &" Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o I'&+(r$a%". E&$(or$a% M# GraJ $%%.

M=>$#o. 6F.WooJ3 I. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a 2 Tra'9or)a&or". 4&a."&. M=>$#oK Pr"'($#"

a%%. 6?.

Ro%&1'3 V$%or$a /o=. Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o A+(o)a($)o &" Co'(ro%. E&$(or$a%

Para'$'9o. Ma&r$&. 6F.

S)"a(o'3 R. ]. Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o3 S"%"##$;'3 Ma'("'$)$"'(o 2 R"!ara#$;'.

4&a."&. M=>$#oK M#GraJH$%%3 455.

U'$8"r$&a& Sa'($a-o Mar$:o 455. Ma'+a% &" Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o.

Cara#a3 V"'"0+"%aK A+(or.

]$%&$( T. Co'(ro% &" Mo(or" I'&+(r$a%". E&$(or$a% L$)+a. M=>$#o. 6F6.

F



CAPÍTULO IV

RESULTADOS

M*%or&! D*)"r&t&3!

E% obj"($8o !r$)or&$a% &"% (rabajo " r"a%$0ar +' #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" +'

)o(or (r$91$#o &" $'&+##$;' #o' !o("'#$a )1>$)a &" 4 <!3 &$":a'&o 2

$)+%a'&o +' );&+%o &" #ara#("r,($#a a!%$#ab%" "' %a $'&+(r$a3

!"r)$($"'&o +' a)!%$o ra'-o &" #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a&.

S+ &"arro%%o " j+($9$#a !or %a '"#"$&a& &" +' #o'(ro% a&"#+a&o &"

)a*+$'ar$a $'&+(r$a% or$"'(a&o a% +o "9$#$"'(" &" "'"r-,a3 #o)o (a)b$='

9a#$%$(ar "% &"arro%%o &" %a a+(o)a($0a#$;' #+a'&o " r"*+$"ra "% +o &"

)o(or" &" $'&+##$;'.

D+ra'(" %a %($)a &=#a&a "% ")!%"o &" "(" ($!o &" )o(or" " <a

$'#r")"'(a&o !or "% bajo #o(o "' )a'("'$)$"'(o *+" r"!r""'(a' a %a$'&+(r$a3 &" "(a )a'"ra "% &"arro%%o &" + #o'(ro% " 9+'&a)"'(a%.

E% 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a a "r &$":a&o b+#a &ar +' !ao )1 "' "("

#a)!o3 %o-ra'&o )"jor" #ara#("r,($#a "' "% ($!o &" #o'(ro% 2 )a2or

9a#$%$&a& "' + )a'"jo.

E% +o &" (=#'$#a "!"#$a%" #o)o %a Mo&+%a#$;' !or A'#<o &" P+%o

S$'+o$&a% SP]M -ara'($0a +' (rabajo "9$#$"'(" &"% )o(or &$)$'+2"'&o "%

"9"#(o obr" %a #a%$&a& &" "'"r-,a <a#$a "% )"&$o ">("r'o3 a!"#(o *+" #a&a

&,a (o)a )a2or $)!or(a'#$a.

A #o'($'+a#$;' " &"(a%%a' %a 9a" )"(o&o%;-$#a *+" $'("r8$"'"' #o)o

ba" "' "% %a "%abora#$;' &" +' !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "%

#o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& "' )o(or" (r$91$#o #o' +' )1>$)o &" 4<!.

5



F!)* I D&!4'o)t&"!r (! )&tu!"&0' !"tu!( u* )* r*)*'t! r*)*"to !

(! '*"*)&#!# #* u)o + "o'tro( #* %otor*) tr&68)&"o) *' (! !4r5"o(! L!)

C(!3*((&'!) C.A.; ut&(&!'#o (!) t$"'&"!) #* r*"o(*""&0' #* &'6or%!"&0'.

A #o'($'+a#$;' " !ro!or#$o'a %a $'9or)a#$;' b1$#a 2 '"#"ar$a a#"r#a

&"% %+-ar 2 "% #ao &" "(+&$o3 #o)o %o " %a +b$#a#$;'3 %a 9+'#$;' *+" a%%, "

#+)!%"3 %o "%")"'(o *+" $'#%+2" 2 %a $'("ra##$;' "'(r" "%%o3 #o' "% 9$' &"

#o'o#"r %o a!"#(o -"'"ra%" &"% !rob%")a3 (o&o "(o <a#$"'&o +o &"

(=#'$#a *+" !"r)$(a' r"#o!$%ar (o&a %a $'9or)a#$;' '"#"ar$a a% ($")!o *+"

" ">!%ora' %a #o'&$#$o'" a#(+a%" a (ra8= &" %a ob"r8a#$;' &$r"#(a.

A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.

Ub$#a&a "' "% )+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% "(a&o Carabobo3 " +'a -ra'ja

&"&$#a&a "' -ra' !ar(" a %a #r,a &" a8" &" #orra%3 !ro!$"&a& &" %a ")!r"a

Proa-roPro($'a% C.A. #+"'(a #o' 44 -a%!o'" !ara %a #r,a 2 !ro&+##$;' &"

!o%%o. Ta% #o)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.

6



Figura xx. Gr!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K Goo-%" Ma!.

La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. &"&$#a + a#($8$&a&" a %a #r,a &" !o%%o

!ara %a 8"'(a3 #a&a -a%!;' !+"&" #o'("'"r +' !ro)"&$o &" 64.555 a8" &"

#orra%. Co)o " ob"r8a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.

4



?



Figura xx. Cr5! #* o((o) *' (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.

S&)t*%! *($"tr&"o #* !(t! t*')&0'

La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.3 !or "'#o'(rar" "' +'a 0o'a r+ra% &"%

)+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% "(a&o Carabobo3 #+"'(a #o' +' $(")a &"

&$(r$b+#$;' "%=#(r$#o )o'o91$#o3 " a%$)"'(a&a !or +'a r"& &" )"&$a

("'$;' #o' &o #o'&+#(or" a +'a ("'$;' &" 6?.F55 Vo%($o3 (a% #o)o "

)+"(r" "' %a 9$-+ra >>.



7



Figura xx. S&)t*%! #* #&)tr&1u"&0' *' %*#&! t*')&0' #* (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.

+"'("K A+(or.

S&)t*%! *($"tr&"o *' 1!! t*')&0'

E% $(")a "%=#(r$#o &" baja ("'$;' "' &" %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.

"(1 #o'($(+$&o !or (r" #o'&+#(or" &o 9a" 2 +' '"+(ro3 #o' +'a

("'$;' &" 64545 Vo%($o3 "% #+a% "(1 &$(r$b+2" "%"#(r$#$&a& a (o&o %o

-a%!o'" ">$("'(" "' %a -ra'ja3 !ara %a a%$)"'(a#$;' &" %o "*+$!o #o)o

)o(or" 2 bo)ba "%=#(r$#a. Cab" &"(a#ar *+" "(" " +' $(")a

)o'o91$#o3 2 o%o !"r)$(" a%$)"'(ar #ar-a &" "(" ($!o. Co)o "

&")+"(ra "' %a 9$-+ra >>.



Figura xx. S&)t*%! %o'o68)&"o *' 1!! t*')&0' #* (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.

+"'("K A+(or.

E(" $(")a " a%$)"'(a &" (ra'9or)a&or" )o'o91$#o3 %o #+a%"

"(1' #o'"#(a&o a %a r"& &" )"&$a ("'$;'3 !"r)$($"'&o ob("'"r +' $(")a

"%=#(r$#o #o' &o 9a" 2 +' '"+(ro #o)' %a &$9"r"'#$a &" !o("'#$a% "'(r"

%a &o 9a" " &" 45 Vo%($o3 2 "'(r" 9a" 2 '"+(ro " &" 645 Vo%($o3 %o

-a%!o'" " "'#+"'(ra' &$(r$b+$&o "' !ar" 2 o' a%$)"'(a&o !or +'(ra'9or)a&or &" 47 `VA3 #o)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.



F



Figura xx. Tr!')6or%!#or %o'o68)&"o *' (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.

Motor*) *($"tr&"o) *' (o) 4!(o'*)

La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. +($%$0a )o(or" )o'o91$#o !ara

a##$o'ar %o 8"'($%a&or" "' %o -a%!o'" *+" #o'($"'"' a %a a8"3 "(o

8"'($%a&or" o' &" +)a $)!or(a'#$a3 2a *+" !"r)$("' "% #o'(ro% &"

(")!"ra(+ra &"'(ro &" %o r"#$'(o. Ma'("'$"'&o a, +' a)b$"'(" 9r"#o3 *+"

"8$(a %a a9$>$a 2 a + 8"0 %a )+"r(" &"% a'$)a% !or #o'"#+"'#$a &"% #a%or.

V"r 9$-+ra >>.



655



Figura xx. V*'t&(!#or *' u' 4!(0' #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.

Ca&a -a%!;' !o"" 64 8"'($%a&or"3 &$(r$b+$&o a %o %ar-o &"% r"#$'(o3

!ara +'a )"jor #$r#+%a#$;' &"% a$r". Lo )o(or" +($%$0a&o !ara "(o

8"'($%a&or" o' )o'o91$#o3 "(o 9+'#$o'a' a +'a ("'$;' &" 45 Vo%($o3

2 ($"'"' +'a !o("'#$a &" 6 P.

F!((!) #* %otor*)

D"b$&o a %a a'($-d"&a&3 2 "% +o !ro%o'-a&o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o

)o'o91$#o !ara -ara'($0ar %a 8$&a &" %o !o%%o "' %o -a%!o'"3 "(o <a'

!r""'(a&o 9a%%a3 "'#o'(r1'&o" )+#<o &" "%%o $'o!"ra($8o3 "'(r" "(a

9a%%a %a )1 #o)' " +' #or(o#$r#+$(o "' %a #o'">$;' &" %a 9a" a%

&"8a'a&o &"% "(a(or. Co)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.

656



654



Figura xx. F!((! *' u' %otor #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!). +"'("K A+(or.

L&%&t!"&o'*) #* (! ro#u""&0'

E% !ro)"&$o &" a8" *+" !+"&" a%)a#"'ar +' -a%!;' " &" 64.555

a'$)a%"3 !"ro &"b$&o a %a 9a%%a o#+rr$&a "' %o )o(or" &" %o

8"'($%a&or" 2 %a $'o!"ra($8$&a& &" )+#<o &" "(o3 "' %a A-r,#o%a La

C%a8"%%$'a C.A. " o!(; !or r"&+#$r %a !ob%a#$;' &" a8" &"'(ro &" #a&a

-a%!;' 2a *+" %o 8"'($%a&or" "' "r8$#$o 'o !+"&"' )a'("'"r %a

(")!"ra(+ra a&"#+a&a !ara a%b"r-ar %o 64.555 !o%%o3 "(o (ra" #o)o

#o'"#+"'#$a3 +'a )"r)a "' %a !ro&+##$;' 2 !or #o'$-+$"'(" +'a r"&+##$;'&" $'-r"o "#o';)$#o !ara %a -ra'ja3 a&")1 &" %a !=r&$&a &" -ra'

#a'($&a& &" a8" a #o'"#+"'#$a &" %a a%(a (")!"ra(+ra. V"r 9$-+ra >>.

65?



Figura xx. V*'t&(!#or 6u*r! #* )*r3&"&o *' u' 4!(0' #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!).

+"'("K A+(or.

E' "% #+a&ro >> " a!r"#$a' +'a r"#o%"##$;' &" %o )o(or" *+"

!r""'(a' a8"r,a "' %o &$($'(o -a%!o'".

Cu!#ro --

Motor*) A3*r&!#o) *' (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.

Motor*) A3*r&!#o) C!u)! #* (! A3*r5!

6? Cor(o#$r#+$(o "' "(a(or

6F Ro&a)$"'(o &"9"#(+oo

Co't&'u!"&0' Cu!#ro --

a%%a "' "% #o'&"'a&or

F P=r&$&a &" a$%a)$"'(o!ota" Da(o (o)a&o !or "% a+(or "' %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.

65



N*"*)&#!#*) #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.

La $(+a#$;' a#(+a% &" %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"*+$"r" &" %a

)o&"r'$0a#$;' &" %o $(")a &" #o'(ro% &" a)b$"'(" &"'(ro &" %o-a%!o'"3 *+" !"r)$(a' )a'("'"r "' +' ra'-o &"("r)$'a&o %a (")!"ra(+ra3

"% 9%+jo &" a$r" 2 %a <+)"&a&.

A&")13 " '"#"ar$o "% r"")!%a0o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o

)o'o91$#o +a&o a#(+a%)"'(" "' %o -a%!o'"3 !or )o(or" (r$91$#o

*+" o9r"#"' )"jor" 8$r(+&"3 (a%" #o)oK

6H S$)!%$#$&a& 2 rob+("0 "' + #o'(r+##$;'3 %o *+" " +'a 8"'(aja

"' +' a)b$"'(" &" -ra' #o'(a)$'a#$;' #o)o %o -a%!o'".4H So' )"'o #o(oo &"b$&o a %a a+"'#$a &" "#ob$%%a3

#o')+(a&or" 2 a'$%%o #o%"#(or".

?H So' !r1#($#a)"'(" %$br" &" )a'("'$)$"'(o.

H Lo )o(or" (r$91$#o ($"'"' +'a a%(a "9$#$"'#$a 2 b+"' 9a#(or &"

!o("'#$a.

7H No r"*+$"r"' &" "*+$!o a&$#$o'a%" !ara + arra'*+"3 #o)o %o

#a!a#$(or" "' %o )o(or" )o'o91$#o.

H U' )o(or (r$91$#o " )1 #o)!a#(o 2 "9$#$"'(" *+" +'o

)o'o91$#o &"% )$)o 8o%(aj" 2 !o("'#$a.

Mo#*r'&!"&0' #* (o) 4!(o'*) "o' )&)t*%!) #* !%1&*'t* "o'tro(!#o

E(" ($!o &" $(")a !ro8"" a %a a8" &" +' #%$)a +'$9or)" 2 a&"#+a&o

&+ra'(" #+a%*+$"r =!o#a &"% a:o3 <a#$"'&o +o &" "*+$!o #o)oK

8"'($%a&or"3 <+)"&"#"&or"3 #a%"9a##$;' o "'9r$a)$"'(o "(o !"r)$("#o'(ro%ar 8ar$ab%" #o)o %a (")!"ra(+ra3 %a <+)"&a&3 %a 8"'($%a#$;' 2 "% 9%+jo

&" a$r" %$)!$o3 %a $%+)$'a#$;' 2 o(ro.

Para %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. %a 8ar$ab%" )1 $)!or(a'("

a#(+a%)"'(" " "% #o'(ro% &" %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 &"% a$r"3 "(o " %%"8a a #abo

657



)"&$a'(" "% +o &" %o 8"'($%a&or"3 !or %o (a'(o3 !ara r"a%$0ar %a

)o&"r'$0a#$;' r"*+"r$&a !or %a a-r,#o%a " '"#"ar$o !o&"r #o'(ro%ar %a

8"%o#$&a& &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o *+" a##$o'a' %o 8"'($%a&or"3 &" 9or)a

*+" " aj+(" a %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 "% 9%+jo &" a$r" a +' '$8"% a&"#+a&o.

F!)* II A'!(&!r (o) #!to) r*"o(*"t!#o) #*( #&!4'0)t&"o !r!

ro"*#*r "o' *( #&)*>o or )o6t!r* #* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #*

6r*"u*'"&! #o'#* )* )&%u(* *( 6u'"&o'!%&*'to 0t&%o #* (!) *t!!) #*

ot*'"&!; *( "&r"u&to #* "o'tro( + *( &'3*r)or CCCA.

E% &"arro%%o &" "(a 9a" !"r)$(" #o'o#"r &" 9or)a or&"'a&a 2$(")1($#a %a &"9$#$"'#$a 2 a'o)a%,a *+" !r""'(a %a a-r,#o%a La

C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"!"#(o a% +o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o.

R*)u%*' #* #!to) o1t*'&#o).

A #o'($'+a#$;' " r"+)"' %a '"#"$&a&" "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a

C.A. a, #o)o (a)b$=' %a 9a%%a <a%%a&a &+ra'(" "% &"arro%%o &" %a !r$)"ra

9a" 2 "r1 "% !+'(o &" !ar($&a !ara "% !o("r$or &"arro%%o &" +' !ro(o($!o

8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a.

D* (!) 6!((!) *' (o) %otor*) %o'o68)&"o)

Lo )o(or" )o'o91$#o $'(a%a&o "' %o -a%!o'" &" %a A-r,#o%a La

C%a8"%%$'a C.A. ($"'"' )+#<o a:o "' 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o3 $' '$'-' ($!o &"

)a'("'$)$"'(o 2 bajo #o'&$#$o'" &" a%(a #o'(a)$'a#$;'3 %o *+" <a

!ro8o#a&o 9a%%a "' )+#<o &" "%%o3 &"j1'&o%" $'o!"ra($8o. V"r 9$-+ra >>.

65



Figura xx. Tot!( #* %otor*) *' (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.

65



Figura xx. C!u)!) #* (!) 6!((!) *' %otor*) %o'o68)&"o). +"'("K A+(or.

Co)o !+"&" ob"r8ar"3 +'a -ra' #a'($&a& &" )o(or" " "'#+"'(ra'

9+"ra &" "r8$#$o3 &"b$&o a &$9"r"'(" ($!o &" 9a%%a.

Pro#u""&0' #* o((o)

65F



Ca&a -a%!;' !"r)$(" a%b"r-ar +' !ro)"&$o &" 64.555 !o%%o3 $'

")bar-o3 &"b$&o a %a #ar"'#$a &" +' $(")a ;!($)o !ara "% #o'(ro% &"

(")!"ra(+ra &"'(ro &" %o r"#$'(o a #o'"#+"'#$a &" %o )o(or"

)o'o91$#o &a:a&o3 %a !ro&+##$;' " <a &$)$'+$&o3 !ara "8$(ar %a )+"r("&" %a a8" !or a%(a (")!"ra(+ra.

S&)t*%! #* "o'tro( #* !%1&*'t*

La a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"*+$"r" &" +' $(")a &" #o'(ro% &"

a)b$"'(" "' %o -a%!o'"3 *+" %" !"r)$(a a!ro8"#<ar a% )1>$)o %a #a!a#$&a&

&" !ro&+##$;' #o' %a *+" #+"'(a3 !ara "%%o " '"#"ar$a %a $'(a%a#$;' &"

"*+$!o *+" !"r)$(a' #o'(ro%ar #o'&$#$o'" #o)o %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 "% 9%+jo &"a$r"3 !ara $'#r")"'(ar %o 8o%)"'" &" !ro&+##$;'.

Motor*) tr&68)&"o)

E(" ($!o &" )o(or" !r""'(a' )a2or" 8"'(aja obr" %o )o'o91$#o3

!or %o (a'(o o' %o )1 a&"#+a&o !ara "r +($%$0a&o "' %o $(")a &"

8"'($%a#$;' &"'(ro &" %o -a%!o'".

V!r&!"&0' #* 3*(o"&#!# #* (o) %otor*)

Lo $(")a &" 8"'($%a#$;' r"*+$"r"' &" +' #o'(ro% &" %a 8"%o#$&a& &" %o

)o(or"3 *+" !"r)$(a #o'(ro%ar %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 "% 9%+jo &" a$r" a

#o'8"'$"'#$a.

I'*-&)t*'"&! #* u' )&)t*%! *($"tr&"o tr&68)&"o

E% )a2or $'#o'8"'$"'(" !ara r"a%$0ar %a )o&"r'$0a#$;' &" %a A-r,#o%a La

C%a8"%%$'a C.A. " %a #ar"'#$a &" +' $(")a "%=#(r$#o (r$91$#o !ara a%$)"'(ar %a #ar-a &" "(" ($!o3 2 a&")1 %a $'(a%a#$;' &" ba'#o &"

(ra'9or)a&or" (r$91$#o +!o'" +' #o(o a&$#$o'a% a% &" %a !ro!$a

$'(a%a#$;' &"% $(")a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" a)b$"'(" &"'(ro &" %o -a%!o'".

65



Protot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!

E% )$)o #o'$(" "' "% &$":o &" +' &$!o$($8o "%"#(r;'$#o &"($'a&o a

8ar$ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &" -$ro &" +' )o(or "%=#(r$#o (r$91$#o3 )"&$a'(" %a8ar$a#$;' &" %a 9r"#+"'#$a &" %a ("'$;' a!%$#a&a3 !"r)$($"'&o (a)b$=' %a

ob("'#$;' &" +'a ("'$;' &" a%$&a (r$91$#a a !ar($r &" +'a "'(ra&a

)o'o91$#a.

So6t!r* Prot*u) !r! *( #*)!rro((o + )&%u(!"&0' or "o%ut!#or!

#*( rotot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!.

Pro("+ " +' "'(or'o $'("-ra&o &$":a&o !ara %a r"a%$0a#$;' #o)!%"(a

&" !ro2"#(o &" #o'(r+##$;' &" "*+$!o "%"#(r;'$#o "' (o&a + "(a!aK

&$":o3 $)+%a#$;'3 &"!+ra#$;' 2 #o'(r+##$;'. Co' %a <"rra)$"'(a Pro("+ "%

!ro#"o !ara #o'(r+$r +' "*+$!o "%"#(r;'$#o baa&o "' +' )$#ro!ro#"a&or

*+"&a &"9$'$&o #o' %a $-+$"'(" "(a!a. V"r $-+ra XX.

665



Figura 5 Et!!) #* #*)!rro((o "o' Prot*u). +"'("K Ma'+a% Pro("+.

E% !r$)"r !ao #o'$($r1 "' r"a%$0ar "% &$":o &"% !%a'o "%=#(r$#o &"%

#$r#+$(o *+" " &""a r"a%$0ar3 #o' #o)!o'"'(" )+2 8ar$a&o3 &"&"

$)!%" r"$("'#$a3 <a(a "% +o &" )$#ro!ro#"a&or" o

)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or"3 $'#%+2"'&o 9+"'(" &" a%$)"'(a#$;'3 -"'"ra&or" &"

":a%" 2 )+#<o o(ro #o)!o'"'(" #o' !r"(a#$o'" &$9"r"'(". Lo&$":o r"a%$0a&o !+"&"' "r $)+%a&o "' ($")!o r"a%.

A #o'($'+a#$;' " !r""'(a "% &"arro%%o &"% &$":o a (ra8= !or o9(Jar"

&"% #$r#+$(o "%=#(r$#o &"% !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&.

D&!4r!%! #* 6(uo #*( 6u'"&o'!%&*'to #*( 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!.

666



664



66?



D&)*>o #*( "&r"u&to *(*"tr0'&"o.

E% &$":o &"% #$r#+$(o !ara "% !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a "(+8o

baa&o "' (r" "(a!a3 "(a!a &" !o("'#$a3 "(a!a &" #o'(ro%3 2 "(a!a &"%

$'8"ror CCHCA.

A(&%*'t!"&0' #*( rotot&o

E% &$!o$($8o "(ar1 a%$)"'(a&o !or )"&$o &" +'a 9+"'(" &" "'"r-,a

)o'o91$#a &" 645 Vo%($o "' #orr$"'(" a%("r'a.

R*"t&6&"!"&0' ACDC.

La !r$)"ra !ar(" "' "% &$":o &"% #$r#+$(o &"% 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a#o'$(" "' %a #r"a#$;' "' "% o9(Jar" Pro("+ &" +' !+"'(" r"#($9$#a&or3 *+"

!"r)$(a %a #o'8"r$;' &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a a #orr$"'(" #o'($'+a. V"r $-+ra

>>.

66



Figura 5 Pu*'t* R*"t&6&"!#or *' Prot*u). +"'("K Pro("+.

Et!! #* Co'tro(.

E' "(a "(a!a " &o'&" " <a#" !o$b%" #o'(ro%ar %a 9r"#+"'#$a 2 %a

-"'"ra#$;' &" +'a o'&a (r$91$#a a (ra8= &" "%")"'(o #o)o

)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or".

M&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC. E "% "%")"'(o *+" !"r)$(" "j"#+(ar %a

$'(r+##$o'" 2 #o)a'&o #ar-a&o "' %a )")or$a &"% )$)o 2 !r"8$a)"'("

!ro-ra)a&o !ara "j"r#"r %a 9+'#$o'" &""a&a3 "' "(" #ao %a 9+'#$;' &"

-"'"ra#$;' &" !+%o "%=#(r$#o !ara %a #r"a#$;' &" %a o'&a (r$91$#a

$'+o$&a%3 2 a&")1 %a 9+'#$o'a%$&a& &" 8ar$a#$;' &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "%

#o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" )o(or" "%=#(r$#o. V"r $-+ra >>.

667



Figura 5 M&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC *' Prot*u). +"'("K Pro("+.

G*'*r!"&0' #* o'#! tr&68)&"!.

66



La -"'"ra#$;' &" +'a o'&a (r$91$#a " r"a%$0a #o' "% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or

PIC3 *+" "'8,a !+%o a %a #o)!+"r(a &" %o MOSET3 !"r)$($"'&o "% !ao

&" #orr$"'(" a (ra8= &" "%%o -"'"ra'&o a, +'a o'&a (r$91$#a. V"r $-+ra

>>.

66



Figura 5 O'#!) 4*'*r!#!) ! !rt&r #* %&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC. +"'("K Pro("+.

V!r&!"&0' #* 6r*"u*'"&!.

E% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or PIC (a)b$=' o9r"#" %a #a!a#$&a& &" #o'(ro%ar %a

9r"#+"'#$a "' %a ":a% &" a%$&a &"% !ro(o($!o3 !or )"&$o &" %a r"a%$0a#$;' &"+'a !ro-ra)a#$;' !r"8$a3 %o *+" !"r)$(" a + 8"0 #o'(ro%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"

-$ro &" +' )o(or (r$91$#o.

Et!! #* ot*'"&!.

E>$(" +'a -ra' 8ar$"&a& &" )o(or" &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a (r$91$#o "' "%

)"r#a&o3 a, #o)o 8ar$a&or" &" 8"%o#$&a&. E &" r"a%(ar *+" =(" "*+$!o

" &$":a !ara 8ar$ar %a 8"%o#$&a& a +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' (r$91$#o3 2 'o a +'

)o(or "!"#,9$#o o &" +'a )ar#a "!"#,9$#a3 !"ro , #o' +' %,)$(" &"

!o("'#$a3 &" +' )1>$)o &" 4 <!.

MOSFET #* ot*'"&!. E% MOSET " +' &$!o$($8o "!"#$a% &$":a&o

!ara )a'"jar -ra'&" '$8"%" &" #orr$"'("3 + 9+'#$;' "' "% !ro(o($!o

8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a " %a &" &$r$-$r %a #orr$"'(" *+" a%$)"'(ar1 a% )o(or &"

$'&+##$;' (r$91$#o. V"r $-+ra >>.

66F



Figura 5 Pu*'t* H "o' MOSFET. +"'("K Pro("+.

Et!! #*( &'3*r)or CCCA.

D+ra'(" "(a "(a!a "% !ro(o($!o !+"&" #o'8"r($r #orr$"'(" #o'($'+a "'

#orr$"'(" a%("r'a3 "(o " <a#" #o' "% obj"($8o &"% ")!%"ar %a )o&+%a#$;' &"

a'#<o &" !+%o !ara )o&"%ar 2 #o'(ro%ar %a ("'$;' (r$91$#a &" a%$&a "')a-'$(+& 2 9r"#+"'#$a a !ar($r &" +'a ("'$;' &" "'(ra&a DC.

Por #a&a !ar &" MOSET3 " #r"a +'a ":a% $'+o$&a%3 "(o o#+rr"

#+a'&o %a #o)!+"r(a &" +' MOSET " a#($8a&a !or "% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or

PIC.

66



F!)* IV E)t&%!r (! 6!"t&1&(&#!# t$"'&"! + *"o'0%&"! #* (!

*(!1or!"&0' #* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&! !r! *( "o'tro( #*

3*(o"&#!# #* %otor*) tr&68)&"o) #* u' %8-&%o #* 2 9.

E(a 9a" #orr"!o'&" a% "(+&$o *+" " r"a%$0; !ara &"("r)$'ar %a

9a#($b$%$&a& &"% !ro2"#(o 2 *+" o(or-a 9+'&a)"'(o a %a "%abora#$;' &" +'

!ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" )o(or"

(r$91$#o &" +' )1>$)o &" 4 <! "' (=r)$'o -"'"ra%" "(" "(+&$o &"

9a#($b$%$&a&3 ($"'"' #o)o 9$'a%$&a& $&"'($9$#ar &" )a'"ra obj"($8a %a 9or(a%"0a

2 &"b$%$&a&" &"% !ro2"#(o3 %o r"#+ro '"#"ar$o !ara "j"#+(ar %a$)!%")"'(a#$;'3 2 "' %($)a $'(a'#$a3 %a !"r!"#($8a &" =>$(o. E' (=r)$'o

)1 $)!%"3 %o &o #r$("r$o *+" " +($%$0aro' !ara &"("r)$'ar %a 8$ab$%$&a&

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tesis prototipo (jorge)

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