tema 1.- concepto de educación física. evolución y desarrollo de las distintas concepciones

8/17/2019 Tema 1.- Concepto de Educación Física. Evolución y Desarrollo de Las Distintas Concepciones

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Tema 1

CONCEPTO DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA: EVOLUCIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE LAS DISTINTAS CONCEPCIONES

ÍNDICE

ESQUEMA-GUIÓN.

RESUMEN DEL TEMA.

DESARROLLO DE LOS CONTENIDOS1. EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA: REALIDAD DE DIFÍCIL CÓNCEPTUALIZACIÓN.

1.1 La ind!ni"i#n $%&in'(#)i"a "'&' *+n$' d *a%$ida.

1.1.1. Sn$id' $i&'(#)i"' d( "'n"*$' ,d+"a"i#n.

1.1.. A/*"$'/ $i&'(#)i"'/ d( "'n"*$' ,0/i"a.

. DE LA CULTURA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES FÍSICAS AL CONCEPTO ACTUAL DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

.1. La/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ n ('/ *+3('/ *%i&i$i2'/.

.. La/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ n G%"ia 4 n R'&a.

.5. La dad &dia 4 ( %na"i&in$'.

.6. D( %na"i&in$' )i&n7/$i"' a (a a*a%i"i#n d (a )i&n7/$i"a d+"a$i2a..8. E( *%'d' d (a /"+(a/ )i&n7/$i"a/

.8.1. La /"+(a a(&ana.

.8.. La /"+(a /+"a.

.8.5. La /"+(a 0%an"/a.

.8.6. E( &'d(' d*'%$i2' an)('/a9#n.

.. La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a: na$+%a(;a 4 /i)ni!"ad' a"$+a(.

5. ESTATUS ACTUAL DE LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.


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La /"+(a 0%an"/a.

E( &'d(' d*'%$i2' an)('/a9#n

La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a: na$+%a(;a 4 /i)ni!"ad' a"$+a(.

ESTATUS ACTUAL DE LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA. ¿CIENCIA O TECNOLOGÍA?

La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a "'&' $"n'(')a *da)#)i"a.

La &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ "'&' '39$' d /$+di' "in$!"'La &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ "'&' "a&*' d in$%2n"i#n $"n'(#)i"a.

RESUMEN DEL TEMA

AB ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a a" %0%n"ia a +n "'n"*$' *'(i/&i"'. E/$a ind!ni"i#n> "'n/"+n"ia

di%"$a d +na in&ad+%; d( "'n$nid'> a 0a"i(i$ad' (a *%'(i0%a"i#n d $%&in'/ 4 *%/i'n/

+ / +$i(i;an indi/$in$a&n$.

@B E( '%i)n d( "'n"*$' d+"a"i#n $in +n d'3( /i)ni!"ad'> ( d "'n/$%+i% d/d ( $%i'% 4

( d a"%/ d/d dn$%'. E( *%i&%' da /n$id' a (a /"+(a $%adi"i'na( 4 ( /)+nd' a (a /"+(a

&'d%na.

CB La ,0/i"a> a*a%$ d da% n'&3% a +na "in"ia &*%i"'-na$+%a(> n (a !('/'0a )%i)a %0%a a (ana$+%a(;a &a$%ia( d (a/ "'/a/. En ( '&3% (' 0/i"' "'%%/*'nd%a a( "+%*' +&an' 4 n' a(

a(&a> (' + 0a2'%" (a a*a%i"i#n d "'n"*"i'n/ d+a(i/$a/ d (a *%/'na.

DB La a"$i2idad 0/i"a / +n "'&*'nn$ an$%'*'(#)i"' d (a i/$'%ia d (a +&anidad. La

/+*%2i2n"ia d( '&3% d*ndi#> n +n *%in"i*i'> d /+ 0/i"'.

EB La/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/> n 0'%&a d dan;a/> 9+)'/ 4 $"ni"a/ d (a3'%' 4 d "a;a> an 0'%&ad'

*a%$ d d $'da/ (a/ "+($+%a/ *%i&i$i2a/.

FB En G%"ia a*a%" (a )i&n7/$i"a 4 (a/ 9+)'/ a$($i"'/> *%' /+ i&*(an$a"i#n 4 "'n/'(ida"i#n

d!ni$i2a n' '"+%%i%7 a/$a ( /i)(' I 4 *%in"i*i'/ d( > "'n (a a*a%i"i#n d (a/ /"+(a/

)i&n7/$i"a/> a(&ana> /+"a 4 0%an"/a> 4 ('/ 9+)'/ a$($i"'/ 0%+$' d (a /"+(a in)(/a.GB La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> d/d +na *%/*"$i2a *i/$&'(#)i"a> / +na $"n'(')a d+"a$i2a *'%

$%a$a%/ d +na in$%2n"i#n n +n "a&*' "'n"%$' d (a %a(idad +&ana: (a &'$%i"idad> (

&'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/> + "'n/$i$+i%7n> a /+ 2;> ( '39$' &a$%ia( d +n"'n9+n$'

d "'n'"i&in$'/ "in$!"'/.

HB ( &a/$%' ' *%'0/'% d Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a d3 *'/%> *a%a %a(i;a% "'%%"$a&n$ /+ a""i#n

0'%&a$i2a> +n d'3( "'n'"i&in$'> +n' %(a$i2' a (a *da)')a 4 a (a/ $"ni"a/ d in$%2n"i#n 4

'$%' %(a$i2' a( "a&*' d (a &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/.

DESARROLLO DE LOS CONTENIDOS

1. EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA: REALIDAD DE DIFÍCIL CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN.1.1. La ind!ni"i#n $%&in'(#)i"a "'&' *+n$' d *a%$ida.

An$/ d adn$%a&'/ n +n an7(i/i/ (in)J/$i"'> $an$' $i&'(#)i"' "'&' /&7n$i"'> / *%"i/'

an$i"i*a% + /$ / +n /$+di' n' n$' d di!"+($ad/. ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a / +na *%/i#n

*'(i/#n i"a 4> *'% $an$'> d "'n$nid' /&7n$i"' 2a%ia3( 4 *'"' d!nid'.

La +$i(i;a"i#n d "'n"*$'/ *'(i/&i"'/ "'&*'%$a /i&*% di/$in$a/ "'n"*"i'n/

in$%*%$a"i'n/. P'% ((' / "'n2nin$ 4 n"/a%i' a"% &n"i#n /i&*% a (a *'"a> (+)a% 4

"'n$$' d %0%n"ia /'"i'"+($+%a( *a%a n$nd%> "'&*%nd% ' "'&' &ni&' a"%"a&'/ a(

/n$id' + a (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a / ( *%$nd da%.

E( (n)+a9 +&an'> "'&' "'n2n"i#n /'"ia(> / 2 n /i$+a"i#n d "%a% 4 )n%a% n+2a/*%/i'n/ 4 "'n"*$'/ "'n ( '39$i2' d %d+"i% a( &7i&' "+a(+i% a$i/3' d ind!ni"i#n. E(('


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a"a%%a /i&+($7na&n$ a /$a *%'(i0%a"i#n $%&in'(#)i"a +n a+&n$' in2i$a3( d( ni2( d

"'n0+/i#n.

E( *%'0/'% U%i( Si&%i n +n /$+di' + %a(i;# a(%dd'% d ('/ aK'/ //n$a %"'*i(#> 4a n

a+((a *'"a> "%"a d /$n$a $%&in'/ di0%n$/ +$i(i;ad'/ n $'d' ( &+nd' *a%a %0%i%/ a(

"'n"*$' d Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a a"ind' in"a*i 4 d/$a"and' d &an%a "(a%a 4 &ani!/$a ( a($'

)%ad' d ind!ni"i#n i/$n$ n /$ a/*"$'. '/ Ma%a Ca)i)a(.n +na (na *a%"ida %/a($a n /+ a%$"+(' ,La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a>

a+n+ /'n $a&3in d/$a"a3(/ ( +/' d '$%a/ *%/i'n/ "'&' "+($+%a 0/i"a> "+($+%a "'%*'%a(>

d+"a"i#n "'%*'%a(> "in"ia/ d( d*'%$> d+"a"i#n d*'%$i2a> *da)')a d( d*'%$> "in"ia/ d

('/ 9%"i"i'/ 0/i"'/ 4 "'%*'%a(/> !/i')%a0a> )i&n'(')a> !/i'*da)')a>

L' "i%$' / + (a *%/i#n ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> )%a&a$i"a(&n$ a3(and'> / +n "'n"*$'

(a3'%ad' 4 "'n/$%+id' n 3a/ a +n /+/$an$i2'> d+"a"i#n> 4 a +n "a(i!"a$i2'> ,0/i"a> +

/$a3(" ( "a%7"$% d di"a d+"a"i#n. E/$a ad9$i2a"i#n n'/ 2in a a"(a%a% 4 a d$%&ina%> da()+na &an%a> + (a na$+%a(;a d (a &i/&a $in ' $nd%7 "i%$' "a%7"$% 0/i"'.

E( an7(i/i/ (in)J/$i"' d( $%&in' ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"an'/ *'nd%7 n an$"dn$/ /'3% ( /i)ni!"ad'

a"$+a( *%' *a%a ((' %a(i;a%&'/> n"/a%ia&n$> +na *%i&%a a*%'i&a"i#n $i&'(#)i"a>

%"+%%ind' a ('/ '%)n/ d "ada +n' d ('/ $%&in'/ + (a "'&*'nn. E/$'> a( &a%)n d

0a"i(i$a&'/ +n *%i&% a"%"a&in$' "'&*%n/i2' d( ini"i' d /$a %a(idad $an "'&*(9a> n'/ 2a a

*%&i$i% +3i"a%(' dia"%#ni"a&n$> / d"i%> n +n $i&*' i/$#%i"'.

1.1.1. Sn$id' $i&'(#)i"' d( "'n"*$' ,Ed+"a"i#n

S)n ( Di""i'na%i' d (a/ "in"ia/ d (a d+"a"i#n ( an7(i/i/ $i&'(#)i"' d( $%&in'

,d+"a"i#n> "'n"*$' *%'2nin$ d (a (n)+a (a$ina> $in +n d'3( '%i)n.A+n+> n *%in"i*i'> *a%" *%'"d% di%"$a&n$> $an$' 0'n$i"a "'&' &'%0'(#)i"a&n$> d(

2%3' (a$in' ,d+"a% + /i)ni!"a "'nd+"i%> )+ia%> '%in$a%> a4 $i(')'/ + an n"'n$%ad'

n (a *a(a3%a d+"a"i#n +n /)+nd' '%i)n + "'%%/*'nd%a a( 2'"a3('> $a&3in (a$in'>

,d+"%> 4 + /i)ni!"a ,a"% /a(i%> ,$%a%> ,da% a (+;>

D a"+%d' "'n ( *%'0/'% A. San2i/n/ /$ d'3( /n$id' $i&'(#)i"' a *&i$id'> 4a d/d (a/

*%i&%a/ $'%i;a"i'n/ *da)#)i"a/> (a "'i/$n"ia d d'/ &'d('/ "'n"*$+a(/ 37/i"'/. E(

&'d(# d (a ,/"+(a $%adi"i'na( d $a(an$ &a%"ada&n$ di%"$i2' 4 ( &'d(' d (a ,/"+(a

n+2a ' &'d%na + d!nd "'&' ai'&a *da)#)i"' (a *a%$i"i*a"i#n a"$i2a d( a(+&n' $an$'

n ( *(an' in$("$+a( "'&' n ( "'%*'%a(.F%n$ a (a !('/'0a d (a d+"a"i#n $%adi"i'na(> + %/a($a a3i%$a&n$ (a a+$'%idad d( &a/$%'

4 (a *%2a(n"ia d ('/ &$'d'/ 4 ('/ "'n$nid'/> n d$%i&n$' d ('/ a(+&n'/> a*a%" "'n )%an

0+%;a )%a"ia/ a (a/ ida/ na$+%a(i/$a/ d .. R'+//a+> a (a/ !(an$%#*i"a/ d I. @a/d' 4 a (a/

a*'%$a"i'n/ d (a */i"'(')a 2'(+$i2a d . Pia)$> '$%a *%/*"$i2a + /$a3("> n$% '$%'/> (

*%in"i*i' *da)#)i"' d + $'d' *%'"/' d+"a$i2' /i/$&7$i"' d3 d "n$%a%/

*%in"i*a(&n$ n ( niK'> 4 *a%$i"+(a%&n$ n (a 2'(+"i#n d /+/ in$%//> n"/idad/ 4

d/a%%'((' 3i'*/i"'/'"ia(.

A"$+a(&n$ ('/ !(#/'0'/ 4 $#%i"'/ d (a d+"a"i#n + d!ndn d &an%a a3/'(+$a (a

*%i&a"a d +n &'d(' /'3% ( '$%' / (i&i$ad' n n&%'> $n/i#n i&*'%$an"ia> (a &a4'%ad (('/ ad&i$n "'&' *%in"i*i' (a %(a$i2idad *'nd%a( d /$a/ d'/ "'%%in$/.


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Pa%a ( *%'0/'% . R'"a> d+"a% / *'n% (a/ "'ndi"i'n/ + 0a"i(i$n +n a"$' ada*$a$i2'> + n'

/a "(+/i2' ni d( in$%i'% ni $a&*'"' d( $%i'% d( indi2id+'.

E/$a *'/i"i#n "("$i"a "'in"id "'n a( 2i/i#n d +n $%"% &'d(' ' $'%a *da)#)i"a>/$%+"$+%ada

"'&' /n$/i/ d a&3a/> 4 + / "'n'" "'&' ,*%/'na(i/&' *da)#)i"'.

La "a%a"$%/$i"a 0+nda&n$a( d( *%/'na(i/&' *da)#)i"' %adi"a n (a (i3%$ad +&ana> a+n+

/$a (i3%$ad n' / n &'d' a()+n' a3/'(+$a> /in' + /$7 "'n$$+a(i;ada 4 "'ndi"i'nada *'% (ana$+%a(;a> (a /'"idad 4 (a "+($+%a.

La "(a2 *(i"a$i2a / *+d n"'n$%a% n +n %n'2ad' "'n"*$' d ,d+"a3i(idad a( + a4 +

aKadi%> 9+n$' a (a "a*a"idad + $in ( /% +&an' *a%a a*%nd%> a/i&i(a% 4 a"'&'da%/ a(

n$'%n'> $'d'/ a+(('/ *%'"/'/ + ( "'n2i%$n n "%ad'%> a%$i/$a 4 *%'d+"$'% in$(i)n$ "'n

(' + n' /#(' %"i3 d( n$'%n' /in' + $a&3in / *%'4"$a *a%a &'di!"a%(' 4 "%a% "+($+%a>

n$ndida /$a> "'&' n'/ %(a$a @. Ma(in'/i> "'&' +n "'n9+n$' in$)%a( "'n/$i$+id' *'%

+$n/i(i'/> 3in/> "+%*' d n'%&a/ + %i)n ('/ )%+*'/ /'"ia(/> ida/> a%$/ana/> "%n"ia/ 4

"'/$+&3%/.

La d+"a"i#n> n$ndida d/d /$a *%/*"$i2a> n' d/"an/a n nin)+na /+*%&a"a> ni (a +$in ( d+"ad'% 4 ( &$'d'> "'&' an$aK' / "%a> ,(')'-&a)i/$%'"n$%i/&' did7"$i"'> ni

$a&*'"' n (a/ 2n$a9a/ d+"a$i2a/ 4 0'%&a$i2a/ + '0%"n $'da/ (a *'$n"ia(idad/>

in+i$+d/ in$%// d ('/ a(+&n'/ ,*aid'-"n$%i/&' *da)#)i"'. La d+"a"i#n /> d/d

/$a n+2a #*$i"a> +n i% a"ind'/ "'n/$an$&n$ n d'nd (a/ *'/i"i'n/ "("$i"a/ d3n d

*%d'&ina% *'% n"i&a d "+a(+i%a d ('/ $%&i/&'/ + a &n+d' in2adn ( $%%n' d (a

*da)')a.

1.1.. A/*"$'/ $i&'(#)i"'/ d( "'n"*$' ,0/i"a

L'/ )%i)'/ "(7/i"'/ dn'&ina%'n ,*4/i/ a (a na$+%a(;a n$ndida /$a "'&' %a(idad "#/&i"a

*%/$a3("ida> n )%i)' ,'/&'/ +i% d"i% '%dn. Pa%a A%i/$#$(/ (a na$+%a(;a "'&*%nd a$'d' ( "'n9+n$' d ('/ /%/ + $inn n / &i/&'/ &a$%ia> + *%&i$ + /an> 4 0'%&a +

a" + (a/ "'/a/ /an d +na &an%a 4 n' d '$%a.

La "'n$&*(a"i#n 4 (a '3/%2a"i#n> ,$'%ia> *'% *a%$ d ('/ *%i&%'/ *n/ad'%/ 4 !(#/'0'/

)%i)'/ $+2' "'&' *%'*#/i$' /+ d/"%i*"i#n> in$%*%$a"i#n 4 "'n'"i&in$'> "'('"and' ( *%i&%

/(a3#n d (' + /i)('/ &7/ $a%d /%an (a "in"ia/ &*%i"' na$+%a(/.

P'/$%i'%&n$> ( $%&in' ,0/i"a / &*(#> 4 / &*(a an '4 n da> *a%a dn'&ina% a $'d'

+n "'n9+n$' d /a3%/ *(i"a$i2'/> /$%+"$+%ad'/> '%)ani;ad'/ 4 /i/$&a$i;ad'/ n $'&' a (a

,*4/i/ 4 n "'n"%$' "n$%ad'/ n ( "'n'"i&in$' 4 /$+di' '39$i2' d (a &a$%ia> /+/ "a&3i'/

4 (a/ &ani0/$a"i'n/ d n%)a a/'"iada/ a di"'/ "a&3i'/. N'/ %0%i&'/ "'&' / *+d/+*'n% a (a 0/i"a "'&' "in"ia. E/ n"/a%i' d/$a"a% + +na d (a/ *a%$/ &7/ i&*'%$an$/ n

+ in$%na&n$ / /$%+"$+%an /+/ /a3%/ / (a &"7ni"a + $%a$a d ('/ "a&3i'/ d *'/i"i#n>

d/*(a;a&in$'/> ,+i(i3%i' 4 ,&'2i&in$'> d ('/ "+%*'/ 4 d (a/ di0%n$/ 0+%;a/ + ('/

*%'d+"n.

E( &'2i&in$' n ( '&3%> a+n+ d*nd 4 *+d /% *%'2'"ad' *'% 0+%;a/ $%i'%/ a (>

%/*'nd n (a &a4'%a d ('/ "a/'/ a (a/ 0+%;a/ a+$'&'$%i"/ in$%na/ "'n/"+n"ia d (a/

,"'n$%a""i'n/ &+/"+(a%/.

.R. @a%3an4 d/$a"a> a( &a%)n d ('/ a/*"$'/ *+%a&n$ &"7ni"'/> (a )%an i&*'%$an"ia + n

/$ /n$id' d/&*Ka ( /i/$&a n%2i'/' "n$%a( a( a"$+a% d *%')%a&ad'% 4 d/n"adnan$d (a/ %*+/$a/ &'$'%a/ d +na &an%a *%"i/a> /in%)i"a 4 "''%dinada.


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2. DE LA CULTURA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES FÍSICAS AL CONCEPTO ACTUAL DE

EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

.1. La/ A"$i2idad/ F/i"a/ n ('/ *+3('/ *%i&i$i2'/.

L'/ /$+di'/ an$%'*'(#)i"'/ 4 a%+'(#)i"'/ n'/ &+/$%an + (a ,a"$i2idad 0/i"a a 0'%&ad' 4

0'%&a *a%$ d (a 2ida $'d'/ ('/ *+3('/ 4 "+($+%a/. La "i2i(i;a"i#n +&ana $in /+/ '%)n/

in&dia$'/ n (a a*a%i"i#n d( '&' /a*in/ 4 $+2' n ( '&' &'2n/ 4 ( '&' a3i(i/ /+/ &7/in&dia$'/ *%d"/'%/. T'd'/ ('/ &7/ *%/$i)i'/'/ "in$!"'/ 4 /$+di'/'/ d ('/ a(3'%/ d (a

+&anidad "'in"idn n + (a /+*%2i2n"ia 3i'(#)i"a d (a /*"i +&ana n' /#(' 0+

"'n/"+n"ia d +na 3+na "'ndi"i#n 0/i"a> 0+%;a> 2('"idad> %/i/$n"ia> > /in' $a&3in a(

d'&ini' 4 *%0""i#n d /+/ "a*a"idad/ ('"'&'$'%a/ 4 &ani*+(ad'%a/> a3i(idad/ 4 d/$%;a/>

+ ( *%&i$i%'n ada*$a%/ 4 "'&n;a% a d'&ina% +n n$'%n' + / *%/n$a3a 3a/$an$

'/$i(.

C'n (a a*a%i"i#n /'3% (a 0a; d (a $i%%a d( '&' /a*in/- /a*in/ "'n "a%a"$%/$i"a/ "(a%a&n$>

di0%n"iada/> n %(a"i#n a /+/ an$"/'%/ !(')n$i"'/> /'3% $'d' %/*"$' a (a "a*a"idad d

"%a% 2a('%/ 4 n'%&a/> d "'n"3i% $"ni"a/> d 0a3%i"a% in/$%+&n$'/> d '%)ani;a% (a 2ida /'"ia(>d d'&ina% (a a)%i"+($+%a 4 ( *a/$'%'> d in2n$a% +n (n)+a9> $".> / d"i% d )n%a% ,"+($+%a>

a*a%" $a&3in (a n"/idad d a"%(a $n/i3( a ('/ &i&3%'/ d (a /'"idad 4 d $%an/&i$i%

$'d'/ a+(('/ (')%'/ "'n/id%ad'/ &7/ /i)ni!"a$i2'/ a (a/ 0+$+%a/ )n%a"i'n/> ,/'"ia(i;a"i#n.

E/ n /$ "'n$$' n"+($+%i;an$ "+and' a*a%"n ('/ *%i&%'/ indi"i'/ d +na *%i&i$i2a

,"+($+%a "'%*'%a( 4 d (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ &ani0/$ada> *%in"i*a(&n$> n 0'%&a d

,a3i(idad/ 4 d/$%;a/ $"ni"a/> ,dan;a/ 4 ,9+)'/ 4 $a&3in (a n"/idad d $%an/&i$i%('/ 4

*%*$+a%('/> ,d+"a"i#n.

.. La/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ n G%"ia 4 R'&a

L'/ )%i)'/ a("an;a%'n ( "ni$ d (a "i2i(i;a"i#n n a/*"$'/ $a(/ "'&' (a *'($i"a> ( a%$> (aa%+i$"$+%a> (a (i$%a$+%a> (a !('/'0a 4 $a&3in n (a )i&n7/$i"a.

S)n @a%%' @%'n> "+a(+i% %0%n"ia a (a "i2i(i;a"i#n )%i)a d3 d $n% n "+n$a d'/

"'/. P%i&%' + ('/ *+3('/ )%i)'/ n' "'n/$i$+an +na na"i#n ni"a ind*ndin$ "'n +n

0+%$ /n$id' na"i'na(i/$a /in' + /$a3a "'n/$i$+ida *'% +n )%+*' d ,*'(i/ ' "i+dad/ /$ad'>

n$% (a/ + d/$a"a3an> *'% n"i&a d( %/$' (a/ d A$na/ 4 E/*a%$a> "'n *a+$a/ 4 &an%a/ d

2i2i% 3a/$an$ di0%n$/. S)+nd' + (a /'"idad )%i)a %a +na *'3(a"i#n /$%a$i!"ada n (a +

/#(' +na &in'%a *'/a ( %an)' d "i+dadan'> ( %/$' %an "a&*/in'/> $%an9%'/ 4 /"(a2'/.

En E/*a%$a> ('/ "i+dadan'/ %an d+"ad'/ *a%a (a d0n/a d( /$ad' (' + i)a +na a($a"i#n

d (a F+%;a 4 d (a %'3+/$; 0/i"a *a%a *'d% a/)+%a% 4 )a%an$i;a% d /$a &an%a /+/ '39$i2'/.C'&' "'n/"+n"ia d ((' (a d+"a"i#n /*a%$ana /'3%2a('%# (a i&*'%$an"ia d (a )i&n7/$i"a>

a+n+ 0+%a "'n !n/ &ani!/$a&n$ &i(i$a%/.

En A$na/> ( '&3% n' %a n$ndid' ni"a&n$ "'&' /i&*( d0n/'% d *'/i3(/ a)%/i'n/

d *+3('/ n&i)'/ /in' +> n /+/ ida(/> / "'n$&*(a3an 4 2a('%a3an di&n/i'n/

*%/'na(/ d nd'( /*i%i$+a(> !('/#!"'> &+/i"a( 4 a%$/$i"' + "'n!)+%a3an "'&' n'/ di"

F('"&'an ('/ 9/ 0'%&a$i2'/ d( "i+dadan' a$nin/. La )i&n7/$i"a> a( &a%)n d

"'nn'$a"i'n/ d $i*' &i(i$a%> "'n$&*(a3a $a&3in *%'*#/i$'/ 4 !na(idad/ d $i*' &di"'

i)ini"'.

Ca3 d/$a"a% + / n (a "+($+%a )%i)a d'nd a*a%"i%'n> ('/ ,9+)'/ a$($i"'/> )%and/&ani0/$a"i'n/ )i&n7/$i"a/ *%i#di"a/ n 'n'% a ('/ di'// 4 + / %a(i;a3an n *'"a/ d


6/13

*a; ' d $%)+a a (' (a%)' 4 an"' d (a )')%a0a (ni"a> O(i&*'> D(0'/> C'%in$'> N&a>

R'da/> A$na/>

Di"'/ 9+)'/ in"(+an +n 2a%iad' *%')%a&a d 9%"i"i'/ 0/i"'/ "'&' ( *n$a$(#n> "'&*$i"i#n

d "in"' *%+3a/ di0%n$/> (a "a%%%a> ( /a($' "'n &an"+%na/> ('/ (an;a&in$'/ d di/"' 4

9a3a(ina 4 (a (+"a. Ta&3in / %a(i;a3an '$%'/ $i*'/ d a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ 4 "'%*'%a(/>

"'n/id%ad'/ d %an)' in0%i'% "'&' (a dan;a> ('/ 3ai(/ 4 9+)'/ "'n /0%a/ ,/0%/$i"a> n$%'$%'/.

La %n"ia "+($+%a( + R'&a %"i3 di%"$a&n$ d (a G%"ia "'n+i/$ada> /'3% $'d' a *a%$i%

d( /i)(' II a. d .C.> / &ani!/$a $a&3in n ( 7&3i$' d (a )i&n7/$i"a 4 d ('/ 9+)'/ a$($i"'/.

A+n+ a $n'% d (' + %"')n +na )%an &a4'%a d i/$'%iad'%/> n$% ('/ + d/$a"a n

/$ a/*"$' (a '3%a d( i/$'%iad'% a(&7n L. F%id(and%> ('/ %'&an'/ in$%'d+"n "i%$a/

"a%a"$%/$i"a/ 4 &a$i"/ di0%n"ia(/ /"+(a%i;and' ('/ 9+)'/ 4 d'$and' a ('/ 9%"i"i'/ 0/i"'/ d

+n /n$id' &+"' &7/ (di"'. E( "'&*'nn$ &di"' i)ini"' da *a/' a (a di2%/i#n> (

*a/a$i&*' 4 ( /*"$7"+('.

E( /$adi' / /+3/$i$+id' *'% ( an!$a$%'> ( "i%"' 4 ( i*#d%'&'. S "'n/'(idan a"$i2idad/ a)+/$' d ('/ %'&an'/ "'&' /'n (a "a%%%a/ d "+ad%i)a/> ('/ 9+)'/ d *('$a> ,*i(a> 4 n /*"ia(

(a/ (+"a/ d )(adiad'%/ + 3a9' (a *%*a%a"i#n d( ,(ani/$a $'&a3an *%/'ni!"a"i'n/ d ('

&7/ $%a2a)an$ "'&' ( ,'*('&a"+/> ( , 3/$ia%i+/> ( ,/"+$'% 4 ( ,%$ia%i+/. La 0a&'/a

*%/i#n (a$ina> ,*an 4 "i%"'> d!n $'da +na !('/'0a + n' na($"> *%"i/a&n$> nin)n d

('/ 2a('%/ a$%i3+i3(/ a (a d+"a"i#n. %

.5. La dad &dia 4 ( %na"i&in$'.

Pa%a((a&n$ a (a *an/i#n d( i&*%i' %'&an' a*a%" ( "%i/$iani/&'> d'"$%ina d 3a/

$'"n$%i"a 4 n d'nd (a a+/$%idad> ( /a"%i!"i'> (a "a%idad> (a n$%)a a ('/ d&7/ 4 (a 0 %an

/+/ &7/ /#(id'/ *i(a%/ *a%a (')%a% (a /a(2a"i#n d( a(&a 4 (a 2ida $%na.E/$a n+2a d'"$%ina $ndida ini"ia(&n$ *'% ( *%'*i' // 4 /+/ di/"*+('/ $+2' /+

"'n$in+idad in&dia$a n ('/ *%i&%'/ *ad%/ d (a i)(/ia 4 > &7/ ad(an$> n (a/ di0%n$/

#%dn/ %(i)i'/a/ 4 &ndi"an$/ "'&' ('/ 3ndi"$in'/> ('/ 9/+$a/> ('/ /"'(a*i'/> ('/ (a/a(ian'/>

$". + a (' (a%)' d (a i/$'%ia an id' /+%)ind'.

E( "%i/$iani/&'> *'% *%'*ia d!ni"i#n> 2i2 d /*a(da/ a( "+%*' 4 a "+a(+i% &ani0/$a"i#n d

/$> in"(+4nd' (a d+"a"i#n "'%*'%a( 4 0/i"a. E/$a d'"$%ina d in$%/a> "a/i "(+/i2a&n$> *'%

a+(('/ a/*"$'/ &7/ in$%n/"a&n$ /*i%i$+a(/ + %/idn n (a +&anidad 4 n ( '&3%.

E( (a%)' *%'d' + "'&*%nd (a dad &dia / "a%a"$%i;a> a( &n'/ n /+/ ini"i'/> *'% +na

0+%$ %"(+/i#n in$%i'% 4 a +n )%an a/"$i/&' 4 %"')i&in$' "+($+%a( an$ ('/ *+3('/$%an9%'/ 4 37%3a%'/ *%'"dn$/ d &7/ a((7 d ('/ ,(i&/ d( i&*%i' %'&an' d '""idn$.

D+%an$ /$a *'"a (a 0'%&a"i#n "'%*'%a( 4 0/i"a +da %d+"ida> "a/i "(+/i2a&n$> a (a

0'%&a"i#n d( "a3a((%'> a d$%&inad'/ $'%n'/ 4 9+/$a/ 4 a +na "i%$a 0'%&a"i#n &i(i$a% n (

a%$ d (a )+%%a 4 ( "'&3a$ +> 9+n$' a ('/ a&+%a((a&in$'/ d ('/ 3+%)'/ 4 "i+dad/> %an

)a%an$a d d0n/a *a%a ('/ *'d%'/'/ d (a *'"a: *a*a/> "(%i)'/> %4/> "'nd/> /K'%/

0+da(/ 4 d /+/ /i%2'/ 4 2i((an'/.

E/ in$%/an$ %/a($a% (a i&*'%$an"ia + $na (a *'//i#n d +na "(n$ "'ndi"i#n 0/i"a *a%a

('/ &i&3%'/ a"$i2'/ d (a/ '%dn/ &i(i$a%/ + "'n$%i3+an> ad&7/ d( &an$ni&in$' d(

/$a$+/ d( *'d% /*i%i$+a( d (a i)(/ia 4 ( *a*ad'> a (a *%'$""i#n d ('/ "%i/$ian'/ d '%in$ 4 a(a ida d %"+*%a% *a%a (a "%i/$iandad ('/ /an$'/ (+)a%/ "'n+i/$ad'/ *'% $+%"'/ 4 &+/+(&an/.


7/13

En (a a"$+a(idad d3 d/$a"a%/ + ('/ n+2'/ a2an"/ "in$!"'/ 4 $"ni"'/> /'3% $'d' n (

"a&*' d (a 3i'(')a 4 !/i'(')a +&ana> 9+n$' a (a/ 4a &n"i'nada/ a*'%$a"i'n/ d( (

!(an$%'*i/&'> ( na$+%a(i/&' 4 (a */i"'(')a 2'(+$i2a> an "'n$%i3+id' a +n i&*'%$an$ "a&3i' d

%+&3' n %(a"i#n a /$a a"$i$+d d '(2id'> d (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> *'% *a%$ d (a i)(/ia.

H'4 n da ( "%i/$iani/&' / 3a/$an$ &7/ *%&a3( a ('/ "a&3i'/ /'"i'"+($+%a(/ 4 "in$!"'/

+ '$%a/ %(i)i'n/. En ;'na/ d i&*(an$a"i#n d (a %(i)i#n &+/+(&ana i&*idn> "a/' d ('/ &7/a"%%i&'/ 0+nda&n$a(i/$a/ i/(7&i"'/> a3i%$a&n$ 4 a 2"/ 3a9' a&na;a/> (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a

4 (a *%7"$i"a d*'%$i2a a /+/ /)+id'%/ 4 n /*"ia( a niKa/ 4 &+9%/.

.6. D( %na"i&in$' )i&n7/$i"' a (a a*a%i"i#n d )i&n7/$i"a d+"a$i2a.

E( /+%)i&in$' d +n &'2i&in$' n+2'> a "a3a((' d ('/ /i)('/ IV 4 V> "'&' "'n/"+n"ia d

+na/ n+2a/ "'ndi"i'n/ d 2ida *%'*i"iada/ *'% "i%$a /$a3i(idad 4 /)+%idad n (a/ "i+dad/> (a

&9'%a d (a/ "'&+ni"a"i'n/ 4 ( "'&%"i'> n+2'/ in/$%+&n$'/ "'&' ( a/$%'(a3i' 4 ( /$an$

+ "'(a3'%a%'n n ( d/a%%'((' d (a $"ni"a na2a(> (a in2n"i#n d (a i&*%n$a + *%&i$i# (a

%7*ida di0+/i#n 4 *'*+(a%i;a"i#n "+($+%a(> ( "'n$a"$' "'n '$%a/ "+($+%a/ 4 )n$/> $". 0a"i(i$a%'n 4

*%'*i"ia%'n +n d/*%$a% n $'d'/ ('/ "a&*'/ d (a a"$i2idad +&ana.E/$ n+2' "'n9+n$' d in+i$+d/ *%&i$ %n"'n$%a% (a an$i)Jdad "(7/i"a 4 *'% $an$'

%d/"+3%i% (a ,Gi&n7/$i"a. L'/ +&ani/$a/> n$% ('/ + d/$a"a . M%"+%ia(> &*(a%'n d/d

( *%in"i*i' ( $%&in' )i&n7/$i"a n ( &i/&' /n$id' +$i(i;ad' *'% ('/ )%i)'/> ( d a%$ d (a

)i&na/ia> n$ndid' "'&' ( "'n9+n$' d 9%"i"i'/ "'%*'%a(/ + $nan "'&' !na(idad *%i&%a

( &an$n% (a /a(+d 4 ( *%/%2a% ( /$ad' 0/i"'.

En $'&' a ('/ aK'/ 18 4 18> /)n n'/ %(a$a ( *%'0/'% E%in M(> $+2i%'n (+)a% d'/

a"'n$"i&in$'/ d 2i$a( i&*'%$an"ia *a%a ( *%')%/' 4 *'*+(a%i;a"i#n d ('/ 9%"i"i'/

"'%*'%a(/. S $%a$a> n *%i&% (+)a%> d( %na"i&in$' d (a )i&n7/$i"a n (a "i+dad> n ( 7&3i$'

%+%a( 4 n ( a%i/$'"%7$i"' n+n"a (()a%'n a $in)+i%/> 4 d/*+/ d (a a*a%i"i#n d (a "'n"*"i#nd+"a$i2a d (a )i&n7/$i"a )%a"ia/ a (a/ n+2a/ ida/ *%'&+()ada/ *'% ('/ ,!(an$%#*i"'/. C'&' /

/a3 ('/ !(an$%#*i"'/ %*%/n$a3an +n &'2i&in$' *da)#)i"' + a*a%"i# d+%an$ ( /i)('

VIII + %"')an (a/ ida/ d (a i(+/$%a"i#n 4 d0ndan ( "a%7"$% +ni2%/a( d (a na$+%a(;a

+&ana 4> *'% $an$'> ( d%"' d +na d+"a"i#n *a%a $'d'/.

E/$a ida d ,i)+a(dad *%'*i"i# ( "' d + (a d+"a"i#n 4 $a&3in (a )i&n7/$i"a d9a/ d

/% *%i2i()i' d d$%&inada/ "(a// /'"ia(/ *a%a $'&a% +n $a(an$ *'*+(a%> *%7"$i"' 4 +$i(i$a%i'.

E( &7i&' %*%/n$an$ d /$a "'&n$ / ( *da)')' a(&7n .@. @a/d' + "%# n

D//a+ +n ,$a((% d !(an$%'*a 4 n d'nd ( 9%"i"i' "'%*'%a( 4 (a i)in $nan )%an

i&*'%$an"ia n ('/ *%'"/'/ d+"a$i2'/.Ha4 + %"'%da%> "'&' n'> (a )%an inW+n"ia + n /$ *%i'd' 9%"i%'n *n/ad'%/ "'&'

L'"> .. R'+//a+> *da)')'/ "'&' .A. C'&ni+/> .H. P/$a(';;i> .F. H%3a%$> .. + "'n /+/

ida/ /'3% ( '&3% 4 /+ na$+%a(;a $+2i%'n +na inW+n"ia "a*i$a( n (a %n'2a"i#n *da)#)i"a

4 n (a "'n$&*(a"i#n d (a )i&n7/$i"a "'&' *a%$ 0+nda&n$a( d (a d+"a"i#n d( niK'.

.8. E( *%'d' d (a/ /"+(a/ )i&n7/$i"a/.

A *a%$i% d( /i)(' I 4 9+n$' a (a> 4a an$%i'%&n$ i/$n$> "'n"*"i#n d (a )i&n7/$i"a &di"a

i)ini"a 4 a (a/ %"in$/ $ndn"ia/ *da)#)i"a/ d (a i(+/$%a"i#n + n'/ "'nd+"n a (a

)i&n7/$i"a d+"a$i2a a*a%"n n+2a/ a*'%$a"i'n/. L'/ in$n$'/ d /$%+"$+%a%> /i/$&a$i;a% 4

d'$a% d &$'d' a (a )i&n7/$i"a "'n!)+%an ( *%'d' "'n'"id' "'&' ( d (a/ /"+(a/)i&n7/$i"a/ + / d/a%%'((a%'n> *%in"i*a(&n$> d+%an$ $'d' ( /i)(' di"in+2.


8/13

E/$a/ /"+(a/> a( &a%)n d idn$i!"a%/ "'n /+/ "%ad'%/> / +3i"an )')%7!"a&n$ n ;'na/

&+4 "'n"%$a/> /'3%/a(ind'> n /$ /n$id'> (a /"+(a a(&ana> (a /"+(a /+"a 4 (a /"+(a

0%an"/a. +n$' a ((a/ / i&*%/"indi3(> /i / +i% $n% +na 2i/i#n d "'n9+n$'> "'n$&*(a%

ad&7/ ( &'d(' ' &'2i&in$' d*'%$i2' in)(/.

.8.1. La /"+(a a(&ana.

En "n$%'+%'*a a*a%" (a !)+%a d G+$/ M+$/> ( *a$%ia%"a d (a )i&n7/$i"a a(&ana> ( "+a("'n"i3('/ 9%"i"i'/ )i&n7/$i"'/ 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ n +n /n$id' &+4 a&*(i'. T'd'/ ('/

9%"i"i'/ /'n in$%n/"a&n$ $i(/ 4 d+"a$i2'/.

La di2i/i#n + a" d /+ /i/$&a "'n$&*(a $%/ )%+*'/ d 9%"i"i'/: 1B 9%"i"i'/ )i&n7/$i"'/

2%dad%'/> B $%a3a9'/ &an+a(/ 4 5B 9+)'/ "'("$i2'/ *a%a (a 9+2n$+d.

L'/ ,2%dad%'/ 9%"i"i'/ a3a%"an n$% '$%'/ a ('/ &i(i$a%/> (a dan;a> ( 3aK'> (a na$a"i#n>

%/*'nd% an$ ('/ *(i)%'/> 9%"i"i'/ d 0'na"i'n/ 4 9%"i"i'/ /n/'%ia(/.

Pa%$ind' d( /n$id' '%i)ina%i' d G+$/ M+$/> ( $a&3in a(&7n P. L. an d!nd +n &'d('

di0%n$> "'n"i3ind' 9%"i"i'/ &+"' &7/ a%%i/)ad'/ 4 &+"' &a/ "'&*(9'/ 4 di0"i(/

in"(+4nd' a*a%a$'/> / ( ,$+%+n/$> + &7/ $a%d / $%an/0'%&a%a n (a )i&n7/$i"a a%$/$i"a 'd*'%$i2a a"$+a(.

.8.. La /"+(a /+"aI

Na"$)a( ((2a> n 1X> a Dina&a%"a (a )i&n7/$i"a d G+$/ M+$/ 4 / P.E. Lin) +in *%'*'n

+n (na di/$in$a d (a/ an$%i'%/ in$%'d+"ind'(a n S+"ia> / (a ,)i&n7/$i"a /+"a> "+4'

'39$i2' )i%a n $'&' a (a 0'%&a"i#n "'%*'%a( 4 (a *'/$+%a> "(+4nd' "a/i $'$a(&n$ ('/

9%"i"i'/ d ,*%0'%&an".

E( &$'d' d P.E. Lin) /> *%in"i*a(&n$> ana($i"' dn$%' d (a $'$a(idad> "'n$&*(a 9%"i"i'/

2a%iad'/ 9"+$ad'/ d/d *'/i"i'n/ di0%n$/: d *i> /n$ad'>$ndid' *%'n'> $ndid' /+*in'>

+$i(i;a "+%da/> 3a%%a/ d /+/*n/i'n/> /"a(%a/ d 3a(an"'/> $'d' ((' "'n ( '39$i2' da"% a( 9'2n &7/ %/i/$n$ a (a 0a$i)a 4 d &'(da% ( "+%*'.

S d+"a> $a&3in> (a *%"i/i#n *'% &di' d /a($'/> 2'($%$a/ 4 &'2i&in$'/ d a)i(idad 4 a4

*%'"+*a"i#n *'% (a *'/$+%a "'%%"$a 4 (a "'%%""i#n a $%a2/ d ('/ 9%"i"i'/. P'/$%i'%&n$ /+

i9'> H. Lin)> (a3'%a (' + / *+d ((a&a% ( *%i&% /+&a d +na (""i#n d )i&n7/$i"a n

0'%&a d ,$a3(a )i&n7/$i"a.

.8.5. La /"+(a 0%an"/a.

En$% (a /"+(a a(&ana 4 (a /"+(a /+"a "a3 %/Ka% (a )%an i&*'%$an"ia + $+2' dn$%' d(

7&3i$' d (a )i&n7/$i"a (a /"+(a 0%an"/a "+4' *i'n%' 0+ ( "'%'n(> d '%i)n 2a(n"ian'> F.

A&'%#/. /$> a *a%$i% d (a/ ida/ d G+$/ M+$/ 4 (a ad'*"i#n &'di!"ada d (a )i&n7/$i"a da*a%a$'/ d an> "%a 4 di%i) n Pa%/ ( )i&na/i' n'%&a( &i(i$a%> /+ &$'d' d'&ina%7 (

*an'%a&a d (a )i&n7/$i"a &i(i$a% 0%an"/a d+%an$ &7/ d &di' /i)('.

La /"+(a 0%an"/a (()a a /+ &7i&a *%/i#n d+"a$i2a a *%in"i*i'/ d( /i)(' "+and' G.

H3%$ "%a ( ,&$'d' na$+%a(> 2%dad%' %$'&' a (a/ a"$i2idad/ 37/i"a/ d( '&3% *%i&i$i2'

in2'(+"%ad' *%'0+nda&n$ n (a na$+%a(;a. E/$ "a%7"$% an$%'*'(#)i"'> *'% +n (ad'> 4 d

)('3a(idad *'% '$%'> n$%'n"# "'&*($a&n$ "'n (a/ n+2a/ "'%%in$/ */i"'*da)#)i"a/ d (a

/"+(a n+2a.

E( ,@+%a+ In$%na$i'na( d/ "'(/ N'+2((/ @..E.N.B> 0+ndad' n Gin3%a *'% A. F%%i%>

in"(+4 ( &$'d' na$+%a( n +n' d ('/ 5 *+n$'/> + n 1X1 / a*%'3a%'n n Ca(ai/> "'&'*%'"(7&a$n'/ d (a E/"+(a N+2a. E( '$%' *+n$' + a" %0%n"ia a (a a"$i2idad 0/i"a> dn$%'

d( "'n$$' d di"a /"+(a n+2a> /'n (a/ a"$i2idad/ n (a na$+%a(;a.


9/13

E( &'d(' an)('/a9#n *%'&+2 4 *%'*+)na a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ 3a/ada/ n ( 9+)'> ( a$($i/&' 4

('/ d*'%$/. E/ +n &'2i&in$' d (na di/$in$a 4 + a*a%" n In)(a$%%a *'% &di' d( "(%i)'

T. A&'(d ( "+a( *%'*'n +na /%i d a"$i2idad/ +> $nind' "'&' 3a/ ('/ 9+)'/ *'*+(a%/ 4

d$%&inada/ a"$i2idad/ a$($i"a/> *%&i$an a (a/ a/'"ia"i'n/ 4 "(+3/ &di%/ 4 "'&*$i% *a%a

i&*'n% /+ /+*%&a"a.

E/$' ( ((2a a (a3'%a% 4 a /$a3("% +n "'n9+n$' d n'%&a/ )n%a(/ *a%a a+(('/ 9+)'/ &7/*'*+(a%/> "a/' d( R+)34> 4 a/ *'d% 9+)a% 4 d$%&ina% '39$i2a&n$ +n )anad'% n (a/

"'n$inda/. E/$a %)(a&n$a"i#n +ni2%/a( + *%&i$ (a "'&*$i"i#n / (a + &an$in a (a/

di2%/a/ /$%+"$+%a/ 0d%a$i2a/ $an$' na"i'na(/ "'n in$%na"i'na(/ 4 a" *'/i3(

"'&*$i"i'n/ d 7&3i$' &+ndia(> "'&' ('/ 9+)'/ '(&*i"'/ &'d%n'/ ' ('/ "a&*'na$'/ d(

&+nd'.

E/$a !('/'0a *'/i3i(i$a> ad&7/> "i%$a "'&+ni#n d )n$/ 4 +i*'/ d*'%$i2'/ *'% n"i&a d

%)&n/ *'($i"'/> #%3i$a/ "+($+%a(/> (n)+a/ 4 %(i)i'n/.

.. La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a: na$+%a(;a 4 /i)ni!"ad' a"$+a(.

H'4 n da> "+and' ('/ *%'0/'%/ 4 &a/$%'/ a3(an d ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a (' /+(n a"% *a%a%0%i%/ a( *%'"/' 4 %/+($ad' d +n a""i#n d+"a$i2a 0'%&a( 4 /i/$&7$i"a n d'nd (a

)i&n7/$i"a> ( d*'%$> ( 9+)'> (a dan;a> /'n ini"ia(&n$ &di'/ 4 *'/i3i(idad/ +>

"+($+%a(&n$> / n'/ '0%"n *a%a "'n/)+i% ('/ '39$i2'/ *da)#)i"'/ /"')id'/.

En $a*a/ 4 "i"('/ d+"a$i2'/ *'/$%i'%/> 4 +na 2; "'n/)+id'/ (a/ !na(idad/ 37/i"a/>

/$a"'n"*"i#n *+d a&*(ia%/ n ( /n$id' d + ('/ (&n$'/ "+($+%a(/ +$i(i;ad'/ "'&'

&di'/ *+dn "'n2%$i%/> a /+ 2;> n '39$i2'/.

Pda)#)i"a&n$ a3(and'> $an "'%%"$' 4 ("i$' /%a +$i(i;a% +n d*'%$ *a%a d+"a%

d$%&inada/ /$%+"$+%a/ d( &'2i&in$' +&an' "'&' *(an$a%/ ( + n+/$%'/ a(+&n'/

a*%ndan /+ $"ni"a /*"!"a *a%a *'d% *%a"$i"a%(' "'%%"$a&n$.P'd&'/ a!%&a% +> n (a a"$+a(idad> (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> n "+an$' a d+"a"i#n d *%'"/'/>

n$%'n"a d *(n' n (a/ $ndn"ia/ a"$+a(/ d (a n+2a *da)')a + *%$nd 0'%&a%

a(+&n'/ + *+dan ada*$a%/ a +n 0+$+%' "/i2a&n$ "a&3ian$ 4 a%$a&n$ in"i%$'. E(

a*%nd% a a*%nd% ' ( a*%nd% a /% *%i&an *'% n"i&a d ( a*%nd% *'% a*%nd%.

L'/ "'n$nid'/ d+"a$i2'/ d ('/ + &ana%7n (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ 4 9%"i"i'/ "'%*'%a(/ a

$%a3a9a% d3n> in2i$a3(&n$> in/*i%a%/ n +na in2i$a3( *'/i"i#n "("$i"a /$%+"$+%ada n

3a/ a:

AB La )i&n7/$i"a> "'n $'da/ /+/ "'nn'$a"i'n/ an$%i'%&n$ *+/$a/> i)ini"a> "'%*'%a(>

'%)7ni"a> a%$/$i"a> na$+%a(> *%/i2a> a (a + a4 + aKadi% n+2a/ *'/i3i(idad/ "'&' (a%$&i"a d . Da("%'; 4 (a dan;a na$+%a( d I. D+n"an a/ "'&' $'da/ (a/ n+2a/ &'da/

*%'2nin$/ d '$%a/ #%3i$a/ "'&' /'n (a/ )i&n7/$i"a/ d+("/> (a/ )i&n7/$i"a/ '%in$a(/> (a/

an$i)i&na/ia/> ( )i&9a;;> (a/ )i&n7/$i"a/ a($%na$i2a/> $".

@B E( 9+)' "'&' "'&*'nn$ (di"'-*'*+(a% 4 ( d*'%$ "'&' "'&*'nn$ a)'n/$i"'-

"'&*$i$i2'. Tan$' ( 9+)' "'&' ( d*'%$ $in +n a($' "'&*'nn$ &'$i2a"i'na( *'% (' + /

d 07"i( i&*(an$a"i#n *'% *a%$ d( &a/$%' ' *%'0/'% d Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a. E( *%i&%' *'%+

0a2'%" (a *a%$i"i*a"i#n d( a(+&n' 4 ( /)+nd' *'%+ 0a"i(i$a (a *%0'%&an" 4 ( %ndi&in$'.

T'd'/ (('/ 2a('%/ d'&inan$/> *'% /+%$ ' d/2n$+%a> n (a /'"idad a"$+a(.

CB P'% ($i&'> / n"/a%i' d/$a"a% +n $%"%a 0+n$ a/$a a'%a n' "'n$&*(ada> n'/ %0%i&'/a $'d' +n "'n9+n$' d n+2a/ a"$i2idad/ "'&' ( /+%0> ( *a%a*n$> ( &'+n$ain3i> $". +>


10/13

*a+(a$ina&n$> 2an n$%and' n ( 7&3i$' d (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a 4 + / 2an in"'%*'%and'> /'

/> "'n "i%$a *%"a+"i#n 4 d 0'%&a &'d%ada a (a /"+(a.

E/$'/ d*'%$/> d '%i)n ,a+$n$i"a&n$ a&%i"an'> in"'%*'%an ( %i/)' 4 (a a2n$+%a "'&'

(&n$' /n"ia(. Q+%&'/ di0%n"ia% /$ $i*' d a"$i2idad/ d( '%i)ina%i' &'d(' d*'%$i2'

d T. A&'(d. D*'%$/ "'&' ( 3a('n"/$' 4 ( 3i/3'(> a+n+ a*a%"n> / d/a%%'((an 4

a("an;an /+ *(ni$+d n n'%$a&%i"a> /'n *%'d+"$'/ + %/*'ndn a (a !('/'0a 4 "'n"*"i#nan)('/a9'na a( i)+a( + (' /'n ( 3a('n&an' ' ( 0$3'( *'% *'n% d'/ 9&*('/ + $inn +n

'%i)n +%'*'.

D $'da/ &an%a/> dn$%' d (a n/Kan;a *%i&a%ia ( &a/$%' /*"ia(i/$a n Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a

d3%7 %a(i;a% +n /0+%;' *a%a *'d% /"')% 4 $&*'%a(i;a% (a/ a"$i2idad/ d $a( &an%a +>

a( &a%)n d /+ i&*(an$a"i#n "+($+%a(> / ada*$n a (a/ *'/i3i(idad/ &'$%i"/ d ('/ a(+&n'/ a (a

2; + %/*'ndan $a&3in> n (a &dida d (' *'/i3(> a /+/ n"/idad/ in$%// *%/'na(/.

3. ESTATUS ACTUAL DE LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA. ¿CIENCIA O TECNOLOGÍA?

5.1. La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a "'&' $"n'(')a *da)#)i"a.

La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a / d!n an$ $'d' "'&' +na *da)')a 4 *'% $an$' +na d+"a"i#n d(&'2i&in$' 4 d (a/ /$%+"$+%a/ &'$%i"/ + (' a"n *'/i3(> +$i(i;and' *a%a (('> "'&' n'/

*(i"a . L @'+("> ( *%'*i' &'2i&in$'.

Si n'/ a$n&'/ a( "'n"*$' d $"n'(')a + n'/ *%/n$a M. @+n) 2&'/ + (

"'n'"i&in$' /> *%in"i*a(&n$> +n &di' + a4 + +$i(i;a% *a%a a("an;a% d$%&inad'/ !n/

*%7"$i"'/.

E( '39$i2' d (a $"n'(')a / (a a""i#n "'n i$' 4 n' ( "'n'"i&in$' *(i"a$i2' 4 *+%' &a/

*%'*i' d (a "in"ia.

Min$%a/ + (a *%di""i#n "in$!"a di" (' + '"+%%i%7 ' *+d '"+%%i% /i / "+&*(n

d$%&inada/ "i%"+n/$an"ia/> (a *%2i/i#n $"n'(#)i"a /+)i% "'&' inW+i% n (a/ "i%"+n/$an"ia/*a%a *'d% *%'d+"i% "i%$'/ "'/ ' 2i$a%('/.

La $"n'(')a d3 *+/ /i&*% ()i% n$% '39$i2'/ *'/i3(/> (a "in"ia n'. E( $"n#(')' +na 2;

/"')id' ( '39$i2'> 3+/"a indi"a ('/ &di'/ ad"+ad'/> /$a3(" +na %(a"i#n &di'/ !n 4

*%2a ( %/+($ad' !na( d( *%'"/'.

La "in"ia *(i"a (a/ (4/ + %i)n ( &+nd'> (a na$+%a(;a 4 ( '&3%> (4/ + /i /'n "i%$a/ 4

2%dad%a/ /'n !na(/$i"a/ n ( /n$id' + *%$n"n a /i/$&a/ "%%ad'/. La $"n'(')a +$i(i;a

( "'n'"i&in$' d /$'/ n+n"iad'/ 4 (4/ 4a *(i"ada/ *'% (a "in"ia/ *+%a/ *a%a a"$+a%> n +n

/n$id' + '$%'> n /i/$&a/ a3i%$'/. La $"n'(')a ' "in"ia a*(i"ada / d!n *'% ( "a&*' d

in$%2n"i#n ' a"$+a"i#n 4 (a/ "in"ia/ *'% ('/ '39$'/ &a$%ia(/ 4 0'%&a(/ + /$+dian.D/d /$a *%/*"$i2a (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> *'% /% in$%2n"i#n 0'%&a$i2a /'3% (a &'$%i"idad 4 (

&'2i&in$' +&an'> n' *+d "'n"3i%/ /#(' "'&' "'n'"i&in$' *+%' /in' "'&' +n "'&*(9'

n$%a&ad' d "'n'"i&in$'/ a*(i"a3(/ a (a d+"a"i#n 4 a (a 0'%&a"i#n d( '&3% *'% &di' d

(a *%'*ia a"$i2idad &'$%i; 4> *'% $an$'> d3i%a d "a$a(')a%/ "'&' $"n'(')a d+"a$i2a.

E/ *%"i/' d/$a"a% + *a%a /$ /$+di' *'d&'/ +$i(i;a% indi/$in$a&n$ ('/ "'n"*$'/ di

&'$%i"idad> &'2i&in$' 4 a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ *'% n$nd% + /'n &an%a/ di/$in$a/ d

in$%*%$a% di/$in$'/ ni2(/ '%)ani;a$i2'/ d( &i/&' 0n#&n'.

L' *%i&%a&n$ '3/%2a3( 4> *'% $an$'> 0a"$i3( d '39$i2a%/> +na d (a/ &7i&a/ a/*i%a"i'n/

d( "'n'"i&in$' "in$!"'> / [ &'2i&in$' "'&' &ani0/$a"i#n &*%i"a 4 0n'&n'(#)i"a +/ *%"i3ida di%"$a&n$ *'% ('/ /n$id'/ 4 *'% $an$' /+/"*$i3( d d/"%i*"i#n.


11/13

C+and' n'/ *%)+n$a&'/ 4 3+/"a&'/ (a/ "a+/a/ + a"n *'/i3( + ( /% +&an' / &+2a

d &an%a in2a%ia3( indi/$in$a> ind*ndin$&n$ d *'"a/ 4 (+)a%/> / "+and' / *+d

+$i(i;a% ( "'n"*$' d &'$%i"idad> n$ndid' "'&' ( "'n9+n$' d $'da/ (a/ /$%+"$+%a/ 4

0+n"i'n/ &'$%i"/.

Fina(&n$> "+and' / $'&a "'&' %0%n"ia ni2(/ &7/ /+*%a/$%+"$+%a(/ d (a *%/'na

+&ana n'/ n"'n$%a&'/ "'n (a i/$n"ia d *%'4"$'/ n' /#(' n (a (na 3i'(#)i"a /in'$a&3in n (a "+($+%a(. S)n . M'n'd (a/ a"$i2idad/ +&ana/ %/*'ndn /i&*% a +na

d$%&inada $('n'&a> 3in na$+%a(> 3in "+($+%a(. E/ /$a ($i&a di&n/i#n> (a "+($+%a(> (' +

a" *'/i3( d/*(a;a% ('/ "'n"*$'/ d &'$%i"idad 4 &'2i&in$' *'% '$%' d nd'( &7/

"'n$$+a(> ( d a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/.

5.. La &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ "'&' '39$' d /$+di' "in$!"'.

C+and' a3(a&'/ d &'$%i"idad> &'2i&in$' ' a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ n' n'/ %0%i&'/ a nin)n

"+%*' ni '39$' d i/$n"ia ind*ndin$ /in' + a3(a&'/ d +na "+a(idad> *%'*idad '

"a%a"$%/$i"a /*"!"a&n$ +&ana. E( &'2i&in$' i/$ n (a &dida + i/$n '&3%/

indi2id+a(/. P'% $an$'> "+a(+i% "'n'"i&in$' /$%+"$+%ad' n $'&' a /$a "+a(idad a d in"(+i%n /+ "'n9+n$'> *("i$a&n$ ' i&*("i$a&n$> a (a %a(idad +&ana.

T'd' /$ "'n9+n$' d /a3%/ n $'&' a ('/ di0%n$/ ni2(/ '%)ani;a$i2'/ d( &'2i&in$'

+&an'> $an$' !('/#!"'/ "'&' "in$!"'/> "'n/$i$+4n (a/ "in"ia/ d (a &'$%i"idad> (a/ "in"ia/

d( &'2i&in$' +&an' ' /i / *%!%> 4a &'/ di"' + d*nd d (a *%/*"$i2a d

*a%$ida> (a/ "in"ia/ d (a a"$i2idad 0/i"a.

E*i/$&'(#)i"a&n$ *'d%a&'/ a)%+*a% di"'/ /a3%/ '%)ani;ad'/ n $'&' a $%/ )%+*'/

di0%n$/:

AB Cin"ia/ 3i'(#)i"a/> + / '"+*an d *(i"a% '39$i2a&n$ (a/ /$%+"$+%a/> $an$' a ni2(

&'%0'(#)i"' "'&' !/i'(#)i"'> + a"n 0a"$i3( + ( '&3% / &+2a. A)%+*a%a&'/ n /$a*a%$ad' ('/ "'n'"i&in$'/ 0a"i(i$ad'/ *'% (a Ana$'&a d( A*a%a$' L'"'&'$'%> (a Fi/i'(')a d(

E9%"i"i'> (a An$%'*'&$%a> (a Si/$&7$i"a d( E9%"i"i'> (a @i'&"7ni"a

@B Cin"ia/ P/i"'(#)i"a/> n"a%)ada/ d ana(i;a% 4 d/"%i3i% di&n/i'n/> *%0%n$&n$>

"'nd+"$+a(/> d (a *%/'na n &'2i&in$'.

E/$a/ "in"ia/> n 3a/ a (a/ *'/i3i(idad/ 4 (i&i$a"i'n/ d (a/ /$%+"$+%a/ 3i'(#)i"a/ d (a

&'$%i"idad> "'n/$i$+4n ( n' n$% (' 3i'(#)i"' 4 (' "+($+%a(> (' in0%a/$%+"$+%a( 4 ('

/+*%a/$%+"$+%a(> ( '&3% ani&a( 4 ( '&3% /'"ia(. La P/i"'(')a E2'(+$i2a> ( D/a%%'(('

M'$'%> ( A*%ndi;a9 M'$'%> (a P/i"'!/i'(')a> /%an di/"i*(ina/ %*%/n$a$i2a/ d /$ )%+*'.

CB T'%a/ 4 !('/'0a/ d (a a"$i2idad 0/i"a 4 "'%*'%a(> n"'n$%a%a&'/ a+ %&n+$i"a/ 4&'d('/ *(i"a$i2'/ !('/#!"'/ 4 id'(#)i"'/ d $i*' &7/ '(/$i"' 4 )('3a( n 3a/ a (a/

in$%%(a"i'n/ i/$n$/ n$% (' 3i'(#)i"'> (' */i"'(#)i"' 4 (' "+($+%a(> n$%and' d ((n' n (

&+nd' d ('/ 2a('%/> d (a/ n'%&a/> d (a $i"a 4 d (a /$$i"a.

Di/"i*(ina/ dia"%#ni"a/ "'&' (a An$%'*'(')a 4 (a Hi/$'%ia d (a/ A"$i2idad/ F/i"a/ 4 '$%a/ d $i*'

/in"%#ni"' "'&' (a S'"i'(')a d (a/ A"$i2idad/ F/i"a/> ( D%"' D*'%$i2'> (a Din7&i"a d

G%+*'/> (a Gi&n7/$i"a> ( D*'%$> ( +)'> (a Dan;a> ( A%$ D%a&7$i"'> $".> *a%$i"i*a%an d /$

$%"% $i*' d /a3%/.

5.5. La &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/ "'&' "a&*' d in$%2n"i#n

$"n'(#)i"a.


12/13

E( "a&*' d (a &'$%i"idad> ( &'2i&in$' 4 (a/ a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/> a( &a%)n d '0%"% +n "a&*'

/*"!"' d /$+di' "in$!"'> *%/n$an (a *'/i3i(idad d in$%2n"i#n $"n'(#)i"a a di0%n$/

ni2(/> n$9a/ + *'d&'/ %/a($a%:

1BE( n$%na&in$' d*'%$i2'>

B La %a3i(i$a"i#n &'$%i;>

5B La '%)ani;a"i#n 4 )/$i#n d a"$i2idad/ 0/i"a/6B La )i&n7/$i"a d &an$ni&in$'

8B La %)'n'&a>

B La *'($i"a d*'%$i2a

B L'/ +i*a&in$'/ in/$a(a"i'n/

B La ()i/(a"i#n d*'%$i2a

XB La EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

C'&' / (#)i"' "ada +n' d /$'/ "a&*'/ d a*(i"a"i#n %+i%n /a3%/ d di/$in$a

*%'"dn"ia 4> *'% $an$'> di0%n$/ +n'/ d '$%'/.

En ( "a/' d (a ,Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a a( &a/$%' ' *%'0/'% n' ( /%7 /+!"in$ *'/% /a3%/*%'"dn$/> ni"a&n$> d( /$+di' d ina)'$a3(/ *'/i3i(idad/ d (a/ &ani0/$a"i'n/ d (a

&'$%i"idad +&ana> /in' + ( /%7 n"/a%i' $n%> ad&7/> "'n'"i&in$'/ a"%"a d ('/

*%'"di&in$'/ 4 &an%a/ d n/Ka% ('/ "+a(/ ( 2nd%7n dad'/ *'% (a/ "in"ia/ d (a

d+"a"i#n 4 (a *da)')a.

La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> *a%a (')%a% /+/ *%'*#/i$'/ 0'%&a$i2'/> d3%7 3a/a%> *+/> /+ in$%2n"i#n

*da)#)i"a n +n "'n9+n$' in$)%ad' d "'n'"i&in$'/ !('/#!"'/> "in$!"'/ d $"n'(')a

*da)#)i"a.

@i3(i')%a0a

1. @i3(i')%a0a "'n/+($ada.FULLAT> O. Fi('/'0a/ d (a d+"a"i#n. @a%"('na: CEAC> 1XX

ROUSSEAU> . E( E&i(i' ' d (a d+"a"i#n. @a%"('na: F'n$an((a> 1X

SIMRI> U. ,Di2%/idad d "'n"*$'/ 4 /+ inW+n"ia n ('/ '39$i2'/ d (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a. @'($n

F1EP 1X\ 61B: 1-

SANVISENS> A. In$%'d+""i#n a (a *da)')a. @a%"('na: @a%"an'2a> 1X6 ROCA @ALASCH> . A(i#

*/)+i". Vi": E+&'> 1XX *. X1-XB

@AIG> A. ]$ a(.^ Ini"iad' a (a i/$'%i' d (a !('/'0a. Mad%id: A(an a3%a> 1XX5 *. -B @AR@AN_>

.R- Fi/i'(')a d( /0+%;'. @a%"('na: INEF> 1X @ARRO`> HM. .P. @RO`N. H'&3% 4

&'2i&in$'. @a%"('na: D'4&a> 1XX VAN DALEN> D5. 0$ a(.^ ,E( d/a%%'((' d ('/ 9%"i"i'/"'%*'%a(/ n (a /'"idad *%i/$#%i"a.

Ci$i+/> A($i+/> F'%(i+/ 1X5\ V(-6B: 5-X6

FLOCHHMOAN> . La )n/i/ d ('/ d*'n/. @a%"('na: La3'%> 1X8

FRIEDL?NDER> L. ,+)'/ 4 /*"$7"+('/ b#%nan'/ Ci$i+/. A($i+/> F'%$i+/ 1X\ I(-6B: 8-8

@UNGE> M. La in2/$i)a"i#n "in$!"a. @a%"('na: A%i(> 1X8 MONOD> . E( a;a% 4 (a n"/idad.

@a%"('na: @ana(> 1X

CACICAL> .M. ,La Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a> F'%$i+/ 1X\ (-B: 8- MEHL> E. ,S'3%

(a i/$'%ia d( "'n"*$' ,)i&n7/$i"a. Ci$i+/> A($i+/> F'%$i+/ 1X\ 1VB: 1-1 RISDORP> c. ,E(

/i)ni!"ad'd (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a. Ci$i+/> A($i+/> F'%$i+/ 1X\ I(-6B: X5-5 ENRILE> E. ,Ed+"a"i#nF/i"a 4 d*'%$ n ( *n/a&in$' %na"n$i/$a. Ci$i+/> A($i+/> F'%$i+/ 1X8-1X\ VH-VHI(-6B:


13/13

X-188 @URGENER> L. ,+an a"'3' R'+//a+ 4 (a Ed+"a"i#n F/i"a. Ci$i+/> A($i+/> F'%$i+/ 1X\ I(-

6B: 51-556

cROPP> G. T'%a d( "'n'"i&in$'. Mi"': UTEHA> 1X1 MAL1NO`ScI> @. Una $'%a "in$!"a d

(a "+($+%a. Mad%id: Sa%*> 1X6 MERCURIAL> . A%$ )i&n7/$i"'. Mad%id: INEF> 1X5

LANGLADE> A N. REY. T'%a )n%a( d a )i&na/ia. @+n'/ Ai%/: S$adi+&>1X LE @OULCH> .

Ha"ia +na "in"ia d( &'2i&in$' +&an'. @+n'/ Ai%/: Paid#/> 1X8. @i3(i')%a0a %"'&ndada.

RA@ADE> S. E*%in"ia> "+%*' 4 "'n'"i&in$'. Mad%id: CSIC> 1X8

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1XX

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tema 1.- concepto de educación física. evolución y desarrollo de las distintas concepciones

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