tema 7 - los gases nobles

7/24/2019 Tema 7 - Los Gases Nobles

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LOS GASES NOBLES

Tema 7. Gases Nobles

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INTRODUCCIÓN

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Palabras claveQ-*(3X0 Z Q-*(3X00 Z +68?13, Z #*<1.<13,

CONTENIDOS

7.1 Consideraciones generales7.2 Propiedades físicas y químicas de los gases nobles7.3 Los gases nobles en la Naturaleza. Métodos de obtención y aplicaciones.7.4 Combinaciones de de los gases nobles.

7.4.1 Fluoruros de xenón7.4.2 Aductos7.4.3 Combinaciones oxigenadas del xenón7.4.4 Otros compuestos de los gases nobles

Clatratos de los gases nobles

7.1 Consideraciones generales

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7.2 Propiedades físicas y químicas de los gases nobles

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Tabla 7.1. Propiedades de los gases nobles

Propiedades He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnPunto de fusión ( ºC) XS_O X SKJ X :;J X :`_ X ::S X _:

Punto de ebullición (ºC) XSUJ X SKU X :;U X :`S X :O; X US

Radio covalente (pm) JJ :UO :JS :J_ S:_

Primera E Ionización (kJ mol -1 ) Sa_O SO;O :`SO :a`O ::_O :OKO

Afinidad electrónica (kJ mol -1 ) X K; X ::U X J_ X J_ X __

Solubilidad en H 2 O/20ºC :SB; :KB_ a_BJ _aBO ::OBJ

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7.3 Los gases nobles en la Naturaleza. Métodos de obtención y aplicaciones

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7.4 Combinaciones de los gases nobles

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9

7.4.1 Fluoruros Xenón

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[- n &S [-&S Z [-&S n &S [-K

10

I5 85 <9<.<13 6- 5MN8-* < 1-49-.<18.< S`O3# E 9.-,(>5 `O <14H E < 9<.1(. 6- 85<

4-W?*< 6- [- E &S ?35 85 -D?-,3 6- R*d3.B ,- 3=1(-5- 6(.-?1<4-51- [-&U @≥ ≥

[-&K n &S [-&U

23, 1.-, R*83.8.3, 6- [- ,35 ,>*(63, ?.(,1<*(53,B (5?3*3.3, E G3*T1(*-, < 1-49-.<18.< <4X=(-51-H /363, -**3, ,35 1F.4(?<4-51- -,1<=*-,@

#3498-,13 )H& b°#c qqqqqqqqq qqqqqqq

[-&S :SJ

[-&K ::_

[-&U KJBU

I5 9.(5?(9(3 ,- 9-5,> N8- -5 -,13, ?3498-,13, 6- 7<,-, 53=*-, -,1<.M<5 (49*(?<63,58-G3, 1(93, 6- -5*<?-H

2< 9.(4-.< <9.3D(4<?(>5 9<.< -D9*(?<. -* -5*<?-B -,1T =<,<6< -5 -* 436-*3 6- *< 1-3.M<6- *<, .-98*,(35-, 6- *3, 9<.-, 6- -*-?1.35-, 6- *< ?<9< 6- G<*-5?(< b/L)I#\cB N8-,- 81(*(W< -5 48?A3, ?<,3, 9<.< 9.-6-?(. *< 7-34-1.M< 43*-?8*<. -5 1F.4(53, 6- 1363,*3, 9<.-, -*-?1.>5(?3, 6- *< ?<9< 6- G<*-5?(<H

s8(**-,9(- A< 81(*(W<63 -,1< 1-3.M< 3 436-*3 ?35 FD(13 ?35,(6-.<=*- 9<.< 9.-6-?(. *<,(4-1.M< -5 <*7853, ?3498-,13, 6- D-5>5H

I,1- 436-*3 53 -,B ,(5 -4=<.73B .(78.3,3B G(F563,- *< 5-?-,(6<6 6- 1-5-. -5 ?8-51< *<A(=.(6<?(>5 6- 3.=(1<*-, ?35 *< ?351.(=8?(>5 6- *3, 3.=(1<*-, `6 6-* D-5>5H

23, 6(-W -*-?1.35-, 6- G<*-5?(< 6-* [- -5 -* 6(R*83.8.3B ,- .-3.6-5<5 -5 ?(5?3 9<.-,@63, 9<.-, -5*<W<51-, E 1.-, 9<.-, 53 ?349<.1(63,H

23, 1.-, 9<.-, 53 ?349<.1(63, -Y-.?-5 .-98*,(35-, -N8(G<*-51-, ,3=.- *3, 9<.-, -5*<XW<51-,B .-,8*1<563 85< 43*F?8*< *(5-<*

& [- &

S9D `9

D S9

D

I,1- -5*<?- ,- 98-6- 6-,?.(=(. ?343 85 AM=.(63 6- *<, 63, R3.4<, ,(78(-51-,@

F −

Xe+

& ↔ & Xe+

F −

I* 436-*3 6- 3.=(1<*-, 43*-?8*<.-, 9.-6(?- N8- *< -,1<=(*(6<6 6-* ?3498-,13 4-Y3.<93. *< <*1< -*-?1.35-7<1(G(6<6 6- *3, T1343, 85(63, <* 7<, 53=*- E *< =<Y< -5-.7M< 6-

(35(W<?(>5 6- F,1-H

11

I,1- 436-*3 1<4=(F5 9.-6(?- N8- 85 ?3498-,13 ?343 -* [-&S 1-56.T 85 ?<.T?1-.(>5(?3

?35,(6-.<=*-B ?35 85< ?<.7< 6- <9.3D(4<6<4-51- n- ,3=.- -* [- E X:lS - ,3=.-?<6< T1343 6- &H

HHHHHHHHHH1/ 2

F −

Xe+

HHHHHHHHHHHHH1/ 2

F −

#35 *< <E86< 6- -,13, 436-*3, 3 <9.3D(4<?(35-, -D98-,1<,B ,- A<5 Y8,1(R(?<63 *<,-,1.8?18.<, 6- ?3498-,13, ?343 [-&S Z [-&K E [-&U B ?343 G-.-43, < ?351(58<X?(>5H

XeF2

2< 43*F?8*< 6- 6(R*83.8.3 6- D-5>5 1(-5- -,1.8?18.< *(5-<*B 1<513 -5 R<,- ,>*(6< ?343-5 R<,- 7<,-3,<H

2< 6(,93,(?(>5 6- *3, 9<.-, -*-?1.>5(?3, -, ,-7d5 85< =(9(.T4(6- 1.(735<*@

%1.<, 43*F?8*<, (,3-*-?1.>5(?<, <5T*37<, ,35 i.&S E 0#*SX:

I5 R<,- ,>*(6<B *<, 43*F?8*<, 6- [-&S ,- -5?8-51.<5 o-49<N8-1<6<,o 6- R3.4< 9<.<*-X*< 85<, < 31.<,B ?343 98-6- G-.,- -5 *< R(78.< ,(78(-51-@

12

XeF4

I* 1-1.<R*83.8.3 6- D-5>5 1(-5- 85< -,1.8?18.< 9*<5< ?8<6.<6< N8- ,- ?35,(6-.< 6-X=(6< < *< 81(*(W<?(>5 6- *3, 63, 3.=(1<*-, <1>4(?3, `9 6-* [-B E < 1-5-. *3, 63, 9<.-,6- -*-?1.35-, 53 ?349<.1(63, 9-.9-56(?8*<.-, <* 9*<53 R3.4<63 93. *3, ?8<1.3 T13X43, 6- &H

23, 9<.-, -*-?1.>5(?3, ,- 6(,935-5 6- R3.4< 3?1<F6.(?< ?343 98-6- G-.,- -5 *<R(78.<@

j3*F?8*< <5T*37< <@ 0#* K e

XeF6

2< -,1.8?18.< 6- *< 43*F?8*< -5 -,1- ?<,3 -, <,(4F1.(?<B -5 R3.4< 6- 3?1<-6.3 6(,13.X,(35<63B ?35 -* 9<. 6- -*-?1.35-, 53 -5*<W<51- .-1(.T563,- 6- *3, 9<.-, -5*<W<51-,?343 98-6- G-.,- -5 *< R(78.<@

j3*F?8*< <5T*37<@ 0&UX

[- &U -, 93*M4-.3 b1-1.T4-.3, E A-DT4-.3, ?351-5(-563 T1343, 6- & 98-51-c -5 R<,-

,>*(65 6(*8(6< -, 435>4-.3H

13

2< 43*F?8*< 93,-- R*-D(=(*(6<6 -,1-.-3N8M4(?< ?35 G(=.<?(35-, 6- -5-.7M< .-*<1(G<4-5X1- =<Y< b9,-863.31<?(35-,c 93. *3 N8- *< 43*F?8*< 53 1(-5- 434-513 6(93*<. RT?(*4-51-4-6(=*-H

23, 6(,1(513, 4F1363, 81(*(W<63, 9<.< -,186(<. *< -,1.8?18.< 6-* [-U

A<5 6<63 *87<. <

?35?*8,(35-, ?35R*(?1(G<,H +,MB *3, 6<13, 6- 6(R.<??(>5 6- -*-?1.35-, 48-,1.<5 ,(4-1.M<

43*-?8*<. ?35 ?35,(6-.<=*- 6(,13.,(>5H

2< .<W>5 6-* ?35R*(?13 -,1.(=< -5 N8-B 93,(=*-4-51-B -5 R<,- 6- G<93. *< 43*F?8*< 1(-5-

R*-D(35-,H 23, <5T*(,(, 6- -,9-?1.3,?39M< (5R.<..3Y< 48-,1.<5 N8- *< ?35,1<51- 6- R8-.X

W< 6- -5*<?- [-X& -, 9-N8-^< baaO $4X:Q c ?35 85 3.6-5 6- -5*<?- 4<E3. 6- OB`B *3

N8- 9.393.?(35< 85 ?35,(6-.<=*- ?<.T?1-. (>5(?3 < *< 43*F?8*<H

j-6(<51- .<E3, [ ,- A<5 3=,-.G<63 ?8<1.3 R3.4<, ?.(,1<*(5<,H

2< ?<9<?(6<6 6- *3, R*83.8.3, 6- D-5>5 9<.< 635<. (35-, &X ,- 98-6- -,9-.<. N8- F,1<

6(,4(58E< 6-,6- -* [-&S <* [-&U B 6-=(63 <* <84-513 6- *< ?<.7< 58?*-<. -R-?1(G< 6-*D-5>5H '(5 -4=<.73B <85N8- -* [-&K -, 85 635<63. 6F=(* 6- (35-, &X B -* [-&U -, 4T,R8-.1- N8- -* [-&S Z -,1- -R-?13 ,- 98-6- 6-=-. < *< ?<51(6<6 6- 3.=(1<*-, 3?89<63,N8- .36-<5 <* T1343 6- [- -5 -* [-&U H

7.4.2 Aductos

23, aductos del XeF2 ?35 T?(63, 2-t(, j&` b bj r )B +,B '=B )1B 0.B %,B L8B LAcB ,-A<5 -,186(<63 93. ?3568?1(4-1.M< -5 ".&aB E 4-6(<51- .<E3,X[H Q<E 1.-, 1(93, 9.(5?(9<X*-, 6- <68?13,@

+68?13, :@: 6- R3.48*< 7-5-.<* [-j&_ · +68?13, S@: 6- R>.48*< [-S j&J ·

+68?13, :@S 6- R>.48*< [-jS &:S ·

I,13, <68?13, 1(-5-5 85 <*13 7.<63 6- ?<.T?1-. (>5(?3B ,87(.(F563,- 9<.< -**3, R>.48*<,(>5(?<,@

b[-&cn j&UX B b[- S &ac

nj&U

X E b[-&c

njS&::

X

I5 ?8<513 < *3, aductos formados por XeF6 ?35 T?(63, 2-t(, 1<4=(F5 ,- A<5 ,87-X.(63 R3.48*<?(35-, (>5(?<,B 93. -Y-49*3 R3.48*<?(35-, (>5(?<,B 93. -Y-49*3 b[-&`c

n

+,&UXB 9.(5?(9<*4-51- 6-=(63 < *<, 9.8-=<, <93.1<6<, 93. -,9-?1.3,?39M< 0HLH

)3. 31.< 9<.1-B -* [-&U .-<??(35< ?35 R*83.8.3, 6- 4-1<*-, <*?<*(53, 6(,1(513, 6- 2(&B

9<.< 6<. A-91<R*83.8.3 8 3?1<R*83.3D-5<13, b\0c@

[-&U n L=& → L=[-&_

2<, ,<*-, 6- #, E L= A<5 ,(63 =(-5 ?<.<?1-.(W<6<,H '- 6-,?34935-5 93. -5?(4< 6-

SO3# E `O3#B .-,9-?1(G<4-51-@

14

S j[-&_ → [-&U n jS[-&;

23, 3?1<R*83.3D-5<13, 6- L= E #, ,35 *3, ?3498-,13, 6- [- 4T, -,1<=*-, 6- *3, 3=X1-5(63, A<,1< <A3.<Z ,- 6-,?34935-5 ,>*3 93. -5?(4< 6- KOOf #Z ,- A(6.3*(W<5 -5 *<<14>,R-.< 9<.< 6<. 9.368?13, 3D(6<51-, N8- ?351(-5-5 [-H

I* <68?13 6- R*83.8.3 6- ,36(3 6-* [-&U ,- 6-,?34935- 93. 6-=<Y3 6- :OO°# E ,-

98-6- 8,<. 9<.< 98.(R(?<. -* [-&U H

7.4.3 Combinaciones oxigenadas del xenón

2<, 9.(5?(9<*-, ?34=(5<?(35-, 3D(7-5<6<, 6-* [- ,35@ [-%a E [-%K

23, -5*<?-, [-X% ,35 48E 6F=(*-,B ?343 98-6- G-.,- -5 *< 1<=*< ,(78(-51-B -5 *< N8-

,- 48-,1.<5 *3, G<*3.-, 6- *<, -51<*9M<, 6- -5*<?-B 4-6(6<, < S`°#H

#3498-,13 I51<*9M< -5*<?- ∆ QR

bCg 43*X:

c bCg 43*X:

c

qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq

[-&S :aa ::_

[-&K :aS S:`

[-&U :aa SJ_

[-%a _a X KOO

[-%K ;; X UKa

P(?A<, -51<*9M<, ,35 4-53.-, N8- *<, ?3..-,9356(-51-, < *3, -5*<?-, [-X&B ?343 -.<6- -,9-.<.B 6<63 N8- -* 3DM7-53 -, 4-53, -*-?1.35-7<1(G3 N8- -* R*d3.H

)3. 31.< 9<.1-B 98-6- 3=,-.G<.,- -5 *< 1<=*< N8- *3, R*83.8.3, 6- D-535 ,35 ?3498-,X13, -D31F.4(?3, 9-.3 *3, >D(63, ,35 -5631F.4(?3,H

I* [-% E -* [-%S 53 A<5 936(63 ,-. <(,*<63, <d5H

XeO3

I* 1-1.<R*83.8.3 6- D-535 .-<??(35< ?35 QS% -5 *< R3.4< ,(78(-51-@

U [-&K n :S QS% → K [- n S [-%a n a %S n SK Q&

15

I* [-%a -, 85 ,>*(63 53 G3*T1(* E <*1<4-51- -D9*3,(G3B N8- 98-6- ,-. ,-9<.<63 6- *<

4-W?*< <51-.(3. -5 *< N8- ,- R3.4<H '- 98-6- 3=1-5-. 4T, 6(.-?1<4-51- 93. A(6.>*(,(,*-51< 6- [-&UB ,-7d5 *< .-<??(>5@

[-&U n a QS

% → [-%a n U Q&

I* <5T*(,(, 4-6(<51- .<E3,X[ 6-* [-% 48-,1.< N8- 93,-- 85< -,1.8?18.< 6- 9(.T4(6-

1.(735<*B ,(4(*<. < *< 6-* (>5 (,3-*-?1.>5(?3 0%a

XB ?35 85 9<. 6- -*-?1.35-, 53 ?349<.1(63

,3=.- -* T1343 6- [-B ?343 98-6- G-.,- -5 *< R(78.<@

[- X % r :B_U Ǻ

a 3.=(1<*-, AM=.(63, ,9a

2< 6(,3*8?(>5 <?83,< 6- [-%a -, 85 <7-51- 3D(6<51- 48E R8-.1-B ?<9<W 6- 3D(6<. -*

#* X < #*S B -* ".

X < ".%a

X E -* j5

Sn

< j5%K X -5 4-6(3 T?(63 R8-.1-H 23, T*?<*(,

?<8,<5 *< 6-,9.393.?(35<?(>5 6-* [-b\0c < [-b\000c E [-3B ,-7d5 *< .-<??(>5@

S [-%a n K %QX → [-%U

KX

n [- n %S

n S QS %

XeO4

2< <6(?(>5 6- "<b%QcS < 85< 6(,3*8?(>5 <?83,< 6- [-%a ?<8,< *< 9.-?(9(1<?(>5 6-

9-.D-5<13 6- =<.(3B "<S [-%U H:B` QS%H

#8<563 -* "<S

[-%U ,- <7.-7< *-51<4-51- <* T?(63 ,8*Rd.(?3 < XU°#B ,- 9.368?- -*

7<, (5-,1<=*- [-%K Hj-6(6<, 6- -,9-?1.3,?39M< 0HLH 48-,1.<5 N8- *< 43*F?8*< 6- [-%K

-, 1-1.<F6.(?<H

K 3.=(1<*-, AM=.(63, ,9a

16

4.4 Otros compuestos de los gases nobles

P-* i. ,- ?353?-5 4-53. 5d4-.3 6- ?3498-,13, N8- 6- [-H '8 N8M4(?< -,1< *(4(1<X6< <* i.&SB -,1<=*- ,>*3 93. 6-=<Y3 6- X;Of#B E ,- ?353?-5 853 3 63, ?349*-Y3, ?35T1343, 6- &B 98-51-, -51.- i. E T1343, 6- 31.3, -*-4-513,H I,1< (5-,1<=(*(6<6 -,1T Y8,1(R(?<6< 93. -* 9-N8-^3 G<*3. 6- *< -51<*9M< 6-* -5*<?-H

#3498-,13 I51<*9(< I5*<?-Cg 43*

X:Δ QR

i.&S `O UO

+6-4T, 6- *3, >D(63, <51-, 4-5?(35<63,B *3, 7<,-, 53=*-, 98-6-5 R3.4<. 31.<,?34=(5<?(35-, 3D(7-5<6<,H +,MB <* 1.<1<. 85< 6(,3*8?(>5 6- [-%a ?35 i& 3 #,&B ,-3=1(-5-5 ,<*-, 48E -,1<=*-,B 6- R>.48*< j[-%a&H P-* -,186(3 93. 6(R.<??(>5 6- .<E3,X

[ ,- 6-68?- N8- -* <5(>5 -, 93*(4F.(?3H +,MB 93. -Y-49*3B -5 -* ?<,3 6- b[-% a&X

c5 ,-R3.4<5 ?<6-5<, 6- 7.893, [-%a B 85(63, 93. 85 98-51- 6- & -5 R3.4< <578*<.B *3 N8-6< 85< ?33.6(5<?(>5B 6- [-B 6- R3.4< 9(.<4(6<* ?8<6.<6< 6(,13.,(35<6<H

I* [-&K E -* [-&U .-<??(35<5 ?35 -* T?(63 R*83.3,8*R>5(?3 Q'%a& 6- *< ,(78(-51- R3.4<@

[-&Kn Q'%a& &[-b%'%S&cB [-b%'%S&cS n 'S%U&S

→

[-& U n Q'% a & → &` b[-b%'% S &cc n Q&

I* &` b[-b%'% S &cc -, 85 ,>*(63 =*<5?3B 1F.4(?<4-51- -,1<=*- < SS°#B N8- ,- 6-,X?34935- 93. -5?(4< 6- _a°#H

Clatratos de los gases nobles

L-?3.6-43, N8- 85 ?*<1.<13 ,- R3.4< ?8<563 85< 43*F?8*< 6- 85 ?3498-,13 -,1<=*-1(-5- 85< -,1.8?18.< 48E <=(-.17-53H

IY-49*3, 6- ?*<1.<13, ,35@

#UQ K b%QcS li. -5 *< .-*<?(>5 N8(53*@ 7<, 53=*- 6- a@OB_K#UQ K b%QcS l[-B -5 *< .-*<?(>5 a@OB;;H

p5< (493.1<51- ?*<,- 6- ?*<1.<13, *< ?35,1(18E-5 *3, A(6.<13, 6- <*7853, 7<,-,H #8<5X63 ,- ,3*(6(R(?< -* <78< -5 9.-,-5?(< 6- ?(-.13, 7<,-, <1>4(?3, 3 43*-?8*<.-, 6- 9-XN8-^3 1<4<^3B ,- R3.4< 853 6- *3, 6(G-.,3, 1(93, 6- -,1.8?18.<, 48E <=(-.1<,B -5 *<,N8- -D(,1-5 oY<8*<,o 3?89<6<, 93. *<, 43*F?8*<, 6-* 7<,H

I,1<, -,1.8?18.<, ,35 48?A3 4T, 6-5,<, N8- *< R3.4< 53.4<* 6-* A(-*3 E ,35 (5-,1<X=*-, ?35 .-,9-?13 < -,1- d*1(43 -5 <8,-5?(< 6- 43*F?8*<, 6-* 7<,H

17

18

ID(,1-5 63, 1(93, ?3485-, 6- -,1.8?18.<, 6- A(6.<13, 6- 7<,-,B <4=<, ?d=(?<,H I585< 6- -**<, *< ?-*6< 85(1<.(< ?351(-5- KU 43*F?8*<, 6- QS% ?35-?1<6<, 9<.< R3.4<.,-(, oY<8*<,o 6- 1<4<^3 4-6(<53 E 63, 9-N8-^<,H

I,1< -,1.8?18.< ,- <6391< ?8<563 ,- 1.<1< 6- T1343, 6- +.B i.B [-B 7-5-.<*4-51- <9.-,(35-, 4<E3.-, 6- : <14 -5 *3, 7<,-,H I* **-5<63 6- *<, oY<8*<,o 6- 1<4<^3 4-X6(<53 93. T1343, < 43*F?8*<, [B 6<.M< 85< ?3493,(?(>5 [H`BU_B 4(-51.<, N8- -* **-X5<63 ?349*-13 6- *<, 3?A3 oY<8*<,o 6<.M< [H`B_U QS% b-,1<, R>.48*<, .-9.-,-51<5?3493,(?(35-, *M4(1-cH

I5 85 ?*<1.<13B ?343 -5 -* A(6.<13 .-9.-,-51<63 -5 *< R(78.<B *3, T1343, 6- 7<, 53=*--5 -* (51-.(3. -,1T5 85(63, 4-6(<51- R8-.W<, 6- \<5 6-. ]<<*,B 6(93*3X6(93*3 (568?(63H

-,1.8?18.< 6- -,1- ?*<1.<13 6- [- -, 85 636-?<-6.3 9-51<735<* ?35 85 T1343 6- % -5?<6< GF.1(?-Z F,1- -5?(-..< 85 T1343 6- [-H

I* 93*(-6.3 ,- 85- < 31.3, 93*(-6.3, 4-6(<51- -5*<?-, 93. 98-51- 6- A(6.>7-53H

P- *<, -51<*9M<, 6- R3.4<?(>5B )<8*(57 A< -,1(4<63 N8- -* -5*<?- -51.- [- E Q S% -5*3, A(6.<13, 6- [- -, ?349<.<=*- -5 *357(186 < *< 6-* -5*<?- 6- *<, 43*F?8*<, 6- QS%-51.- ,MH

tema 7 - los gases nobles

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