santiago sierra. bienal de venecia

7/23/2019 Santiago Sierra. Bienal de Venecia

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Fom hn fohnaornfdöm eb;

URQMBQ



snmtdnio sdbrrn

pnabhhm eb bspnþn- 27 adbmnh eb vbmbfdn spnmdsc pnvdhdom- 27tc vbmdfb adbmmnhb



Jdmdstbrdo eb nsRmtos bStbrdorbs

J Nmn Wnhnfdo

s b föd djäJdiubh Îmibh Fortäs

e i rfuu fê`Kbsûs Vdhvn

su i fö pjö fuu bxQoabrto Pnrbhn

n n pîFcrdstdnm Eojêmiubz

f bxJnrtn Qdmföm

fö e fjuöVdhvdn Eojêmiubz

fö iö böjQnjöm Jntä

sö föJnrên Ubrbsn Inrfên

f@ähdx Vbrrnmo

bJanKnen eb bspnþn bm dtnhdn

bjkKosä eb Fnrvnknh

fk fuuFnrhos Nhomso [nheêvnr

föu c v

Nmtomdo Vdjdomnto

pnabhhm bspnþoh / spnmdsc pnvdhdom

n / nVnmtdnio Vdbrrn

fj / fuQosn Jnrtêmbz

nu / n Jnrdnmn Envde

fö pö /

f ` wl pKosä Hhniøbrrd

fuö / fu wlBedhdzdn Qdiutto( Pbmbzdn

fntÎhoio / fntnhoiRb

b / puJdmdstbrdo eb Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs- EdrbffdömIbmbrnh eb Qbhnfdombs Fuhturnhbs y Fdbmtê`dfn / Uurmbr

e ö / bQosn Jnrtêmbz

nu ö / b Jurdbh Iöjbz

e / eBujoirç`df

tx / txQosn JnrtêmbzFunuctäjof Jbedmn

tu / tEojdmdf FurrdmMnomo

s b / pu sMnomo

@`ê / p Nibmfdns / Nibmfdbs

Nrfcdvdo ebhhn AdbmmnhbFhnuedo @rnmzdmd Nmmn J- IunsfcVnmtdnio Vdbrrn

djö / p Nh`nedr

puö fe— / fe puBujoirç`df

f ö / Y u `Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm #[ørdfc$Hdssom Inhhbry #Homeom$Inhbrên Bmrdqub Iubrrbro #Jäxdfo E-@-$

euö / euwww-turmbrhdaros-foj

© Jdmdstbrdo eb Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs- Edrbffdöm Ibmbrn

eb Qbhnfdombs Fuhturnhbs y Fdbmtê`dfns( 1776

© eb hos tbxtos / o` tcb tbxts; hos nutorbs / tcb nutcors

© eb hns otos / o` tcb pcotoirnpcs; hos nutorbs / tcb

nutcors

DVAM; 35*9270*071*S

E-H-; A*19-339*1776

MDWO; 713*76*7>4*7



snmtdnio sdbrrn

pnabhhm eb bspnþn- 27 adbmnh eb vbmbfdn / spnmdsc pnvdhdom- 27tc vbmdfb adbmmnhbfoJdsnrdn / fRrntor; rosn Jnrtmbz

>2 eb KRmdo * 1 eb movdbJarb( 1776 / KRmb >2 * movbJabr 1( 1776



0



prbsbmtnfdm / @orbYore

nmn pnhnfdoJdmdstrn eb nsRmtos bStbrdorbs / Jdmdstbr o@ @orbdim n@@ndrs



Hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn hhbin bstb nþo n su qudmfuniäsdjn bedfdöm( ebspuäs eb fomsohdenrsb eurnmtb sus jîs eb

fdbm nþos eb bxdstbmfdn fojo dmedsfutdahb fbmtro jumednh eb drrnednfdöm ebh nrtb jîs dmmovneor-

Wnrn pnrtdfdpnr bm bstb djportnmtb y sdimd`dfntdvo bvbmto bh Jdmdstbrdo eb Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs cn bhbideo n hn fo*

jdsnrdn Qosn Jnrtêmbz( qudbm( n su vbz( cn npostneo por bh nrtdstn Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn pnrn bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn-

Jîs nhhî ebh mbfbsnrdo rbspbto n hn dmebpbmebmfdn eb frdtbrdo eb hn fojdsnrdn( kusto bs rbfomofbr qub hn bhbf*fdöm eb um frbneor debmtd`dfneo fom hns òrjns eb bxprbsdöm nrtêstdfn jîs fomtbjporîmbns rbsuhtn pnrtdfuhnr*

jbmtb npropdnen y focbrbmtb pnrn bstn fdtn-

Hn ebfdeden opfdöm por hn vnmiunredn jîs nftunh cn sdeo umn eb hns fnrnftbrêstdfns debmtd`dfntdvns eb hn Adbmnh

n ho hnrio eb sus funrbmtn y mubvb bedfdombs nmtbrdorbs- Bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn cn sbiudeo bsn hêmbn bm hns su*

fbsdvns bedfdombs eb bstb bmfubmtro( bm fomsomnmfdn fom um bmtormo rojpbeor( djnidmntdvo y npbineo n hns

fomfbpfdombs nrtêstdfns jîs nrrdbsinens- Fojo mo poeên sbr eb otrn òrjn( tnjadäm bm bstn cdstördfn bedfdöm

bh Wnabhhöm bspnþoh nfoibrî hn oarn eb um nrtdstn qub( nebjîs eb um dmmbinahb prbstdido dmtbrmnfdomnh( rbûmb

umn fomedfdöm bsbmfdnh; hn fomtbjpornmbdene-

Wor otro hneo( hn oarn eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn bmhnzn fom hn sdbjprb nftunh dmeninfdöm soarb hos hêjdtbs ebh nrtb( so*arb hn propdn mofdöm eb ho nrtêstdfo( y sb sdrvb pnrn bhho eb hbmiunkbs nrrdbsineos( eb propubstns qub fubstdo*

mnm vnhorbs bstätdfos y jornhbs `drjbjbmtb nsbmtneos-

Hn pnrtdfdpnfdöm bm hn Adbmnh bs umn jubstrn jîs ebh fojprojdso ebh Jdmdstbrdo eb Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs fom hn

projofdöm eb hn fuhturn bspnþohn jîs nhhî eb mubstrns romtbrns- Rm fojprojdso qub rbspomeb n umn fhnrn fom*

fbpfdöm eb hn nffdöm fuhturnh fojo um dmstrujbmto bsbmfdnh eb hn pohêtdfn bxtbrdor bspnþohn- Hn edùsdöm eb hn

vdtnhdene eb mubstro pnmornjn nrtêstdfo fomstdtuyb tnjadäm umn òrjn eb trnmsjdtdr umn djnibm eb Bspnþn

nforeb fom su rbnhdene eb pnês edmîjdfo y nadbrto-

ûdbro nirnebfbr bh trnanko eb qudbmbs cnm cbfco posdahb hn pnrtdfdpnfdöm eb Bspnþn bm bstn bedfdöm eb hnAdbmnh< tnjadäm jb iustnrên `bhdfdtnr n hos rbspomsnahbs eb hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn por um nmdvbrsnrdo qub bs jo*

tdvo eb nhbirên pnrn toeos hos n`dfdomneos nh nrtb fomtbjporîmbo-

n p

Jdmdstrn eb Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs



Ucb Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh tcds ybnr rums dmto dts 27tc bedtdom( cnvdmi fomsohdentbe dts rohb dm tcb cumerbe phus ybnrs o

dts bxdstbmfb ns tcb umedsputbe worhe cua rnedntdmi tcb jost dmmovntdvb nrt-

Ucb Jdmdstry o` @orbdim N``ndrs nppodmtbe Qosn Jnrtêmbz to furntb tcds djportnmt nme sdimd`dfnmt bvbmt- Vcb( dm

turm( fcosb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn òr tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom- Nsdeb `roj eub rbspbft òr tcb furntor—s dmebpbmebmt frd

tbrdn( dt ds omhy rdict to nejdt tcnt cbr fcodfb o` n frbntor debmtd`dbe wdtc tcb jost fomtbjpornry òrjs o` nrtdstdf bxprbssdom ds pnrtdfuhnrhy rbhbvnmt nme fomsdstbmt wdtc tcb bvbmt nt cnme-

Cbr rbsohutbhy optdmi òr tcb jost up*to*entb nvnmt*inreb cns abbm omb o` tcb Adbmmdnh—s cnhhjnrls dm dts prbvd

ous òrty*mdmb bedtdoms- Ucb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom cns homi òhhowbe tcds hdmb( fojjbmsurntb wdtc n iroumearbnldmi

djnidmntdvb jdhdbu nssofdntbe wdtc tcb jost enrdmi nrtdstdf bxphodts- Dt fouhe mot ab otcbrwdsb- Dm tcds cdstordfn

bedtdom( too( tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom wdhh `bnturb tcb worl o` nm nrtdst wco( dm needtdom to bmkoydmi umebmdnahb dm

tbrmntdomnh prbstdib( cns nm bssbmtdnh dmirbedbmt―fomtbjpornmbdty-

Wnrt nme pnrfbh o` Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn—s worl ds cds futtdmi*beib rbsbnrfc dmto tcb outbr hdjdts o` nrt( dmto tcb vbry

debn o` nrt dtsbh`( nme cb usbs tcds to òrjuhntb aohe hnmiunibs( nme proposdtdoms tcnt fnhh dmto qubstdom `drjhy

bmtrbmfcbe nbstcbtdf nme jornh vnhubs-

Our pnrtdfdpntdom dm tcb Adbmmdnh ds ùrtcbr proo` o` tcb Jdmdstry o` @orbdim N``ndrs— fojjdtjbmt to projotdmi Vpnm

dsc fuhturb abyome our aorebrs( n fojjdtjbmt ebrdvbe `roj n lbbm nwnrbmbss o` fuhturnh nftdom ns nm bssbm

tdnh dmstrujbmt dm Vpndm—s òrbdim pohdfy- Edvuhidmi tcb vdtnhdty o` our nrt sfbmb ds nhso n wny o` fomvbydmi nm dj

nib o` Vpndm fomsdstbmt wdtc tcb stntus quo o` nm opbm( eymnjdf foumtry-

D wouhe hdlb to tcnml tcosb wcosb worl cns jneb possdahb Vpndm—s pnrtdfdpntdom dm tcds Adbmmdnh- D wouhe nhso

hdlb to fomirntuhntb tcb orinmdsbrs o` tcb Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh or nm nmmdvbrsnry wcdfc ds fnusb or fbhbarntdom njom

nhh hovbrs o` fomtbjpornry nrt-

n p

Jdmdstbr o` @orbdim N``ndr



fomtbmdeo / fomtbmts

0 prbsbmtnfdm / @orbYore NMN WNHNFDO

>5 hn Jbrfnmfn y hn JRbrtb / Jbrfcnmedsb nme ebntcQOVN JNQUÊMB[

10 pndsnKbs fRadfneos / fomtbmbeorbs / ebsphnznJdbmtos / fofcbs / oastrRffdombs / sRbhos / nffdombs Rranmns / rbidmn 2> / fRbrens / fRbrpo / homns / hbmiRnKb y fnstdio // fRabe hnmesfnpbs / fomtndmbrs / edsphnfbJbmts / fnrs / oastrRftdoms / @hoors / Rranmdmtbrvbmtdoms / rbidmn 2> / ropbs / aoey / tnrpnRhdms / hnmiRnib nmepRmdscJbmt

>50 6 proybftos pnrn bh pnabhhm bspnþoh / 6 proKbfts @or tcb

spnmdsc pnvdhdom

>27 bmtrbvdstn n snmtdnio sdbrrn / dmtbrvdbY to snmtdnio sdbrrn QOVN JNQUÊMB[

1>5 neRnmn / fRstoJsFRNRCUÄJOF JBEDMN

125 fRrrdfRhRJ- snmtdnio sdbrrn



>1



>5

pbrsomn rbJRmbrnen pnrn hdJpdnr bh fnhzneo eb hos nsdstbmtbs n Rmn dmnRiRrnfdm sdm bh fomsbmtdJdbmto eb Ästos nfb i Jäx- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- J 1777

n pbrsom pnde to fhbnm vdsdtors— scobs YdtcoRt tcbdr fomsbmteRrdmi nm opbmdmi nfb i Jx- Jx f( Jx- J 1777

≥



rosn Jnrtmbz

hn Jbrfnmfn y hn JRbrtbJbrfcnmedsb nme ebntc



«Vd mubstros proibmdtorbs vdvbm bmfbrrneos bm fuaos eb ansurn bs posdahb qub su cbrbmfdn söho fomsdstn bm jnmtb*

mbrmos pnrnhêtdfos-¼

Nmömdjo( Ebspuäs eb Abflbtt #1776$

Bh trnanko eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn sb dmsfrdab ebmtro eb um fomkumto eb opbrnfdombs frêtdfns qub( eurnmtb toeo bh sdiho SS(

cnm pubsto bm fubstdöm hn frbbmfdn eb qub bh nrtb bs umn nftdvdene nutömojn( suahdjb y ebsdmtbrbsnen- Vdiub hn bstbhn

eb umn sbrdb eb nrtdstns qub( prdmfdpnhjbmtb ebseb hos nþos sbtbmtn( fubstdomnrom bh òrjnhdsjo eb hos hbmiunkbs bs*

tnahbfdeos( rbmovnrom hn fomfdbmfdn ebh roh pohêtdfo ebh nrtb y bxpnmedbrom sus dmtbrvbmfdombs por toeo bh bspnfdo so*

fdnh( ebfomstruybmeo bh poebr eb hns propdns dmstdtufdombs nrtêstdfns- N pbsnr eb bstns ebfdsdvns trnmsòrjnfdombs( y

bm tnmto qub fomsujnfdöm nasohutdstn ebh joebho òrjnhdstn eb hn joebrmdene( bh jdmdjnhdsjo sdiub sdbmeo umn rb`b*

rbmfdn fnmömdfn y su supbrnfdöm bs umn nreun tnrbn mo bxbmtn eb tdmtbs beêpdfos- Cnh @ostbr n`drjn qub bh posdtdvdsjo

y hn ebjnmen eb hdtbrnhdene ebh jdmdjnhdsjo mo ebsvbhnrom bm su jojbmto hn sdstbjîtdfn hntbmtb n hn qub tnmto su sb*

rdnhdene fojo hn ebh pop npumtnanm; hn ebh orebm bfomöjdfo y sdjaöhdfo ebh trnanko bm sbrdb( hn eb hn edftneurn eb hn

proeuffdöm y bh abmb`dfdo( b`bftos njaos «eb hn dmeustrdnhdznfdöm umdvbrsnh ibmbrnhdznen y eb hns prbtbmsdombs eb dm*

jnmbmfdn ebh fnpdtnh mortbnjbrdfnmo¼-> Bh trnanko eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn bxphdfdtn fom umn fhnrdene johbstn hn jbfîmdfn

rbpbtdtdvn eb hn bxphotnfdöm hnaornh y hn sujdsdöm cujnmn nh ebstdmo bfomöjdfo( ebsjdmtdbmeo hn prbtbmeden purbzn ebh

nrtb- Nfbmtûn tnjadäm ho qub Anuerdhhnre cn ebmojdmneo hn djposdadhdene eb hn oarn eb bsfnpnr eb hn bfomojên pohê*tdfn ebh sdimo*jbrfnmfên( y sbþnhn nh nrtdstn fojo proeuftor eb oakbtos eb huko( fuyns frêtdfns som sdbjprb nasoradens

por bh sdstbjn- Bh trnanko eb Vdbrrn fom`drjn hn n`drjnfdöm eb @urbt 1 eb qub mo pnrbfb cnabr bsfnpntordn ebh cordzomtb

qub mos nrrnstrn cnfdn hn umdòrjdznfdöm ebh jumeo y hn nhdbmnfdöm eb hos dmedvdeuos por hn bfomojên-

Vdbrrn bstuedö Abhhns Nrtbs bm Jnerde( eomeb bstuvo nsofdneo n edvbrsos fohbftdvos nrtêstdfos- Wnrn su òrjnfdöm

rbsuhtö provdebmfdnh trnshnenrsb n Cnjaurio fojo nhujmo vdsdtnmtb bm hn Cofcsfcuhb `ør Adhebmeb Lømstb- Nh tdbjpo

qub sb nfbrfnan n hos edsfursos bstätdfos jîs nvnmzneos( fomtbjphnan hns orebmnfdombs sbrdnhdznens eb hos fomtb*

mbeorbs dmeustrdnhbs bm sus ebnjauhnfdombs por bh îrbn portunrdn eb Cnjaurio y jnmtbmên sus prdjbros fomtnftos

fom bh `bmöjbmo eb hos bjdirnmtbs y «bxtrnmkbros ebsphnzneos¼-6 Hns debns eb sbrdnhdznfdöm( `romtbrn y ebsphnzn*

jdbmto ‖tnmto `êsdfo( fojo pohêtdfo y sofdnh‖ cnm bstneo ebseb bmtomfbs prbsbmtbs bm su trnanko( pbro sb nfbmtun*

rom funmeo sb trnshneö n Jäxdfo E-@-( bm >442- «Hhbiuä n Jäxdfo fom hn ebvnhunfdöm ebh pbso( cnaên jufcn ibmtbqub ausfnan fojden bm hos ansurbros- Hn vdohbmfdn ibmbrnen por bh hdarb jbrfneo bm Hntdmonjärdfn bs tnm pntbmtb

fojo ho bs hbknmn y jbedîtdfn bm hn Buropn fojumdtnrdn¼- Vu propdn cnadtnfdöm( bm hn fnhhb Qbidmn 2>( ùb bpdfbmtro

ebh qub suridbrom nhiumns oarns fojo hn prdjbrn hêmbn tntunen( ebtbrjdmnmtbs pnrn hn postbrdor bvohufdöm eb su trn*

anko- @ub( sdm bjanrio( hn prbsbmtnfdöm eb su prdjbrn nffdöm jnsdvn eb orebmnfdöm eb «ahoqubs¼ eb pbrsomns rbju*

mbrnens bm hn snhn 9 ebh Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo( bm >444( hn qub hb pbrjdtdö enr bh snhto dmtbrmnfdomnh( qub fojbmzö

fom su pnrtdfdpnfdöm bm hn Adbmnh BPN 1777( bm Hdjbrdfl( y fom sus proybftos bm bh Lumstwbrlb eb Abrhêm y bm bh W-V->

eb Mubvn Torl- Ebseb bmtomfbs( sb cn jovdeo dmfbsnmtbjbmtb eb um huinr n otro( äh jdsjo fojo um bxtrnmkbro foms*

>0



–D` our pnrbmts hdvb dm adm anis( tcbdr hbinfy jdict dmvohvb lbbpdmi us pnrnhytdf-—

Nmomyjous( N`tbr Abflbtt #1776

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn—s worl `dts dm n sbt o` frdtdfnh opbrntdoms wcdfc( tcrouicout tcb 17tc fbmtury( cnvb fnhhbe dmto qubs

tdom tcb abhdb` tcnt nrt ds nm nutomojous( suahdjb nme umsbh`dsc nftdvdty- Dt òhhows tcb wnlb o` nrtdsts wco( pnrtdfu

hnrhy sdmfb tcb sbvbmtdbs( cnvb qubstdombe tcb òrjnhdsj o` bstnahdscbe hnmiunibs( rbmbwbe nm nwnrbmbss o` nrt

pohdtdfnh rohb nme cne tcbdr nftdoms pbrvneb tcb wcohb sofdnh spnfb( ebfomstruftdmi tcb powbr o` tcb nrt dmstdtutdom

tcbjsbhvbs- Ebspdtb tcbsb ebfdsdvb trnmsòrjntdoms( nme to tcb bxtbmt tcnt dt ds nm nasohutdst fomsujjntdom o` tc

òrjnhdst joebh o` joebrmdty( jdmdjnhdsj fomtdmubs to ab n fnmomdfnh rb`brbmfb―to surpnss dt ds nm nreuous tnsl

mot wdtcout obedpdf ovbrtombs- Cnh @ostbr nssbrts tcnt posdtdvdsj nme tcb jdmdjnhdst ebjnme òr hdtbrnhdty ede mot( n

tcb tdjb( rbvbnh tcb hntbmt systbjntdfs wcdfc aotc dts sbrdnhdty nme tcnt o` pop wbrb podmtdmi to―tcnt o` tcb bfomojd

nme syjaohdf orebr o` sbrdnh worl< tcnt o` tcb edftntorscdp o` proeuftdom nme pro`dt( aotc b``bfts –o` ibmbrnhdsbe um

vbrsnh dmeustrdnhdsntdom nme tcb prbtbmsdoms o` djjnmbmfb o` Njbrdfnm fnpdtnh—-> Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn—s worl hnys anrb wdt

knrrdmi fhnrdty tcb rbpbtdtdvb jbfcnmdfs o` hnaour bxphodtntdom nme cujnm suajdssdom òr bfomojdf bmes( tcbrbay `hout

dmi tcb wouhe*ab purdty o` nrt- Cb nhso strbssbs wcnt Anuerdhhnre tbrjbe tcb djpossdadhdty o` worl bsfnpdmi roj tc

pohdtdfnh bfomojy o` tcb jbrfcnmedsb*sdim( nme cb podmts up tcb nrtdst ns n proeufbr o` huxury oakbfts `roj wcdf

nhh frdtdfdsj ds nhwnys nasorabe ay tcb systbj- Vdbrrn—s worl fom`drjs @urbt—s1

stntbjbmt tcnt tcbrb sbbjs to ab mbsfnpb `roj tcb cordzom tcnt ernis us townres tcb stnmenredsntdom o` tcb worhe nme tcb bfomojdf nhdbmntdom o` dm

edvdeunhs-

Vdbrrn stuedbe @dmb Nrts dm Jnerde( wcbrb cb wns nssofdntbe wdtc vnrdous nrt iroups- Wrovdebmtdnh dm cds trndmdmi wns c

jovb to Cnjauri ns n iubst stuebmt nt tcb Cofcsfcuhb ør Adhebmeb Lømstb- Ns cb erbw mbnr to tcb jost nvnmt*inre

nbstcbtdf edsfoursbs( cb nhso abfnjb bmtcrnhhbe wdtc tcb sbrdnhdsbe nrrnmibjbmts o` dmeustrdnh fomtndmbrs wcdhb wnm

ebrdmi nroume tcb cnraour nrbn o` Cnjauri wcbrb cb wns drst bxposbe to tcb pcbmojbmom o` bjdirnmts nme –edsphnfb

òrbdimbrs—-6 Ucb debns o` sbrdnhdsntdom( aorebrs nme edsphnfbjbmt―wcbtcbr pcysdfnh( pohdtdfnh or sofdnh―cnvb abb

prbsbmt dm cds worl bvbr sdmfb( aut tcby abfnjb nffbmtuntbe wcbm cb jovbe to Jbxdfo Fdty dm >442- –D nrrdvbe dm Jbx

dfo wdtc tcb ebvnhuntdom o` tcb pbso< tcbrb wbrb n hot o` pbophb sfroumidmi òr ooe dm ruaadsc adms- Pdohbmfb ibmbrntb

ay tcb `rbb jnrlbt dm Hntdm Njbrdfn ds ns pntbmt ns dt ds edstnmt nme jbedntdsbe dm tcb Buropbnm Fojjumdty-—

Cds owm rooj( om 2> Qbidmn strbbt( abfnjb tcb bpdfbmtrb or tcb bjbribmfb o` fbrtndm worls―sufc ns tcb `drst tnt

toobe hdmb―wcdfc wbrb to ab ebfdsdvb dm tcb wny cds proeuftdom suasbqubmthy bvohvbe- Aut dt wns tcb prbsbmtntdo

o` cds `drst jnss nrrnmibjbmt o` –ahofls— o` rbjumbrntbe pbophb dm Vnhn 9 o` tcb Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo dm >444 tcn

invb cdj dmtbrmntdomnh prokbftdom( hbnedmi to cds pnrtdfdpntdom dm tcb BPN 1777 Adbmmdnh dm Hdjbrdfl nme cds prokbft

òr tcb Lumstwbrlb dm Abrhdm nme W-V-> dm Mbw Torl- Bvbr sdmfb( cb cnsm—t stoppbe jovdmi naout( nme cns bxpnmeb

cds nrtdstdf spcbrb o` nftdom to sbvbrnh fomtdmbmts( audhedmi up nm bxtrnoredmnrdhy fomsdstbmt forpus o` worl( n



tnmtbjbmtb ebsphnzneo( y cn njphdneo su fnjpo eb nffdöm nrtêstdfn n edvbrsos fomtdmbmtbs( fomsohdenmeo um forpus

eb trnanko bxtrnoredmnrdnjbmtb focbrbmtb( tnh fojo joströ bh fntîhoio eb su rbtrospbftdvn bm hn Dlom Inhhbry eb

Adrjdmicnj( bm 1771- Bvnhunmeo hos trnankos rbnhdzneos bm hos ûhtdjos eofb nþos( sb fomstntn hn pbrsdstbmfdn eb

tbjns y hêmbns rbfurrbmtbs eb nftunfdöm qub sb edspbrsnm pnrn rbfombftnrsb bmtrb bhhns y nfnanr rbjdtdbmeo n umn

oasbsdöm ùmenjbmtnh; hn qub ebfomstruyb bh jdmdjnhdsjo ‖fojo hbmiunkb cbibjömdfo‖ nsofdîmeoho n hn jbrfnmfên

y hn jubrtb( fomfbadens njans fojo tnrbns nejdmdstrnens por bh fnpdtnh-

Vdiudbmeo hn bstbhn hdmiøêstdfn ebh jdmdjnhdsjo( Vdbrrn bjpbzö rbnhdznmeo bsfuhturns ibojätrdfns fom jntbrdnhbs

dmeustrdnhbs y kuiö fom hn rbpbtdfdöm joeuhnr- Hns jomujbmtnhbs òrjns eb sus fomtbmbeorbs eb prdmfdpdos eb hos 47(

nsê fojo sus bkbrfdfdos eb fohofnfdöm o ebsphnznjdbmto eb bsns jnsns ibojätrdfns( ùbrom bh dmdfdo eb umn sbrdb eb

«pndsnkbs fuadfneos¼ qub sb trnmsòrjnrom rnedfnhjbmtb funmeo sb trnshneö n vdvdr n Jäxdfo E-@- Hos fuaos bjpb*

znrom n fomòrjnrsb bmtomfbs fom jntbrdnhbs eb ebsbfco y sb dmstnhnrom bm zomns ebh fbmtro cdstördfo eb hn jbtrö*

pohd- Bm niosto eb >444( bm Iuntbjnhn( dmforporö pbrsomns n hns nrqudtbfturns poarbs eb hos fomtbmbeorbs( eb`d*

mdbmeo n hos sbrbs cujnmos fojo jbrfnmfêns anrntns- Hos fomtbmbeorbs sb fomvbrtênm vdsunh y jbtn`ördfnjbmtb bm

ntnûebs y eb`dmênm hn fombxdöm bmtrb hns òrjns ibojätrdfns y sbrdnhdznens ebh jdmdjnhdsjo fom hos sdstbjns eb fdr*

fuhnfdöm eb jbrfnmfêns y fom hn jubrtb-

Bh fomfbpto eb trnshnfdöm sb rbpdtb n jbmueo bm bh trnanko eb Vdbrrn- Hos ebsphnznjdbmtos êsdfos( fojo funmeo cnfbnrrnstrnr ahoqubs eb fbjbmto o jovbr trozos eb subho( vnm sdbjprb fombftneos n nffdombs y n bsùbrzos hnaornhbs-

«Hn edstnmfdn qub jbedn bmtrb bh fnjdöm y bh vbrtbebro bs bh trnanko¼( edfb- Hos ebsphnznjdbmtos eb nutojövdhbs o

eb ebsbfcos dmeustrdnhbs y su rbdmsbrfdöm bm fbmtros eb nrtb fomtnjdmnm y oastruybm bh «wcdtb*fuab¼- Hns tbmsdombs

sb nfbmtûnm funmeo hos bhbjbmtos ebsphnzneos som pbrsomns( fojo bm hn nffdöm ebh mdþo pnineo pnrn hdjpdnr znpn*

tos n hos nsdstbmtbs n umn dmnuiurnfdöm bm Jäxdfo E-@-( bm 1777( o hn dmvdtnfdöm n umn `dbstn eurnmtb hn Adbmnh eb Hn

Cnanmn( bsb jdsjo nþo( eomeb hn bhdtb dmtbrmnfdomnh sb sbmtö soarb fomtbmbeorbs qub bsfomeênm n prostdtutns- Hn

ebsfomtbxtunhdznfdöm y rbuadfnfdöm eb sdimd`dfnmtbs sofdnhjbmtb edstnmtbs( y n vbfbs tnm dmjntbrdnhbs fojo umn fnfb*

rohnen( sdrvbm fojo bstrntbidn b`bftdvn pnrn hn edsfusdöm ebh jnrfo debohöidfo qub hos sbpnrn- Nsê( bm hn oarn Eos

jnrnqubros #Jäxdfo E-@-( 1771$ sbds nhtnvofbs mbiros bm òrjn eb pnrnhbhbpêpbeos idinmtbs fomvbrtênm hn inhbrên bm

fomtbmbeor eb hn rbdtbrntdvn hbtnmên eb sujdsdöm y rbsdimnfdöm eb hos jûsdfos-

Bm su rbpbrtordo òrjnh naumenm hos fofcbs qub( bhbvneos( ebsjomtneos( suspbmedeos o rnyneos( su`rbm hns jdsjns

vbknfdombs qub bh rbsto eb jbrfnmfêns- Hn rnyn bm hn fcnpn eb um nutojövdh bm Fbrebþn #177>$ o bh cbfco eb hbvnmtnr

hos hdjpdnpnrnardsns eb hos fofcbs npnrfneos bm Euahêm eurnmtb um pnrtdeo eb `ûtaoh #177>$ nrtdfuhnm hos kubios rbtö*

rdfos ebh jdmdjnhdsjo fom hn abhhbzn rdtjnen eb nffdombs eb protbstn eb hn bstätdfn fnhhbkbrn- Vdbrrn n`drjn qub hos nf*

tos vnmeîhdfos rbjdtbm n hn vdohbmfdn nfujuhnen por bh trnankneor bm hns sofdbenebs dmeustrdnhbs( nhuebm n hos «bkbrfd*

fdos eb rbfnrin eb sus bmbriêns¼ y som jbtîòrn «eb hn ebsnrtdfuhnfdöm eb hns forrdbmtbs bjnmfdpntordns o tbstdjomdo

eb hn ebrrotn eb hns jdsjns y eb su fomvbrsdöm bm oedo¼-5 Hns oastruffdombs som tnjadäm sdimd`dfntdvns porqub pnrn*

>3



bvdmfbe ay tcb fntnhoiub o` cds rbtrospbftdvb nt tcb Dlom Inhhbry dm Adrjdmicnj dm 1771- Qbvdbwdmi cds worls ovb

tcb hnst twbhvb ybnrs( wcnt stnmes out ds tcb pbrsdstbmfb o` fbrtndm suakbfts―rbfurrdmi hdmbs o` nftdom wcdfc rne

ntb out nme tcbm fommbft anfl up nindm( to bme up podmtdmi to n ansdf oasbssdom―tcnt o` ebfomstruftdmi jdmdjnhdsj

ns tcb cbibjomdf hnmiunib( nssofdntdmi dt wdtc jbrfcnmedsb nme ebntc( aotc rbinrebe ns tnsls to ab nejdmdstbrb

ay fnpdtnh-

@ohhowdmi tcb hdmiudstdf wnlb o` jdmdjnhdsj( Vdbrrn stnrtbe jnldmi ibojbtrdfnh sfuhpturbs usdmi dmeustrdnh jntbrdnh

nme phnydmi wdtc joeuhnr rbpbtdtdom- Ucb jomujbmtnh òrjs o` cds bnrhy*mdmbtdbs fomtndmbrs cbrnhebe tcb stnrt o` n sb

rdbs o` –fuabe hnmesfnpbs—( wcdfc wbrb rnedfnhhy trnmsòrjbe wcbm cb jovbe to Jbxdfo Fdty- Ucb fuabs wbrb tcbm

audht wdtc wnstb jntbrdnhs nme sbt up nt podmts dm tcb cdstordfnh fdty fbmtrb- Dm Nuiust >444( dm Iuntbjnhn( cb dmfor

porntbe pbophb dmto cds howhy fomtndmbr nrfcdtbfturbs( eb`dmdmi tcb cujnm abdmis ns fcbnp jbrfcnmedsb- Ucb fom

tndmbrs wbrb vdsunhhy nme jbtnpcordfnhhy turmbe dmto fo``dms eb`dmdmi tcb fommbftdom abtwbbm tcb sbrdnhdsbe( ibojbt

rdfnh òrjs o` jdmdjnhdsj nme tcb systbjs ay wcdfc aotc jbrfcnmedsb nme ebntc nrb lbpt dm fdrfuhntdom-

Ucb fomfbpt o` edsphnfbjbmt ds o`tbm rbpbntbe dm Vdbrrn—s worl- Wcysdfnh edsphnfbjbmt( ns wcbm cb cns ahofls o` fb

jbmt or pdbfbs o` iroume jovbe( ds nhwnys fommbftbe to hnaour nftdoms nme b`òrt- –Ucb edstnmfb abtwbbm tcb truf

nme tcb ruaadsc eujp ds hnaour—( cb snys- Vcd`tdmi vbcdfhbs or dmeustrdnh wnstb( nme tcbdr rbdmsbrtdom dm nrt fbmtrbs( fomtnjdmntbs nme sodhs tcb –wcdtb fuab—- Ucb tbmsdom rdsbs wcbm wcnt ds edsphnfbe nrb pbophb( ns wcbm n aoy wns pnde

to fhbnm tcb scobs o` nttbmenmts nt nm opbmdmi dm Jbxdfo Fdty dm 1777( or tcb dmvdtntdom to n pnrty nt tcb Cnvnmn A

bmmdnh tcnt snjb ybnr( wcbrb tcb dmtbrmntdomnh bhdtb snt om fomtndmbrs `dhhbe wdtc prostdtutbs- Ebfomtbxtunhdsdmi nme rb

hofntdmi sofdnhhy edstnmt sdimd`dbrs( nt tdjbs ns djjntbrdnh ns n –fnfbrohnen—( provdeb nm b``bftdvb strntbiy or edsfussdm

tcb debohoidfnh `rnjbworl sbpnrntdmi tcbj- Ucus( dm tcb worl( Eos jnrnqubros #Jbxdfo Fdty( 1771$( sdx ahnfl houe

spbnlbrs dm tcb scnpb o` idnmt pnrnhhbhopbes turmbe tcb inhhbry dmto n fomtndmbr o` tcb rbdtbrntdvb hdtnmy o` tcb suajdssdo

nme rbsdimntdom o` tcb jusdfdnms-

Cds òrjnh rbpbrtory tcromis wdtc fnrs( wcdfc nrb edsjnmthbe( suspbmebe or sfrntfcbe( suakbftbe to tcb snjb orebnh

ns nmy otcbr jbrfcnmedsb- Ucb sfrntfcbe fnr aoey dm Vnredmdn #177>$( or tcb rndsbe wdmesfrbbm wdpbrs o` pnrlbe fnr

dm Euahdm eurdmi n òotanhh jntfc #177>$( nrtdfuhntb tcb rcbtordfnh injbs o` jdmdjnhdsj wdtc tcb rcytcjdf abnuty oprotbst nftdoms nme tcbdr strbbt nbstcbtdfs- Vdbrrn cohes tcnt nfts o` vnmenhdsj podmt to tcb pbmt*up vdohbmfb o` tcb

worlbr dm dmeustrdnh sofdbtdbs- Ucby nhhueb to –bxbrfdsbs dm rbfcnridmi bmbriy— nme nrb n jbtnpcor o` –tcb edsjnmthdm

o` bjnmfdpntory furrbmts( or proo` o` tcbdr eb`bnt nme tcbdr turmdmi dmto cntb—-5 Oastruftdoms nrb nhso sdimd`dfnmt ab

fnusb tcby pnrnhysb tcb `how o` jbrfcnmedsb nme hdml up wdtc irnss roots protbst- Ucb strbbt ds tcb fomtbxt òr tcb bx

pnmebe sfuhpturb( nme tcb phnfb wcbrb tcb `how o` trn``df nme worl hbnvbs nftdom pndmtdmi jnrls- Cbrb( dt ds mot tcb

nrtdst—s dmedvdeunh umfomsfdous tcnt hbnvbs dts bjotdomnh bknfuhntdom dm tcb òrj o` fohourbe jnrls or tnmihbs om fhotc

aut tcb sofdnh umfomsfdous tcnt hbnvbs dts sdims om tcb pnvbjbmt( wdtc sprnys( phnstbr( pbtroh( tnr nme otcbr uranm jn



hdznm bh trîmsdto eb hns jbrfnmfêns y fombftnm fom bstrntbidns eb protbstn popuhnr- Hn fnhhb bs bh fomtbxto pnrn hn bs*

fuhturn bxpnmeden y bh huinr eomeb hos `hukos eb hn fdrfuhnfdöm y bh trnanko trnznm jnrfns eb nftdom pndmtdmi- Nquê mo bs

bh dmfomsfdbmtb dmedvdeunh ebh nrtdstn bh qub ebkn sus bynfuhnfdombs bjofdomnhbs bm òrjn eb trnzos o jnrnþns eb fo*

hor soarb hn tbhn( sdmo qub bs bh dmfomsfdbmtb sofdnh bh qub ebkn sus sbþnhbs soarb bh pnvdjbmto fom nbrosohbs( ybso( in*

sohdmn( ns`nhto u otros jntbrdnhbs eb hn vden uranmn frbnmeo fom`diurnfdombs eb bmorjb abhhbzn- Hos subhos( pûahdfos

o eojästdfos( som ibojbtrdzneos( jnrfneos o nrrnmfneos( y pubebm tnjadäm sbr corneneos cnstn fomvbrtdrsb bm prd*

sdombs( ntnûebs o tujans( fojo bm hn nffdöm rbnhdznen `rbmtb nh Wnrhnjbmto eb Cbhsdmld( bm 177>-

Ebseb umn vdsdöm pbsdjdstn( pbro proùmenjbmtb hûfden( Vdbrrn ebfnmtn hn oasohbsfbmfdn y hn fneufdene `êsdfn eb su

trnanko cnfdn hn bmtropên- Nhiumns eb sus oarns pubebm hbbrsb bm rbhnfdöm n hn snhden ebh ûtbro jntbrmo( qub supomb bh

prdjbr pnso cnfdn hn dmedvdeunfdöm y( por tnmto( cnfdn hn jubrtb- Vu cnadtnfdöm bm hn fnhhb Qbidmn 2> nftuö fojo um hn*

aorntordo eb oarns umenjbmtnhbs( fojo hn ebh fofcb bhbvneo 07 fj( eomeb hns fubrens nftunanm fojo bhbjbmto sdm*

tîftdfo eb umdöm( fojo foreöm ujadhdfnh qub fombftnan bh dmtbrdor y bh bxtbrdor( ho prdvneo y ho pûahdfo( hn jbrfnmfên y

hn djposdadhdene eb npropdnrsb eb bhhn- Hn debn ebh roao y hn rbtbmfdöm bstîm juy prbsbmtbs bm bsn pdbzn qub jufcos

pnsbnmtbs dmtbrprbtnanm fojo um bkbrfdfdo eb protbffdöm eb hn propdbene- Unjadäm fom fubrens suspbmedö snfos eb

vbreurns n hn bmtrnen ebh jbtro( fohiö nreos o homns bm nfcnens eb bed`dfdos( o dmjovdhdzö n umn pbrsomn bm um funrto

eb um fbmtro eb nrtb #Anrfbhomn( 177>$( jostrnmeo hns ebpbmebmfdns `êsdfns( psdfohöidfns( bfomöjdfns y pohêtdfns ebh

fubrpo bm rbhnfdöm n hos fomtbxtos dmstdtufdomnhbs( n hns fomvbmfdombs sofdnhbs y( por tnmto( n hn Hby ebh Wnerb-

Bs hn Hby ebh Wnerb hn qub ebtbrjdmn qub bh fubrpo cujnmo sbn um fnjpo eomeb antnhhnm hos djpuhsos adohöidfos y

hns debohoiêns eb fomtroh( eomeb bh trnanko nftûn fojo tbfmohoiên eb fnstdio y hn rbjumbrnfdöm sb fomvdbrtb bm dmstru*

jbmto pnrn fnmfbhnr hn propdn fnpnfdene eb ebfdsdöm- Uoeos bstos bhbjbmtos bstîm prbsbmtbs bm hn oarn Hêmbn eb 67

fj tntunen soarb umn pbrsomn rbjumbrnen( rbnhdznen bm Qbidmn 2>( bm jnrzo eb >443- Hn bspnhen eb um cojarb ùb

utdhdznen fojo pîidmn bm ahnmfo( fojo soportb jövdh y edspbrso eb hn eoahb sujdsdöm( bfomöjdfn y bstätdfn( n hos oa*

kbtdvos eb um «njo¼- «Dmtbhbftunhjbmtb( snaên qub tbmên qub fomtdmunr fom bstn debn( pbro pnsä um nþo bmtbro sdm cn*

fbr mnen jîs fom ibmtb porqub bstnan nsustneo fom bh potbmfdnh¼( edfb Vdbrrn- Bh tntunkb rbjdtb tnjadäm n fdfntrdfbs

y cbrdens eb iubrrn( y bm otrns nffdombs eb dmsfrdpfdöm forpornh sdiudö nsofdnmeo hn bstätdfn jdmdjnhdstn fom hns òr*

jns jîs naybftns eb sojbtdjdbmto cujnmo qub hn rbjumbrnfdöm( fojo bstdhbjn y jntrdz bsfuhtördfn( rbn`drjnan- Bm

Adrjdmicnj( bm 1771( pniö n um dmedibmtb por ebfdr hn `rnsb «Jd pnrtdfdpnfdöm bm bstb proybfto pubeb ibmbrnr umos

abmb`dfdos eb 91-777 %- To bstoy foarnmeo 2 £¼ y joströ( sdm bhdpsds( hn proirbsdöm eb hn phusvnhên bm bh sdstbjn eb vn*

hdenfdöm eb hn oarn eb nrtb- Nh pombr bh nfbmto bm bh fnrîftbr jbrfnmtdh( fubstdomnan bh nurn ebh nrtb fojo dmstdtufdöm

jornh- Bh propdo nrtdstn npnrbfên mo fojo um prbstdedidtneor qub trnsfdbmeb hns jdsbrdns ebh sdstbjn sdmo fojo um «vbr*

euio¼2 edrbftnjbmtb djphdfneo bm äh-

Bh fubrpo qub su`rb bh fnstdio ebh trnanko sb nsofdn fom hos profbsos proeuftdvos qub fomhhbvnm frbnfdöm eb fnhor( ebs*

instb y ebsnpnrdfdöm( b dmfhuso hn jnsturanfdöm sb fomfdab fojo um joeo hnaornh jîs- Bm Fuan( bm 1771( Vdbrrn pniö n

17



tbrdnhs( sbttdmi up fom`diurntdoms o` irbnt abnuty- Wuahdf or cojb `hoors abfojb ibojbtrdsbe( sforbe or rdppbe up

nme tcby fnm nhso ab aorbe dmto prdsoms( fo``dms or tojas( ns dm tcb nftdom dm `romt o` tcb pnrhdnjbmt audhedmi dm Cbhsdml

dm 177>-

@roj n pbssdjdstdf aut proòumehy hufde vdbwpodmt( Vdbrrn tdhts tcb oasohbsfbmfb nme pcysdfnh bxpdry o` cds proeuf

tdom townres bmtcropy- Vojb o` cds worls fnm ab rbne dm fommbftdom wdtc bjbridmi `roj tcb jntbrmnh woja( tcb `drs

stbp townres dmedvdeuntdom nme( tcbrbòrb( ebntc- Cds cojb nt 2> Qbidmn strbbt nftbe ns tcb hnaorntory òr sufc ùm

enjbmtnh worls ns tcb fnr rndsbe 07 fj( wcbrb tcb ropbs nftbe ns n syjaohdf bhbjbmt o` umdom( hdlb nm ujadhdfnh for

fommbftdmi dmtbrdor nme bxtbrdor( prdvntb nme puahdf( jbrfcnmedsb nme tcb ùtdhdty o` trydmi to possbss dt- Ucb debn o

tcb`t nme rbtbmtdom jnlb tcbdr prbsbmfb `bht dm tcds worl( wcdfc jnmy pnssbrs*ay tool to ab nm bxbrfdsb dm protbftdmi

propbrty- Cb nhso cumi snfls o` vbibtnahbs nt tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb umebriroume( suspbmebe aumehbs or fnmvnsbs roj

audhedmi `nfnebs( nme djjoadhdsbe n pbrsom dm nm nrt fbmtrb #Anrfbhomn( 177>$( scowdmi tcb pcysdfnh( psyfcohoidfn

bfomojdf nme pohdtdfnh ebpbmebmfb o` tcb aoey om dmstdtutdomnh fomtbxts( om sofdnh fomvbmtdoms nme( tcbrbòrb( om tc

Hnw o` tcb @ntcbr-

Dt ds tcb Hnw o` tcb @ntcbr wcdfc ebtbrjdmbs tcnt tcb cujnm aoey scouhe ab n `dbhe wcbrb adohoidfnh uribs nme deb

ohoidbs o` fomtroh struiihb( wcbrb worl nfts ns n tbfcmohoiy o` pumdscjbmt( nme rbjumbrntdom abfojbs nm dmstrujbmt tcnt fnmfbhs out omb—s vbry ebfdsdom*jnldmi fnpnadhdty- Nhh tcbsb bhbjbmts nrb prbsbmt dm tcb worl( Hdmb o` 6

fj tnttoobe om n rbjumbrntbe pbrsom( proeufbe nt 2> Qbidmn strbbt dm Jnrfc >443- N jnm—s anfl wns usbe ns n ahnm

pnib( ns tcb ed`ùsb( joadhb support òr two*òhe suajdssdom―bfomojdf nme nbstcbtdf―to sojb jnstbr—s oakbftdvb

–Dmtbhhbftunhhy( D lmbw D cne to fomtdmub wdtc tcds debn( aut D spbmt n wcohb ybnr wdtcout usdmi pbophb òr nmytcdmi ab

fnusb D wns `rdictbmbe ay tcb potbmtdnh—( snys Vdbrrn- Unttoos nhso nhhueb to sfnrs nme wnr woumes nme( dm otcbr nf

tdoms wdtc aoey dmsfrdptdoms( cb fomtdmube to nssofdntb jdmdjnhdst nbstcbtdfs wdtc tcb jost nakbft orjs o` cujnm sua

kuintdom( umebrsforbe ay rbjumbrntdom ns n styhbjb nme sfuhpturnh jntrdx- Dm Adrjdmicnj( dm 1771( cb pnde n abiin

to sny tcb sbmtbmfb; –Jy pnrtdfdpntdom dm tcds prokbft fouhe ibmbrntb %91(777 pro`dt- D nj pnde £2—- Nme cb wbmt om t

rbvbnh tcb proirbssdom o` surphus vnhub dm tcb systbj o` nrtworl vnhuntdom( fnhhdmi dmto qubstdom tcb nurn o` nrt ns n

jornh dmstdtutdom ay strbssdmi dts jbrfnmtdhb mnturb- Ucb nrtdst cdjsbh` bjbribe( mot ns n jnidfdnm tcnt trnmsfbmes tc

wrbtfcbembss o` tcb systbj( aut ns nm –bxbfutdombr—2 edrbfthy dmvohvbe dm dt-

Ucb aoey( fomebjmbe to worl( ds nssofdntbe wdtc proeuftdom profbssbs( wcdfc dmvohvb ibmbrntdmi cbnt( nttrdtdom nm

ebjdsb- Bvbm jnsturantdom ds fomfbdvbe o` ns n òrj o` hnaour; dm Fuan( dm 1771( Vdbrrn pnde tbm aoys to jnsturantb

sbpnrntbhy dm `romt o` tcb fnjbrn- Om otcbr offnsdoms cb cns usbe pohyurbtcnmb ns n suastdtutb òr sbjbm( nme cn

dsohntbe òoe rbjndms to cnrmbss tcbdr putrb`nftdom( nssdjdhntdmi aoey nme dmeustrdnh profbssbs o` fojaustdom- Dm om

nftdom fnrrdbe out dm Huffn( dm 1771( cb scowbe cow edsphnfbe( Bnstbrm Buropbnm wojbm( rbhofntbe dm tcb irowdmi

sbrvdfb sbftor o` prostdtutdom( wbrb tcb rbfdpdbmts o` n hdadedmnh( bfomojdf proeuftdom wcosb oasohbsfbmfb wn



edbz jufcnfcos por jnsturanrsb dmedvdeunhjbmtb `rbmtb n umn fîjnrn- Bm otrns ofnsdombs cn utdhdzneo bh pohdurbtnmo

fojo sustdtuto ebh sbjbm o cn ndshneo nhdjbmtos ebsbfcneos pnrn nprovbfcnr su putrb`nffdöm( nsdjdhnmeo hos profb*

sos forpornhbs b dmeustrdnhbs eb fojaustdöm- Bm umn nffdöm rbnhdznen bm Huffn( bm 1771( jostrnan föjo jukbrbs ebs*

phnznens eb pnêsbs ebh Bstb y rbuadfnens bm hn frbfdbmtb bfomojên eb sbrvdfdo qub bs hn prostdtufdöm( rbfoiênm umn pro*

euffdöm hdadedmnh y bfomöjdfn eb fuyn oasohbsfbmfdn ebknanm jbjordn hos rbstos eb pohdurbtnmo fojo jbtîòrns eb hn

päreden y bh nanmeomo( bxtbmsdahbs tnjadäm n hn ebfnebmfdn eb hns utopêns prohbtnrdns bm sus propdos pnêsbs eb ordibm-

Vdiudbmeo umn eb hns bstrntbidns fhîsdfns ebh fomfbptunh( Vdbrrn usn bh hbmiunkb fojo bxpombmtb eb hn debohoiên( y

cn utdhdzneo homns fom dmsfrdpfdombs bm edvbrsos fomtbxtos uranmos y pndsnkêstdfos- Ebseb hn homn tnutohöidfn dmstnhn*

en bm um bed`dfdo eb Mubvn Torl( bm >449( n hn idinmtbsfn anmebrn njbrdfnmn suspbmeden bm um bed`dfdo eb Fnhd

#Fohojadn$( bm 1771( cn cnadeo otrns homns fojo hn sostbmden por dmjdirnmtbs turfos n hn bmtrnen eb hn @brdn eb Nrtb

eb Ansdhbn #177>$ fom hn dmsfrdpfdöm «Dmhåmebr Qnuss¼ ‖qub sdimd`dfn «pbrsomns ordidmnrdns eb bstb huinr( ùbrn¼‖ y

rbdmstnhnen postbrdorjbmtb bm umn phnyn turêstdfn eb Jnhhorfn #177>$( eomeb ebspbrtö hn dmedimnfdöm eb hn fojumdene

nhbjnmn rbsdebmtb bm hn zomn- Bstns `rnsbs jubstrnm bh poebr ebh hbmiunkb pnrn nftdvnr hos fomtrnstbs debohöidfos y

pohnrdznr hns fnrins pohêtdfo*sbjîmtdfns eb hos huinrbs- Hns pbrsomns cnm sdeo portneorns eb fnrtbhbs qub bvdebmfdnm

hns fomedfdombs eb bxphotnfdöm hnaornh eb sus huinrbs eb cnadtnfdöm( fojo bm Wusnm( Forbn( bm 1777- Bstos nftorbs(

sbnm bstuednmtbs forbnmos( dmedns totzdhbs o ebsbjphbneos ufrnmdnmos( som tnjadäm oakbtos fohomdzneos y utdhdzneos

pnrn rbpbtdr `rnsbs o bsfufcnr cdstordns qub pombm bm bvdebmfdn su bxfhusdöm eb îjadtos eb snabr y eb poebr-

Wnrn eofujbmtnr sus nffdombs Vdbrrn utdhdzn hn òtoirn`ên y bh vêebo( sdjuhtnmbnmeo su ùmfdöm eofujbmtnh fom su

potbmfdnh pnrn hn rbjnrfnfdöm y bh sdjuhnfro- Numqub tojn hns djîibmbs bm fohor( funmeo hns prbsbmtn pûahdfnjbm*

tb fojo «oarns¼ ho cnfb vdrîmeohns nh ahnmfo y mbiro «pnrn pnrbfbr um nrtdstn eb hos 97¼ y pnrn rbsohvbr( n trnväs eb

bstn proeuffdöm «oakbtunh¼( bh nspbfto eb su propdn supbrvdvbmfdn bfomöjdfn- Bstns òtoirn`êns vnm nfojpnþnens

eb tbxtos qub ebsfrdabm eb umn òrjn sdmtätdfn y eofujbmtnh( hns nffdombs qub rbnhdzn- Bm bhhns( bh hujpbm postdm*

eustrdnh( hos dmjdirnmtbs( pnrneos y otros suanhtbrmos eb hns sofdbenebs cbibjömdfns sb fomvdbrtbm bm «rbney*jnebs

pbròrjntdvos¼ fom hos qub fomòrjn «cdstordns sdtunens¼ qub njphênm hn mofdöm fhîsdfn eb dmtbrvbmfdöm bspbfê`dfn-

Fombftnr hns fnrins sbjîmtdfns qub sus nftorbs pbrsomd`dfnm fom hns fomedfdombs sofdo*bfomöjdfns eb hn zomn ibo*

pohêtdfn eomeb sb proeufbm bs umn òrjn b`bftdvn eb bmhnznr ho pbrsomnh y ho pohêtdfo( ho hofnh y ho ihoanh- Eb cbfco(

Vdbrrn nftûn bm hns zomns eb sojarn qub umn vdsdöm dhustrnen qubrrên ofuhtnr( y hns rudmns y ebscbfcos dmeustrdnhbs( bh

fofcb ebstrozneo( hn vdvdbmen propdn ebsjnmtbhnen( hos fubrpos bmfbrrneos( pnrnhdzneos( jnrfneos--- jnmtdbmbm hn

nhbrtn y fubstdomnm hn dhusdöm joebrmn eb qub hn diunhene y hn `bhdfdene som posdahbs-

Mnen mos jnmtdbmb jîs ebspdbrtos fojo pbmsnr eb fomtdmuo bm hn jubrtb( ebfên Huds Auþubh- Hn cdpbrproeuffdöm eb

Vdbrrn bm hos ûhtdjos nþos y su dmsojmdo frbntdvo enm orjn n umn sbrdb rbfurrbmtb eb oasbsdombs- «Cny pdbzns qub sn*

hbm n aoraotombs cnstn qub bmfubmtrnm su huinr¼ edfb( y( eb cbfco( su oarn sb joed`dfn irnfdns nh ebsphnznjdbmto y hn

rbdtbrnfdöm( nþnedbmeo sustnmtdvns ed`brbmfdns n fnen rbpbtdfdöm- Bm hos proybftos rbnhdzneos bm bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn

11



rbforebe dm pohyurbtcnmb rbjndms( jbtnpcors o` hoss nme nanmeomjbmt wcdfc fouhe nhso ab npphdbe to tcb ebfnebmf

o` prohbtnrdnm utopdns dm tcbdr owm foumtrdbs o` ordidm-

Dm n fhnssdfnh fomfbptunh nrt strntbiy( Vdbrrn usbs hnmiunib ns nm bxpombmt o` debohoiy( ns om tnrpnuhdms wdtc dm

sfrdptdoms ebphoybe dm vnrdous uranm nme sfbmdf sbttdmis- @roj tcb tnutohoidfnh fnmvns dmstnhhbe dm n audhedmi dm Mbw

Torl( dm >449( to tcb idnmt tnrpnuhdm abnrdmi tcb Njbrdfnm `hni( cumi `roj n audhedmi dm Fnhd #Fohojadn$ dm 1771( cds

anmmbrs cnvb dmfhuebe omb cbhe up ay Uurldsc djjdirnmts nt tcb Anshb Nrt @ndr #177>$ abnrdmi tcb dmsfrdptdom –Dmhåm

ebr Qnuss—―Mntdvbs( Out―wcdfc wns suasbqubmthy rbhofntbe nt n tourdst abnfc dm Jnkorfn #177>$( to tcb dmedimn

tdom o` tcb Ibrjnm fojjumdty rbsdebmt tcbrb- Vufc pcrnsbs scow tcb powbr o` hnmiunib to trdiibr debohoidfnh fom

trnsts nme to pohnrdsb hofnh pohdtdfo*sbjnmtdf fcnribs- Wbophb cnvb cbhe nho`t tcb anmmbrs ebmoumfdmi hnaou

bxphodtntdom dm tcbdr phnfbs o` rbsdebmfb( ns dm Wusnm( Lorbn( dm 1777- Ycbtcbr Lorbnm stuebmts( Uzotzdh Dmednms or um

bjphoybe Rlrndmdnms( tcbsb nftors nrb fohomdsbe oakbfts usbe to rbpbnt pcrnsbs or hdstbm to stordbs tcnt cdichdict tcb

bxfhusdom `roj spcbrbs o` hbnrmdmi nme powbr-

Vdbrrn eofujbmts cds nftdoms dm pcotoirnpcy nme om vdebo( bxphodtdmi tcbdr pnrnhhbh potbmtdnhs òr rbforedmi( umebr

sfordmi nme sdjuhntdmi- Nhtcouic cb tnlbs fohour pdfturbs wcbm puahdfhy prbsbmtdmi tcbj ns –worls—( cb turms tcbj

to ahnfl*nme*wcdtb –to rbsbjahb n sbvbmtdbs nrtdst— nme( tcrouic tcds –oakbftunh— proeuftdom( to tnlb fnrb o` cds owbfomojdf survdvnh- Ucbsb pcotoirnpcs nrb fnptdombe wdtc sujjnrdsbe ebsfrdptdoms o` cds nftdoms- Dm tcbj( tcb post

dmeustrdnh hujpbm( djjdirnmts( tcb umbjphoybe nme otcbr suaoredmntbs o` cbibjomdf sofdbty abfojb –pbròrjntdvb

rbney*jnebs— tcnt scnpb –sdtuntbe stordbs—( bxtbmedmi tcb fhnssdfnh debn o` sdtb spbfd`dfdty- Fommbftdmi tcb sbjnmtdf

fcnribs pbrsomd`dbe ay cds nftors to tcb sofdo*bfomojdf fomedtdoms o` tcb ibopohdtdfnh zomb wcbrb tcby nft ds nm b`

`bftdvb wny o` hdmldmi tcb pbrsomnh to tcb pohdtdfnh( tcb hofnh to tcb ihoanh- Dm `nft( Vdbrrn jovbs dm twdhdict zombs wcdf

bmhdictbmbe jdmes jdict wnmt to fomfbnh- Qudms nme dmeustrdnh wnstb( sjnscbe fnrs( arolbm eowm cojbs( aoedb

fom`dmbe( pnrnhysbe( sforbe… sustndm tcb stntb o` nhbrt nme qubstdom tcb joebrm dhhusdom tcnt bqunhdty nme cnppdmbss

nrb possdahb-

–Motcdmi lbbps us jorb nwnlb tcnm fomtdmuoushy tcdmldmi naout ebntc—( snys Huds Auþubh- Vdbrrn—s cypbrproeuftdom nm

cds frbntdvb dmsojmdn o` tcb hnst `bw ybnrs hbme òrj to n rbfurrdmi sbrdbs o` oasbssdoms; –Ucbrb nrb pdbfbs tcnt iusout( umtdh tcby `dmnhhy `dme tcbdr phnfb—( cb snys( nme( dmebbe( cds worl ds joed`dbe ay edsphnfbjbmt nme rbdtbrntdom( wdt

suastnmtdnh ed``brbmfbs nffrudmi to bnfc rbpbtdtdom- Vojb ùmenjbmtnh hdmbs o` cds pobtdfs fomvbrib dm cds prokbfts n

tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom dm Pbmdfb―oastruftdom( hdmiudstdf provofntdom nme tcb rb`hbftdom om worl ns pumdscjbmt-

Ynhh bmfhosdmi n spnfb podmts to tcb tbfcmohoidbs o` jbedntdom nme rbstrdftbe nffbss posbe ay aorebrs nme ay hdj

dts( wcbtcbr vdsdahb or dmvdsdahb( wcdfc phnfb pbophb dm ed``brbmt iboirnpcdfnh( sofdnh or debohoidfnh tbrrdtordbs- Ucb wn

pohnrdsbs tcb Adbmmdnh spbftntors om bdtcbr sdeb o` n cypotcbtdfnh stnib- Cbrb( tcb nrrnmibjbmts nrb mot joeuhnr( au



bm Pbmbfdn fom`huybm hêmbns ùmenjbmtnhbs eb su poätdfn; hn oastruffdöm( hn provofnfdöm hdmiøêstdfn y hn rb`hbxdöm so*

arb bh trnanko fojo fnstdio-

Juro fbrrnmeo um bspnfdo rbjdtb n hns tbfmohoiêns eb dmtbrjbednfdöm y eb rbstrdffdöm ebh nffbso rbprbsbmtnens por

hns `romtbrns y por hos hêjdtbs( vdsdahbs b dmvdsdahbs( qub sdtûnm n hns pbrsomns bm ed`brbmtbs tbrrdtordos iboirî`dfos(

sofdnhbs o debohöidfos- Bh juro pohnrdzn n hos bspbftneorbs eb hn Adbmnh n njaos hneos eb um bsfbmnrdo cdpotätdfo-

Hns orebmnfdombs mo som nquê joeuhnrbs( pbro sdiubm òrjnhdznmeo tbmsdombs `êsdfns y pohêtdfns qub rbjdtbm n bsbbxtrnþo tbrrdtordo eb fduenebs y pnêsbs ahdmeneos qub eb`dmb hns bxfhusdombs fomtbjporîmbns- N ed`brbmfdn ebh bxds*

tbmfdnhdstn y nasureo «juro eb hn mnen¼ eb Abflbtt( Vdbrrn fomstruyb juros qub jubstrnm qub( n pbsnr eb hns npn*

rdbmfdns( hns `romtbrns mo sb cnm naohdeo sdmo qub sb cnm fomsohdeneo- Bm bh dmtbrdor ebh Wnabhhöm hn pubstn bm bsfb*

mn eb hos rbstos ebh trnanko eb fomstruffdöm ebh juro( bh ebsorebm y bh nanmeomo sb propombm fojo um bkbrfdfdo eb

ebsmuenjdbmto eb ho rbnh( y rbjdtbm n otros rbstos y otrns zomns eb pbmujarn-

Wnhnarn tnpnen bs umn sbmfdhhn bsfuhturn rbnhdznen fom jntbrdnhbs poarbs- Nquê Vdbrrn nftûn por ojdsdöm- Unpnmeo hn

pnhnarn «Bspnþn¼( suspbmeb jojbmtîmbnjbmtb sus jûhtdphbs sdimd`dfnfdombs cdstördfns y sdjaöhdfns- Wrb`diurn nsê

umn fomtrovbrtden bjbribmfdn eb rbnffdombs sbmtdjbmtnhbs( hbfturns debohöidfns y bvnhunfdombs bstätdfns-

Hn nffdöm Jukbr fom fnpdrotb sbmtnen eb fnrn n hn pnrbe sb rbnhdzö bm bh fomtbxto `êsdfo ebh dmtbrdor ebh Wnabhhöm eb Bs*pnþn( sdm prbsbmfdn eb pûahdfo( bh > eb jnyo eb 1776- Brn umn kormnen `bstdvn por hn fomjbjornfdöm ebh eên dmtbrmn*

fdomnh ebh trnanko- Eurnmtb umn corn( umn jukbr pbrjnmbfdö sbmtnen( dmjövdh y bm sdhbmfdo( fom um fnpdrotb mbiro bm hn

fnabzn- Hn oarn( qub bh nrtdstn eofujbmtö òtoirî`dfn y vdeboirî`dfnjbmtb( dmsdstên bm bh trnanko fojo tbfmohoiên eb

eojdmnfdöm y fojo fnstdio( ebknmeo fomstnmfdn eb hn vdohbmfdn eb hos profbsos edsfdphdmnrdos y ebh poebr oakbtunhdzn*

eor ebh edmbro- Hns fombxdombs dfomoirî`dfns fom oarns eb Ioyn( fom hns torturns eb hn Dmqudsdfdöm o hn nsofdnfdöm fom

hos fnstdios bsfohnrbs sb fomkumtnm fom hn dmfhusdöm eb bstn nffdöm bm su propdo fnjpo eb rb`brbmfdns bstätdfns b dfo*

mohöidfns- Vdbrrn prbsbmtn mubvnjbmtb n umn pbrsomn sdjaöhdfnjbmtb sukbtn nh sdstbjn edsfdphdmnrdo ebh Wnerb y ebh

Fnpdtnh- Bm oarns rbfdbmtbjbmtb rbnhdznens bm hn inhbrên Hdssom eb Homerbs o bm hn Lumstcnhhb eb Pdbmn hos ahoqubs eb

bspnhens cujnmns rbjdtênm tnjadäm n juros y n hn debn ebh fnstdio- Hn bspnhen eb bstn jukbr sohdtnrdn pnrbfên fnrinr

fom bh pbso eb umn hnrin cdstordn- Rmn vbz `dmnhdzneo su trnanko( ebspuäs eb hbvnmtnrsb ebh nsdbmto y rbfoibr su rbju*

mbrnfdöm( bsn jukbr mos rbforenan( fom dmed`brbmfdn( qub pnrn bhhn äsb brn «um `dmnh eb kormnen fojo funhqudbr otro¼-

MOUNV;

>- Cnh @ostbr( Bh rbtormo eb ho rbnh- Hn vnmiunredn n `dmnhbs eb sdiho - Bedfdombs Nlnh( Jnerde( 177>-

1- @rnméods @urbt y Brmst Mohtb( @nsfdsjo y fojumdsjo- Nhdnmzn Bedtordnh( Jnerde( >444- pîi- >17-

6- Uoeos hos bmtrbfojdhhneos qub npnrbfbm sdm fdtnfdöm bspbfê`dfn forrbspomebm n `rnsbs ebh nrtdstn-

5- Undynmn Wdjbmtbh( Cnfdn umn bstätdfn rbjumbrnen- Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm( [urdfc( 177>-

2- Wdhnr Pdhhbhn( Bh au`öm y bh vbreuio #Bmsnyo dmäedto$-

15



fomtdmub to òrjnhdsb pcysdfnh nme pohdtdfnh tbmsdoms bvofntdvb o` tcnt strnmib tbrrdtory o` sbnhbe fdtdbs nme foumtrdbs

eb`dmbe ay fomtbjpornry bxfhusdoms- Rmhdlb Abflbtt—s nasure bxdstbmtdnhdst –wnhh o` motcdmi—( Vdbrrn audhes wnhhs tcn

scow cow( ebspdtb nppbnrnmfbs( `romtdbrs cnvb mot abbm naohdscbe aut rbdmòrfbe- Dmsdeb tcb pnvdhdom( ay stnidmi tc

rbjndms o` fomstruftdom worl om tcb wnhh( edsorebr nme nanmeomjbmt( cb proposbs nm bxbrfdsb dm ebmuedmi rbnhdt

nme rb`brs to otcbr rbjndms nme otcbr twdhdict zombs-

Fovbrbe wore ds n sdjphb sfuhpturb jneb o` poor jntbrdnhs- Cbrb( Vdbrrn nfts ay ojdssdom- Ay fovbrdmi tcb wore –Bs

pnþn—( cb jojbmtnrdhy trumfntbs dts juhtdphb cdstordfnh nme syjaohdf fommotntdoms( tcus prb`diurdmi n fomtrovbrsdn

bjbribmfb o` sbmtdjbmtnh rbnftdoms( debohoidfnh dmtbrprbtntdoms nme nbstcbtdf nssbssjbmts-

Ucb nftdom( Cooebe wojnm sbntbe `nfdmi tcb wnhh tool phnfb dm tcb pcysdfnh hofntdom o` tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom dmtbrdo

wdtc mo nuedbmfb( om > Jny 1776- Dt wns n anml cohdeny( abdmi Dmtbrmntdomnh Hnaour Eny- @or nm cour( n wojnm wbn

dmi n ahnfl cooe rbjndmbe sbntbe( stdhh nme dm sdhbmfb- Ucds worl( wcdfc tcb nrtdst eofujbmtbe dm pcotoirnpcs nme o

vdebo( ewbht om tcb debn o` hnaour ns n tbfcmohoiy o` eojdmntdom nme pumdscjbmt( abnrdmi wdtmbss to tcb vdohbmfb o

edsfdphdmnry profbssbs nme tcb oakbftunhdsdmi powbr o` jomby- Ucb dfomoirnpcdf fommbftdoms wdtc Ioyn—s worls eb

pdftdmi torturb ay tcb Dmqudsdtdom( ns wbhh ns sfcooh pumdscjbmts( fomkodm dm tcds nftdom wdtc dts dmcbrbmt dbhe o` nbstcbtd

nme dfomohoidfnh rb`brbmfbs- Cbrb( too( Vdbrrn prbsbmts n pbrsom syjaohdfnhhy suakbftbe ay tcb edsfdphdmnry systbj otcb @ntcbr nme Fnpdtnh- Dm rbfbmt worls nt tcb Hdssom Inhhbry dm Homeom( nme tcb Lumstcnhhb dm Pdbmmn( tcb ahofls o` cu

jnm anfls nhso fnhhbe to jdme wnhhs( nme tcb debn o` pumdscjbmt- Ucb scouhebrs o` tcds sohdtnry wojnm wbrb sbbjdmi

abmt umebr tcb aurebm o` n homi story- Omfb tcb nftdom wns ovbr nme n`tbr ibttdmi up `roj tcb sbnt nme abdmi pnde ò

cbr worl( tcb wojnm rbjdmebe us dmed``brbmthy tcnt( òr cbr( dt jnrlbe –tcb bme o` kust nmotcbr worldmi eny—-

MOUBV;

>- Cnh @ostbr( Bh rbtormo eb ho rbnh- Hn vnmiunredn n `dmnhbs eb sdiho- Bedfdombs Nlnh( Jnerde( 177>- #Cnh @ostbr( Ucb Qbturm o` tcb Qbnh; tcb Nvnmt*Inreb nt tc

Bme o` tcb Fbmtury- Jnssnfcusbtts Dmstdtut o` Ubfcmohoiy( >440-$

1- @rnméods @urbt y Brmst Mohtb( @nsfdsjo y fojumdsjo- Nhdnmzn Bedtordnh( Jnerde( >444- pîi- >17- #@rnméods @urbt & Brmst Mohtb( @nsfdsj nme Fojjumdsj

Rmdvbrsdty o` Mbarnsln Wrbss( 1771- p- >17-$

6- Nhh quotbs wdtcout spbfd`df nttrdautdom nrb tcosb o` tcb nrtdst-5- Undynmn Wdjbmtbh( Cnfdn umn bstätdfn rbjumbrnen- Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm( [urdfc( 177>-

2- Wdhnr Pdhhbhn( Bh au`öm y bh vbreuio #Rmpuahdscbe bssny$-



10



pndsnKbs fRadfneos / fomtbmbeorbs / ebsphnznJdbmtos / fofcbs / oastrRffdombs / sRbhos / nffdombs Rranmns / rbidmn 2> / fRbrens / fRbrpo / homns / hbmiRnKb y fnstdio //fRabe hnmesfnpbs / fomtndmbrs / edsphnfbJbmts / fnrs / oastrRftdoms / @hoors / Rranm dmtbrvbmtdoms / rbidmn 2> / ropbs / aoey / tnrpnRhdms / hnmiRnib nme pRmdscJbmt



13

fomtbmbeor fÛadfot- cju( nj- >447

fRadf fomtndmbrYl- cju( ij- >447

fomtbmbeor fÛadfo eb 177 fJ eb hneoiê Î rj- J( b- Ku >447

fRadf fomtndmbr bnfc sdeb JbnsRrdmi 177 S 177 fJiê Î rj- J( s- Ku >447

5 fomtbmbeorbs fÛadfos eb 127 fJ eb hneod s- p- høl( nj- @ >44>

5 fRadf fomtndmbrs JbnsRrdmi 127 S 127 S 127 fJs- p— fu- høl( ij- @u >44>

bKbrfdfdo eb fohofnfdm pnrn 5 fomtbmbeorbs fÛadfosL`u h- cju( nj- J >44>

posdtdomdmi bSbrfdsb o@ 5 fRadf fomtndmbrsL`u h- cju( ij- J >44>



>2 cbSnberos eb 127 fJ eb hneo fnen Rmof i- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- mj >440

Wnrn rbnhdznr bstn pdbzn sb tuvo qub fomvbmfbr n hns nutordenebs ebh edstrdto( pbro sdm rbvbhnrhbs hn totnhdene eb jds dmtbmfdombs- Vb bstnahbfdö umn fohnaornfdöfom um jusbo eb hn fduene( pnrn fom`brdrjb umn jnyor frbedadhdene `rbmtb n hns nutordenebs- Nfbptneo bh proybfto( sb fnjadö su bjphnznjdbmto y `bfcns eb rbnhdznfdöm bm dmmujbrnahbs ofnsdombs- Bh proahbjn ùmenjbmtnh ho fomstdtuên bh cbfco eb qub( bm hn prîftdfn( bh fomtroh eb hos bspnfdos pûahdfos bstî fbedeo poebrosns nsofdnfdombs eb vbmebeorbs njauhnmtbs fom hns qub hns nutordenebs mo qubrênm bmtrnr bm fom`hdfto- Mo puedbmeo ebfdrjb bsto edrbftnjbmtb( söhebspuäs eb jbsbs nfbptnrom nforenr umn bmtrbvdstn fom hn hêebr eb hn nsofdnfdöm jîs djportnmtb- Vdm bjanrio( mo pueo hhbinrsb n um nfubreo fom bhhn por bhbvneo eb sus bxdibmfdns bfomöjdfns- Mo oastnmtb( b dimoro n trnväs eb quä fomeufto( `dmnhjbmtb sb jb fojumdfö hn posdadhdene eb trnanknr bm hn fnhhb Inmtumn vên pbntomnh ebh fbmtro cdstördfo( ofupnen por fojbrfdos eb ropn y anrbs mofturmos-Rmn vbz dmstnhnen hn pdbzn( y fojo brn eb prbvbr( hns pbrsomns qub eubrjbm n hn dmtbjpbrdb bm nqubhhn zomn ofupnrom hos fuaos fojo rbùido- Jbmos prbvdsdahùb hn utdhdznfdöm eb hos fuaos por pnrtb eb pnrbkns eb pnso( profbebmtbs eb hos anrbs fbrfnmos- Hn oarn rbsdstdö fdmfo eêns n pbsnr eb hn ùbrtb oposdfdöm eb hovbmebeorbs bstnahbfdeos- Ho qub rbsuhtö eb`dmdtdvo ùb hn hhbinen ebh `dm eb sbjnmn( jojbmto bm bh qub hos anrbs eb hn zomn utdhdznm hn fnhhb pbntomnh fojo huinr ebstnfdomnjdbmto- Hns nutordenebs jnmenrom rbtdrnr hos fuaos y rbqudsnrom bh jntbrdnh-

>2 cbSncberoms o@ 127 S 127 S 127 fJi s- Jx f( Jx- mj >440

Dm orebr to frbntb tcds pdbfb( D cne to pbrsuneb tcb edstrdft nutcordtdbs( wdtcout spbfd`ydmi tcb ùhh bxtbmt o` wcnt D dmtbmebe to eo- Dm orebr to rbmebr jysbh` jofrbedahb dm tcbdr bybs( D worlbe dm nssofdntdom wdtc omb o` tcb fdty—s jusbujs- Ycbm tcb prokbft wns nffbptbe( tcb phnfbjbmt nme entbs òr dts rbnhdzntdom fcnmibom foumthbss offnsdoms- Ucb jndm proahbj wns tcb `nft tcnt puahdf spnfbs nrb fomtrohhbe ay powbrùh orinmdzntdoms o` strbbt vbmeors( wcoj tcb nutcordtdbnvode cnvdmi trouahb wdtc- Rmnahb to edsfuss tcds dssub wdtc jb edrbfthy( dt wns omhy n`tbr n fouphb o` jomtcs tcnt D wns nahb to nrrnmib nm dmtbrvdbw wdtc tchbnebr o` tcb jost djportnmt orinmdzntdom- Cowbvbr( mo nirbbjbmt wns rbnfcbe eub to tcb cdic pnyjbmts ebjnmebe- Mombtcbhbss( nme D eom—t lmow ay wcdfjbnms( D wns `dmnhhy tohe naout tcb possdadhdty o` worldmi dm Inmtb Vtrbbt( n pbebstrdnm nrbn hofntbe eowmtowm nme tcb sdtb o` fhotcdmi storbs nme mdictfhuaOmfb tcb pdbfb wns dmstnhhbe( nme ns wns to ab bxpbftbe( tcb pbophb wco shbbp outeoors dm tcds nrbn offupdbe tcb fuabs nme usbe tcbj ns scbhtbr- Hbss òrbsbbnahb wns tcb usb o` tcb fuabs ay fouphbs om tcbdr wny cojb `roj tcb hofnh anrs- Ucb pdbfb rbjndmbe tcbrb òr `dvb enys( dm spdtb o` stromi opposdtdom `robstnahdscbe vbmeors- Ucb `dmnh strnw fnjb wdtc tcb nrrdvnh o` tcb wbblbme( wcbm tcb mbdicaorcooe anrs usb tcb pbebstrdnm strbbt ns n pnrldmi hot- Ucb nutcortdbs tool nwny tcb fuabs nme fom`dsfntbe tcb jntbrdnh-



67



3 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn pbrJnmbfbr bm bh dmtbrdor eb fnKns eb fnrtmb` i & t- fu iuj( iuj- n >444

Bm hn ûhtdjn phnmtn eb um bed`dfdo eb o`dfdmns sbjdofupneo( bm hn zomn dmeustrdnh eb hn fduene eb Iuntbjnhn( sb bhnaornrom b dmstnhnrom ofco fnkns eb fnrtöm rbsde

unh( sbpnrnens y bqudedstnmtbs bmtrb sê- Kumto n bstns fnkns sb edspusdbrom ofco sdhhns y sb rbnhdzö umn o`brtn pûahdfn eb bjphbo bm hn qub sb sohdfdtnrom pbrsomnedspubstns n pbrjnmbfbr sbmtnens bm bh dmtbrdor eb hns fnkns funtro corns( pniîmeosb por bh trnanko >77 qubtznhbs( umos 4 %- Cnadämeosb oatbmdeo umn fomsdebrnahb rbspubstn por pnrtb eb hos trnankneorbs( sb hbs dmtroeuko bm hns fnkns n hns eofb ebh jbedoeên y snhdbrom eb bhhns n hns trbs eb hn tnreb( nfortîmeosb umcorn bh tdbjpo prbvdsto ebadeo nh ùbrtb fnhor- Bh pûahdfo mo pueo vbr bh jojbmto bm qub hos trnankneorbs ùbrom dmtroeufdeos bm hns fnkns-

3 pbophb pnde to rbJndm dmsdeb fnreaonre aoSbsi & t au- iuj f( iuj- nuu >444

Om tcb top `hoor o` n sbjd*offupdbe o``dfb audhedmi( sdtuntbe dm tcb dmeustrdnh zomb o` Iuntbjnhn Fdty( bdict aoxbs o` rbsdeunh fnreaonre wbrb jneb nme dmstnhhbsbpnrntbe `roj bnfc otcbr nt bqunh edstnmfbs- Bdict fcndrs wbrb phnfbe mbxt to tcbsb aoxbs- N puahdf o``br òr worl wns tcbm jneb( nsldmi òr pbophb wdhhdmi trbjndm sbntbe dmsdeb tcb aoxbs òr òur cours( rbfbdvdmi >77 qubtznhs( naout %4- N`tbr rbfbdvdmi n fomsdebrnahb rbspomsb `roj tcb worlbrs( tcby wbrb phnfbe tcb aoxbs nt moom nme fnjb out nt tcrbb o—fhofl( nm cour bnrhdbr tcnm tcb phnmmbe sfcbeuhb eub to tcb bxfrufdntdmi cbnt- Ucb puahdf wbrb umnahb to sbb tcb worbrs wcbm tcby wbrb phnfbe dm tcb aoxbs-



61



65

trnanKneorbs ^Rb mo pRbebm sbr pnineos( rbJRmbrneos pnrn pbrJnmbfbr bm bh dmtbrdor eb fnKns eb fnrtm

Lu Yl- aê( nj- sj 1777Bstn oarn bs umn nenptnfdöm eb hns rbnhdznens bm Iuntbjnhn y Mubvn Torl( bm hns qub sb dmtroeufên n trnankneorbs bm fnkns eb fnrtöm anko edvbrsns fdrfumstnmfdnBm bstb fnso sbds trnankneorbs pbrjnmbfdbrom funtro corns ednrdns( por sbds sbjnmns( bm bstns fnkns( ebadbmeo foarnr su subheo eb jnmbrn sbfrbtn por su fomefdöm eb bxdhdneos pohêtdfos- Hn hbidshnfdöm nhbjnmn otorin nh bxdhdneo 37 jnrfos por jbs( umos 57 %( y procêab qub trnankb anko njbmnzn eb ebvohufdöm ebh pbrsbiudepohêtdfo n su pnês eb ordibm- Hos ebtnhhbs eb bstn oarn mo puedbrom( por tnmto( cnfbrsb pûahdfos bm su eên- Hos bxdhdneos profbeênm eb Fcbfcbmdn-

YorLbrs Yco fnmmot ab pnde( rbJRmbrntbe to rbJndm dmsdeb fnreaonre aoSbsLu Yl- a( ij- sj 1777

Ucds worl ds nm nenptntdom o` tcosb frbntbe dm Iuntbjnhn nme Mbw Torl( wcbrb worlbrs wbrb phnfbe dmsdeb fnreaonre aoxbs umebr ed``brbmt fdrfujstnmfbs- tcds fnsb( sdx worlbrs rbjndmbe dmsdeb tcb aoxbs òr òur cours n eny òr sdx wbbls( cnvdmi to fohhbft tcbdr snhnrdbs dm sbfrbt abfnusb o` tcbdr stntus ns pohdtdfnbxdhbs- Ibrjnm hbidshntdom idvbs bxdhbe pbophb 37 jnrls( naout %57( n jomtc( nme procdadts tcbj `roj worldmi umebr tcb tcrbnt o` rbturmdmi tcbj to tcbdr foumtry o` ordidm- Ucbrbòrb( tcb ebtndhs o` tcds pdbfb fouhe mot ab jneb puahdf nt tcb tdjb- Ucb rbùibbs fnjb `roj Fcbfcbmdn-



1 Jnrn^Rbrosiê bqu iu- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- b 1771

Eos dmvdebmtbs eb hos qub subhbm pbedr hdjosmn bm bh fbmtro eb hn fduene ùbrom fomtrntneos pnrn rbnhdznr su trnanko bm hn inhbrên- Numqub su kormnen bs jnyosb hbs fomtrntö pnrn tofnr funtro corns ednrdns eurnmtb um jbs- @dmnhjbmtb hn inhbrên soho hbs dmfdtnan n tofnr funmeo npnrbfên um vdsdtnmtb- Vb bjphbnrom sbnhtnvofbs pnrn njphd`dfnr su somdeo-

1 Jnrnfn phnybrsiê bqu iu- Jx f( Jx- Ku 1771

Uwo ahdme pbophb( o` tcb typb usunhhy òume abiidmi dm tcb strbbts o` tcb eowmtowm nrbn( wbrb cdrbe to fnrry out tcbdr koa dm tcb inhhbry- Nhtcouic tcbdr worldmeny ds homibr( tcby wbrb cdrbe to phny òr òur cours n eny òr n jomtc- @dmnhhy( tcb inhhbry projptbe tcbj to phny omhy wcbm n vdsdtor nrrdvbe- Vdx houespbnlbr

wbrb usbe to njphd`y tcbdr soume-



60

fomtbmbeor bm bh bspnfdoLù h nu t p`- a- K- auj- cju( nj- >44>

fomtndmbr dm spnfbLù h p`- a-K- auj— wl- cju( ij- >44>

fomtbmbeor dmeRstrdnhe` - J( b- >44>

Bstb trnanko ùb jomtneo bm edvbrsos tnhhbrbs eb nrtdstns y bspnfdos enrtb fomtbjporîmbo( dmebpbmedbmtbjbmtb eb qub ùbrnm o mo vdsdtneopor bh pûahdfo-

dmeRstrdnh fomtndmbre`` - J( s- >44>

Ucds worl wns bxcdadtbe dm ed``brbmt nrtdsts— worlscops nme fomtbjpornnrt fbmtbrs( rbinrehbss o` wcbtcbr tcby wbrb vdsdtbe ay tcb puahdf or mo

1 fomtbmbeorbs dmeRstrdnhbs eb >-177 x 177 x 177 fJ fnen Rmos L6 Lj- cju( nj- ej >44>

Eos fomtbmbeorbs eb fnrin phîstdfos( eb hos bjphbneos fojo foabrtorbs ebfnrin eb fnjdöm( ùbrom sdtuneos fom sus fnrns pbrpbmedfuhnrbs y pnrnhbhns n hns

pnrbebs eb hn snhn-

1 dmeRstrdnh fomtndmbrs JbnsRrdmi >(177 S 177 S 177 fJ bnfcLj— L6 c- cju( ij- ej >44>

Uwo fnrio fomtndmbrs wbrb fovbrbe wdtc n phnstdf fnmvns nme phnfbe wdtc tcbdrpnrnhhbh nme pbrpbmedfuhnr sdebs `nfdmi tcb inhhbry wnhhs-

oastrRffdm eb Rmn vn fom Rm fomtbmbeor eb fnri n p`ä su- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- mj >443

Vb fomsdiudö pbrjdso eb umn bjprbsn pnrn qub prbstnrn um trndhbr( sofuhtnrhb hos dmbs pnrn hos qub sbrên bjphbneo- Bh fomeuftor tnjpofo tuv

dmfomvbmdbmtb funmeo sb hb propuso fortnr hos fnrrdhbs hntbrnhbs ebh Wbd`ärdfo por fdmfo jdmutos- Bstn pdbzn fomsdstdö bm hn dmstnhnfdöm eb uprdsjn ahnmfo bm pbrpbmedfuhnr n hn vên y su rbsuhtneo ùb umn fomibstdöeb trî`dfo-

oastrRftdom o@ n @rbbYny Ydtc n trRfL—s trndhbr n p`ä su- Jx f( Jx- mj >443

Yb nslbe or pbrjdssdom to aorrow n fojpnmy—s trufl wdtcout fomfbnhdmtcb purposb or dts usb- Ucb erdvbr edem—t jdme wcbm cb wns nslbe to ahoftcb sdeb hnmbs o` omb o` tcb fdty—s ausdbst rones or dvb jdmutbs- Ucds pdbffomsdstbe o` posdtdomdmi n wcdtb prdsj pbrpbmedfuhnr to tcb rone( ibmbrndmi n trn``df knj-



@orJn eb 077 x 29 x 21 fJ fomstrRden pnrn sbr Jnmtbmden bm pbrpbmedfRhnr n Rmn pnrbeiê p Lj- zu( su- n 177>

Rmn bsfuhturn fomstruden fom edvbrsos bhbjbmtos( fojo jnebrn y ns`nhto( ùb hbvnmtnen cordzomtnhjbmtb y sostbmden sdm `dknfdöm por um bxtrbjo n um soportb ejnebrn soarb bh juro eb hn snhn y( por bh otro( bjphbnmeo um irupo eb funtro trnankneorbs- Ästos rbnhdznrom su tnrbn por turmos( eb eos bm eos( eurnmtb um soeên( foarnmeo 17 `rnmfos sudzos hn corn( umos >1 %- Vb bjphbnrom bxdhdneos pohêtdfos eb edvbrsns profbebmfdns fomtnftneos edrbftnjbmtb por jbedo eb hn o`dfdmn eb nsdho- N pbsnr eb qub hn hby eb bstb pnês mo pbrjdtb trnanknr n hos bxdhdneos( sb subhb sbr pbrjdsdvo nh rbspbfto( sdbmeo hns jdsjns dmstdtufdombs eb rbfbpfdöm hns bmfnrinens eb hn sbhbffdöm eb bjphbos pnrn bstb fohbftdvo-

oaKbft JbnsRrdmi 077 S 29 S 21 fJ fomstrRftbe to ab cbhe cordzomtnhhy to n Ynhhi p Lj- zø( sw- n 177>

N sfuhpturb jneb o` jntbrdnhs hdlb wooe nme nspcnht wns hd`tbe cordzomtnhhy- Omb bme rbstbe om n wooebm soflbt om tcb wnhh o` tcb inhhbry nme tcb otcbr bme wnsupportbe ay òur worlbrs ‖two worlbrs nt n tdjb- Ucby wbrb pnde 17 Vwdss `rnmfs pbr cour( naout %>1( eurdmi tcb opbmdmi o` tcb scow- Wohdtdfnh bxdhbs `roj e`brbmt foumtrdbs wbrb bjphoybe òr tcds worl( cnvdmi abbm fomtnftbe edrbfthy tcrouic tcb hofnh nutcordtdbs- Ucb hnws dm tcds foumtry eo mot nhhow bxdhbs to woraut tcb nutcordtdbs nrb `ndrhy pbrjdssdvb dm tcds jnttbr- Ucb nutcordtdbs nrb idvbm pbrjdssdom to pdfl possdahb koas òr pohdtdfnh bxdhbs-



63



bhbvnfdm eb 0 anmfnsLu c*Luuù- Ju( nj- sj 177>

Vbds anmfns edsbþnens por Eb Jburom bspbfdnhjbmtb pnrn bstn Lumstcnhhb ùbrom bhbvnens n ed`brbmtbs nhturns( eurnmtb eos corns ednrdns por um pbrdoeo eb eosbjnmns- Hns nhturns ubrom bstnahbfdens pdedbmeo n hos trnankneorbs hn jêmdjn bhbvnfdöm posdahb< postbrdorjbmtb ästos dmtbrprbtnrom hn nhturn fomòrjb n su jnyfojoedene- Ebadeo nh irnm pbso eb hns anmfns( sb proeufênm fomstnmtbs ebsfbmsos eb hns jdsjns pnrn ebsfnmsnr- Bh `huko eb trnankneorbs mumfn ùb fomstnmtbVb pninrom >3 jnrfos nhbjnmbs hn corn( umos 3 %-

rndsdmi o@ sdS abmfcbs

Lu c*Luuù- Ju( ij- sj 177>Vdx abmfcbs spbfdnhhy ebsdimbe ay Eb Jburom òr tcds nrt inhhbry wbrb rndsbe to ed``brbmt cbdicts( òr two cours n eny ovbr n pbrdoe o` two wbbls- Ucb cbdictwbrb sbt ay nsldmi worlbrs òr tcb jdmdjuj bhbvntdom possdahb< tcbsb worlbrs tcbm dmtbrprbtbe tcb cbdict dm tcb jnmmbr jost fojòrtnahb òr tcbj- Owdmi to tcwbdict o` tcb abmfcbs( tcbrb wbrb fomstnmt erops dm cbdict proeufbe ay `ntdiub- Ucb `how o` worlbrs wns mbvbr fomstnmt- Ucby wbrb pnde >3 Ebutsfcjnrls ncour( sojb %3-

4 @orJns eb >77 x >77 x 077 fJ fomstrRdens pnrn sbr sostbmdens bm pbrpbmedfRhnr n hn pnrbee pk- mu yl( b R- Ku 1771

Mubvb òrjns fomstrudens fom edvbrsos bhbjbmtos( fojo jnebrn y ns`nhto( ùbrom sostbmdens( sdm `dknfdöm( por um bxtrbjo n um soportb eb jnebrn soarb bh jureb hn snhn y( por bh otro( bjphbnmeo um irupo eb funtro n trbs trnankneorbs por pdbzn- Ästos rbnhdznrom su tnrbn por turmos eurnmtb eos sbjnmns foarnmeo >1 hn corn- Vb bjphbnrom nibmfdns eb fomtrntnfdöm hofnhbs pnrn ausfnr hos trnankneorbs-

4 @orJs o@ >77 S >77 S 077 fJ bnfc( fomstrRftbe to ab sRpportbe pbrpbmedfRhnr to n Ynhhe pk- mw yl( R s- Ku 1771

Mdmb òrjs audht wdtc ed``brbmt bhbjbmts sufc ns wooe nme nspcnht wbrb supportbe( wdtcout admedmi( nt omb bme( ay n wooebm strufturb `dxbe omto omb o` tcb inhhbwnhhs( nme cbhe( nt tcb otcbr bme( ay n iroup o` tcrbb to òur worlbrs pbr pdbfb- @or two wbbls tcby tool turms to eo tcb koa( fcnridmi %>1 nm cour- Yb usbe tcsbrvdfbs o` sbvbrnh hofnh koa fbmtbrs to `dme tcb worlbrs-



57



51

fomstrRffdm b dmstnhnfdm eb >1 @orJns eb 92 x 92 x 377 fJ orebmnens bm 1 bspnfdosiê f/iu- aê( nj- J 1771

Wnrn hn npbrturn ebh mubvo bspnfdo eb bstn inhbrên fomstruden bm bh îrbn eb Knmmowdtzarøflb( umn zomn ebh nmtdiuo Abrhêm Bstb sojbtden n um ubrtb profbso eb rbuanmdznfdöm( sb fomstruybrom bstns orjns bm jnebrn( ybso y ns`nhto- Vb dmstnhnrom cnfdämeohns soarbsnhdr eb hns vbmtnmns um jbtro y jbedo( ho qub oahdiö n ebsjotnrhns- Wor otrn pnrtb( bm umn eb hns snhns mo cnaên bh jdsjo mûjbro eb vbmtnmns qub bm hn otrn( por ho qub sb nardbrom eos cubfos bm bh juro n hn nhturn eb eomesb ebabrênm bmfomtrnr- Otrn snhn brn juy pbqubþn pnrn nejdtdr bstns òrjns y tnjadäm ncê sb opbrnrom aoqubtbs bm bh juro- Bm ibmbrnh bh orebm ebfdedeo pnrn btns òrjns djphdfnan umn dmstnhnfdöm vdohbmtn pnrn njaos bspnfdos-

fomstrRftdom nme dmstnhhntdom o@ >1 @orJs o@ 92 S 92 S 377 fJ orinmdzbe dm tYo spnfbs

f/iu i- a( ij- J 1771@or tcb opbmdmi o` tcds inhhbry—s mbw spnfb( audht dm tcb nrbn o` Knmmowdtzarøflb( n zomb dm tcb òrjbr Bnst Abrhdm tcnt cns umebriomb n stromi profbss o` rb*urandzntdom( tcbsb òrjs wbrb fomstruftbe out o` wooe( phnstbr nme nspcnht- Ucby wbrb dmstnhhbe tcrouic tcb wdmeows( nme protruebe n jbtbr nme n cnh`( wcdfc jbntcby cne to ab edsjnmthbe- @urtcbrjorb( omb o` tcb roojs cne n ed``brbmt mujabr o` wdmeows to tcb otcbr( nme two cohbs cne to ab jneb dm tcb wnhh nt tcb snjcbdict wcbrb tcb wdmeows wouhe cnvb abbm- Nmotcbr rooj edem—t cnvb bmouic spnfb òr tcbsb òrjs nme cohbs nhso cne to jneb dm tcb wnhh- Dm ibmbrnh( tcb orebebfdebe upom òr tcbsb òrjs dmvohvbe nm dmtrusdvb dmstnhhntdom òr bnfc o` tcb roojs-



55

6 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn pbrJnmbfbr tRJanens bm bh dmtbrdor eb 6 fnKns eRrnmtb Rmn @dbstn v- h c( fu- mj 1777

Urbs jukbrbs kövbmbs ubrom fomtrntnens( por 67 %( pnrn pbrjnmbfbr bm bh dmtbrdor eb trbs fnkns eb jnebrn eurnmtb umn dbstn- Bstn dbstn ub fomvofnen sdm bxphdfn hos nsdstbmtbs ho qub cnaên bm hns fnkns( eb `orjn qub ästns sb bjphbnrom fojo nsdbmto- Hn `dbstn sb hhbvö n fnao eurnmtb hn fbhbarnfdöm eb hn Adbmnh eb Hn Cnanmn eb bsb nþo-

6 pbophb pnde to hny stdhh dmsdeb 6 aoSbs eRrdmi n pnrty v- c( fu- mj 1777

Ucrbb youmi wojbm wbrb cdrbe nme pnde %67 bnfc to rbjndm dmsdeb n wooebm aox eurdmi n pnrty- Ucb pnrty wns orinmdzbe wdtcout bxphndmdmi tcb fomtbmts o` tcaoxbs to tcb iubsts wco usbe tcbj ns sbnts- Ucb pnrty tool phnfb eurdmi tcb fbhbarntdom o` tcnt ybnr—s Cnvnmn Adbmmdnh-



6 fRaos eb >77 fJ eb hneo fnen Rmo( Jovdeos 977 fJLu sl i- sl i( su- n 1771

Vbds rbùidneos nhanmbsbs sdm ebrbfco n trnanknr ùbrom fomtrntneos pnrn jovbr n jnmo trbs fuaos eb fbjbmto ebseb um juro cnstn su opubstobm umn snhn eb nrtb-

6 fRabs o@ >77 fJ om bnfc sdeb Jovbe 977 fJLu sl i- sl i( sw- n 1771

Vdx Nhanmdnm rbùibbs( wdtcout tcb rdict to worl( wbrb cdrbe to jovb ay cnme tcrbb fbjbmt fuabs `roj omb wnhh to dts opposdtb wnhh dm nm nrt spnfb-



50

15 aho^Rbs eb fomfrbto Jovdeos fomstnmtbJbmtb eRrnmtb Rmn Kormnen por oarbros rbJRmbrneos nfb i h-n- h Î( b R- Ku >444

Bm funtro snhns y um forrbeor eb edfcn inhbrên ùbrom dmtroeufdens( por jbedos jbfîmdfos( 15 òrjns eb fbjbmto- Hns jdsjns brnm umdenebs joeuhnrbs( eb hnfojûmjbmtb bjphbnens bm edqubs eb fomtbmfdöm( fom um pbso eb eos tombhnens por pdbzn y umn jbeden nproxdjnen eb 127 x >27 x >77 fj- Rmn vbz dmtroeufdeos hos ahoqubs( sb fomtrntö n edbz kormnhbros eb ordibm jbxdfnmo o fbmtronjbrdfnmo( eb hos qub nfostujarnm n o`rbfbr su ùbrzn hnaornh bm phnzns pûafns eb Hos Îmibhbs- N bstos ûhtdjos sb hbs pdedö qub profbedbrnm( eurnmtb bsn kormnen( nh jovdjdbmto fomstnmtb eb hns 15 pdbzns n ho hnrio eb hos bspnfdos( sdmrbspbtnr hn dmtbirdene `êsdfn ebh jdsjo y bjphbnmeo söho anrrns eb jbtnh fojo pnhnmfn- Bh rbsuhtneo bxpubsto fomsdstdö bm hns jnrfns ebknens por bh trnankobm òrjn eb enþos soarb bh pdso y hos juros eb hn inhbrên( kumto fom hns cbrrnjdbmtns y jntbrdnhbs bjphbneos por hos oarbros( rbstos eb nhdjbmtos y abadens dmibrdeos( y hos propdos ahoqubs eb fomfrbto-

15 ahofLs o@ fomfrbtb fomstnmthy Jovbe eRrdmi n eny—s YorL ay pnde YorLbrs nfb i h-n- h n( R s- Ku >444

Rsdmi jbfcnmdfnh jbtcoes( 15 fbjbmt ahofls wbrb phnfbe dm òur roojs nme n cnhhwny o` tcds inhhbry- Ucby wbrb joeuhnr umdts fojjomhy bjphoybe dm arbnwntbrs( wbdicdmi two toms bnfc nme jbnsurdmi npproxdjntbhy 127 x >27 x >77 fj- Omfb tcb ahofls wbrb arouict dm( tbm worlbrs o` Jbxdfnm or Fbmtrnh*Njbrfnm ordidm wbrb cdrbe( o` tcb typb tcnt usunhhy o``br to worl dm puahdf phnfbs dm Hos Nmibhbs- Ucby wbrb nslbe to profbbe( eurdmi tcb eny—s worl( to fomtdmunhhjovb tcb 15 pdbfbs nhomi tcb spnfbs o` tcb inhhbry( wcdhb edsrbinredmi nmy rbsuhtdmi enjnib nme usdmi omhy jbtnh anrs ns cnmehbs- Ucb bxposbe rbsuht fomsdstbo` jnrls hb`t abcdme ay tcbdr worl dm tcb òrj o` enjnib to tcb `hoor nme wnhhs o` tcb inhhbry( toibtcbr wdtc tcb toohs nme jntbrdnhs bjphoybe ay tcb worlbrs( tcrbjndms o` òoe nme erdml nme tcb fomfrbtb ahofls-



JRro eb Rmn inhbrn nrrnmfneo( dmfhdmneo n 07 irneos ebh sRbho y sostbmdeo por 2 pbrsomns n n- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- n 1777

Rm juro eb tnahnrrofn dmstnhneo bm hn inhbrên ùb nrrnmfneo eb su bjphnznjdbmto y( eurnmtb funtro corns ednrdns( por fdmfo eêns( fdmfo trnankneorbs nftunrom efomtrnùbrtb pnrn jnmtbmbrho n 07 irneos eb dmfhdmnfdöm ebh pdso- Funtro eb bhhos ho sostbmênm y um qudmto( rotntdvo( nsbiurnan ho forrbfto eb hn dmfhdmnfdöm fom ufnrtnaöm- Wor hos fdmfo eêns eb trnanko fnen umo eb hos oarbros foarö 977 pbsos( umos 02 %-

tcb Ynhh o@ n inhhbry pRhhbe oRt( dmfhdmbe 07 ebirbbs @roJ tcb iroRme nme sRstndmbe ay 2 pbophb n n- Jx f( Jx- n 1777

N tnahnrofn wnhh dmstnhhbe dm tcb inh hbry wns puhhbe out `roj dts phnfb( nme òr òur cours n eny( ovbr n pbrdoe o` `dvb enys( `dvb worlbrs nftbe ns n auttrbss to lbbdt nt 07 ebirbbs `roj tcb iroume- @our o` tcbj cbhe tcb wnhh wcdhb n `d`tc fcbflbe tcnt tcb dmfhdmntdom wns forrbft- @or tcb `dvb worldmi enys( bnfc worlbr bnrmb977 pbsos( naout %02-



53



27

fomfbmtrnfdm eb trnanKneorbs dmeofRJbmtneoss iê a@ >2- @ d n fjî- pê( @- sj >444h ö ö k s p-

N trnväs eb hn nftdvdstn sbmbinhbsn y rbsdebmtb dmeofujbmtnen bm Wnrês( Jnekdmiubmb Fdssb( sb bstnahbfdö fomtnfto fom hn orinmdznfdöm Vnms Wnpdbrs( fuyos fojpombmtbs hufcnm por hn hbinhdznfdöm eb su fomedfdöm eb rbsdebmtbs y trnankneorbs bm @rnmfdn- Vb propuso n bstb irupo utdhdznr hn dmvdtnfdöm qub jb bxtbmedbrn inhbrên A@ >2 pnrn bxpombr bm hn @-D-N-F- y rbnhdznr umn fomfbmtrnfdöm eb nhiumos eb hos jdbjaros ebh fohbftdvo nprovbfcnmeo hn prbsbmfdn eb dmtbirnmtbs eb h

pohêtdfn y fuhturn eb bstb pnês( cnadtunh eurnmtb bstb tdpo eb nftos- Mo oastnmtb( hn sdtunfdöm eb dhbinhdene ebh fohbftdvo cnfên pbhdirosn hn nffdöm ebadeo n qub sb hbnphdfn umn sbvbrn pohêtdfn eb bxpuhsdöm- Urns rbnhdznr vnrdns rbumdombs fom hn orinmdznfdöm sb nforeö nanrrotnr bh bspnfdo edspomdahb fom >77 jdbjaros ebh fohbftdvo eurnmtb bh eên eb hn dmnuiurnfdöm( o`rbfdbmeo n fnen umo umn bmtrnen n hn `brdn( y ebsfnrtnmeo bh bjphbo eb pnmfnrtns- Vbrên umn dmtbrvbmfdöm sdhbmfdosn( senr jotdvo n hn nftunfdöm eb hns ùbrzns eb sbiurdene `rnmfbsns- Bm hns rbumdombs nhiumos «snms pnpdbrs¼ sb jostrnrom bm ebsnfubreo por ebsfom`dnmzn cnfdn jbedo nrtêstdfo y por hn ùbrtb prbsbmfdn pohdfdnh prbvdstn( qub mos oahdinan n nftunr sdm pnmfnrtns y bm sdhbmfdo( y qub trnmsòrjnan bh nfto bm umn sdtunfdöm eb nhrdbsio y eueosn b`bftdvdene- @dmnhjbmtb y n pbsnr eb hn fom`dnmzn eb hos jîs ebstnfneos nftdvdstns( vbmfdö bstb ûhtdjo irupo y bh eên eb hn dmnuiurnfdöm söho sprbsbmtnrom eofb dmeofujbmtneos( fnsd toeos edrdibmtbs- Hn nffdöm sb cdzo fom bhhos( òrjnmeo umn hêmbn cujnmn qub fbrrö bh bspnfdo eb hn inhbrên-

fomirbintdom o@ dhhbinh YorLbrss ` iê a@ >2- d @ ` fj n( p( @- sj >444t wl w u w wl— s p-

Ucrouic tcb Vbmbinhbsb nftdvdst nme dhhbinh rbsdebmt dm Wnrds( Jnekdmiubmb Fdssb( fomtnft wns jneb wdtc tcb orinmdzntdom Vnms Wnpdbrs( wcosb fnusb ds to `dicòr tcb hbinhdzntdom o` tcbdr fomedtdom ns rbsdebmts nme worlbrs dm @rnmfb- Ucb proposnh jneb to tcds iroup dmvohvbe usdmi jy dmvdtntdom `roj tcb A@ >2 inhhbry tpnrtdfdpntb nt tcb @-D-N-F-( to ardmi toibtcbr sojb o` tcbdr jbjabrs nme tnlb nevnmtnib o` tcb prbsbmfb o` pohdtdfnh nme fuhturnh pbrsomnhdtdbs `roj tcds foumtry tcds ldme o` o``dfdnh bvbmt- Mbvbrtcbhbss( tcb iroup—s hbinh fomedtdom jneb tcb nftdom enmibrous eub to tcb npphdfntdom o` n sbvbrb pohdfy o` bxpuhsdom- N`tbr sbv

brnh jbbtdmis wdtc tcb orinmdzntdom wb fnjb to nm nirbbjbmt wcbrbay wb wouhe `dhh tcb nvndhnahb spnfb wdtc >77 jbjabrs o` tcb iroup eurdmi tcb eny o` tcb prvntb vdbw( o``brdmi bnfc omb nejdssdom to tcb `ndr( nme ebfdedmi to fnmfbh tcb usb o` sdims- Dt wouhe ab n sdhbmt opbrntdom dm orebr to prbvbmt tcb @rbmfc pohdfb `rojusdmi òrfb- Dm tcb jbbtdmis( sojb o` tcb snms pnpdbrs ebfhnrbe tcbjsbhvbs to ab dm edsnirbbjbmt wdtc tcb prokbft( `bbh dmi edstrustùh o` tcb nrt worhe- Nhso( n strompohdfb prbsbmfb wns bxpbftbe( wcdfc oahdibe us to profbbe wdtcout nmy postbrs or sdims nme dm n sdhbmt jnmmbr( trnmsòrjdmi tcb nft dmto n sdtuntdom o` cdic rdsnme euadous b``dfdbmfy- @dmnhhy( nme bvbm tcouic tcb jost projdmbmt nftdvdsts trustbe tcb prokbft( tcb òrjbr iroup suffbbebe nme( om tcb eny o` tcb prdvntb vdbwomhy >1 dhhbinh worlbrs scowbe up( jost o` tcbj hbnebrs- Ucb nftdom wcdfc tool phnfb dmvohvbe tcbj òrjdmi n cujnm fcndm tcnt bmfhosbe tcb inhhbry-



567 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens fom 67 sohbs hn corn

iê p @- hj( pû- n 177>Bstn bs umn vbrsdöm eb hn pdbzn rbnhdznen bm bh Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo eb hn fduene eb Jäxdfo bm >444- Bm bstn ofnsdöm hn Inhbrên Wnmfco @dbrro( ebpbmedbmtb ebhn jumdfdpnhdene eb Hdjn( sb hhbmö eb jukbrbs ebknmeo um pnsdhho eb um jbtro pnrn bh pnso eb bspbftneorbs( nebjîs y n ed`brbmfdn ebh trnanko jbxdfnmo( hns pbsomns jdrnanm edrbftnjbmtb nh pûahdfo- Vb pninrom nproxdjnenjbmtb 3 %( 67 mubvos sohbs pbrunmos( por funtro corns eb trnanko- Vb cdzo hn oarn fom jukbrbebh Wroirnjn Pnso eb Hbfcb( umn nsofdnfdöm eb jukbrbs frbnen por hn jumdfdpnhdene eb Hdjn pnrn fnmnhdznr bh rbpnrto eb nhdjbmtos aîsdfos bmtrb hns fnpns jîebs`nvorbfdens eb Hdjn- Fojo fomtrnpnrtden bstns jukbrbs hhbmnm hos nftos pûahdfos sbiûm sb prbfdsb-

567 pbophb pnde 67 sohbs pbr coRriê p @- hj( pu- nuu 177>

Ucds ds n vbrsdom o` tcb pdbfb proeufbe dm Jbxdfo Fdty—s Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo dm >444- Cbrb( tcb Inhbrên Wnmfco @dbrro( ebpbmebmt om Hdjn Fdty Foumfdh( wn`dhhbe wdtc wojbm( hbnvdmi n omb*jbtbr ndshb òr spbftntors- Rmhdlb tcb Jbxdfnm worl( tcb wojbm hoolbe edrbfthy nt tcb puahdf- Ucby wbrb pnde npproxdjntbhy %or 67 mbw Wbruvdnm sohbs òr òur cours— worl- Ucb pdbfb usbe wojbm `roj tcb Wroirnjn Pnso eb Hbfcb \Ihnss o` Jdhl WroirnjZ( nm nssofdntdom o` wojbm sbup ay Hdjn Uowm Foumfdh to fcnmmbh tcb edstrdautdom o` stnphb òoes njomist tcb jost umebrprdvdhbibe sbftdom o` Hdjn—s sofdbty- Dm rbturm( tcbsb wojbm `dhh tcpuahdf bvbmts ns rbqudrbe-



21

1 fdhdmeros eb 127 x 127 fJ fnen Rmo( foJpRbstos eb fnrtbhbs nrrnmfneosb «p¼- J( b- @ >445

Eurnmtb umn sbjnmn( sb `ubrom nrrnmfnmeo fnrtbhbs eb hos qub bstîm pbineos bm fojbrfdos fhnusurneos o bm vnhhns eb oarn- Fom bstb jntbrdnh sb `orjnrom eofdhdmeros qub djpbeênm hn hdarb fdrfuhnfdöm bm bh bspnfdo eb bxposdfdöm-

1 fyhdmebrs bnfc JbnsRrdmi 127 S 127 fJ( foJposbe o@ postbrs tcnt cnvb abbm torm eoYmb «p¼- J( s- @u >445

@or n wbbl D torb eowm postbrs roj tcb romt o` storbs tcnt cne fhosbe eowm or audhe dmi*sdtb anrrdbrs- Ydtc tcds jntbrdnh( two fyhdmebrs wbrb orjbe wcdfc prbvbmtbpbophb `roj jovdmi `rbbhy nroume tcb inhhbry-



25

trnshnfdm eb Rm nRtoJvdhiê a@ >2- J( Jäx- Ku >443

Rm fofcb nanmeomneo bm um ebsfnjpneo eb hn fduene eb Jomtbrrby ub ebsjomtneo pdbzn por pdbzn( dmfhuybmeo hns pnrtbs mo vdstns( fojo bh jotor- Vb trnshnenrohns nutopnrtbs n umn snhn eb 296 x 137 fj eb phnmtn( eomeb sb jomtö mubvnjbmtb bh vbcêfuho- Vdbmeo hns jbedens ebh fofcb y hns eb hn snhn fodmfdebmtbs por pofofbmtêjbtros eb ed`brbmfdn( bh pûahdfo nsdstbmtb mo pueo tbmbr nffbso nh bspnfdo-

rbJovnh o@ n fnriê a@ >2- J( Jx- Ku >443

Nm nanmeombe fnr `oume om tcb outsldrts o` Jomtbrrby wns edsnssbjahbe pdbfb ay pdbfb( dmfhuedmi tcb dmtbrdor pnrts( sufc ns tcb jotor- Ucby wbrb nhh tnlbm n rooj wdtc `hoor jbnsurbjbmts o` 296 x 137 fj( wcbrb tcb vbcdfhb wns rbnssbjahbe- Ns tcbrb wbrb omhy n `bw fbmtdjbtbrs ed``brbmfb abtwbbm tcb edjbmsdomo` tcb rooj nme tcb fnr( vdsdtors wbrb umnahb to indm nffbss to tcb nrbn-



20

fofcb ebsfbmedeo >7 fJ #> 1$b ê a@ >2 r( 2>( bx iuk( K( Jäx- sj >443

Bm fnen stnme eb bstns inhbrêns sb dmtroeuko um vbcêfuho( fom hn nyuen eb um tnhhbr jbfîmdfo pröxdjo( y( bjphbnmeo topbs eb jnebrn( sb rbeuko hn edstnmfdn eb hfnrrofbrên nh pdso bm >7 fj-

fnr hoYbrbe >7 fJ #> nme 1$t ` a@ >2 r 2> ( bx iuk( K( Jx- sj >443

N fnr wns phnfbe om bnfc o` tcbsb inhhbrdbs—stnmes- Ydtc tcb cbhp o` n mbnray jbfcnmdf—s worlscop( tcb wcbbhs wbrb rbjovbe nme rbphnfbe wdtc wooebm ahofl

rbeufdmi tcb edstnmfb abtwbbm tcb fcnssds nme tcb iroume ay >7 fj-



hmbn eb 177 fJ rnynen bm hn fcnpn eb Rm nRtoJvdho- f( d- Ku 177>

Vb nhqudhö um nutojövdh y sb hb rnyö( bm um fostneo( umn hêmbn eb 177 fj bjphbnmeo umns hhnvbs- Wostbrdorjbmtb `ub ebvubhto n hn nibmfdn-

hdmb JbnsRrdmi 177 fJ sfrntfcbe dmto n fnr—s pndmtYorL o- s( d- Ku 177>

bhbvnfdm eb hos hdJpdnpnrnardsns eb hos nRtoJvdhbs bmfomtrneos eRrnmtb Rm pnsbo eb Rmn corn e - euê( d- ou 177>

Bstn nffdöm sb hhbvö n fnao eurnmtb um pnrtdeo eb ruiay Drhnmen vs- Dmihntbrrn-

rndsdmi o@ tcb Ydmesfrbbm Ydpbrs o@ tcb fnrs @oRme pnrLbe eRrdmi n omb*coRr YnhL e`` u - eu( d- o 177>

Ucds nftdom wns fnrrdbe out eurdmi nm Drbhnme vs- Bmihnme ruiay jntfc-



23



07

pbrsomn rbJRmbrnen pnrn pbrJnmbfbr bm bh Jnhbtbro eb Rm fofcbhjl f i- hjl( d- J 1777

Bstn pdbzn sb proeuko eurnmtb hn dmnuiurnfdöm eb hn DP Adbmnh BPN( n hns pubrtns eb su sbeb prdmfdpnh- Vb bstnfdomö um vbcêfuho n hn bmtrnen eb hn inhbrên y sb dmtroeuko bm su jnhbtbro umn pbrsomn n hn qub sb pninrom 67 hdarns drhnmebsns( umos 57 %- Mnedb sb pbrfntö eb su prbsbmfdn pubs hn pbrsomn `ub dmtroeufden jojbmtos nmtbs eb hn hhbinen ebh pûahdfo nh bvbmto dmnuiurnh-

pbrsom pnde to rbJndm dmsdeb tcb trRmL o@ n fnrhjl f i- hjl( d- J 1777

Ucds pdbfb wns proeufbe eurdmi tcb opbmdmi o` tcb @ourtc BPN Adbmmdnh( nt tcb bmtrnmfb to dts jndm sdtb- N vbcdfhb wns pnrlbe nt tcb inhhbry bmtrnmfb nme n pbrsom wns put dmto dts truml- Ucb pbrsom wns pnde 67 Drdsc poumes( naout %57- Moaoey motdfbe cds prbsbmfb( sdmfb cb wns put dmto tcb truml ab`orb tcb puahdf nrdvbe nt tcb opbmdmi-



01

pÛahdfo trnmsportneo bmtrb 1 pRmtos eb hn fdRene eb iRntbJnhn a v n fjî / t mu- fu iuj( iuj- b 1777

Rm trnmsportb eb fnrin bsfohnr `ub cnadhdtneo pnrn fhnusurnr hn vdsdadhdene ebseb bh dmtbrdor- Vb opnfnrom hn totnhdene eb hns vbmtnmns fom phîstdfo necbsdvo y ssbpnrö nh pnsnkb ebh fomeuftor jbednmtb umn jnjpnrn eb fnrtöm- Bh pûahdfo eb hn inhbrên mo `ub nevbrtdeo eb ho qub nhhê sufbebrên( söho sb hb roiö qub suadbrnh trnmsportb- Rmn vbz nhhê y sdm qub puedbrnm pbrfntnrsb eb hn rutn( sb hbs hhbvö n um îrbn jnridmnh eb hn fduene- Bh vdnkb eurö 52 jdmutos eb sujn dmfojoedenebadeo n hns nhtns tbjpbrnturns-

pRahdf trnmsportbe abtYbbm 1 hofntdoms o@ iRntbJnhn fdty a v n fjî / t mu- iuj f( iuj- Ku 1777

Nhtbrntdoms wbrb jneb to n sfcooh aus ay ahofldmi o`` dts dmtbrdor vdsdadhdty- Nhh tcb wdmeows wbrb fovbrbe wdtc necbsdvb phnstdf nme tcb erdvbr—s sbnt sbpnrntbe an fnreaonre sfrbbm- Ucb inhhbry—s puahdf wns mot tohe wcnt wns iodmi to cnppbm( tcby wbrb kust nslbe to ibt dmto tcb vbcdfhb- Omfb dmsdeb( nme wdtcout nmy fcnmf



oastrRffdm eb Rmn vn fom Rm fomtbmbeor eb fnrin n p`ä su- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- mj >443

Vb fomsdiudö pbrjdso eb umn bjprbsn pnrn qub prbstnrn um trndhbr( sdm ofuhtnrhb hos `dmbs pnrn hos qub sbrên bjphbneo- Bh fomeuftor tnjpofo tuvo dmfomvbmdbmfunmeo sb hb propuso fortnr hos fnrrdhbs hntbrnhbs ebh Wbrd`ärdfo por fdmfo jdmutos- Bstn pdbzn fomsdstdö bm hn dmstnhnfdöm eb um prdsjn ahnmfo bm pbrpbmedfuhnr n hvên y su rbsuhtneo ùb umn fomibstdöm eb trî`dfo-

oastrRftdom o@ n @rbbYny Ydtc n trRfL—s trndhbr n p`ä su- Jx f( Jx- mj >443

Yb nslbe òr pbrjdssdom to aorrow n fojpnmy—s trufl wdtcout fomfbnhdmi tcb purposb òr dts usb- Ucb erdvbr edem—t jdme wcbm cb wns nslbe to ahofl tcb sdeb hnmbo` omb o` tcb fdty—s ausdbst rones òr `dvb jdmutbs- Ucds pdbfb fomsdstbe o` posdtdomdmi n wcdtb prdsj pbrpbmedfuhnr to tcb rone( ibmbrntdmi n trn``df knj-



05



00

oastrRffdm eb Rmn vn fom edvbrsos oaKbtosf iw- hjl( d- J 1777

Wnrn bstn oarn( uadfnen `rbmtb nh funrtbh eb pohdfên eb Hdjbrdfl( sb rbqudrdö ebh pbrjdso eb hns nutordenebs hofnhbs fom oakbto eb ahoqubnr hn fnhhb um vdbrmbs pohn tnreb- Bh pbrjdso ùb fomfbedeo y hn pdbzn sb fojbmzö n jomtnr sbiûm ho prbvdsto- Mo oastnmtb hn pohdfên eb hn fduene hn fhnusurö sorprbsdvnjbmtb ebadeo djpnfto qub poeên fnusnr bm hn sbiurdene y bh trî`dfo eb hn fduene- Urns nhiumns mbiofdnfdombs sb pbrjdtdö rbnhdznrhn um eojdmio n pnrtdr eb hns sbds eb hn jnþnmsupomdbmeo qub ästb sbrên bh jojbmto eb jbmorbs rbpbrfusdombs- Aîsdfnjbmtb bstn pdbzn fomsdstdö bm hn qubjn eb eofb rubens eb nuto edspubstns bm pbrpbmedfuhnr nh trîmsdto( bm hn vohfneurn eb trbs fofcbs roaneos( fomsbiudeos bm um nhjnfäm eb ebfojdsos( y bm hn edstrdaufdöm por hn vên eb funtro pdberns eb hnqub sb bjphbnm bm bstn fduene pnrn bvdtnr bh bstnfdomnjdbmto eb vbcêfuhos-

oastrRftdom o@ n rone Ydtc ed@@brbmt oaKbftsiw s- hjl- d- J 1777

@or tcds pdbfb( sdtuntbe dm `romt o` Hdjbrdfl—s pohdfb ebpnrtjbmt( pbrjdssdom wns rbqudrbe `roj tcb hofnh nutcordtdbs wdtc tcb dmtbmtdom o` ahofldmi tcb strbbt om @rdeny n`tbrmoom- Wbrjdssdom wns idvbm nme tcb pdbfb abinm to ab sbt up ns phnmmbe- Cowbvbr( tcb fdty—s pohdfb sueebmhy fhosbe dt eowm eub to tcb djpnft fouhe fnusb om tcb fdty—s sbfurdty nme trn``df- N`tbr sojb mbiotdntdoms( dt wns nhhowbe to tnlb phnfb om n Vumeny( stnrtdmi nt sdx o—fhofl dm tcb jormdmi( om tcb nssujptdom tcnt tcds wouhe ab tcb jojbmt wdtc hbnst rbpbrfussdoms- Ucds worl ansdfnhhy fomsdstbe o` aurmdmi twbhvb fnr tdrbs( phnfbe pbrpbmedfuhnrhy to tcb trn``dftcb rbjndms o` tcrbb stohbm fnrs òume dm n kumlynre( nme tcb edstrdautdom o` òur rofls om tcb rone( o` tcb typb usbe dm tcb fdty to prbvbmt vbcdfhbs `roj pnrldmi



03



502 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens

Ju ru` tj( s 9- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- ou >444Wnrn hn rbnhdznfdöm eb bstb proybfto sb fomtrntnrom hos sbrvdfdos eb umn bjprbsn bspbfdnhdznen bm hn aûsquben y jnmbko eb tdpos cujnmos( ùmenjbmtnhjbmtnzn`ntns o bebfnmbs pnrn fomirbsos( joebhos puahdfdtnrdos( btfätbrn- Vb hb pdedbrom 502 fduenenmos jbxdfnmos( vnrombs( eb 67 n 57 nþos( eb >07 n >97 fj ebstnturn y eb rnzn jbstdzn eb njbrdmedo y fnufîsdfo- Hn fd`rn eb 502 vbmên fomedfdomnen por hn dmtbmfdöm eb fuardr bh bspnfdo fom fdmfo dmedvdeuos por jbtrfunerneo- Ästos ebaênm pbrjnmbfbr trbs corns bm pdb y eb bspnhens n hos nffbsos n hn snhn( eurnmtb bh eên eb hn dmnuiurnfdöm- @dmnhjbmtb hn bjprbsn fomtrntnedmtroeuko tnmtns drrbiuhnrdenebs bm hn pdbzn qub ästn sb trnmsòrjö bm umn fomùsdöm eb ibmtbs ntrnêens fom hos jîs edvbrsos sbþubhos- Ho jîs soarbsnhdbmtb ùqub edfcn bjprbsn trnko umn bsfubhn prbpnrntordn nh fojphbto; >27 nhujmos( fom sus jnbstros( n hos qub sb hbs edko qub nsdstdrênm n umn oarn eb tbntro( ho quoahdiö n prbsfdmedr eb bstns pbrsomns jojbmtos nmtbs eb nardr hn snhn nh pûahdfo- Bh rbsto eb hns supubstns pbrsomns rbjumbrnens bstuvo dmtbirneo por hn iunreprbsdebmfdnh jbxdfnmn( um antnhhöm eb soheneos nh fojphbto( nebjîs eb um irupo cbtbroiämbo eb njdios eb hn bjprbsn- Vupombjos( mo sdm rnzombs( qub mubstrn bjprbsn eb fomtrntnfdöm prbtbmedö utdhdznr umn jnsn irntudtn eb dmedvdeuos pnrn qubenrsb fom sus snhnrdos( ho qub mo puedjos fojproanr nh fdbm por fdb

502 pnde pbophbJu ru` tj( s 9- Jx f( Jx- o >444

@or tcb rbnhdzntdom o` tcds prokbft( tcb sbrvdfbs wbrb cdrbe o` n fojpnmy wcdfc spbfdnhdzbs dm provdedmi stbwnrebssbs or ndeb*eb*fnjps( nevbrtdsdmi joebhs( bt502 Jbxdfnm fdvdhdnms wbrb rbqubstbe( jnhbs abtwbbm tcb nibs o` 67 nme 57( jbnsurdmi abtwbbm >07 nme >97 fj dm cbdict nme o` jdxbe Njbrdfnm*Dmednm nm

Fnufnsdnm rnfb- Ucb mujabr 502 wns ebtbrjdmbe ay tcb dmtbmtdom to `dhh up tcb spnfb wdtc `dvb dmedvdeunhs pbr fuadf jbtbr- Ucbsb jbm wouhe cnvb to rbjndm stnmedmi wdtc tcbdr anfls to tcb rooj bmtrnmfb òr tcrbb cours om tcb eny o` tcb opbmdmi- @dmnhhy tcb fojpnmy dmtroeufbe so jnmy drrbiuhnrdtdbs dmto tcb pdbfb tcnttrnmsòrjbe dtsbh` dmto n cuib kujahb o` pbophb nttrnftbe ay n edvbrsdty o` edstrnftdoms- Ucb jost nstomdscdmi `nft wns tcnt tcb fojpnmy arouict wdtc dt nm bmtdcdic sfcooh òr tcb bvbmt- >27 stuebmts nme tcbdr tbnfcbrs wbrb tohe tcby wbrb iodmi to tcb tcbntbr( wcdfc jneb dt mbfbssnry to bkbft tcbj jojbmts abòrb tcjusbuj opbmbe dts eoors to tcb puahdf- Ucb rbst o` tcb so*fnhhbe pnde pbophb wbrb jbjabrs o` tcb Jbxdfnm Mntdomnh Iunre( n ùhh anttnhdom o` sohedbrs( nme jdxbe frowe jneb up o` `rdbmes o` tcb fojpnmy- Yb spbfuhntb( mot wdtcout rbnsom( tcnt tcb cdrb fojpnmy souict to usb n frowe o` dmedvdeunhs òr `rbb nme lbbtcbdr snhnrdbs( aut wb wbrb umnahb to fom`drj tcds-



97

03 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn pbrJnmbfbr aho^Rbnmeo bh nffbso n Rm JRsboJu n fjî- pu( f- ou 1777

Eurnmtb hn dmnuiurnfdöm ebh @bstdvnh Dmtbrmnfdomnh eb Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo eb Wusnm( WDFN@ por sus sdihns bm dmihäs( 03 pbrsomns fomtrntnens sb sbmtnrom oebmnenjbmtb `rbmtb n hn pubrtn eb nffbso prdmfdpnh ebh bvbmto- Bstns pbrsomns pbrjnmbfdbrom trbs corns fomtdmuns bm sus posdfdombs( sdm npbmns jovdjdbmt

N toens bhhns sb hbs pniö 6-777 woms por corn( bh bqudvnhbmtb n 6 %( ho qub rbprbsbmtn bh eoahb ebh snhnrdo jêmdjo forbnmo( sdtuneo bm >-277 woms- Bstb jêmdjsubhb sbr dmfujphdeo( eîmeosb hn fdrfumstnmfdn eb qub hos trnankneorbs ebh jusbo eomeb sb rbnhdznan hn nffdöm foarnanm >1 % nh eên por kormnens jufcns vbfbs supbrdorbs n hns edbz corns- Fdmfo eb hos trnankneorbs fomtrntneos portnanm fnrtbhbs bm dmihäs y forbnmo fom hn hbybmen; «Jb pninm 6-777 woms n hn corpnrn rbnhdznr bstb trnanko¼- Bstb tbxto rbsuhtnan fhnrnjbmtb vdsdahb pnrn bh pûahdfo y nutordenebs nsdstbmtbs nh bvbmto dmnuiurnh-

03 pbophb pnde to ahofL n JRsbRJ bmtrnmfbJuuj ` fj n- pu( L- o 1777

Eurdmi tcb dmnuiurnh fbhbarntdom o` Wusnm—s Dmtbrmntdomnh Fomtbjpornry Nrt @bstdvnh( WDFN@( 03 pbophb wbrb cdrbe to sdt dm nm orebrhy `nscdom dm `romt o` tcb jndm btrnmfb to tcb bvbmt- Ucby rbjndmbe tcbrb `or tcrbb fomsbfutdvb cours dm tcb snjb posdtdom( anrbhy jovdmi- Nhh o` tcbj wbrb pnde 6(777 woms pbr cour( tcb bqudvnhbto %6( wcdfc ds twdfb tcb njoumt o` Lorbn—s jdmdjuj wnib o` >277 woms- Ucds wnib ds o`tbm edsrbinrebe idvbm tcb fdrfujstnmfb tcnt tcb worlbrs nt tcds jusbujwcbrb tcb nftdom tool phnfb( bnrmbe %>1 pbr eny `or n worldmi kourmby wcdfc `rbqubmthy bxfbbebe tbm cours- @dvb o` tcb cdrbe worlbrs cbhe sdims dm Bmihdsc nme Lrbnm wcdfc rbne; «D nj abdmi pnde 6(777 woms pbr cour to umebrtnlb tcds koa¼- Ucds tbxt wns vdsdahb to tcb puahdf nme tcb nutcordtdbs prbsbmt nt tcb dmnuiurnh bvbm



pbrsomn rbJRmbrnen eRrnmtb Rmn Kormnen eb 607 corns fomtdmRnsp-s-> f n fjî- mu yl( b R- sj 1777

Rmn snhn fomofden fojo Lumstcnhhb bm W-V-> ùb suaedvdeden fom um juro eb hnerdhho vdsto ebknmeo n um hneo ebh juro umn pbrsomn bmfbrrnen- Bstn pbrsomn brnhdjbmtnen por um cubfo nadbrto bm jdtne ebh juro( n hn nhturn ebh subho- Wbrjnmbfdö ncê eurnmtb 607 corns fomtdmuns( bs ebfdr( eurnmtb eos sbjnmns( por hnqub foarö >7 % hn corn-

n pbrsom pnde @or 607 fomtdmRoRs YorLdmi coRrsp-s-> fj n f- mw yl( R s- sj 1777

N cnhh lmowm ns Lumstcnhhb dm W-V-> wns edvdebe wdtc n ardfl wnhh( hbnvdmi n pbrsom sbfhuebe om tcb otcbr s deb- Ucds pbrsom wns idvbm òoe tcrouic n cohb dm tcjdeehb o` tcb wnhh nt iroume hbvbh- Cb rbjndmbe tcbrb òr 607 fomtdmuous cours( d-b- two wbbls( òr wcdfc cb bnrmbe %>7 pbr cour-



91

bspnfdo fbrrneo fom Jbtnh forrRineoiê h- h( r R- sj 1771

Wnrn hn dmnuiurnfdöm ebh mubvo bspnfdo eb hn Inhbrên Hdssom( sb fbrrö ästb por trbs sbjnmns fom jbtnh forruineo-

spnfb fhosbe o@@ ay forrRintbe Jbtnhh i- h( R Lj- sj 1771

@or tcb opbmdmi o` tcb mbw Hdssom Inhhbry( tcb spnfb wns fhosbe o`` `or tcrbb wbbls wdtc forruintbe jbtnh-



95

3 foJadmnfdombs pnrn Rmn pRbrtn eb 1 coKnsp z- K( Jäx- Ku 1777

Hn pubrtn eb bstn inhbrên bs jbtîhdfn y tdbmb eos cokns necbrdens n hos juros jbednmtb eos cdbrros por hneo( dmtroeufdeos bm hn pnrbe y `dkneos fom fbjbmto- Hpubrtn ùb ebsjomtnen y jomtnen eb ofco òrjns edstdmtns( hns ûmdfns posdahbs fomsbrvnmeo bstos cdbrros ebmtro eb hn pnrbe- Bm funtro eb hns posdfdombs h

pubrtn mo sb poeên fbrrnr-

3 foJadmntdoms @or n eoRahb eoorz pk- K( Jx- Ku 1777

Ucb eoor to tcds inhhbry ds jneb o` jbtnh nme cns two sbftdoms nttnfcbe to tcb wnhh ay two drom sfrbws om bnfc sdeb tcnt cnvb abbm bjabeebe dm tcb wnhh nm`dxbe wdtc fbjbmt- Ucb eoor wns edsjnmthbe nme rbnssbjahbe dm bdict ed``brbmt wnys( wdtcout rbjovdmi tcbsb drom sfrbws `roj tcb wnhh- Dm òur o` tcbsb posdtdomtcb eoor fouhe mot ab fhosbe-



90

bstrRftRrn eb phnmfcns eb bmfo@rneo bm bh bspnd >6 eb hn @Rmenfdm Konm Jdr@uö K Jö( a( b- b >442

strRftRrb Jneb Rp o@ fomstrRftdom phntbs dm bspnd >6 o@ tcb Konm Jdr @oRmentdomK Jö @u( a( s- Ku >442



rbftÎmiRho eb 477 x 677 fJ soarb bh sRbhopê u h p( s( t( b- mj >445

rbftnmihb o@ 477 S 677 fJ om tcb @hoor

h p du fju( s( t( s- mj >445



93

67 aho^Rbs eb pnm nhdmbneosdö @û f- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- n >440

Vb `nardfnrom trbdmtn pnmbs bjphbnmeo johebs rbftnmiuhnrbs qub rbproeukbsbm òrjns pröxdjns nh hnerdhho( nh sbr hns jîs sbmfdhhns eb orebmnr- Vb nhdmbnrom esphnznmeo hn tnmibmtb n hn sbjdfdrfum`brbmfdn òrjnen por hn nfbrn- Hos fofcbs ebstroznrom hn pdbzn qub( `dmnhjbmtb( ùb rbtdrnen por hos anrrbmebros-

67 honvbs o@ arbne hdmbe Rpd ` @û f s- Jx f( Jx- n >440

Ucdrty honvbs o` arbne wbrb anlbe usdmi rbftnmiuhnr johes tcnt wouhe rbproeufb ardfl*hdlb scnpbs( ns tcbsb nrb tcb bnsdbst to nrrnmib- Ucby wbrb hdmbe up to edphnfb tcb tnmibmt o` tcb sbjdfdrfhb frbntbe ay tcb sdebwnhl- Ucb vbcdfhbs ebstroybe tcb pdbfb( wcdfc wns `dmnhhy rbjovbe ay tcb rone swbbpbrs-



sRprbsdm eb hn tnrdJn ebh eoahb sRbho eb hn mnvb fbmtrnh eb hn nmtdiRn dihbsdn fomvbmtRnh eb snmtn tbrbsn

bx t n nu- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- Ku >444Hn dihbsdn fomvbmtunh ebh sdiho SPDD( Vnmtn Ubrbsn hn Nmtdiun( ùb nenptnen fojo fbmtro eb nrtb fomtbjporîmbo n prdmfdpdos eb hn eäfnen eb hos movbmtn- Fojpnrtb eb su profbso eb joebrmdznfdöm sb fomstruyö umn tnrdjn bm hn mnvb fbmtrnh( fom umn irnm potbmfdn vdsunh( qub djpbeên hn dmtroeuffdöm eb bhbjbmtos pbsneos- Wropusb( y fomsbiuê por pnrtb eb hn edrbffdöm ebh fbmtro( su rbtdrnen eb`dmdtdvn-

bhdJdmntdom o@ tcb Yooebm phnt@orJ o@ tcb eoRahb @hoor o@ tcb fbmtrnh mnvb dm tcb ohe fomvbmt fcRrfc o@ snmttbrbsn bx t n nu- Jx f( Jx- Ku >444

Ucb >9tc*fbmtury fomvbmt fcurfc( Vnmtn Ubrbsn hn Nmtdiun( wns nenptbe ns n fomtbjpornry nrt fbmtbr nt tcb abidmmdmi o` tcb mdmbtdbs- Ns pnrt o` tcb joebrmdzntdom profbss( n wooebm phntòrj wns audht òr tcb fbmtrnh mnvb( wdtc n irbnt vdsunh potbmtdnh tcnt prbvbmtbe tcb dmtroeuftdom o` cbnvy oakbfts- D proposbe dts eb`dmdtdvb rbjovnh to tcb nutcordtdbs nme tcby nffbptbe-



37

17 trozos eb fnhhb nrrnmfnen( eb >77 fJ eb hneo bm sR fnrn sRpbrdoriê Î rj- J( b- J >441

Vb bstnahbfdö fomtnfto fom umn bjprbsn ebedfnen nh rbjozneo eb vêns pûahdfns y sb hbs pdedö qub nrrnmfnsbm hos trozos eb fnhhb eb um joeo edstdmto n fojoho cnfbm morjnhjbmtb( bsto bs( snfnmeo irnmebs pbenzos bmtbros eb nhio jîs eb >77 fj eb hneo- Vb trnankö fom edvbrsns funerdhhns eb oarbros( pubs mo toeos bstnanm edspubstos n rbnhdznr bh trnanko- Rmn vbz nrrnmfnens hns pdbzns( sb dmtroeukbrom bm hn inhbrên- Nhhê sb edspuso umn bstrufturn rbtdfuhnr eomeb `ubroorebmnens- Fom umn rnednh sb fortnrom hos trozos eb fnhhb qub soarbsnhênm eb hn jbeden prb`dknen bm >77 fj eb hneo( ebknmeo hos rbstos bm bh pdso-

17 pdbfbs o@ rone JbnsRrdmi >77 S >77 fJ pRhhbe Rp @roJ tcb iroRmeiê Î rj- J( s- J >441

N fomstruft dom fojpnmy spbfdnhdzdmi dm roneworls wns nslbe to puhh tcb rone up dm rbftnmiuhnr ahofls bnfc jbnsurdmi >77 x >77 fj- Nt `drst dt wns mbfbssnto mbiotdntb tcds prokbft( mot omhy wdtc tcb fomstruftdom fojpnmy( aut wdtc tcb worlbrs tcbjsbhvbs( cnvdmi tcbj puhh tcbsb pdbfbs out dm tcbdr bmtdrbty- Mot nhh tcworlbrs wbrb wdhhdmi to fnrry out tcds koa( tcbrb`orb ed``brbmt iroups o` tcbj wbrb bminibe dm tcb proeuftdom o` tcds pdbfb- Omfb tcb hnrib pdbfbs o` rone wbrbpuhhbe out( tcby wbrb phnfbe dm tcb inhhbry nme nrrnmibe nfforedmi to n rbtdfuhnr strufturb- Ucb adts o` rone tcnt bxfbbebe tcb `dxbe jbnsurbjbmt o` >77 x >7fj wbrb fut( hbnvdmi tcb rbjndmdmi pnrts om tcb `hoor-



31



35

JRro eb fbJbmto fortneo n 677 fJ eb hneo bm sR fnrn sRpbrdor n su- b f( h ij( b- ou >441

Ntbhdbr ebh Vur bs umn snhn eb nrtb sdtunen bm hns dshns Fnmnrdns( fuyo nffbso por vên jnrêtdjn soho bstî pbrjdtdeo n hns pbrsomns qub sb nhoknm bm hns dmstnhfdombs eb rbfrbo fdrfumenmtbs- Vb trnankö fom hos bsfojaros nhhê ibmbrneos( trnshnenmeo y fortnmeo um juro ebrrdaneo-

fbJbmt Ynhh JbnsRrdmi 677 S 677 fJ nme @nfdmi RpYnres n su- b f( h ij( s- o >441

Ntbhdbr ebh Vur ds nm nrt fbmtbr hofntbe om tcb Fnmnry Dshnmes( nffbss to wcdfc ay sbn ds omhy pbrjdttbe to tcosb pbophb stnydmi dm tcb surroumedmi cohdeny nrbn- Ucpdbfb jneb usb o` tcb ruaahb tcbrb( rbjovdmi nme futtdmi n ebjohdscbe wnhh-



rbftÎmiRho eb >-777 x 577 fJ fortneo soarb bh sRbhof sî p- J( b- J >446

Rm nmtdiuo nhjnfäm( qub ebaên sbr ebrrudeo y qub( n hn bspbrn eb hn ebjohdfdöm( sb fbedö n um irupo eb bstuednmtbs eb Abhhns Nrtbs( ùb bh huinr eomeb sb cdzbstn pdbzn- Fomsdstdö bm rbnhdznr( prdjbro( um fortb y( hubio( um vnfdneo ebh jntbrdnh soarnmtb soarb bh subho ebh bspnfdo- Eb bstn òrjn bh rbftîmiuho fbmtrnh qubenan hdjpdo y nhrbebeor sb nfujuhnanm hos trozos rotos ebh subho- Bh pûahdfo prb`brên fnjdmnr soarb hos trozos subhtos qub fdrfumenanm bh rbftîmiuho-

rbftnmihb o@ >(777 S 577 fJ fRt om tcb @hoor

sî p s- J( s- J >446

Nm ohe wnrbcousb naout to ab ebjohdscbe wns hbmt to n iroup o` nrt stuebmts `roj tcb Rmdvbrsdty( nme sbrvbe ns tcb hofntdom òr tcds pdbfb- Dt fomsdstbe o` jndmi n rbftnmiuhnr fut om tcb `hoor nme tcbm sfnttbrdmi tcb hb`tovbr jntbrdnh om tcb rbst o` tcb iroume- Ucus( tcb fbmtrnh rbftnmihb wns hb`t fhbnr nme pdbfbs o` arolbm `hoor nffujuhntbe nroume dt- Ucb puahdf prb`brrbe to wnhl ovbr tcbsb hoosb adts nme pdbfbs tcnt surroumebe tcb rbftnmihb-



30

pbrsomn bm Rm cRbfo anKo tdbrrn eb 677 x 277 x 677 fJb Ju Lj ` pj- cl( @- sj 177>

Bm Cbhsdmld cny fomtnadhdznens >7-777 pbrsomns sdm tbfco( umn fd`rn dmsöhdtn pnrn um pnês fom um bhbvneo mdvbh eb vden- Mo oastnmtb y `rbmtb n ho qub puedbrn pnr

fbr( bh bstneo mo sb ebsbmtdbmeb eb bhhos( rbfdabm nyuen bfomöjdfn y nhoknjdbmto qub ästos rbfcnznm- Vb trntn bm su jnyorên eb nhfocöhdfos rbpuedneos bm sutrnankos y coinrbs( fuyn sdtunfdöm mo bs ntbmeden bm tärjdmos jäedfos( sdmo por su fnrîftbr eb sdm tbfco- Bm bstn ofnsdöm sb bstnahbfdö fomtnfto fom umn nsofdnfdöm eb nyuen n hos sdm coinr pnrn fohofnr por eos sbjnmns n rnzöm eb funtro corns ednrdns n um dmedibmtb bm um cubfo anko tdbrrn( bmtrb bh jusbo y bh Wnrhjbmto- Hos eos prdjbros eêns mnedb nfuedö nh cubfo( n pnrtdr ebh tbrfbro mumfn `nhtö nhiudbm edspubsto n bmtrnr- Vb pninrom 27 jnrfos `dmhnmebsbs hn corn( 9 %-

pbrsom dm n edtfc JbnsRrdmi 677 S 277 S 677 fJs w Lj Juuj pj au- cl( @- sj 177>

Cbhsdmld cns n cojbhbss popuhntdom o` sojb >7(777 pbophb; nm umbxpbftbehy cdic mujabr òr n foumtry wdtc sufc n cdic stnmenre o` hdvdmi- Ucb foumtry eobs modimorb tcbj tcouic( tcb cojbhbss rbfbdvb bfomojdf nde nme scbhtbr( wcdfc tcby rbkbft- Jost o` tcbj nrb nhfocohdfs erdvbm out o` tcbdr phnfbs o` worl nme cojb@or tcds worl( fomtnft wns jneb wdtc nm nssofdntdom òr tcb cojbhbss- N cojbhbss pbrsom wns to stny òr two wbbls( òr òur cours n eny( dmsdeb n ebbp edtfc( eudm tcb rofly iroume abtwbbm tcb Wnrhdnjbmt nme tcb Jusbuj- Eurdmi tcb `drst two enys moaoey scowbe up- @roj tcb tcdre eny om tcbrb wns nhwnys sojbomb rbneto io dmsdeb tcb edtfc nme sdt tcbrb- Ucb pbrsom wns pnde 27 @dmmdsc jnrls( sojb %9( pbr cour-



6-777 cRbfos eb >37 x 27 x 27 fJ fnen Rmoe Jj- vk @ #fî$( b- Ku 1771

Bm um tbrrbmo sdtuneo `rbmtb n hns fostns eb Jnrrubfos sb bxfnvnrom 6-777 cubfos eb hns jbedens dmedfnens y fom hns fnrns pbrpbmedfuhnrbs y pnrnhbhns bmtrsê- Bh trnanko ùb hhbvneo n fnao por um irupo qub osfdhnan bmtrb 17 y 9 kormnhbros sbiûm bh eên- Vb trntnan eb trnankneorbs n`rdfnmos( jnyordtnrdnjbmtb sbmbinhbsbs y bm jbmor jbeden jnrroquêbs( jîs um fnpntnz bspnþoh- Hns hnaorbs sb cdfdbrom n pnhn eurnmtb um jbs y foarnrom bh snhnrdo bstdpuhneo por hn nejdmdstrnfdöm bspnþohn pnrn kormnhbros( bs ebfdr( 25 ₨por ofco corns eb trnanko-

6(777 cohbs o@ >37 S 27 S 27 fJ bnfce Jj- vk @ #f$( s- Ku 1771

Om n hot `nfdmi tcb fonst o` Joroffo( 6(777 cohbs o` tcb dmedfntbe edjbmsdoms wbrb eui( wdtc pnrnhhbh nme pbrpbmedfuhnr sdebs- Ucb worl wns pbròrjbe ay iroup( `huftuntdmi abtwbbm 17 nme sbvbm eny hnaorbrs( nfforedmi to tcb eny- Ucby wbrb N`rdfnm worlbrs( jost o` tcbj Vbmbinhbsb( tcb jdmordty abdmi Jorofnms( phus n Vpnmdsc òrbjnm- Ucb worl wns eomb wdtc scovbhs nme hnstbe omb jomtc( òr wcdfc tcb worlbrs fcnribe tcb snhnry òr eny hnaorbrs stdpuhntbe atcb Vpnmdsc nejdmdstrntdom( tcnt ds ₨25 òr 3 cours worl-



33



47



17 trnanKneorbs bm hn aoebin eb Rm anrfoJjuj j «i¼ u a- a( b- Ku 177>

Rm anrfo eb fnrin portunrdn( eb 17 jbtros eb bshorn( ùb nhqudhneo por umn sbjnmn- Ebaên rbfoibr bm um pumto ebh pubrto n 17 pbrsomns qub pbrjnmbfbrênm ofutns bm hn aoebin( y cnfbr umn rutn cnstn otro mo juy hbknmo( bjphbnmeo trbs corns eb den y vubhtn- Hns pbrsomns ùbrom fomtnftnens bm su jnyorên irnfdns n hn fohnaornfdöm eb hn nsofdnfdöm Dam Antutn eb nyuen nh dmjdirnmtb- Numqub bm nhusdöm nh joeo cnadtunh eb hhbinen eb nhiumos trnankneorbs bxtrnmkbros sb prdjö bh oribm jnirbaê y suasncnrdnmo( tnjadäm sb nfbptnrom eos trnankneorbs aohdvdnmos y umn trnankneorn nribmtdmn qub nsê ho sohdfdtnrom- Vb hbs pninrênm 5-777 pbsbtns

umos 17 %( por hns trbs corns y sb hbs bxdidrên tbmbr hos pnpbhbs bm rbihn pnrn bvdtnr proahbjns fom hn pohdfên( prbvdsdahbs bm um bspnfdo pûahdfo y bm um bvbmto eb `fdh ebtbffdöm- Hn pdbzn brn rbnhdznen fom bh npoyo ebh ioadbrmo hofnh( qub ebaên fomtrohnr hn fnmtdene eb trnankneorbs( su hbinhdene y hn provdsdöm eb um sbiuro Nsdjdsjo sb bmfnrinrên ebh nfopdo eb niun potnahb y cdbho( tbmdbmeo bm fubmtn hns nhtns tbjpbrnturns- Bsto ûhtdjo tnjadäm ebtbrjdmö bh uso eb um cornrdo eb tnreBh prdjbr eên mo sb fuardö hn fd`rn bspbrnen pbro( n pnrtdr ebh sbiumeo( bh proahbjn ùb bh bxfbso eb trnankneorbs- Hos vnrombs eb ordibm jnrroquê nfnpnrnrom fojphbtnjbmtb hn nffdöm ebsphnznmeo bm sbiuden nh rbsto eb dmjdirnmtbs( jdbmtrns qub hn orinmdznfdöm npbmns fomsbiuên rbtbmbr hos mojarbs eb hos pnrtdfdpnmtbs- Bhn aoebin bh njadbmtb ùb sorprbsdvnjbmtb hûedfo( sb kuinan n hns fnrtns y sb fnmtnan- Nh qudmto eên ebaê ebknr n hn orinmdznfdöm bh sbiudjdbmto eb hn oarn bm ntbfdöm n otros fojprojdsos eb trnanko- Bh rbsuhtneo ùb su ùhjdmnmtb fnmfbhnfdöm- Vb nhbinrom hns nhtns tbjpbrnturns b dmfhuso hn bxdstbmfdn eb um jotêm n aoreBm rbnhdene ho sufbedeo sb ebadö n hn dmfnpnfdene eb fomtrohnr umn jnsn frbfdbmtb eb pnrtdfdpnmtbs y nh jdbeo rbnh qub hns pbrsomns bmfnrinens ebh nsumto por bioadbrmo hofnh hb tbmênm n bstb irupo hnaornh trnedfdomnhjbmtb nsdjdhneo bm Bspnþn fom hn ebhdmfubmfdn- Fnab sbþnhnr bh ùbrtb djpnfto jbedîtdfo qub tuvo hn nfdöm y hns fomstnmtbs dmtbr`brbmfdns qub hn prbsbmfdn eb hn prbmsn fnusö bm bh morjnh ebsbmvohvdjdbmto ebh bvbmto- Uoeo bhho( bm um fomtbxto bm bh qub hos trnan kneorbs dmjdirnmtbs eb hn fduene rbnhdznanm fomstnmtbs bmfdbrros fomtrn hn hby bspnþohn eb bxtrnmkbrên-

17 YorLbrs dm n scdp—s coheJjuj J u* j ` a- a( s- Ku 177>

N 17*jbtbr fnrio aont wns cdrbe òr omb wbbl- Dt wns to pdfl up 17 pbophb nt n fbrtndm podmt dm tcb port( wco wouhe rbjndm cdeebm dm tcb cohe( nme tcbm cbne to

wnres nmotcbr podmt fhosb*ay( tnldmi tcrbb cours tcbrb nme anfl- Ucb pbophb wbrb jndmhy fomtnftbe tcrouic tcb Dam Antutn djjdirnmt nde nssofdntdom- Nhtcouitcbdr Jnicrbad nme sua*Vncnrnm ordidm wns o` prdjnry djportnmfb( nhhuedmi to tcb usunh jbtcoe o` nrrdvnh o` sojb òrbdim worlbrs( two Aohdvdnm worlbrs nme `bjnhb Nribmtdmdnm worlbr wbrb nhso tnlbm om- Ucby wbrb pnde 5(777 pbsbtns( sojb %17( òr tcrbb cours nme rbqudrbe to cnvb tcbdr pnpbrs dm orebr to nvode òrsbbnahb proahbjs wdtc tcb pohdfb dm n puahdf phnfb( wcbrb tcb bvbmt wns stnibe dm ùhh vdbw- Ucb pdbfb wns proeufbe wdtc tcb support o` tcb hofnh iovbrmjbmtwcdfc cne to fomtroh tcb mujabr o` worlbrs( tcbdr hbinhdty nme provdeb dmsurnmfb- Hdlbwdsb( tcby wbrb rbspomsdahb òr supphydmi erdmldmi wntbr nme dfb abfnuso` tcb cbnt- Owdmi to tcb cdic tbjpbrnturbs( wb cne to worl dm tcb bvbmdmis- Om tcb `drst eny( wb ede mot nttrnft tcb mujabrs bxpbftbe aut( `roj tcb sbfome entcb proahbj wns tcnt tcbrb wbrb too jnmy worlbrs- Jnhbs o` Joroffnm ordidm jomopohdzbe tcb bvbmt fojphbtbhy edsphnfdmi tcb otcbr djjdirnmts djjbedntbhwcdhst tcb orinmdzntdom omhy kust suffbbebe dm wdtccohedmi tcb mnjbs o` tcb pnrtdfdpnmts- Ucb ntjospcbrb dm tcb cohe wns surprdsdmihy spdrdtbe( wdtc fnre injbnme sdmidmi- Om tcb `d`tc eny( D cne to hbnvb tcb orinmdzntdom dm fcnrib( wcdhst D nttbmebe to otcbr fojjdtjbmts- Ns n rbsuht( tcb pdbfb wns fnmfbhbe sueebmhy ‖tcb cbnt nme bvbm n jutdmy om aonre wbrb ahnjbe- Dm rbnhdty( wcnt cnppbmbe wns eub to nm dmnadhdty to fomtroh tcb irowdmi frowe o` pnrtdfdpnmts nme tcb rbnh `bndmstdhhbe dm tcb hofnh iovbrmjbmt nibmts bmtrustbe wdtc tcb tnsl ay tcds hnaor iroup wcdfc( dm Vpndm( ds trnedtdomnhhy nssofdntbe wdtc frdjdmnhdty- Dt ds wortc podmtdmout tcb fomsdebrnahb jbedn djpnft o` tcb bvbmt nme tcb fomstnmt edsruptdoms to dts morjnh ebvbhopjbmt owdmi to tcb prbsbmfb o` tcb prbss- Ucb bvbmt tool phnfwdtcdm n `rnjbworl dm wcdfc tcb fdty—s djjdirnmt worlbrs wbrb stnidmi fomstnmt sdt*dms nindmst Vpnmdsc djjdirntdom hnws-



41



45



pdmtRrn mbirn soarb Rm JRropu v- J( b- ej >445

Anko bh pubmtb eb Pbmtns( mueo eomeb fom`huybm hn vên pbrd`ärdfn J67 y umn fnhhb nrtbrdnh eb Jnerde( hn eb Nhfnhî( bxdstbm umos bspnfdos sdm mdmiumn `dmnhdene bpbfê`dfn- Bstn pdbzn( fomsdstbmtb bm pdmtnr fom nbrosohbs umn pnrtb ebh juro qub sb bmfubmtrn anko bh pubmtb( bxtrbjnan hn `bnhene ebh huinr y su fnrîftbr dmcospdtnhnrdo-

ahnfL pndmt om n Ynhhpu v- J( s- ej >445

Rmebr tcb ardeib lmowm ns tcb Wubmtb eb Pbmtns( wcbrb tcb J67 abhtwny nme Nhfnhî Vtrbbt dmtbrsbft( tcbrb nrb sojb nrbns o` wnstb iroume- Ucds pdbfb dmvohvbsprny*pndmtdmi n pnrt o` tcb wnhh umebr tcb ardeib( ardmidmi out tcb uihdmbss o` tcb sdtb nme dts dmcospdtnahb mnturb-



40

sRbho dJprbimneo fom 27 Li eb ns@nhtoc fu fu- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- Ku >440

Funmeo sb rbnhdzö bstn pdbzn( bh Cospdtnh eb Foumtry Fhua bstnan bm oarns y cnaên um vdidhnmtb qub sb jnmtbmên pbrjnmbmtbjbmtb bm bh huinr- Hn debn brn soaormnh vdidhnmtb y nsê fomsbiudr su pbrjdso pnrn djprbimnr umn snhn fom ns`nhto- Wropubstn hn oarn nh vdidhnmtb( ästb mos ebkö hhbvnrhn n fnao pbro mo nfbptö rbtrdaufdöm nhiumn( pubs jd o`brtn supomên pnrn äh umn òrjn eb vbminmzn `rbmtb n su pröxdjo ebspdeo qub tbmerên huinr bm bsns `bfcns-

@hoor dJprbimntbe Ydtc 27 Li o@ nspcnhtfu fu c- Jx f( Jx- Ku >440

Ycbm tcds pdbfb wns jneb( fomstruftdom worl wns abdmi fnrrdbe out om tcb Foumtry Fhua Cospdtnh nme n iunre rbjndmbe om euty nhh tcb tdjb- Ucb debn wns tardab cdj dm orebr to indm cds pbrjdssdom to djprbimntb n rooj wdtc nspcnht- Ycbm D nslbe tcb iunre wcbtcbr wb fouhe fnrry out tcds worl( cb nirbbe( aut rbùsbe to nffbpt nmy rbjumbrntdom wcntsobvbr( abfnusb( to cdj( jy o``br wns n òrj o` rbvbmib òr cds òrtcfojdmi edsjdssnh( wcdfc wns soom to tnlb phnfb-



27 Li eb ybso soarb hn fnhhbf Jquä f- J( b- ej >445

Bm Jnerde bxdstb umn irnm nftdvdene ebh sbftor eb hn fomstruffdöm( ho qub trnmsòrjn hn fduene bm um nutämtdfo fnjpo eb opbrnfdombs `nardhbs- Mo rbsuhtn bxtrnþn hn prbsbmfdn eb jnmfcns eb nrbmn o ybso bm hns fnhhbs( profbebmtbs eb nhiûm fnjdöm o eb nhiumn snhden eb oarns- Bm bstn ofnsdöm sb vbrtdö ybso bm fnhhb y sb ebkö qub hos nutos trnznsbm um edauko fomòrjb n sus rbforrdeos-

27 Li o@ phnstbr dm tcb strbbtJquä f s- J( s- ej >445

Dm Jnerde( tcb fomstruftdom sbftor cns n stromi prbsbmfb( trnmsòrjdmi tcb fdty dmto nm nutcbmtdf `dbhe o` jnmu`nfturdmi opbrntdoms- Dt ds mot umusunh to `dme tcstrbbts jnrlbe nme stndmbe wdtc audhedmi snme or phnstbr `roj n trufl or fomstruftdom sdtb- Om tcds offnsdom( phnstbr wns bjptdbe omto tcb strbbt( nme hb`t tcbso tcb vbcdfhbs wouhe trnfb n ernwdmi forrbspomedmi to tcb kourmbys jneb-



43

27 hdtros eb insohdmn bm Rm ebsfnJpneoh @- J( b- ej >445

Hos @ofos bs um poahneo fcnaohdstn sdtuneo n hns n`ubrns eb Jnerde y cnadtneo por idtnmos dmjdirnmtbs- Bm um ebsfnjpneo sb qubjnrom 27 hdtros eb insohdmnrbsuhtnmeo umn jnmfcn oasfurn bm bh subho-

27 hdtbrs o@ insohdmb dm nm nanmeombe @dbheh @- J( s- ej >445

Hos @ofos ds n scnmty towm sdtuntbe om tcb outsldrts o` Jnerde nme popuhntbe ay djjdirnmt iypsdbs- 27 hdtbrs #naout >-72 qunrts$ o` insohdmb wbrb aurmbe dm nnanmeombe `dbhe( proeufdmi n ahnfl stndm om tcb iroume-



inhbrn ^RbJnen fom insohdmn iê n e- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- mj >449

Bstn oarn sb prbpnrö pnrn hn rbdmnuiurnfdöm ebh mubvo bspnfdo eb bstn inhbrên- Vb qubjnrom fom nmtorfcns hns pnrbebs y tbfcos eb su dmtbrdor( y( fom sophbtbhns pnrtbs jîs rbsdstbmtbs( fojo pubrtns y vbmtnmns-

inhhbry aRrmbe Ydtc insohdmbiê n e- Jx f( Jx- mj >449

Ucds pdbfb wns prbpnrbe `or tcb rb*opbmdmi o` tcb inhhbry—s mbw sbftdom- Dmsdeb( tcb wnhhs nme fbdhdmis wbrb aurmbe wdtc torfcbs( wcdhb ahowpdpbs wbrb usbe om tc

jost rbsdstnmt pnrts( sufc ns eoors nme wdmeows-



>77



>71

ebsJomtnKb y JomtnKb eb Rm hnvnJnmosf r( 2>- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- mj >443

Nrrnmquä bh hnvnjnmos ebh funrto eb anþo eb jd ebpnrtnjbmto y hhnjä n um `omtnmbro pnrn qub ho vohvdbsb n dmstnhnr-

rbJovdmi nme @dttdmi n sdmL 2> r s- Jx f( Jx- mj >443

D puhhbe out tcb antcrooj sdml dm jy npnrtjbmt nme cdrbe n phujabr to `dx dt-



hdJpdbzn eb Rm pdso pnrn hn oatbmfdm eb edvbrsns orebmnfdombs eb niRn eb @rbinrf r( 2>- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- ej >443

Hn òrjn eb `rbinr subhos bm Jäxdfo rbsuhtn bsfhnrbfbeorn eb hos fomtrnstbs sofdnhbs bxdstbmtbs- Hn nusbmfdn eb umn fhnsb jbedn ùbrtb( cnadtunh ebstdmntnrdn eûtdhbs eb hdjpdbzn eojästdfn sbmfdhhos( y hn `nfdhdene eb bjphbo eb jnmo eb oarn anrntn cnfbm qub mo sb cnynm dmtroeufdeo jätoeos jîs föjoeos qub sê sbmfubmtrnm bm otros pnêsbs( eomeb( por bkbjpho( mo cny qub ninfcnrsb pnrn bsfurrdr umn kbrin n jnmo- Bstn pdbzn fomsdstdö bm hn hdjpdbzn ebh subho eb jd fnsn hn jnmbrn hofnh( nprovbfcnmeo bstn nftdvdene pnrn trnznr edaukos sdjphbs fojo bmtrbtbmdjdbmto-

fhbnmdmi o@ n @hoor to oatndm ed@@brbmt edstrdaRtdoms o@ Yntbr2> f r- Jx f( Jx- ej >443

Dm Jbxdfo( tcb wny tcb `hoors nrb fhbnmbe rb`hbfts bxdstdmi sofdnh fomtrnsts- Ucb hnfl o` n stromi jdeehb fhnss( tcb usunh fomsujbrs o` sdjphb cousblbbpdmi utbsdhs( nme bnsy nffbss to fcbnp hnaor( nrb tcb rbnsoms wcy jorb fomvbmdbmt jbtcoes cnvb mot ybt abbm dmtroeufbe- Dm otcbr foumtrdbs( cousb*fhbnmdmi eutdbs emot rbqudrb n stromi pcysdfnh b`òrt- Kust to mnjb nm bxnjphb( omb eobs mot cnvb to lbbp abmedmi eowm to wrdmi out n fhotc ay cnme- Ucds pdbfb bmtndhbe fhbnmdmi tcb `hoor o` jy npnrtjbmt tcb wny tcb hofnhs eo( tnldmi nevnmtnib o` tcds nftdvdty to trnfb sdjphb ernwdmis ns bmtbrtndmjbmt-



>75



fofcb bhbvneo bm 07 fJf r( 2>- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- J >443

Wnrn bstn pdbzn sb bjphbö jd huinr eb rbsdebmfdn bm hn fduene eb Jäxdfo- Vdtuneo bm bh fbmtro cdstördfo eb hn fduene( bs ed`êfdh( por jotdvos oavdos( bmfomtrnr vb

cêfuhos bstnfdomneos n pnrtdr eb fdbrtn corn( y( sd cny nhiumo( sb trntn eb joebhos nmtdiuos b dmsbrvdahbs- Vb pdedö prbstneo um fofcb y sb bstnfdomö `rbmtb n vbmtnmn eb jd ebpnrtnjbmto- Wostbrdorjbmtb( sb roebö bh nutojövdh fom fubrens eb phîstdfo qub ntrnvbsnanm jd cnadtnfdöm y qub sb ntnrom n umn fohujmn sdtunen bm bh pntdo dmtbrdor ebh bed`dfdo- Bhho oahdinan n jnmtbmbr hn pubrtn fomstnmtbjbmtb nadbrtn( ho qub trnmsòrjnan jd bspnfdo bm pnrtb eb hn bxcdadfdöm- Hnfubrens( prbsbmtbs bm bstn fduene bm tdnmiuds y toen umn injn eb nrqudtbfturns dmòrjnhbs( sb tbmsnrom eb joeo qub bh fofcb sb bhbvnsb bm hn jbeden dmedfnebm bh têtuho por umo eb sus fostneos- Nsê( hns eos rubens suspbmedens qubenanm nh nhfnmfb eb funhqudbrn y cuao qub rbtdrnrhns- Eurnmtb bh eên bh trî`dfo mo srbsdmtdö por hn prbsbmfdn eb hns fubrens y bh ûmdfo proahbjn ùb hn fomstnmtb furdosdene eb hn pohdfên( hn funh( mo bmfomtrnmeo dm`rnffdöm nhiumn( mumfn ùb jînhhî eb cnfbr prbiumtns sdm oatbmbr rbspubstns sntds`nftordns- Hn pdbzn söho pbrjnmbfdö eos eêns bm bxcdadfdöm-

fnr rndsbe 07 fJ2> r s- Jx f( Jx- J >443

@or tcds pdbfb D usbe jy phnfb o` rbsdebmfb dm Jbxdfo Fdty- Vdtuntbe eowmtowm( dt ds ed``dfuht( òr oavdous rbnsoms( to `dme vbcdfhbs pnrlbe om tcb strbbt n`tbr n fbtndm cour( nme d` tcbrb nrb nmy( tcby nrb ohe( umusnahb joebhs- N fnr wns aorrowbe nme pnrlbe dm `romt o` jy npnrtjbmt wdmeow- Ucb fnr wns tcbm aoume wdtphnstdf ropbs tcnt fnjb tcrouic jy rooj( nme wbrb tdbe to n fohujm hofntbe dm tcb audhedmi—s dmmbr fourtynre- Ucds òrfbe tcb eoor to ab opbm( trnmsòrjdmi jprdvntb spnfb dmto pnrt o` tcb bxcdadtdom- Ucb ropbs( wcdfc fnm ab òume nt bvbry strbbt jnrlbt nme dm nhh spcbrbs o` dmòrjnh nrfcdtbfturb dm tcb fdty( wbrb tdictbmbe dm sufc n wny tcnt tcb fnr wns bhbvntbe 07 fj sdebwnys( so tcnt two o` dts wcbbhs wbrb wdtcdm rbnfc nme cne to ab rbjovbe- Eurdmi tcb eny( tcb trn``df wn

mot n``bftbe ay tcb ropbs( nme tcb omhy proahbj wns tcb fomtdmudmi dmtbrbst o` tcb pohdfb( wco( `dmedmi mo o``bmsb cne abbm fojjdttbe( wbmt mo ùrtcbr tcnm nsldmi qubstdoms wdtcout oatndmdmi sntds`nftory nmswbrs- Ucb pdbfb wns bxcdadtbe òr kust two enys-



>70



>73



>>7

@nreo eb >-777 x 577 x 127 fJ( foJpRbsto eb phÎstdfos bm ebsRso y sRspbmedeo eb hn @nfcnen eb Rm bed@dfdo sdto bm hnfnhhb dsnabh hn fnthdfn( 2iê nrt & debn- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- n >449

Vb profbedö n hn rbfoiden eb phîstdfos( umenjbmtnhjbmtb homns eb fnjdöm ebstroznens( fnkns eb fnrtöm y edvbrsos tdpos eb ansurns dmoriîmdfns( y sb ub orjnmeum irnm pnqubtb eb hns edjbmsdombs dmedfnens- Hn prîftdfn totnhdene eb bstos jntbrdnhbs ebadö sbr fojprnen ebadeo n hn `ubrtb bstrntd`dfnfdöm ebh jbrfneo eb preuftos bm ebsuso( qub sb rbutdhdznm fnsd por fojphbto- Fom`bffdomneo bh pnqubtb( sb suspbmedö eb hn `nfcnen ebh bed`dfdo bjphbnmeo funhqudbr pumto eb npoypnrn njnrrnr hns fubrens- Eb bstb joeo bh pnqubtb qubenan cnfdn bh bxtbrdor y bm hn snhn söho poeênm vbrsb hns fubrens qub ho sustbmtnanm-

aRmehb o@ >(777 S 577 S 127 fJ foJposbe o@ Ynstb phnstdf nme sRspbmebe @roJ tcb @romt o@ n aRdhedmi- 2 dsnabh hn fnthdfn strbbtiê nrt & debn- Jx f( Jx- n >449

Nt `drst tcb phnstdfs wbrb intcbrbe( jndmhy fnmvnsbs `roj wrbflbe trufls( fnreaonre aoxbs nme ed``brbmt typbs o` dmorinmdf inranib( wcdfc abinm to `orj n irbaumehb o` tcb edjbmsdoms dmedfntbe naovb- Jost o` tcbsb jntbrdnhs cne to ab aouict ns tcb wnstb*proeuft jnrlbt ds strntd`dbe nme prnftdfnhhy nhh jntbrdnhs nrb rbfyfhbe- Ycbm tcb aumehb wns rbney( dt wns tcbm suspbmebe `roj tcb `romt o` tcb audhedmi usdmi nmy podmt o` support to tdb tcb ropbs- Ucb aumehb rbjndmbe out

sdeb( wcdhb dmsdeb tcb inhhbry omhy tcb ropbs tcnt supportbe dt wbrb vdsdahb-



>>1

pbrsomn rbJRmbrnen pnrn pbrJnmbfbr ntnen n Rm aho^Rb eb Jnebrn

f n s Jö- a( b- Ku 177>Bstn pdbzn sb prbsbmtö bm bh fomtbxto eb hn jubstrn fohbftdvn «Urnms Vbxunh Bxprbss¼ y bm um fbmtro eb nrtb qub fojpnrtb hofnfdöm fom hn dihbsdn fntöhdfn eb VnmJömdfn( sdtunen bm umn zomn eb bsn fduene fom irnm nftdvdene eb fojbrfdo sbxunh- Vb njnrrnrom umns fubrens ebseb umo eb hos pdhnrbs ebh bed`dfdo cnstn um ahoqub eb jnebrn sdtuneo umn phnmtn jîs nrrdan- Bm su rbforrdeo hns fubrens ntrnvbsnrom umn frdstnhbrn qub ùb rotn pnrn pbrjdtdr su pnso- Eos jukbrbs sb turmnroeurnmtb umn sbjnmn( por trbs corns nh eên( pnrn pbrjnmbfbr njnrrnens por bh toadhho nh jnebro- Vb hbs pniö n rnzöm eb 2-777 pbsbtns hn corn( umos 15 %( prbfdo kneo n pnrtdr ebh usunh bmtrb hns prostdtutns ebh îrbn- Hn cnadtnfdöm eomeb trnanknanm pbrjnmbfên fbrrnen sdm qub mnedb puedbsb vbr bh dmirbso o snhden eb hns jukrbs- Rmn eb bhhns( fomsfdbmtb eb hos posdahbs jbfnmdsjos eb fojbrfdnhdznfdöm eb bstn oarn( sohdfdtö fojo fomedfdöm pnrn trnanknr um >7" eb hos abmb`dfdos qub nrtdstn oatuvdbrn( ho qub ùb nfbptneo-

pbrsom pnde to rbJndm tdbe eoYm to n Yooebm ahofL f n s Jö- a( s- Ku 177>

Ucds pdbfb wns prbsbmtbe ns pnrt o` n iroup bxcdadtdom bmtdthbe «Urnms Vbxunh Bxprbss¼( dmsdeb nm nrt spnfb tcnt scnrbs dts hofntdom wdtc tcb Fntcohdf fcurfc o` VnmJomdfn( sdtuntbe dm n pnrt o` towm rbmowmbe òr dts ausy sbx trneb- Qopbs wbrb tdbe `roj omb o` tcb pdh hnrs dmsdeb tcb audhedmi nme fommbftbe to n wooebm ahofl suntbe om tcb uppbr `hoor- N wdmeow cne to ab arolbm dm orebr to hbt tcb ropbs io tcrouic dmto tcb hbvbh naovb- Uwo wojbm tool turms eurdmi n wbbl( òr tcrbb coubnfc eny( to rbjndm tdbe eowm `roj tcbdr nmlhbs to n wooebm ahofl- Ucby wbrb pnde 2(777 pbsbtns nm cour( sojb %15( tcb bqudvnhbmt to tcb `dxbe prdfb òr sbxunsbrvdfbs dm tcb strbbts o` tcds zomb- Ucb rooj wcbrb tcby worlbe rbjndmbe fhosbe( wdtcout nmyomb sbbdmi tcb wojbm bmtbr or hbnvb- Omb o` tcbj( nwnrb o` tcb posdahb fojjbrfdnh worldmis o` tcb pdbfb( rbqubstbe( ns n fomedtdom òr eodmi tcb koa( >7" o` tcb pro`dts tcb nrtdst jdict rbfbdvb( wcdfc wns nffbptbe-



>>5



>>0

pRbmtb pbntomnh oastrRdeo fom fdmtn eb bJanhnKbf t rê fuuu- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- J >440

N phbmn huz ebh eên y sdm qub mnedb sb sdmtdbsb dmföjoeo o eb nhiûm joeo n`bftneo por ho qub cnfên( fortä fom fdmtn eb bjanhnkb bh nffbso qub pbrjdtên n hos pbntombfruznr hn nutovên eb Uhnhpnm- Ästos( sdjphbjbmtb( sb trnshnenanm fnhhb nanko pnrn ausfnr otro frufb-

@ootardeib oastrRftbe Ydtc Yrnppdmi tnpbf t rê fuuu- Jx f( Jx- J >440

Dm arone enyhdict( nme wdtcout nmyomb `bbhdmi umfoj`ortnahb or dm nmy wny n``bftbe ay wcnt D wns eodmi( D oastruftbe tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb ardeib wdtc wrnppdmi tnpprbvbmtdmi tcb pbebstrdnms `roj frossdmi tcb ausy rone o` Uhnhpnm- Ucby sdjphy jovbe eowm tcb strbbt hooldmi `or nmotcbr frossrones-



hmbn eb 67 fJ tntRnen soarb Rmn pbrsomn rbJRmbrnen f r( 2>- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- J >443

Wnrn bstn oarn sb ausfö umn pbrsomn sdm tntunr y qub mo tuvdbsb dmtbmfdöm eb sbr tntunen pbro qub( cnfdämeohb `nhtn bh edmbro( fomsdmtdbsb bm hhbvnr umn jnrfeb por vden- Vb hb pninrom 27 %-

hdmb o@ 67 fJ tntoobe om n rbJRmbrntbe pbrsom2> r s- Jx f( Jx- J >443

D hoolbe òr n pbrsom wco ede mot cnvb nmy tnttoos or dmtbmtdoms o` cnvdmi omb( aut eub to n mbbe òr jomby( wouhe nirbb to cnvb n jnrl om cds sldm òr hd`b- Ucpbrsom rbfbdvbe %27 ns pnyjbmt-



>>3

hmbn eb 127 fJ tntRnen soarb 0 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens

b nu- h c( fu- ej >444Vbds kövbmbs ebsofupneos eb Hn Cnanmn Pdbkn ùbrom fomtrntneos( por 67 %( pnrn qub fomsdmtdbsbm bm sbr tntuneos-

127 fJ hdmb tnttoobe om 0 pnde pbophbb nu- c( fu- ej >444

Vdx umbjphoybe youmi jbm `roj Ohe Cnvnmn wbrb cdrbe òr %67 dm bxfcnmib òr abdmi tnttoobe-



hmbn eb >07 fJ tntRnen soarb 5 pbrsomnsb i n fjî- sj( b- ej 1777

Funtro prostdtutns nedftns n hn cbroêmn ùbrom fomtrntnens( por bh prbfdo eb umn eosds( pnrn qub fomsdmtdbrnm bm sbr tntunens- Morjnhjbmtb foarnm 1-777 o 6-77pbsbtns( bmtrb >2 y >9 %( por umn `bhntdo( jdbmtrns qub bh prbfdo eb hn eosds romen hns >1-777 pbsbtns( umos 09 %-

>07*fJ hdmb tnttoobe om 5 pbophbb i n fjî- sj( s- ej 1777

@our prostdtutbs needftbe to cbrodm wbrb cdrbe òr tcb prdfb o` n scot o` cbrodm to idvb tcbdr fomsbmt to ab tnttoobe- Morjnhhy tcby fcnrib 1(777 or 6(777 pbsbtnabtwbbm >2 nme %>9( òr `bhhntdo( wcdhb tcb prdfb o` n scot o` cbrodm ds nroume >1(777 pbsbtns( naout %09-



>17



hmbn eb >7 pRhinens rnsRrnen soarb hns fnabzns eb 1 cbrodmJnmos rbJRmbrneos fom Rmn eosds fnen Rmof @ 671- s Ku pu r( pu r- ou 1777

Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo posbb umn irnm fnmtdene eb nedftos n hn cbroêmn( vdsdahbs jbmedinmeo bm hns zomns turêstdfns ebh Pdbko Vnm Kunm- Eos eb bhhos `ubrornsurneos fom umn hêmbn eb >7 puhinens qub fojprbmeên sus eos fnabzns- Bh pnio sb rbnhdzö fom umn eosds-

>7*dmfc hdmb scnvbe om tcb cbnes o@ tYo KRmLdbs Yco rbfbdvbe n scot o@ cbrodm ns pnyJbmt671 @ s- s Ku pu r( pu r- o 1777

Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo ds cojb to n irbnt mujabr o` cbrodm needfts wco fnm ab sbbm abiidmi `or jomby dm tcb strbbts o` tcb tourdst nrbn o` Ohe Vnm Kunm- Uwo` tcbj wbrb scnvbe wdtc n >7*dmfc hdmb om tcbdr cbnes- Bnfc wns idvbm n scot o` cbrodm ns pnyjbmt-



>11



>66 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn tbþdr sR pbho eb rRado n- v( d- Ku 177>

Bm hn fduene eb Pbmbfdn trnanknm fojo vbmebeorbs njauhnmtbs dhbinhbs umn irnm fnmtdene eb dmjdirnmtbs eb orêibmbs edspnrbs- Vbmbinhbsbs( abminhêbs( fcdmob dmfhuso dtnhdnmos ebh sur- Vb hbs rbqudrdö pnrn qub fomsdmtdbsbm bm sbr tbþdeos eb ruado por >17-777 hdrns( umos 07 %( sdbmeo hn ûmdfn fomedfdöm tbmbr bh fnabhhoosfuro- Hn opbrnfdöm sb rbnhdzö bm jnsn bm umn snhn fbrrnen ebh Nrsbmnh( eurnmtb hn dmnuiurnfdöm eb hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn eb bsb nþo- N pbsnr eb qub sb prbvbtbþdr n 177 pbrsomns( soho ho ùbrom >66 ebadeo n qub hn hhbinen eb dmjdirnmtbs sb proeuko bm òrjn bsfnhomnen( sdm qub sb puedbsb bstnahbfbr fom prbfdsdömfuîmtns pbrsomns sb bmfomtrnanm yn ebmtro eb hn snhn- Vb ebfdedö bmtomfbs fortnr bh dmirbso fnhfuhnmeo n oko- Bsto fnusö mujbrosos proahbjns bm hn pubrt

por bh dmfbsnmtb `huko eb pbrsomns qub nûm prbtbmeênm bmtrnr-

>66 pbrsoms pnde to cnvb tcbdr cndr eybe ahome n- v( d- Ku 177>

Dm tcb fdty o` Pbmdfb tcbrb nrb n irbnt mujabr o` dhhbinh strbbt vbmeors( jost o` tcbj djjdirnmts `roj ed``brbmt pnrts o` tcb worhe; Vbmbinhbsb( Anmihnebscd( Fcmbsb( nme nhso Voutcbrm Dtnhdnms- Ucby wbrb nslbe to nirbb to cnvb tcbdr cndr eybe ahome nme wbrb pnde >17(777 hdrb( sojb %07- Ucb omhy fomedtdom abdmi tctcbdr cndr ab mnturnhhy enrl- Ucb profbeurb wns eomb dm n fohhbftdvb jnmmbr abcdme tcb fhosbe eoors o` n wnrbcousb( sdtuntbe dm tcb Nrsbmnhb( eurdmi tcb opbdmi o` tcnt ybnr—s Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh- Nhtcouic tcb mujabr o` pbophb ordidmnhhy sfcbeuhbe to tnlb pnrt dm tcds opbrntdom wns 177( dt wns `dmnhhy rbeufbe to >66 eub ttcb nrrdvnh o` djjdirnmts dm n stniibrbe wny( jnldmi dt ed``dfuht to fnhfuhntb wdtc prbfdsdom cow jnmy pbophb cne nhrbney bmtbrbe tcb cnhh- Dt wns tcbm ebfdebe scut eowm tcb bmtrnmfb nme fnhfuhntb tcb mujabr ay dmòrjnh foumt- Ucds fnusbe mujbrous proahbjs nt tcb eoor( eub to tcb mbvbr bmedmi `how o` pbophb hbnvdmi or bmtbrdmi-



>15



>10

>7 pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn JnstRranrsbf tk- h c( fu- mj 1777

Edbz pbrsomns `ubrom rbjumbrnens fom 17 % pnrn jnsturanrsb( sbpnrnenjbmtb bm fnsn eb umn eb bhhns y `rbmtb n umn fîjnrn eb vdebo-

>7 pbophb pnde to JnstRrantbtk s- c( fu- mj 1777

Ubm pbophb wbrb pnde %17 eohhnrs to jnsturantb sbpnrntbhy dm `romt o` n vdebo fnjbrn( dm omb o` tcbdr cousbs-



pohdRrbtnmo bsprbneo soarb vbreRrns ebsbfcnens( pnrn hn fomfbmtrnfdm eb sR profbso eb foJaRstdm b5 fomtbmbeorbsY t f- v bö bx iuk( K( Jäx- sj >440

N bsfnsos >77 jbtros ebh Yorhe Urneb Fbmtbr eb Iunenhnknrn sb bmfubmtrn bh Jbrfneo Fbmtrnh eb Nanstos eb edfcn fduene- Bm bsb huinr( y fomtnmeo fom trn

ankneorbs dmòrjnhbs eb hn zomn( sb rbfohbftnrom funtro fomtbmbeorbs eb vbreurns ebsbfcnens( sb sdtunrom bm hn edniomnh ebh bstnfdomnjdbmto ebh cotbh y sb vofnrom fom su fomtbmdeo- Wostbrdorjbmtb( sb fuardbrom hns vbreurns fom pohdurbtnmo( eb jnmbrn qub bh ins jbtnmo proeufdeo eurnmtb bh profbso eb putrb`nffdömo puedbmeo bsfnpnr hdarbjbmtb( sb jnmd`bstnrn bm òrjn eb fnhor drrnedneo ebseb hos fomtbmbeorbs- Nhiumns fohujmns eb ins ahnmfo qub fomsbiuênm `dhtrnrsbmtrb bh pohdurbtnmo ùbrom hn fnusn eb um pbmbtrnmtb ohor qub djpbeên hn pbrjnmbmfdn prohominen kumto n hn oarn-

pohyRrbtcnmb sprnybe ovbr Ynstb vbibtnahbs @or tcb fomfbmtrntdom o@ tcbdr foJaRstdom profbss( dm 5 fomtndmbrY t f- bx iuk( @` b( K( Jx- sj >440

Iunenhnknrn—s Yorhe Urneb Fbmtbr ds hofntbe >77 jbtbrs `roj tcb Jbrfneo Fbmtrnh eb Nanstos( tcb fdty—s jndm jnrlbt- Ucbrb( wdtc tcb cbhp o` fnsunh worlbrs `rotcb nrbn( òur fomtndmbrs ùhh o` wnstb vbibtnahbs wbrb fohhbftbe- Ucbsb wbrb phnfbe edniomnhhy nfross n cotbh pnrldmi hot( nme wbrb tcbm bjptdbe nhomi wdtc tcbfomtbmts- Hntbr om( tcb vbibtnahbs wbrb fovbrbe wdtc pohyurbtcnmb- Ucb jbtcnmb ins proeufbe eurdmi tcb rottdmi profbss fouhe mot bsfnpb `rbbhy( fnusdmi cbnto ab rbhbnsbe `roj tcb fomtndmbrs- Fohujms o` wcdtb ins jnmnibe to bsfnpb `roj tcb pohyurbtcnmb( ibmbrntdmi n vbry stromi oeor tcnt prbvbmtbe pbophb `rostnydmi mbxt to tcb pdbfb òr too homi-



>13

bsprbneo eb pohdRrbtnmo soarb >3 pbrsomns

d s J- hu( d- J 1771Bm umn dihbsdn jbedbvnh( vnfên y sdm fuhto( sb dmtroeukbrom >3 prostdtutns kövbmbs qub trnanknanm bm hos nhrbebeorbs y qub( bm su jnyorên( brnm ordidmnrdns ebh bsteb Buropn- Pbstdens bm ropn dmtbrdor( sb hns protbidö fom jnmtns y phîstdfos pnrn hubio rofdnrhbs pohdurbtnmo bm su îrbn ibmdtnh bm eos posturns; eb `rbmtb y ebspnhens- Bh rbsuhtnmtb( umn jnsn njor`n eb pohdurbtnmo y phîstdfo( ùb ebspnrrnjneo por toen hn dihbsdn< tnjadäm hos rbstos eb nhdjbmtos y abadens dmibrdennhiumn ropn ohvdenen( hos fnhb`nftorbs y hns aojaomns vnfêns eb pohdurbtnmo-

sprnydmi o@ pohyRrbtcnmb ovbr >3 pbophbfu ` s J- hu( d- J 1771

>3 youmi prostdtutbs wco worlbe dm tcb zomb( tcb jnkordty o` Bnstbrm Buropbnm ordidm( wbrb phnfbe dmsdeb nm bjpty jbedbvnh fcurfc mo homibr usbe òr worscdErbssbe dm tcbdr umebrwbnr( tcby wbrb protbftbe wdtc woohbm fovbrs nme phnstdf scbbts to ab tcbm sprnybe wdtc pohyurbtcnmb om tcbdr ibmdtnh nrbns( dm two ed``brbmt posturbs; `roj tcb `romt nme tcb anfl- Ucb rbsuht( nm njorpcous jnss o` pohyurbtcnmb nme phnstdf( wns sfnttbrbe tcrouicout tcb fcurfc( ns wbhh ns tchb`tovbrs o` òoe nme erdml( sojb òriottbm fhotcbs( cbntbrs nme bjpty pohyurbtcnmb fnms-



>67



>61

rbfohbffdm eb vbreRrns ebsbfcnens( pnrn sR sRspbmsdm n hn bmtrnen ebh JbtroJ f n i du- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- J >440

Bm hos fomtbmbeorbs eb ansurn eb hn fbmtrnh eb Nanstos eb Jäxdfo( bm bh îrbn eb vbreurns( subhb cnabr irupos eb pbrsomns sbhbffdomnmeo bh jntbrdnh ebsbfcnepbro nûm ûtdh pnrn bh fomsujo- Qbnhdfä hn jdsjn opbrnfdöm hhbmnmeo fdmfo aohsns qub hubio fohiuä n hn bmtrnen ebh jbtro-

fohhbftdom o@ rottbm vbibtnahbs to ab sRspbmebe nt tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb sRaYny f n Jl i du- Jx f( Jx- J >440

Dm tcb inranib fomtndmbrs o` tcds ausy jnrlbt( spbfd`dfnhhy dm tcb vbibtnahb nrbn( dt ds fojjom to sbb iroups o` pbophb fohhbftdmi vbibtnahbs tcnt nrb stdhh sudtna`or fomsujptdom- D fnrrdbe out tcb snjb tnsl( `dhhdmi up `dvb anis tcnt D hntbr cumi nt tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb suawny-



>65

homn eb >-777 x 277 fJ( sRspbmeden eb hn @nfcnen eb Rm bed@dfdosäj n f 14- mu yl( b R- sj >449

Rmn homn fom hn `rnsb «tx ùu Salf at 1277 u u >777 x 277 j¼ ùb fohinen eb `nfcnen eb um bed`dfdo- Nh trntnrsb eb umn nvbmden( hn dmstnhnfdöm eb um fnrtbh rbsuhtn fostosn y cn eb cnfbrsb fom hn forrbspomedbmtb hdfbmfdn- Nsê pubs( hn homn brpubstn y rbtdrnen sbiûm ebsnpnrbfdbsb o npnrbfdbsb hn pohdfên hofnh- Wor otro hneo( bstn pdbzn( y `rbmtb n ho qub rbsuhtnrên morjnh( bstnan cbfcn por nrtbsnmos e

Jäxdfo-

fnmvns JbnsRrdmi >(777 S 277 fJ sRspbmebe @roJ tcb @romt o@ n aRdhedmis nu 14 s- mw yl f( R s- sj >449

N fnmvns wdtc tcb ohhowdmi stntbjbmt «tx w l ` ùu Salf at 1(277 w ` >(777 x 277 j¼ wns cum`roj tcb `romt o` n audhedmi- Abfnusb o` tcb cdic fost o` dmstnhhdmi n sdim om nm nvbmub( nme tcb mbbe òr n hdfbmsb( tcb fnmvns wns put dmto phnfb nme rbjovbe ntcb hofnh pohdfb nppbnrbe or edsnppbnrbe- Ucds pdbfb( umusunhhy( wns jneb ay nrtdsnms `roj Jbxdfo-



homn sostbmden @rbmtb n hn bmtrnen eb Rmn @brdn eb nrtbr @ a- a( su- Ku 177>

Eurnmtb hn dmnuiurnfdöm eb hn jubstrn «Nrt Rmhdjdtbe¼( rbnhdznen bm bh jnrfo eb hn @brdn eb Nrtb eb Ansdhbn( trbs pbrsomns eb ordibm turfo ùbrom fomtrntnens pnrsostbmbr umn pnmfnrtn `rbmtb n hn pubrtn eb bmtrnen nh bvbmto- Hn pnmfnrtn rbznan «Dmhåmebr Qnus¼- Bm fnstbhhnmo( «Wbrsomns ordidmnrdns eb bstb huinr( ùbrn¼ Numqub sb tbmên prbvdsto rbpbtdr bstn nffdöm hos eos eêns sdiudbmtbs( hns pbrsomns fomtrntnens rbmumfdnrom nh bmfnrio neufdbmeo hn fojprojbtden posdfdöm bqub hbs pomerên bm Ansdhbn bxcdadr pûahdfnjbmtb bstn pnmfnrtn-

anmmbr cbhe oRtsdeb tcb bmtrnmfb to nm nrt @ndra t @ p- a( sw- Ku 177>

Eurdmi tcb opbmdmi o` tcb «Nrt Rmhdjdtbe¼ scow nt tcb Ansbh Nrt @ndr( tcrbb pbophb o` Uurldsc ordidm wbrb cdrbe to cohe n anmmbr outsdeb tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb bvbmtUcb anmmbr rbne «Dmhåmebr Qnus¼- Dm Bmihdsc( «Mntdvbs out¼- Nhtcouic tcb phnm wns òr tcds nftdom to ab rbpbntbe ovbr tcb mbxt two enys( tcb pbophb cdrbe invup tcb koa( fhndjdmi tcnt tcby wouhe ab put dm nm nwlwnre posdtdom ay scowdmi tcds anmmbr puahdfhy dm Ansbh-



>60

homn sRspbmeden @rbmtb n Rmn fnhn f s v- J( b- n 177>

Bm hn dshn eb Jnhhorfn cny umn irnm fohomdn ibrjnmocnahnmtb( posbbeorn eb subho( sbrv dfdos( jbedos eb fojumdfnfdöm y poebr pohêtdfo( qub( bm jufcos fnsos( esphnzn n hn poahnfdöm hofnh ebadeo n hn ebpbmebmfdn ebh turdsjo por pnrtb eb hn bfomojên dshbþn- Vb pbmsö bm umn sbiumen pnrtb eb hn pdbzn eb Ansdhbn «Hom

sostbmden `rbmtb n hn bmtrnen eb umn `brdn eb nrtb¼ y sb fohiö hn jdsjn homn ‖bm hn qub sb poeên hbbr «Dmhåmebr Qnus¼( qub bm fnstbhhnmo sdimd`dfn «Wbrsomns ordimnrdns eb bstb huinr( ubrn¼‖ bm umn pnrbe eb rofn qub aorebnan edfcn fnhn- Rmns corns ebspuäs y neufdbmeo qubkns( bh nyumtnjdbmto hofnh rbtdrö hn pdbzn( eîmeoshn pnrneokn eb qub bh propdo nyumtnjdbmto cnaên orinmdzneo bh bvbmto- Urns nhiumns mbiofdnfdombs hn homn `ub rbdmstnhnen y ebsjomtnen corns ebspuäs( bstn vbsdm qub sb supdbrn qudbm ho cdzo-

anmmbr sRspbmebe dm @romt o@ n fovbf s v- J( s- nuu 177>

Ucb dshnme o` Jnhhorfn cns n hnrib popuhntdom o` Ibrjnm spbnlbrs( owmbrs o` hnme( sbrvdfbs nme jbedn nme cohebrs o` pohdtdfnh powbr( wcdfc( dm jnmy fnsbs( edphnfbs tcb hofnh popuhntdom eub to tcb dmfrbnsdmi rbhdnmfb o` tcb dshnme—s bfomojy om tourdsj- Ns n sbfome pnrt o` tcb pdbfb eomb dm Ansbh ‖«Anmmbr cbhe outsdetcb bmtrnmfb to nm nrt `ndr¼‖( tcb snjb anmmbr wns cumi `roj n rofl wnhh surroumedmi tcb fovb- Om dt fouhe ab rbne «Dmhåmebr Qnus¼ wcdfc dm Bmihdsc trnmshntbs n«Mntdvbs out¼- N fouphb o` cours hntbr( nme rbspomedmi to fojphndmts( tcb towm foumfdh rbjovbe tcb anmmbr( frbntdmi n pnrneox sdmfb dt wns tcb snjb aoey wcdfcne orinmdzbe tcb bvbmt- N`tbr sojb mbiotdntdoms( tcb anmmbr wns rbdmstnhhbe nme rbjovbe sojb cours hntbr( tcds tdjb moaoey lmows ay wcoj-



homn sRspbmeden eb hn @nfcnen eb Rm bed@dfdoJu h tu- f( fj- Ku 1771

Rmn homn eb 17 x >2 jbtros fom hn anmebrn eb Bstneos Rmdeos ùb fohofnen bm hn `nfcnen eb um jusbo fnhbþo fom hn dmtbmfdöm eb qub pbrjnmbfdbsb ncê ernmtb hos sbds eêns qub eurnrên um `bstdvnh eb pbròrjnmfbs- Nh qudmto eên y n pbsnr eb hns ùbrtbs hhuvdns nhiudbm dmtbmtö qubjnr hn tbhn( fomsdiudämeoho bm pnrtWostbrdorjbmtb sb ebadö rbtdrnr pnrn mo cnfbr pbhdirnr bh bed`dfdo-

tnrpnRhdm sRspbmebe @roJ tcb @nÉneb o@ n aRdhedmiJu h tu- f( fj- Ku 1771

N tnrpnuhdm o` 17 x >2 jbtbrs edsphnydmi tcb RV `hni wns suspbmebe `roj tcb `romtnib o` n jusbuj wdtc tcb dmtbmtdom o` hbnvdmi dt tcbrb òr sdx enys; tcb eurntdoo` tcb @bstdvnh o` Wbròrjnmfb- Eurdmi tcb `d`tc eny nme( dm spdtb o` tcb cbnvy rndm`nhh( sojbomb trdbe to aurm dt( fnusdmi sojb enjnib- Vuasbqubmthy( dt cne to arbjovbe dm orebr to protbft tcb audhedmi-



>63

cdstordn eb hn inhbrn @oLsnh bmsbþnen n Rm ebsbJphbneo Rfrnmdnmo@uö iê @l- v( p- @ 1771

Hn Inhbrên @olsnh fubmtn fom funtro eäfnens eb cdstordn bm hns qub sb cnm sufbedeo bvbmtos nmîhoios n hos ebsnrrohhneos bm otros pnêsbs eurnmtb bh jdsjo pboeo( sujneo n hns pbfuhdnrdenebs propdns eb um pnês qub bm bsb tdbjpo cn pnsneo eb umn edftneurn bstntnhdstn eb pnrtdeo ûmdfo n umn trnmsdfdöm mnfdomnh fntöhdfcnstn hhbinr n umn ebjofrnfdn pnrhnjbmtnrdn- Funtro bspbfdnhdstns( umo por eäfnen( ùbrom fomtrntneos pnrn bxphdfnr bsos jojbmtos cdstördfos eb hn inhbrên b

hbffdombs eb 27 jdmutos fnen umn n um ebsbjphbneo ufrnmdnmo qub ausfnan trnanko fojo nhanþdh bm hn fnhhb y nh funh sb fomtrntö pnrn hn ofnsdöm- Hns hbffdombsb enanm bm pohnfo( dedojn ebsfomofdeo pnrn bh ebsbjphbneo( ho qub oahdiö n fomtrntnr n um trneuftor eb pohnfo n ruso( dedojn qub( num mo sdbmeo bh jntbrmo enhujmo( ästb eojdmnan- Nebjîs sb fomtö fom um trneuftor eb pohnfo n bspnþoh pnrn jê- Unjadäm sb usö bvbmtunhjbmtb bh dmihäs fojo nyuen-

tcb cdstory o@ tcb @oLsnh inhhbry tnRict to nm RmbJphoybe RLrndmdnm@l i @u- Yw( p- @u 1771

Ucb @olsnh Inhhbry cns òur ebfnebs o` cdstory eurdmi wcdfc bvbmts( sdjdhnr to tcosb dm tcb ebvbhopjbmt o` otcbr foumtrdbs eurdmi tcb snjb pbrdoe o` tdjb( cnvtnlbm phnfb( fouphbe wdtc Wohnme—s owm pbfuhdnr cdstory( dm wcdfc tcb foumtry pnssbe `roj n sdmihb*pnrty edftntorscdp to n trnmsdtdom o` mntdomnh Fntcohdfdsj( dmto pnrhdnjbmtnry ebjofrnfy- @our spbfdnhdsts( omb òr bnfc ebfneb( wbrb cdrbe to bxphndm tcosb cdstordf jojbmts o` tcb inhhbry dm hbssoms o` 27 jdmutbs bnfc( to numbjphoybe Rlrndmdnm( wco wns hooldmi òr n koa ns n fomstruftdom worlbr dm tcb strbbt( nme wco wns cdrbe òr tcb offnsdom- Ucb hbssoms wbrb idvbm dm Wohdsc(hnmiunib umlmowm to tcb umbjphoybe worlbr( òr wcdfc n trnmshntor `roj Wohdsc to Qussdnm cne to ab cdrbe; n hnmiunib wcdfc( nhtcouic mot cds jotcbr tomiub( cmbvbrtcbhbss umebrstooe- Ucbrb wns nhso n trnmshntor `roj Wohdsc to Vpnmdsc òr jysbh`- Bvbmtunhhy( Bmihdsc wns nhso usbe ns nm nde-



>> pbrsomns rbJRmbrnens pnrn nprbmebr Rmn @rnsbf fuu zî- zî( Jäx- J 177>

Omfb jukbrbs dmedns tzotzdhbs( sdm fomofdjdbmto nhiumo eb hn hbmiun bspnþohn( `ubrom rbumdens bm umn snhn pnrn bmsbþnrhbs n ebfdr umn `rnsb bm bspnþoh- Hn `rnsbrn; «Bstoy sdbmeo rbjumbrneo pnrn ebfdr nhio fuyo sdimd`dfneo dimoro¼- Foarnrom 1 % por pbrsomn-

>> pbophb pnde to hbnrm n pcrnsbf fuu zî- zî( Jx- J 177>

Bhbvbm Uzotzdh Dmednm wojbm wbrb arouict toibtcbr dm nm nuedtorduj to ab tnuict n pcrnsb dm Vpnmdsc( n hnmiunib tcby eo mot spbnl- Ucb pcrnsb wns tcb `ohowdmi; «D nj abdmi pnde to sny sojbtcdmi( tcb jbnm dmi o` wcdfc D eom—t lmow¼- Ucby rbfbdvbe %1 bnfc-



>57

pbrsomn edfdbmeo Rmn @rnsbmw s- ajj( r R- @ 1771

Rmn pbrsomn qub pbeên hdjosmn bm hn fnhhb jîs fojbrfdnh eb hn fduene `ub fomtrntnen pnrn ebfdr umn `rnsb nmtb umn fîjnrn eb vdebo- Hn `rnsb brn; «Jd pnrtdfpnfdöm bm bstb proybfto pubeb ibmbrnr umos abmb`dfdos eb 91-777 %- To bstoy foarnmeo 2 £¼-

pbrsom snydmi n pcrnsbmw s- ajj( R Lj- @u 1771

N pbrsom abiidmi `or jomby dm tcb fdty—s ausdbst scoppdmi strbbt wns cdrbe to sny n pcrnsb dm `romt o` n vdebo fnjbrn- Ucb pcrnsb wns; «Jy pnrtdfdpntdom dm tcprokbft fouhe ibmbrntb %91(777 pro`dt- D nj pnde £2-¼



1 Jnrn^Rbrosiê bqu iu- Jäx e-@-( Jäx- b 1771

Eos dmvdebmtbs eb hos qub subhbm pbedr hdjosmn bm bh fbmtro eb hn fduene ùbrom fomtrntneos pnrn rbnhdznr su trnanko bm hn inhbrên- Numqub su kormnen bs jnyosb hbs fomtrntö pnrn tofnr funtro corns ednrdns eurnmtb um jbs- @dmnhjbmtb hn inhbrên soho hbs dmfdtnan n tofnr funmeo npnrbfên um vdsdtnmtb- Vb bjphbnrom sbnhtnvofbs pnrn njphd`dfnr su somdeo-

1 Jnrnfn phnybrsiê bqu iu- Jx f( Jx- Ku 1771

Uwo ahdme pbophb( o` tcb typb usunhhy òume abiidmi dm tcb strbbts o` tcb eowmtowm nrbn( wbrb cdrbe to fnrry out tcbdr koa dm tcb inhhbry- Nhtcouic tcbdr worldmeny ds homibr( tcby wbrb cdrbe to phny òr òur cours n eny òr n jomtc- @dmnhhy( tcb inhhbry projptbe tcbj to phny omhy wcbm n vdsdtor nrrdvbe- Vdx houespbnlbrwbrb usbe to njphd`y tcbdr soume-



>51

fomtrntnfdm y orebmnfdm eb 67 trnanKneorbs fom@orJb n sR fohor eb pdbhpk s( Lu Y- v( nu- sj 1771

67 trnankneorbs ubrom fomtnftneos por hn Lumstcnhhb Ydbm- Vb ausfnan pbrsomns eb ed`brbmtbs tomos eb pdbh pnrn sbr orebmnens ebh jîs fhnro nh jîs osfuro- Vosb hbs prbiumtnan tbhb`ömdfnjbmtb su ordibm y eb ncê sb ebeufên hn vnrdbene tomnh- Rmn vbz qub sb supuso qub sb tbmênm su`dfdbmtbs pbrsomns pnrn nrjnr umn bsfnhn tomnh( sb fomvofö n hns jdsjns- Hhbinrom prdjbro 19 pbrsomns y fojbmznjos hn orebmnfdöm ebknmeo n fnen umn bm ropn dmtbrdor y eb bspnhens n hn pnrbe- Birupo dmtbrjbedo forrbspomedbmtb nh jdxto fnufîsdfo y mbirodeb hhbiö funmeo hn nffdöm bstnan fomfhuden( fom ho qub rbsuhtö nprbfdnahb hn nusbmfdn eb tomos dmtbrjbedos-

cdrdmi nme nrrnmibJbmt o@ 67 YorLbrs dm rbhntdom to tcbdr sLdm fohorpk s( Lu Y- v( nu- sj 1771

Ucb Lumstcnhhb Ydbm fomtnftbe tcdrty worlbrs wco cne abbm rbfojjbmebe to tcbj- Ucby souict pbrsoms o` vnrdous sldm fohors ‖`roj vbry hdict to vbry enrl‖ tab nrrnmibe sdeb*ay*sdeb- Ucb pbrsoms wbrb fomtnftbe ay tbhbpcomb nme nslbe wcbrb tcby fnjb `roj- @roj tcds( tcbdr sldm fohor wns ebeufbe- Ns soom ns

su``dfdbmt mujabr o` pbophb `or tcb ebsdrbe spbftruj o` scnebs wbrb tcouict to ab nvndhnahb( tcb pbrsoms dmvohvbe wbrb fnhhbe toibtcbr- Ucb `drst 19 pbrsoms tnrrdvb wbrb nrrnmibe dm tcbdr umebrwbnr wdtc tcbdr `nfbs to tcb wnhh- Ucosb dmvohvbe wco cne tcb npproprdntb jdxturb o` wcdtb nme fohor turmbe up wcbm tcb nftdocne nhrbney bmebe- Ucds fnm ab sbbm dm tcb rbsuht; tcb dm*abtwbbm scnebs nrb jdssdmi-



irRpo eb pbrsomns fnrn n hn pnrbe y pbrsomn fnrn n hn pnrbeiê h- h( r R- ou 1771

Bstns pdbzns forrbspomebm n umn por fnen phnmtn eb edfcn inhbrên- Fnen eên( por trbs sbjnmns( umn corn ednrdn( um totnh eb sdbtb pbrsomns rbnhdznrom bh trnank@ubrom fomtrntnens n trnväs eb umn orinmdznfdöm frdstdnmn qub rbnhdzn nftdvdenebs prosbhdtdstns bmtrb bh hujpbm uranmo eb Homerbs-

iroRp o@ pbrsoms @nfdmi tcb Ynhh nme pbrsom @nfdmi dmto n formbrh i- h( R Lj- o 1771

Bnfc o` tcbsb pdbfbs forrbspomes to bnfc `hoor o` tcds inhhbry- Bvbry eny( `or tcrbb wbbls( nm cour n eny( n totnh o` sbvbm pbrsoms fnrrdbe out tcb koa- Ucby wbrcdrbe tcrouic n Fcrdstdnm orinmdzntdom tcnt prosbhytdzbs dts abhdb`s njomi Homeom—s uranm umebrfhnss-



>55

pbrsomn fnrn n hn pnrbeiê h- h( r R- ou 1771

pbrsom @nfdmi dmto n formbrh i- h( R Lj- o 1771



JRKbr fom fnpdrotb sbmtnen eb fnrn n hn pnrbepö - a v- v( d- 1776

cooebe YoJnm sbntbe @nfdmi tcb Ynhhs p- v a- v( d- 1776



>50

JRro fbrrnmeo Rm bspnfdo

pö - a v- v( d- 1776

Rm juro eb hnerdhho vdsto `ub fomstrudeo eb subho n tbfco y edspubsto bm pnrnhbho n hn pnrbe eb hn pubrtn eb nffbso- Bh juro s

rbnhdzö n soho 02 fj eb hn prdjbrn pnrbe dmtbrdor( qub nhabrin bh funrto eb anþo( n hn dzqudbren eb hn bmtrnen( y um pbqubþo nhjn

fäm( n hn ebrbfcn- Hns pubrtns eb edfcos cnadtîfuhos `ubrom rbtdrnens qubenmeo fojo ûmdfos bspnfdos nffbsdahbs bh rbfdadeo

y um forrbeor eb 02 fj eb nmfco y 12 j eb hnrio( jîs bh funrto eb anþo y bh nhjnfäm- Hn pubrtn prdmfdpnh ebh pnabhhöm pbr

jnmbfên nadbrtn- Wor hn pnrtb trnsbrn sb pbrjdtên bh nffbso eb pûahdfo( bxfhusdvnjbmtb bspnþoh( prbvdn prbsbmtnfdöm eb E-M-D

pnsnportb u otrn debmtd`dfnfdöm eb furso hbinh-

pnhnarn tnpnen

pö - a v- v( d- 1776

Bjphbnmeo phîstdfo mbiro y fdmtn njbrdfnmn eb bjanhnr( sb tnpö hn pnhnarn Bspnþn qub bxdstb fojo rbhdbvb n hn bmtrnen eb

pnabhhöm-

JRKbr fom fnpdrotb sbmtnen eb fnrn n hn pnrbe

pö - a v- v( d- 1776

Rmn jukbr vdbkn sb sbmtö bm um tnaurbtb fnrn n hn pnrbe por um pbrdoeo eb umn corn fom um fnpdrotb eb nrpdhhbrn mbirn- Hn nffdö

sb hhbvö n fnao sdm prbsbmfdn eb pûahdfo bh > eb jnyo eb 1776-

6 proybftos pnrn bh pnabhhm bspnþoh



Ynhh bmfhosdmi n spnfb

s p- v a- v( d- 1776

N ardfl wnhh wns audht `roj tcb `hoor to tcb fbdhdmi nme sbt pnrnhhbh to tcb bmtrnmfb wnhh- Dt wns phnfbe kust 02 fj `roj tcb `drs

dmtbrdor wnhh( wcdfc cousbe tcb antcrooj( to tcb hb`t o` tcb bmtrnmfb( nme n sjnhh storbrooj( to tcb rdict- Ucb eoors om tcos

roojs wbrb rbjovbe( nme tcb omhy nffbssdahb spnfbs wbrb tcb `oybr( n 02 fj*wdeb ay 12 j*homi forrdeor( tcb antcrooj nme

tcb storbrooj- Ucb jndm Wnvdhdom eoor rbjndmbe opbm- Nt tcb anfl( omhy tcb Vpnmdsc puahdf wbrb nhhowbe bmtry( om scowdm

tcbdr debmtdty fnre( pnssport or otcbr hbinh debmtd`dfntdom-

fovbrbe Yore

s p- v a- v( d- 1776

Ahnfl phnstdf nme jnsldmi tnpb wbrb usbe to fovbr tcb wore –Vpndm— sbt dm rbhdb` ovbr tcb bmtrnmfb to tcb Wnvdhdom-

cooebe YoJnm sbntbe @nfdmi tcb Ynhh

s p- v a- v( d- 1776

Nm ohe wojnm wbnrdmi n ahnfl cbssdnm cooe snt om n stooh `nfdmi tcb wnhh `or n pbrdoe o` nm cour- Ucb nftdom wns stnibe wdtc

out nm nuedbmfb om > Jny 1776-

6 proKbfts @ortcb spnmdsc pnvdhdom



>53



>27



rosn Jnrtmbz

bmtrbvdstn n snmtdnio sdbrrn dmtbrvdbY to snmtdnio sdbrrn



rosn Jnrtmbz- p pö a v 1776 ; Juro

fbrrnmeo um bspnfdo( Wnhnarn tnpnen Jukbr fom fnpdrotb sbmtnen fnrn n hn pnrbe - bjj ju

qu j ö- ¿b quä ` u uö?

p jö u u `ä Jäx e-@-( h*

jl( uj Ju J pu( p-s-> mu yl

j u h i h- ¿ûä ` uö?

snmtdnio sdbrrn - Rmn oastruffdöm djpdeb bh dmtbrfnjado bm hns posdfdombs eb hos bhbjbmtos sdtuneos n umo y otro

hneo eb bhhn- Bsto pubeb sbr hn fomfrbfdöm `êsdfn eb umn procdadfdöm y tbmbr nsê umn ùmfdöm rbprbsdvn( o djpbedr bh nf*

fbso eb umn ùbrzn fobrfdtdvn n mubstro tbrrdtordo( ho qub hb enrên umn ùmfdöm bjnmfdpneorn- Bm bh fnso prdjbro( bh eb

hn procdadfdöm( n umo y otro hneo eb hn hêmbn eb oastruffdöm soho som posdahbs jovdjdbmtos pnrnhbhos( bs ebfdr( nqubhhos

qub nfbptnm y rbproeufbm hn hêmbn( o jovdjdbmtos oahdfuos y pbrpbmedfuhnrbs( qub sdbjprb tbrjdmnrîm por topnrsb fom

hn hêmbn eb oastruffdöm( mo puedbmeo dr jîs nhhî o rbfhnjnmeo fom su jovdjdbmto hn ebsnpnrdfdöm ebh oastîfuho- Fnen

jovdjdbmto quben bmtomfbs eb`dmdeo por su rbhnfdöm fom hn oastruffdöm( posdfdomneo `êsdfn b debohöidfnjbmtb- Bh sb*

iumeo fnso eb oastruffdöm( fuyn ùmfdöm ebfênjos bjnmfdpntordn( sbrên sdjdhnr n umn anrrdfnen< bh `huko bs umdedrbf*

fdomnh y su dmtbrrupfdöm sb ebfdeb suakbtdvnjbmtb pnrn prbsbrvnr mubstro bspnfdo- Bm bh trndhbr qub ahoqubnan bh nmdhho

pbrd`ärdfo eb Jäxdfo y bm bh jusbo eb Wusnm tbmênjos sdtunfdombs juy sdjdhnrbs porqub sb dmtbrrujpên o `dhtrnan um

trîmsdto umdedrbffdomnh- Bm Hdjbrdfl brn umn dffdöm eb anrrdfnen oatbmden fom pbrjdso o`dfdnh( fuyn umfdöm brn fnsd jb*

tnhdmiøêstdfn- Bm bh W-V-> mo tbmênjos sohnjbmtb n um trnankneor fom`dmneo >2 eêns n um hneo eb um juro; tbmênjos tnj*

adäm n hos mo fom`dmneos nh otro hneo( suarnynmeo hns oposdfdombs eb hn rbhnfdöm n umo y otro hneo- Bstb juro( nmtbs

djnidmnrdo y jbmos motordo( yn rbiuhnan sus rbhnfdombs- Juros( vdstos o mo( n njaos hneos eb umn rbhnfdöm sofdnh #fojo

ahoqubs eb bspnhens( aoebins eb anrfos( funrtos fbrrneos( btf-$( nhuedrênm n djposdfdombs vbrtdfnhjbmtb bstnahbfdens(

n fojpnrtdjbmtos eb orebm- Bh fnso jîs sdjdhnr nh qub mos ofupn sbrên bh homedmbmsb- Rm mujbroso irupo eb hn bs*

fbmn nrtêstdfn prbtbmeên nffbebr n um bspnfdo qub sb bmfomtrnan fbrrneo- ¿Wor quä ebsbnan bso? Vd brn pnrn vbr umn

oarn eb nrtb hn pdbzn bstnan `rbmtb n sus mnrdfbs y( sd nebjîs( prbtbmeênm sofdnhdznr( poeênm cnfbrho n bsb hneo eb hn

oastruffdöm bm phbmn fnhhb- Woerênjos pbmsnr qub bstnjos nmtb umn dmtbrrupfdöm ebh sbiumeo tdpo( pubsto qub soho

pbrfdadjos umn edrbffdöm bm bh dmtbmto eb trîmsdto( pbro mo bs nsê( porqub( fojo bm hns romtbrns o fojo bm bh fnso eb

mubstro pnabhhöm( sb mos djpdeb bh nffbso n umn rbnhdene kbrîrqudfnjbmtb supbrdor-

rJ- ¿föj u j? ¿p quä u ju ju?

ss- Ebpbmeb eb quä qubrnjos fomtnr- Bh hnerdhho sb fohofn pdbzn n pdbzn y suidbrb sdm jbmtdr umn hnaordosdene bm su

`nfturn( qub rbsuhtn fnsd jnfnarn sd ho qub prbtbmebjos bs nfbmtunr bh orebm djpubsto- #Ebao ebfdr tnjadäm qub bs

jîs fnro qub otros jntbrdnhbs( por ho qub ho cb usneo jbmos eb ho qub jb cuadbrn iustneo-$ Bm Homerbs qubrên enr

umn sbiumen hbfturn usnmeo fcnpn inhvnmdznen ho jîs sdjdhnr posdahb n hn qub sb bjphbnan pnrn sbhhnr bh nffbso n hos

anmfos nribmtdmos( frbnmeo n okos eb qudbm qudsdbrn vbrho umn fojpnrnfdöm bmtrb «`rustrnfdombs¼- #Eêns nmtbs cnaên

>21



rosn Jnrtmbz- yu— k s p 1776 v a; Ynhh bm

fhosdmi n spnfb( Fovbrbe wore Cooebe wojnm sbntbe `nfdmi tcb wnhh - h— w w( w

l - cw ‘u ‚ `` `j u ? d j

ul l jw Jx f( hjl( uj

J Juuj ` pu( p-s-> l w mw yl u j u

h i h- Y u j u?

snmtdnio sdbrrn - Oastruftdom prbvbmts dmtbrfcnmib abtwbbm tcb posdtdoms o` bhbjbmts om bdtcbr sdeb o` dt- Dt fnm

ab tcb pcysdfnh jntbrdnhdsntdom o` n procdadtdom( dm wcdfc fnsb dt cns n rbprbssdvb ùmftdom( or dt fnm prbvbmt n fobrfdv

òrfb roj bmtbrdmi our tbrrdtory( wcdfc wouhe idvb dt nm bjnmfdpntdmi umftdom- Dm tcb `drst sdtuntdom―tcnt o` procdadtdom―

omhy pnrnhhbh jovbjbmts fnm tnlb phnfb om bdtcbr sdeb o` tcb hdmb o` oastruftdom< tcnt ds( omhy tcosb tcnt nffbpt nme rb

proeufb tcb hdmb- Aut oahdqub or pbrpbmedfuhnr jovbjbmts nhwnys fojb up nindmst tcb hdmb o` oastruftdom nme fnmmo

io abyome dt( or tcby jdict ab fhnjourdmi òr tcb oastnfhb to ab rbjovbe- Bnfc jovbjbmt ds tcbrbòrb eb`dmbe ay dts

rbhntdom to tcb oastruftdom ns dt ds pcysdfnhhy or debohoidfnhhy phnfbe- Ucb sbfome dmstnmfb o` oastruftdom( wcdfc cns―

ns D snde―nm bjnmfdpntdmi ùmftdom( ds sdjdhnr to n anrrdfneb- Cbrb( tcb `how ds umdedrbftdomnh nme dts edsfomtdmudty fn

omhy ab suakbftdvbhy ebfdebe dm tbrjs o` prbsbrvdmi our spnfb- Dm tcb trndhbr ahofldmi tcb rdmi rone dm Jbxdfo Fdty( nm

dm tcb Wusnm jusbuj( wb cnvb vbry sdjdhnr sdtuntdoms abfnusb umdedrbftdomnh trn``df wns cbhe up or dhtbrbe- Dm Hdjbrdfl

dt wns n `dftdtdous anrrdfneb sbt up wdtc o``dfdnh pbrjdssdom( nme dt cne n qunsd*jbtnhdmiudstdf ùmftdom- Nt tcb W-V->( moomhy ede wb cnvb n worlbr fom`dmbe to omb sdeb o` tcb wnhh or >2 enys< wb nhso cne tcosb wco wbrb mot fom`dmbe to tc

otcbr sdeb( strbssdmi tcb opposdtdom dm tcb rbhntdomscdp om bdtcbr sdeb- Ucds wnhh( wcdfc wns ordidmnhhy djnidmnry nme hbs

projdmbmt( nhrbney rbiuhntbe tcbdr rbhntdomscdps- Ynhhs( wcbtcbr vdsdahb or mot( sbt om bdtcbr sdeb o` n sofdnh rbhntdomscd

#hdlb ahofls o` cujnm anfls( scdps— cohes or fhosbe roojs$( nrb nm nhhusdom to vbrtdfnhhy nrrnmibe djposdtdoms( to foj

pnrtjbmts o` orebr- Ucb dmstnmfb tcnt fojbs fhosbst to wcnt fomfbrms us cbrb wns tcb omb dm Homeom; n hnrib iroup

`roj tcb nrt sfbmb wns trydmi to indm nffbss to n fhosbe spnfb- Ycy wbrb tcby eodmi tcds? D` dt wns to sbb nm nrtworl

tcb pdbfb wns sjnfl dm `romt o` tcbj nme( wcnt—s jorb( d` tcby dmtbmebe to sofdnhdsb( tcby fouhe cnvb eomb dt om tcn

sdeb o` tcb oastruftdom( dm tcb jdeehb o` tcb strbbt- Cbrb( wb jdict wbhh ab sbbdmi nm oastruftdom o` tcb sbfome typb( n

wb omhy pbrfbdvb omb edrbftdom dm tcb dmtbmebe `how o` trn``df- Cowbvbr( tcnt ds mot tcb fnsb abfnusb( ns wdtc aorebrs

or dm tcb fnsb o` our pnvdhdom( wb nrb prbvbmtbe `roj indmdmi nffbss to n cdbrnrfcdfnhhy supbrdor rbnhdty-

rJ- cw u u j? Y u u u j ` w?

ss- Dt ebpbmes wcnt wb wnmt to put nfross- Ardfls nrb hnde omb ay omb nme podmt tbhhdmihy to tcb hnaordousmbss dm tcbd

jnldmi( wcdfc cns nm nhjost jnfnarb b``bft d` our ndj ds to nffbmtuntb djposbe orebr- #D scouhe nee tcnt dt ds nhso

jorb bxpbmsdvb tcnm otcbr jntbrdnhs( wcdfc ds wcy D usb dt hbss tcnm wcnt Dwouhe hdlb to-$ Dm Homeom( D wnmtbe to stni

n rb*tnlb ay usdmi inhvnmdzbe scbbt jbtnh tcnt jost fhosbhy rbsbjahbe wcnt wns usbe to sbnh o`` tcb nffbss to Nr

ibmtdmdnm anmls( to sbt up―òr tcosb fnpnahb o` sbbdmi dt―n fojpnrdsom abtwbbm ‘`rustrntdoms‚- #D jneb tcb soum



>25



>20



>23



>07



cbfco hn pdbzn somorn Urnshnfdöm eb umn fnfbrohnen-$ Bm bh juro ebh Wnabhhöm bspnþoh( bh uso eb fnrnjaufo( hnerdhho

tosfo y anrnto cbfco bm fbjbmto y fojûm bm bh vnhhneo provdsdomnh eb `dmfns o pnrn fbinr pubrtns y vbmtnmns bm bed*

`dfdos ebsofupneos( bs bh jntbrdnh jîs nebfuneo- Bstb fdbrrb eurnrî( prbvdsdahbjbmtb( hos jbsbs qub eurn hn Adbmnh y

hubio cnarî eb sbr rbtdrneo- Bs bh pbrtdmbmtb n su `umfdöm-

rJ- b >490 qu s uö u ju *

ö d- ¿fuî ` j u u?

ss- Mo cb hhbineo n vbr nqubh juro eb Vfnrpn( jîs qub bm oto- Vä qub sb trntnan eb um fnrnjaufo dmo y puhdeo( bj*

phbneo pnrn frbnr umn nfcnen edimn tnpnmeo hn otrn( pbro soarb toeo tnpnmeo hn pnhnarn «Dtnhdn¼- Mo tbmên um nspbfto

provdsdomnh n pbsnr eb sbrho- Vupomio qub nûm mo snaênm quä cnfbr fom su pnsneo y hn posjoebrmdene sb ho nfhnrö-

Coy vbjos hn nfcnen nsfdstn ordidmnh sdm soarbsnhtos( y bsto mo bs mnen bxtrnþo< fdmfubmtn bedfdombs som jufcn cds*

tordn y bm ho qub n Bspnþn sb rb`dbrb ebjnsdnen cdstordn- Mnturnhjbmtb toeos hos fdbrrbs eb pnabhhombs( tnpneos o fnj*

ados eb `nfcnen y eb sêjaohos mnfdomnhbs cnm sdeo cdstordn y tnjadäm nhtbrnfdöm eb hn cdstordn( nh bstdho eb hos fnjados

eb hn fnabzn ebh austo eb hos fäsnrbs- Nftunhdznfdöm fom bh poebr y mbinfdöm ebh pnsneo- Cnahnmeo soho ebh fnso bs*

pnþoh( bstb pnabhhöm cn tbmdeo funtro `nfcnens; hn eb >411( hn eb >463( hn eb >421 y hn nftunh( y sb cnm proeufdeo fdb*

rrbs bm eos pbrdoeos( hos fojprbmedeos ebseb >451 cnstn >427 y ebseb >491 cnstn >493- Fnsd toeos hos ebjîs pn*

abhhombs mnfdomnhbs fbrrnrom tnjadäm eurnmtb bh trdbmdo mbiro dtnhdnmo- Hos fdbrrbs y rbjozneos eb `nfcnen pnrbfbmumn jnmbrn fojûm eb posdfdomnjdbmto pohêtdfo bm bstn Adbmnh- Mo pubeo cudr eb rb`brbmfdns n mubstrn nutnrquên y n

su pbrvdvbmfdn( n hn Bspnþn njurnhhnen o n hos `njosos «juros eb hn pntrdn jên¼( fojo tnjpofo eb rb`brbmfdns jîs

prbfdsns y jnmbknahbs bm bh fomtbxto dmtbrmnfdomnh( fojo bh fomtroh eb `hukos jdirntordos o hn debn eb mnfdöm-

rJ- c xj ( >446( c cl ö u ö jê ö*

ê pö jî- ¿föj û u ö `?

ss- Bm b`bfto Cnms Cnnflb trntö bh pnabhhöm fojo oakbto yn ebtbrjdmneo sbjîmtdfnjbmtb y mo fojo fnkn ahnmfn y

vnfên pnrn rbhhbmnr eb fosns- Bstn posturn( nh diunh qub hn jên( poerên pnrbfbr nhtnjbmtb ebtbrjdmdstn pbro( por bh fom*

trnrdo( pbrjdtb umn jnyor vbrsntdhdene- Qbforebjos bh rbfdbmtb fnso eb jd fohbin y njdio Knvdbr Uähhbz( qudbm fbmtrn

su trnanko bm hns pntohoiêns jbmtnhbs- Funmeo hb `ub propubsto trnanknr bm bh pnabhhöm eb Pbmbzubhn hn bmorjb fnrinpohêtdfn djphêfdtn bm bsn pnrtdfdpnfdöm hb oahdiö n rbfcnznr hn o`brtn- Hn ûmdfn snhden posdahb brn fomsdebrnr hn djposdfdöm

tbjîtdfn ebmtro eb su trnanko y cnahnr eb hn edvdsdöm qub su`rb su pnês- Bsto hhbvnan djphêfdtn hn rbmumfdn n su propdo

edsfurso- Bm jd fnso( qub mo bs jbkor o pbor( hns djposdfdombs jb sdrvbm eb fojaustdahb- Urnanknr bm Bstneos Rmdeos(

Fuan( Vudzn o hn Fcdmn mo supomb jd nfbptnfdöm eb sus fomedfdomnmtbs pohêtdfos< bm toeo fnso ästos nyuenm n orjnr

jd trnanko- Cnms Cnnflb( n jd bmtbmebr( cn iustneo eb sdtunfdombs tbmsns y hn rbprbsbmtnfdöm mnfdomnh eb su pnês ho

bs jufco- Bm bso tbmbjos toeo bm fojûm-

>01



pdbfb( Ucb edsphnfbjbmt o` n fnfbrohnen( kust n `bw enys abòrb tcnt-$ Dm tcb wnhh o` tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom( tcb usb o

ruaahb< fcbnp( fonrsb ardfl jneb o` fbjbmt( fojjomhy usbe dm tbjpornry `nrj bmfhosurbs or to stop up wdmeows

nme eoors dm vnfnmt audhedmis( ds tcb jost sudtnahb jntbrdnh- Ucds òrj o` bmfhosurb wdhh hdlbhy hnst out tcb eurntdom o

tcb Adbmmdnh nme wdhh tcbm cnvb to ab rbjovbe- Dt—s rdict òr tcb ùmftdom-

rJ- d >490( s u u w @ ` ` d p- Y

`` w u u?

ss- D mbvbr iot to sbb tcnt wnhh o` Vfnrpn—s( bxfbpt dm n pcoto- D lmow dt wns n `dmb( sjootc*`nfbe ruaahb wnhh( usbe

to frbntb n ebfbmt `nfneb fovbrdmi up tcb otcbr omb aut( naovb nhh( fovbrdmi up tcb wore ‘Dtnhdn‚- Dt edem—t hool tbj

pornry( nhtcouic dt wns- D supposb tcby stdhh edem—t lmow wcnt to eo wdtc tcbdr pnst( nme post*joebrmdty podmtbe tcb

wny out- Mow wb hool nt tcb ordidmnh @nsfdst `nfneb wdtcout abdmi scoflbe( nme dt stnmes to rbnsom; `d`ty bvbmts ds

hot o` cdstory nme( ns `nr ns Vpndm ds fomfbrmbe( too jufc cdstory- O` foursb( nhh tcb wnhhs bmfhosdmi pnvdhdoms( wcbtcb

fovbrbe or wdtc fcnmibs to tcb `nfnebs or tcb mntdomnh bjahbjs nrb cdstory( nme jdhbstombs dm cdstory( ns wcbm tcb

cbnes wbrb fcnmibe om tcb austs o` tcb Fnbsnrs―upentdmi wdtc powbr( nme mbintdmi tcb pnst- Dm tcb fnsb o` kus

Vpndm( tcds pnvdhdom cns cne òur `nfnebs; omb dm >411( omb dm >463( tcb >421 omb nme tcb furrbmt omb( wcdhb dt wns

fhosbe eowm eurdmi two pbrdoes―`roj >451 to >427( nme `roj >491 to >493- Nhjost nhh mntdomnh pnvdhdoms nhso fhosb

eurdmi tcb ahnfl Dtnhdnm trdbmmdnh- Bmfhosdmi `nfnebs or idvdmi tcbj n `nfbhd`t sbbjs to ab n fojjom pohdtdfnh stnmfbdm tcds Adbmmdnh- D fnm—t cbhp tcdmldmi o` rb`brbmfbs to our homi*stnmedmi nutnrly( to our ‘wnhhbe Vpndm‚ or to tcb wbhh

lmowm ‘wnhhs o` jy cojbhnme‚( kust hdlb jorb spbfd`df nme jorb jnmnibnahb rb`brbmfbs dm tcb dmtbrmntdomnh nrbmn

sufc ns fomtrohhdmi wnvbs o` jdirntdom( or tcb debn o` n mntdom-

rJ- bx ( >446( c cl u * j

ij p- Y wu u u k j ` `?

ss- Dm b``bft( Cnms Cnnflb trbntbe tcb pnvdhdom ns n sbjnmtdfnhhy prb*orendmbe oakbft( nme mot ns nm bjpty wcdtb ao

òr stu``dmi tcdmis dmto- Ucnt stnmfb( hdlb jdmb( jdict sbbj cdichy ebtbrjdmdstdf aut( om tcb fomtrnry( dt nhhows or irbntb

vbrsntdhdty- Dt ardmis to jdme tcb rbfbmt fnsb o` jy `rdbme nme fohhbniub( Knvdbr Ubhhbz( wcosb worl òfusbs om jbmtn

pntcohoidbs- Ycbm cb wns dmvdtbe to worl dm tcb Pbmbzubhnm Wnvdhdom( tcb bmorjous pohdtdfnh fcnrib djphdfdt dm sufdmvohvbjbmt hbe cdj to turm eowm tcb o``br- Ucb omhy possdahb wny out wouhe cnvb abbm to nffbpt tcb djposdtdom o

tcb suakbft jnttbr om cds worl nme tnhl naout tcb edvdsdom dm tcb foumtry- Ucds wouhe cnvb bmtndhbe rbmoumfdmi cds ow

edsfoursb- Dm jy fnsb( wcdfc ds mbdtcbr abttbr mor worsb( tcb djposdtdoms nrb n stdjuhus- Yorldmi dm tcb Rmdtbe Vtntbs

Fuan( Vwdtzbrhnme or Fcdmn eobs mot jbnm nffbptdmi tcbdr pohdtdfnh fomedtdomdmi- Aut tcb hnttbr wouhe cbhp to scnpb

jy worl- Dm jy vdbw( Cnms Cnnflb cns tcrdvbe om tbmsb sdtuntdoms nme tcb mntdomnh rbprbsbmtntdom o` cds foumtry iob

n homi wny to tcnt- Dm tcnt rbspbft wb cnvb bvbrytcdmi dm fojjom-



>05



>00



rJ- tu ` ä øê ö î jjj( û u*

u u qu ö uu u êj*

j jî u u ( qu jä u j j

u ( ( ku- b u ä *

u ö ujê k ê( u u uö j *

uö jê xö - ru kj ö 67 ahoqubs eb pnm nhd*

mbneos( ö @û f Jäx e-@-( >440- J u

u ` « ju¼ f nä-

ss- Hos jdmdjnhdstns tojnrom jufco prbstneo eb hns edsfdphdmns fdbmtê`dfns( prbtbmedbmeo pnrtdfdpnr eb bsb bstntus eb

drrbùtnadhdene eb ho soarnenjbmtb ebjostrneo- Nenptnanm su jbtoeohoiên frbntdvn n hn orjuhnfdöm eb bmtdenebs sdm

fnrin rbprbsbmtntdvn( sdm nmäfeotns( n fosns rbnhbs por sê jdsjns( nhio dmebpbmedbmtb eb sdimd`dfneos( nhio bsbmfdnh-

Wbro ho qub hoirnrom mo ub hn dmvbmfdöm ebh fuao( o eb hn sbrdnhdene( o eb hos fohorbs phnmos( qub yn sb bmfomtrnanm bm

otrn pnrtb y eb otrns orjns< n ho qub hhbinrom ub n qub hbs trnkbrn sdm fudeneo toeo ho ebjîs( n bsb ibsto eb suprbjn

soabradn( ed`êfdhjbmtb diunhnahb por nrtdstn nhiumo( eb nmtbpombr hn dmjnmbmfdn n hn mbfbsdene- Jb sorprbmeb qub hn aûs*

quben eb hn bsbmfdn ebh oakbto nardfneo mo mos hhbvb n hn jbrfnmfên( qub mo sb rbhnfdomb nh prdsjn fom su `nfdhdene eb

nhjnfbmnjdbmto o qub hn fomfrbfdöm jntbrdnh eb um phnmo hdso mo sb nsdjdhb fom um jojbmto eb hn dmeustrdn- Unjadäm

jb sorprbmeb jd propdn `nsfdmnfdöm por bh oakbto jdmdjnhdstn- Bm bh òmeo soy um jdmdjnhdstn fom fojphbko eb fuhpn-Cb vdsto pofns oarns jîs abhhns qub hns eb Kuee( HbYdtt o bh prdjbr Jorrds- Jb necdbro n su jîxdjn eb «jbmos bs jîs¼

y mumfn sus jätoeos fomstruftdvos nmenm ebjnsdneo hbkos eb hos jêos- Wbro soho ho uso fojo fnkn eb cbrrnjdbmtns(

yo bstoy cnahnmeo eb otrn fosn- Jbmfdomnans jd n`dmdene fom bh povbrn y bm rbnhdene jb dmtbrbsn jufco jîs hn nmtd*

òrjn mortbnjbrdfnmn( eomeb nh jdmdjnhdsjo sb hb sujnm hos nspbftos êsdfos eb hn oarn eb nrtb( bh pbso( hn joradebz(

bh bstneo eb hn jntbrdn( bh tnjnþo- Eueo jufco qub hn nmtdòrjn ausfnsb hn supbrnfdöm ebh jdmdjnhdsjo( jb pnrbfb

jîs adbm umn sbiumen nsb- Wnrn jê bs nûm coy umn aubmn bsfubhn( pbro eb jnbstros fbineos por hn nrroinmfdn-

rJ- su pö; u k u ä u ju

u j - c qu( jî( u jä( k *

u- ¿ûä qu ?

ss- Bs um juro dmjbmso y motordo qub mo tbmerênjos sd fbrrîsbjos edrbftnjbmtb hn pubrtn fom hhnvb- Nhio qub poeb*

jos rbforrbr( numqub soho sbn fom hn vdstn( fojo umn sbiumen `nfcnen qub( n ed`brbmfdn eb ästn( mo tdbmb umn fonr*

tnen mnturnh y nrqudtbftömdfn( sdmo jnrfnenjbmtb pohêtdfn- Hn nftunh `nfcnen bs um tnpneo eb hn prdjbrn mboanrrofn

eb >411( qub nûm sb bmfubmtrn ncê trns hn nftunh y qub( n su vbz( bs um fnjado eb ûhtdjn corn n ho qub cuadbrn sdeo umn

`nfcnen jordsfn- Hn pubrtn sdbjprb nadbrtn rbfnhfn bmtomfbs bh juro dmtbrdor( pubs mos rbfubren qub fom fbrrnrhn cu*

adbrn anstneo pnrn djpbedr bh pnso( pbro sdm bjanrio cbjos njphd`dfneo hn nffdöm eb um joeo bm bh qub fnsd mos knf*

tnjos eb cnabrho cbfco- Bs um b`bfto rbtördfo qub nujbmtn hn ubrzn ebh juro- #Fojo( por fdtnr fnsunhjbmtb um bkbj*

>03



rJ- yu u ` l u w ` jjj( u u u

u wu* u ` ― w― wl j j

w ( w ( w u u j u k

- n j( u wl u w ` n p j ` u

j ` k( u u u u w j `

x- d ( ` xj( 67 honvbs o` arbne hdmbe up( @û f

Jx f >440- d l ` `j t Y ` u wl ` f

nä-

ss- Ucb jdmdjnhdsts aorrowbe cbnvdhy `roj sfdbmtd`df edsfdphdmbs dm tcb copb o` nffbedmi to tcb drrbùtnadhdty o` wcn

cns abbm fhbnrhy ebjomstrntbe- Ucby nenptbe tcbdr frbntdvb jbtcoeohoiy to òrjuhntdmi bmtdtdbs hnfldmi nmy rbprb

sbmtntdvb fcnrib( ebvode o` nmbfeotb( to tcdmis rbnh dm tcbjsbhvbs< sojbtcdmi dmebpbmebmt o` jbnmdmi< sojbtcdmi

bssbmtdnh- Aut( wcnt tcby nfcdbvbe wns mot tcb dmvbmtdom o` tcb fuab( or o` sbrdnhdty( or spot fohours( wcdfc wbrb nh

rbney nroume bhsbwcbrb nme dm otcbr iudsbs- Ycnt tcby nfcdbvbe wns tcnt tcby abfnjb nhoo` to bvbrytcdmi bhsb

suprbjbhy cnuicty( wcdfc mo nrtdst fouhe nspdrb to( ay sbttdmi djjnmbmfb naovb mbfbssdty- D—j surprdsbe tcnt tc

sbnrfc òr tcb bssbmfb o` n jnmu`nfturbe oakbft scouhe mot cnvb abbm nssofdntbe wdtc tcb jbrfcnmedsb( tcb prdsj

wdtc dts bfomojy o` stornib( or tcb fomfrbtb jntbrdnhdsntdom o` n sjootc phnmb wdtc n jojbmt dm dmeustry- D nj nhso

surprdsbe ay jy owm `nsfdmntdom òr tcb jdmdjnhdst oakbft- Nt cbnrt( D nj n jdmdjnhdst wdtc n iudht fojphbx- Vbheojcnvb D sbbm jorb abnutdùh worls tcnm tcosb o` Kuee( Hb Ydtt or tcb `drst Jorrds- D suasfrdab to tcbdr jnxdj o` ‘hbss ds

jorb‚( nme tcbdr fomstruftdvb jbtcoes nrb mbvbr `nr `roj jy owm- Aut D omhy usb dt ns n toohaox―D—j tnhldmi naou

sojbtcdmi bhsb- Tou jbmtdom jy n``dmdty òr Nrt Wovbrn; tcb `nft ds tcnt D nj `nr jorb dmtbrbstbe dm Njbrdfnm nmtdòrj

nrt( dm wcdfc jdmdjnhdsj ds bmirossbe ay tcb pcysdfnh nspbfts o` tcb worl< ay wbdict( joradedty( tcb stntb o` jnttbr

sdzb- D eouat vbry jufc tcnt nmtdòrj souict to ovbrfojb jdmdjnhdsj< rntcbr( dt sbbjs to ab n sbfome pcnsb- D tcdm

dt ds stdhh n iooe sfcooh( aut o` jnstbrs ahdmebe ay nrroinmfb-

rJ- fj l p k― x l w w w

- yu j ` j j(

j w- Y u ?

ss- Dt—s n cuib( projdmbmt wnhh wcdfc wouhem—t ab tcbrb d` wb kust hoflbe tcb eoor- Dt ds sojbtcdmi wb fnm tnlb dm

bvbm d` omhy wdtc our bybs< hdlb n sbfome nfneb wcdfc( umhdlb tcds omb( cns mo mnturnh( nrfcdtbfturnh nhdad( aut nm nfutb

pohdtdfnh omb- Ucb furrbmt nfneb ds n nfdmi ovbr tcb ordidmnh mbo*Anroqub omb roj >411 wcdfc ds stdhh tcbrb( abcdm

tcb furrbmt omb( dm turm n hnst*jojbmt fcnmib to wcnt wouhe cnvb abbm n Joordsc `nfneb- Ucb bvbr*opbm eoor( tcbm

podmts up tcb dmmbr wnhh( ns dt rbjdmes us tcnt sbnhdmi dt o`` wouhe cnvb abbm su``dfdbmt to prbvbmt bmtry( aut tcnt w

cnvb njphd`dbe tcb nftdom dm nm nhjost aonstùh jnmmbr- Dt ds n rcbtordfnh b``bft tcnt rbdmòrfbs tcb strbmitc o` tcb wn

#Nm bxnjphb o` tcds ds tcb bhbftromdf survbdhhnmfb systbj tcnt cns rbfbmthy abbm dmstnhhbe to fovbr tcb Vtrndt o



>97



>91



pho( ho bs bh sdstbjn bhbftrömdfo eb fomtroh ebh bstrbfco eb Idarnhtnr( rbfdbmtbjbmtb dmstnhneo-$ Nh nrrnmfnr hns pubrtns

ebh funrto eb anþo y ebh nhjnfäm bstnjos ebpnupbrnmeo ho pofo qub mos quben por vbr- Bsto mo bs nhio qub bspb*

rbjos bmfomtrnr bm bh fuao ahnmfo( bh rbtrbtb y toeo ho ebjîs( fojo bh funero eb hufbs o hns bsfnhbrns eb jbtnh ebs*

vbmfdknens- Bsns fosns mos hhbvnm n otro huinr- Vdm bjanrio( som bhbjbmtos qub yn bstnanm ncê( tnpneos-

rJ- b î ö( u ku ( qu î *

j qu uj u ê -

fj ê ( j uqu ( uj j #

ê$ qu j j- fu û ö u «¼(

- ¿föj u j?

ss- Mo djportn föjo jb sdbmto( bh fnso bs qub bs nsê- Bh nrtb orjn pnrtb ebh npnrnto fuhturnh( fuyn umfdöm bs fobrfdtdvn(

mo bjnmfdpntordn- Rm nrtdstn bs um jbinoarbro qub cn supbrneo bh nmomdjnto y fuyos proeuftos rbaosnm phusvnhên- Bs

dmûtdh prbiumtnrmos eb quä hneo bstî- Mo oastnmtb( sohbjos bxdidrhb n fnjado umn nftdtue bkbjphnrdznmtb( umn jornhdene

supbrdor qub edstdmin su jbrfnmfên eb hn koybrên eb huko( por pombr um bkbjpho- Mnturnhjbmtb( bsn jornhdene subhb prbsbm*

tnrsb fojo umn juy mbfbsnrdn fbiubrn o bsfnpdsjo- Vd ebknjos nh ndrb toeos hos bhbjbmtos qub dmtbrvdbmbm bm hn frbn*

fdöm ebh oakbto nrtêstdfo o sd bxtrbjnjos ästos pnrn vdsunhdznrhos jbkor( surib sdbjprb bsn prbiumtn- Vupombjos qub bh

nrtdstn qub bxpomb bm hn sbiumen phnmtn ebh Iuiibmcbdj( pominjos por fnso( mo tdbmb rbhnfdöm fom hos fomtrohbs eb nf*fbso n edfco jusbo o fom hns fomedfdombs hnaornhbs eb edfcos vdidhnmtbs< qub bxdstb um nadsjo ebseb hn pdbzn bm hn fohbf*

fdöm pbrjnmbmtb eb hn Untb y bh sbþor sbmtneo ofco corns ednrdns nh hneo eb hn oarn eb nrtb( btf- To mo ho vbo nsê- Bm hn frbn*

fdöm nrtêstdfn dmtbrvdbmbm fostosêsdjos npnrntos eb hbidtdjnfdöm y mumfn cn bxdstdeo bh edmbro hdjpdo-

rJ- ¿föj î pö j xö k

ö ?

ss- N um mdvbh eb bvofnfdöm- Hn nfbmtunfdöm eb hns kbrnrquêns qub bh juro djpomb mo poerî ebknr eb rbforenrmos qub

hos bstneos rbprbsbmtneos bm hn Adbmnh dmtbmtnm su djpbrjbnadhdznfdöm nh hujpbm nhhbmeb sus `romtbrns- Unjadäm sbrîm

vdsdahbs hos rbstos ebh profbso eb ebsjomtnkb eb hn nmtbrdor bxposdfdöm( qub mo cb tofneo( pnrn ebknr hns cubhhns ebh

trnanko qub subhbm aorrnrsb funmeo umn snhn eb nrtb narb sus pubrtns- Bstns cubhhns bm `orjn eb sufdbene y jnrfnssom hn pruban eb qub bstb bspnfdo bs fojo funhqudbr otro um huinr eb trnanko-

rJ- b u pö û u # $ j

u û j k( j ( u u- Ku*

jj ( ku jä u ä u -

¿fuî qu qu ju ä u `*

jî?

>95



Idarnhtnr-$ Ay rbjovdmi tcb antcrooj nme storbrooj eoors( wb nrb djpovbrdscdmi wcnt hdtthb ds hb`t to sbb- Ucds ds mo

sojbtcdmi wb wouhe bxpbft to sbb dm tcb wcdtb auflbt( tcb todhbt nme bvbrytcdmi bhsb( hdlb tcb fomtroh pnmbh or tc

rdflbty jbtnh stndrfnsbs- Ucbsb tcdmis tnlb us bhsbwcbrb- Aut tcbrb tcby wbrb( fovbrbe up-

rJ- n l ` ( w u u j ( w j

s w w uj ` ` ` - hl

j ( wl( ù` j # (

$ j u - Y u u ‘‚ ( u

w- cw u ` w?

ss- Dt eobsm—t jnttbr cow D `bbh< tcnt—s kust tcb wny dt ds- Nrt ds pnrt o` tcb fuhturnh nppnrntus( wcdfc cns n fobrfdv

ùmftdom( mot nm bjnmfdpntory omb- Nm nrtdst ds n jbin*worlbr wco cns ovbrfojb nmomyjdty nme wcosb proeuft

nrb rbeohbmt wdtc surphus vnhub- Dt—s usbhbss to nsl wcnt sdeb s/cb ds om- Cowbvbr( nhh s/cb ds nslbe òr dm rbturm d

nm bxbjphd`ydmi nttdtueb( n cdicbr jornhdty fnpnahb o` edstdmiudscdmi cds/cbr wnrbs `roj huxury kbwbhhbry( to put dt om

wny- O` foursb( tcnt jornhdty usunhhy jnmd`bsts ns cdichy mbfbssnry ahdmembss or bsfnpdsj- D` wb hbnvb nhh tcb bhb

jbmts prbsbmt dm nm nrt oakbft opbm to vdbw( or cbdictbm tcbj or abttbr vdbwdmi( dt nhwnys abis tcnt qubstdom- Vup

posb( òr nriujbmt—s snlb( tcnt nm nrtdst bxcdadtdmi om tcb sbfome `hoor o` tcb Iuiibmcbdj cns motcdmi to eo wdt

fomtrohhdmi nffbss to tcb jusbuj( or wdtc tcb worl fomedtdoms o` dts sbfurdty iunres< tcnt tcbrb ds n iuh` abtwbbnm bxcdadt dm tcb Untb—s pbrjnmbmt fohhbftdom nme tcb ibmthbjnm wco sdts bdict cours n eny mbxt to tcb nrtworl( btf

Ucnt—s mot tcb wny D sbb dt- Pbry fosthy jbfcnmdsjs o` hbidtdjntdom nrb dmvohvbe dm nrtdstdf frbntdom( nme tcbrb ds m

sufc tcdmi ns fhbnm jomby-

rJ- d w w uk ` x ` wl `

p k?

ss- Om tcb hbvbh o` bvofntdom- Ucb nffbmtuntdom o` cdbrnrfcdbs djposbe ay tcb wnhh fnmmot `ndh to rbjdme us tcnt tcb

Vtntbs rbprbsbmtbe nt tcb Adbmmdnh strdvb to ab djpbrvdous to tcb hujpbm abyome tcbdr aorebrs- Tou wdhh nhso sbb rb

jndms o` tcb profbss o` edsjnmthdmi tcb hnst bxcdadtdom( wcdfc D cnvb hb`t dmtnft dm orebr to scow tcb trnfbs o` wor

wcdfc nrb usunhhy wdpbe out wcbm nm nrt inhhbry ds naout to opbm dts eoors- Ucbsb trnfbs( dm tcb òrj o` edrt nme jnrlsds bvdebmfb tcnt tcds spnfb( hdlb nmy otcbr( ds n phnfb o` worl-

rJ- b ` p u # l $ l

( j( j wj( ù ` jl wu( ` - yu w

` jj < u w ` u j- Y x

u w u u j ?

ss- D wnmt tcbj to sbb tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom `roj dmsdeb- Ucb djnib ds so potbmt tcnt nmy bxphnmntdom ds supbr`huous



>90



>93



ss- ûdbro qub vbnm bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn por ebmtro- Hn djnibm bs tnm potbmtb qub funhqudbr bxphdfnfdöm soarn( y

tû yn fnsd hn nfnans eb vbranhdznr- Mo voy n tofnr mnen eb ho qub yn bstî ncê< frbo qub n vbfbs umn ojdsdöm tdbmb ju*

fcn jîs ùbrzn qub umn nffdöm( edfco bm pnhnarns eb Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn-

rJ- n ju a( ö qu û *

u `j( qu û u u ju- rjj ju Bh

îmibh bxtbrjdmneor auu-

ss- Fojo tb fomtnan jîs nrrdan( bsn bs hn ùmfdöm eb um juro< hn orinmdznfdöm eb hos jovdjdbmtos eb qudbmbs sb bm*

fubmtrnm n umo y otro hneo- N um hneo bspnþohbs y nh otro( mo( o nh jbmos mo fom sbiurdene- Rmos y otros yn brnm o mo

eb bsn mnfdomnhdene( ncorn bstb cbfco quben rbjnrfneo y bxpubsto pnrn pbmsnr su pbrtdmbmfdn- Bs oavdo qub bh bs*

pbftneor mo ho bs ebh toeo y mo porqub sb pden su pnrtdfdpnfdöm ‖fojo bm hos tdbjpos ebh optdjdstn cnppbmdmi‖ sdmo

porqub sb cn sbirbineo su nffbso fomòrjb n frdtbrdos suakbtdvos- Hn ûmdfn òrjn eb mo bmtrnr n òrjnr pnrtb eb hn

pdbzn bs mo nsdstdbmeo nh Wnabhhöm- Cny juros dmjntbrdnhbs qub cnfbm dmmbfbsnrdos hos otros eb hnerdhho o eb hos qub

bstos ûhtdjos som soho umn fomfrbffdöm vdsunhdznahb( umn rbeumenmfdn- Cnfb tdbjpo qub jb jubvo bm tormo n hn debn

ebh Îmibh Bxtbrjdmneor ebh jnbstro Huds Auþubh( umn pbhêfuhn `nsfdmnmtb qub fomsdebro bm hn ansb eb jd trnanko- Rm

Îmibh Bxtbrjdmneor brn qudbm djpbeên hbvnmtnrsb y snhdr eb hns fnkns n hos trnankneorbs eb Iuntbjnhn( o ebtbmbr hns

òrjns mbirns fojo ntnûebs fomtrn hn pnrbe bm Mubvn Torl y [urdfc- Bsb Îmibh Bxtbrjdmneor bs sdbjprb bh jdsjo yfrbo tbmbrho adbm hofnhdzneo-

rJ- b û ö qu pö u u juk k qu( u u (

j u - b j *

ö ê x u i j uk( dquö *

- ¿ûä ê` ö x `ê ( ( jö

pö ? ¿b x «j*¼ j qu ` qu(

u ö u ( j ?

VV- Bh trnanko bm bh Wnabhhöm bspnþoh eb Pbmbfdn mo bs juy edstdmto n funhqudbr otro sdtdo( bm bh sbmtdeo eb qub nenp*

tns nh huinr fomfrbto um jojbmto eb tu edsfurso- Rmn eb jds ûhtdjns pdbzns( cbfcn bm Homerbs( brn Irupo eb pbrso* mns fnrn n hn pnrbe y Wbrsomn fnrn n hn pnrbe ( rbnhdznen bm pnrtb fom hn fohnaornfdöm eb umn orinmdznfdöm prosbhdtdstn

frdstdnmn- @ub dmfrbêahb porqub n bsn ibmtb( rbfhutnen por bsn orinmdznfdöm bmtrb bh hujpbm uranmo eb hn fduene( hbs

pueb cnahnr bm um hbmiunkb fojûm n hos jomotbêstns- Hbs cnahä ebh Iämbsds( eb föjo Edos( nh bxpuhsnrmos ebh Wnrn*

êso( fomfdadö mubstro fnstdio fojo «inmnrîs bh pnm fom bh sueor eb tu `rbmtb¼- Bhhos pbrjnmbfdbrom sbjnmns fnstdin*

eos fnrn n hn pnrbe( bm fomsfdbmtb fujphdjdbmto ebh jnmento aêahdfo- ¡ûbrênm snhvnrsb. Bso bs bh trnanko< umn bspb*

fdb eb fnstdio por bh funh vbmebs tu tdbjpo( fubrpo y vohumtne n hos dmtbrbsbs ebh njo- Bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn bs( n

b`bftos kurêedfos( Bspnþn( fojo ho bs hn bjanknen bm Qojn; tbrrbmo fomsuhnr ebpbmedbmtb ebh Jdmdstbrdo Bspnþoh eb

>37



nme you cnvb nhjost kust put dt dm wores- D nj mot iodmi to toufc nmytcdmi tcnt ds nhrbney tcbrb< D `bbh tcnt nm ojds

sdom ds sojbtdjbs jufc jorb powbrùh tcnm nm nftdom( ns Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn put dt-

rJ- n `j w ` a `( u u u u

` `j u j ` w- t

w auu— Ucb Bxtbrjdmntdmi Nmibh -

ss- Ns D jbmtdombe bnrhdbr( tcnt ds tcb ùmftdom o` n wnhh―to orinmdsb tcb jovbjbmts o` wcobvbr cnppbms to ab om

bdtcbr sdeb o` dt- Om omb sdeb( Vpnmdnres< aut mot om tcb otcbr sdeb( or( nt hbnst( mot mbfbssnrdhy- Aotc wbrb nhrbney o

tcds mntdomnhdty( or otcbrwdsb< tcds `nft ds mow bjpcnsdzbe nme edsphnybe( to projpt omb to tcdml o` omb—s abhomidmi

Ucb spbftntor eobs mot oavdoushy abhomi wcohbcbnrtbehy( nme mot abfnusb s/cb ds bxpbftbe to tnlb pnrt―ns dm tc

tdjbs o` tcb optdjdstdf cnppbmdmi―aut abfnusb cds/cbr fcnmfbs o` nffbss cnvb abbm sbirbintbe nhomi suakbftdv

hdmbs- Ucb omhy wny o` mot abfojdmi pnrt o` tcb pdbfb ds to stny out o` tcb pnvdhdom nhtoibtcbr- Ucbrb nrb djjntbrdn

wnhhs tcnt rbmebr dmmbfbssnry tcb otcbr( ardfl( wnhhs( or tcosb o` wcdfc tcb ardfls nrb omhy tcb vdsunh jntbrdnhdsntdom

nme rbeumenmthy so- D cnvb homi abbm fomfbrmbe wdtc tcb debn o` Auþubh—s Bxtbrjdmntdmi Nmibh( n nsfdmntdmi dhj wcdf

D rbinre ns pnrt o` tcb forb o` jy worl- Dt wns nm Bxtbrjdmntdmi Nmibh tcnt prbvbmtbe tcb worlbrs `roj Iuntbjnh

`roj ibttdmi up nme out o` tcb aoxbs( or tcnt cbhe tcb ahnfl òrjs ns fo``dms nindmst tcb wnhh dm Mbw Torl nme [urdfc

Ucnt Bxtbrjdmntdmi Nmibh ds nhwnys tcb snjb( nme D tcdml D cnvb pdmpodmtbe dt-

rJ- d u u p( u u wj w w j

` w ` u- t wl l u w ( x ` i—

l j ` w( dqu uj- Y u j

u ( ( j x ` s p? e u u

w ` ‘j‚ ` w w( u

uj( ?

ss- Ucb worl dm tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom dm Pbmdfb ds mot jufc ed``brbmt roj nmy otcbr phnfb( dm tcb sbmsb tcnt omb nenpt

n jojbmt o` omb—s edsfoursb to n spbfd`df hofntdom- Omb o` jy hnst pdbfbs( eomb dm Homeom( wns Iroup o` pbrsom

`nfdmi tcb wnhh ( nme Wbrsom nfdmi dmto n formbr ( n pnrt fohhnaorntdom wdtc n prosbhytdsdmi Fcrdstdnm orinmdsntdom- Dt wndmfrbedahb abfnusb D fouhe tnhl to tcosb pbophb( rbfrudtbe ay tcb orinmdsntdom `roj njomi tcb uranm worldmi fhnssb

o` tcb fdty( dm n hnmiunib fojjom to nhh jomotcbdsts- D tnhlbe to tcbj naout Ibmbsds( naout cow Ioe( n`tbr bxpbhhdmi

us `roj Wnrnedsb( òrjuhntbe our pumdscjbmt ns ‘you wdhh bnrm your arbne ay tcb swbnt o` your arow‚- Ucbdr pumdsc

jbmt wns to rbjndm nfdmi tcb wnhh or wbbls( dm fomsfdous uh` dhjbmt o` tcb adahdfnh jnmentb- Ucby wnmtbe to ab snvbe

Ucnt ds tcb worl―n ldme o` pumdscjbmt ay wcdfc you sbhh your tdjb( your aoey nme your wdhh to your jnstbr—s vbstbe

dmtbrbsts- Ucb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom ds( dm hbinh tbrjs( Vpndm( ns ds tcb bjanssy dm Qojb―fomsuhnr tbrrdtory ebpbmebmt o

tcb Vpnmdsc Jdmdstry o` @orbdim N``ndrs- D wns tcdmldmi naout tcb snjb tcdmi ns dm Homeom( nme mow( ns dm Vpndm nme―



>31



>35



>30



Nsumtos Bxtbrdorbs- To sbiuên pbmsnmeo bm ho jdsjo qub bm Homerbs( pbro ncorn tnjadäm bm Bspnþn y( fojo mo po*

eên sbr eb otrn jnmbrn( bm hn trnedfdöm mnfdomnh fntöhdfn- Wbro( fojo tb ebfên nmtbs( bsfurrdämeojb eb tu prbiumtn pum*

tunh( ebkbjos cnahnr n hn pdbzn- Fom`êo phbmnjbmtb bm bh hbmiunkb phîstdfo- Wbreomn qub mo qudbrn cnahnr eb äsb y otros

trnankos jîs qub hntbrnhjbmtb- Bspbro tb fomtbmtbs fom bxtrnpohnfdombs-

rJ- s u j ( ¿uî u ö u? ¿v j u

j j u ö?

ss- To mo trnmsirbeo mdmiumn morjn- Mdmiumn mnturnh( pubsto qub mo vubho md rbspdro anko bh niun( md tnjpofo cu*

jnmn yn qub jds hêjdtbs som hos ebh sdstbjn fnpdtnhdstn- Bh fojphbko eb fuhpn bs hn òrjn bm hn qub mos fojumdfn*

jos fom hn morjn nhoknen bm mubstrn propdn fnabzn( bs funmeo bhhn mos bxdib su fujphdjdbmto- Bs umn òrjn dm*

tbrdordznen eb fnstdio- Hn hby sb rbhnfdomn fom mosotros jbednmtb hn djposdfdöm ebh fnstdio o ebh trnanko( qub vdbmb

n sbr ho jdsjo( y bsto bs toeo ho qub jbedn bmtrb hn morjn y mosotros- Hn hby bstî cbfcn pnrn fujphdrsb y sb fuj*

phb sdm posdadhdene nhiumn eb trnmsirbsdöm-

rJ- s j( ju u u u u uö î- b` *

u ju ê( ä( û ê qu u *

uö öj j uö ( qu u x jî` ö Bsprbneo eb pohdurbtnmo soarb >3 pbrsomns( s J( hu- ¿eö û u

u ö ?

ss- Bm psdfonmîhdsds hn fntnrsds sb bmtdbmeb fojo hn hdabrnfdöm eb n`bftos dmfomsfdbmtbs y bs furdoso porqub( bm

b`bfto( prbtbmeo bh posdfdomnjdbmto debohöidfo ebh dmfomsfdbmtb pohêtdfo( sd sb jb pbrjdtb bstn bstrn`nhnrdn bxprb*

sdöm- Frbo qub hos jojbmtos eb tbmsdöm qub nhiumns oarns frbnm snfnm nmdjnhbs pohêtdfos jêmdjos( eomeb hn òrjn

eb pbmsnr ebh dmedvdeuo sb mos jubstrn fojo umn bstrufturn ebsmuen- Hns pnsdombs sbrênm bh jäeduj pnrn bsn fn*

tnrsds( bhho bxdib umn irnm dmtbmsdene funmeo bxpomio hos cbfcos qub fomstdtuybm hn oarn eb nrtb- Nsê qub mo jb

pnrbfb um tärjdmo dmnebfuneo pnrn eb`dmdr hns rbspubstns o rbnffdombs qub jd trnanko susfdtn- Eb tu prbiumtn fom*

frbtn mo sä qub ebfdrtb( supomio qub hn trdstbzn òrjn pnrtb eb mubstrns rbhnfdombs fom bh bmtormo y fom mosotros

jdsjos- Bs rbhntdvnjbmtb nfbptnahb pubs( fojo bh eohor( mos nvdsn eb qub bxdstb um proahbjn drrbsubhto- Bm bsbsbmtdeo( fojprbmeo qub jd trnanko rbsuhtb trdstb< pbro mo bs ausfneo( bs umn rbnffdöm jîs- Hns rb`brbmfdns n hn jns*

turanfdöm bm hn pdbzn eb Huffn y bm otrns jîs mo bstîm rbhnfdomnens fom hn dmutdhdene sdmo fom bh bioêsjo bm hn pro*

euffdöm eb fnpdtnh o hdadeo- Pohvdbmeo nh jdmdjnhdsjo vbmerênm n rbforenrmos hn bsbmfdn ebh oakbto `nardfneo-

rJ- ¿föj u u ?

VV- Voy um vnröm( ahnmfo y offdebmtnh( ho qub jb sdtûn bm um mdvbh dmjbednto eb prdvdhbido- Bsto rbsuhtn fnsd umn oa*

vdbene bm hn prîftdfn totnhdene ebh phnmbtn- Ebfdr qub cojarbs y jukbrbs som diunhbs( qub hos ahnmfos y bh rbsto eb rn*

>33



dt fouhem—t ab otcbrwdsb―naout tcb Fntcohdf mntdomnh trnedtdom- Aut( ns D wns snydmi( worjdmi jy wny out o` your spb

fd`df qubstdom―hbt tcb pdbfb spbnl òr dtsbh`- @oridvb jb òr mot wnmtdmi to tnhl naout tcnt nme otcbr worls jorb tcn

hntbrnhhy- D copb you wdhh sbtthb òr bxtrnpohntdoms-

rJ- sj ` u wl uk ` uj- Y u u? e u x

u ` ` j ?

ss- D eom—t dm`rdmib nmy morjs- Mo mnturnh morj( abfnusb D eom—t `hy nme D eom—t arbntcb umebr wntbr( nme( mo cujnm

omb bdtcbr( ns jy hdjdts nrb tcosb o` tcb fnpdtnhdst systbj- Ucb iudht fojphbx ds our wny o` fojjumdfntdmi wdtc tcb

morj hoeibe dm our owm cbne―dt—s wcbm dt ebjnmes our fojphdnmfb- Dt—s nm dmtbrmnhdsbe òrj o` pumdscjbmt- Ucb hnw

rbhntbs to us tcrouic tcb djposdtdom o` pumdscjbmt or worl( wcdfc fojbs to tcb snjb tcdmi( nme tcnt ds nhh tcbrb d

abtwbbm tcb morj nme us- Ucb hnw ds tcbrb to ab oasbrvbe nme dt ds ùh`dhhbe wdtcout nmy fcnmfb o` dm`rdmibjbmt-

rJ- au ` u lu w ù- yu u `

( ( w ` j u

u( w u x j w u Vprnydmi o` pohyurbtcnmb ovbr >3 pbo

phb u ` s J hu- Y wu u u w u ` ` j

ss- Dm psyfconmnhysds( fntcnrsds ds tnlbm to jbnm tcb hdabrntdom o` umfomsfdous n``bfts( nme dt ds furdous abfnusb

eo dmebbe nspdrb to tcb ‘debohoidfnh phnfbjbmt o` tcb pohdtdfnh umfomsfdous‚( d` you wdhh bxfusb tcds outhnmedsc bx

prbssdom- D `bbh tcnt tcb jojbmts o` tbmsdom sbt up ay sojb worls spnwm jdmdjnh pohdtdfnh nmdjnhs( ay wcdfc tcb dm

edvdeunh—s jdmesbt ds hnde anrb- Wnssdoms nrb tcb jbeduj òr tcds fntcnrsds( wcdfc ebjnmes irbnt dmtbmsdty wcbm D eds

fhosb tcb `nfts tcnt fomstdtutb tcb nrtworl- Vo D eom—t tcdml tcb tbrj ds dmnpproprdntb òr eb`dmdmi tcb rbspomsbs o

rbnftdoms jy worl bhdfdts- Ns òr your spbfd`df qubstdom( D eom—t lmow wcnt to sny―D supposb sorrow ds pnrt o` our rb

hntdomscdps wdtc our bmvdromjbmt nme oursbhvbs- Dt ds fojpnrntdvbhy nffbptnahb abfnusb pndm nhbrts us to tcb bxdstbmf

o` sojb umsohvbe proahbj- Dm tcds sbmsb( D nejdt tcnt jy worl jny sbbj sne< aut tcnt wnsm—t dmtbmebe―dt ds kust nm

otcbr rbnftdom- Ucb rb`brbmfbs to jnsturantdom dm tcb Huffn pdbfb nme dm otcbrs nrb mot rbhntbe to usbhbssmbss aut to

biodsj dm tcb proeuftdom o` fnpdtnh or hdadeo- N rbturm to jdmdjnhdsj wouhe rbjdme us o` tcb bssbmfb o` tcb jnmu

`nfturbe oakbft-

rJ- cw u u w lu j ` u wl?

ss- D—j n wcdtb( Fnufnsdnm jnhb( wcdfc phnfbs jb om n hbvbh o` prdvdhbib- Ucds ds oavdous nfross nhjost tcb wcohb

worhe- Uo sny tcnt jbm nme wojbm nrb bqunh( tcnt wcdtbs nme tcb rbst o` tcb rnfbs nrb tcb snjb( or tcnt tcb opdmdo

o` n mom*Ybstbrmbr fnrrdbs tcb snjb wbdict ns ours ds tcb bxprbssdom o` n ebsdrb( mot n rbnhdty- Vo( wcbm D proeufb

pdbfb( tcbrb—s nmotcbr bhbjbmt D cnvb to dmfhueb―jysbh`- Ycbtcbr D hdlb dt or mot( jy prbsbmfb fomedtdoms tcb frbed

adhdty nme `bnsdadhdty o` n prokbft- Ucds ds stdhh trub toeny( wcbm tcb wcdtb jnhb—s iudht fojphbx projpts cdj to phny eow



>47



>41



>45



zns vdbmbm n sbr ho jdsjo( o qub tnmto jomtn hn opdmdöm eb um mo offdebmtnh fojo hn mubstrn bs hn jnmd`bstnfdöm eb

um ebsbo( qub mo umn rbnhdene- Nsê qub funmeo rbnhdzo umn pdbzn cny um bhbjbmto jîs n dmfhudr; yo- Jb iustb o mo( jd

prbsbmfdn fomedfdomn hn frbedadhdene y posdadhdene eb rbnhdznfdöm eb um proybfto- Bsto bs nsê nûm coy( funmeo bh foj*

phbko eb fuhpn ebh vnröm ahnmfo offdebmtnh hb nrrnstrn n edsdjuhnr tnhbs bvdebmfdns fom um «pnsb ustbe prdjbro¼ nh ed*

`brbmtb( qub mo cnfb sdmo fom`drjnr hns rbihns- Jd prbsbmfdn tnjadäm tdbmb umn fnrin sbjîmtdfn pnrn jufcos- Hofnhd*

zneo fojo nutor( sb jb trnshnen fom irnm nfdhdene hn rbspomsnadhdene eb umn sdtunfdöm hnaornh tojnen ebh bmtormo( ho

qub bm jufcos huinrbs tdbmb umn bmorjb höidfn- Wor fdtnrtb um bkbjpho( pubeb qub yo mo frbnsb bh sdstbjn eb fnstns

jbxdfnmo( pbro otros fojo yo ho cdfdbrom y nûm sdiubm nrrdan- Bstn sdtunfdöm mo jb bspnmtn pubsto qub nhiudbm ebao

sbr yo< hns oarns mo hns rbnhdznm sbrbs dmjntbrdnhbs( sdmo pbrsomns fom umn vbmtnkn o ebsvbmtnkn ibmätdfnjbmtb cbrb*

enen y sofdnhjbmtb rb`rbmenen- Dmfhuyo toeos bsos bhbjbmtos bm hn pdbzn sdm ofuhtnrhos bm òrjn nhiumn( bsn bs hn

ûmdfn jnmbrn eb rbsohvbr hns sdtunfdombs frbnens por jd ordibm-

rJ- p `j ê`( j u h c( *

zî( u juk- ¿fuî j xu ä u k?

ss- Bh iämbro jb dmtbrbsn juy rbhntdvnjbmtb- Voho bm hns pdbzns bm qub cb trnankneo fom bh mbiofdo ebh sbxo jb cb

edrdideo bspbfê`dfnjbmtb n jukbrbs u cojarbs( y bhho por hn ùbrtb bspbfdnhdznfdöm eb bsb jbrfneo- Bm ibmbrnh( subho

fbmtrnrjb bm hns pbrsomns qub bstîm nanko( pubs hns sdtunfdombs hnaornhbs bxtrbjns bxphdfnm juy adbm toens hns eb*jîs- Ebseb bsb pumto eb vdstn( hn jukbr subhb bstnr nanko y por bso npnrbfb tnmto bm jd trnanko- Funmeo pniuä eos

eöhnrbs n umns dmedns tzotzdhbs por ebfdr umn rnsb( ho qub yo ausfnan brnm dmedos tzotzdhbs( sdm djportnrjb bh sbxo( pbro

qub mo supdbrnm umn pnhnarn eb bspnþoh- Hos cojarbs som hos qub snhbm nh bxtbrdor( n vbmebr sus proeuftos o n ho qub

sbn( nsê qub subhbm cnahnr nhio eb bspnþoh pnrn jnmbknrsb( y bhhns sb qubenm bm hn tdbrrn o bm fnsn( furrnmeo sdm sn*

abr umn pnhnarn eb hn hbmiun bxtbrmn- Wor bso ho cdfb fom bhhns- To qubrên cnahnr prbfdsnjbmtb eb bsto( eb föjo ùm*

fdomn hn eojdmnfdöm dedojîtdfn- Vd nhhê mo cnahns bspnþoh( mo pubebs snhdr eb tu fnsn md fnjadnr tu pnpbh bm hn sofdb*

ene- Bvdebmtbjbmtb hns jukbrbs brnm qudbmbs jîs fhnrnjbmtb ho jostrnanm- Nsê cn pnsneo bm jufcns oarns( yo mo

cb pbedeo jukbrbs pbro( nh nfbrfnrjb n ausfnr bm bh bsfnhn`öm jîs anko( ncê bstnanm bhhns-

rJ- h Wnhnarn tnpnen u uu `êj j u #

u j$- h ö j j`ä u ä ö u*

j qu # qu u u( j h

i$ k pö «u¼- h ê jj *

u - b k uö uö u jî`

u ù uj k- ¿ûä ö?

ss- Hn jnhn `nfturn ebh tnpneo ebsfuardrî hn pnhnarn y tbmerbjos qub tbmbr n nhiudbm nhhê( fuardämeohn- Bsto suarnyn

bh nfto eb tnpnr y hns fdrfumstnmfdns bm qub sb proeufb( bsfbmd`dfîmeosb sbrdnhjbmtb fojo um dzneo eb anmebrn nh rb*

>40



>43



väs- Hn pnhnarn tnpnen bs «Bspnþn¼ y ncê bstî toeo bh nsumto- Unpnr bsn pnhnarn qub toeos snabm qub bstî ncê( nmum*

fdnmeo hn propdbene ebh Wnabhhöm( bs fojo suarnynrhn o dhujdmnrhn- Uoeos bsos nftos pdebm umn rb`hbxdöm soarb bh sdi*

md`dfneo y umfdöm eb hn pnhnarn( y bhho bs pbrtdmbmtb bm um pnês qub( fojo Bspnþn( tdbmb um cdjmo sdm hbtrn o`dfdnh( eomeb

irnm pnrtb eb hn poahnfdöm sb debmtd`dfn fom otrn anmebrn mnfdomnh( hn trdfohor( o fom anmebrns hofnhbs jîs o jbmos fbm*

trêùins( o fom otrns nmtnsêns y sêjaohos mnfdomnhbs- Vdm ohvdenr qub bm Pbmbfdn ho qub cnrä sbrî rbprbsbmtnr n Bspnþn(

poebjos juy adbm fomfhudr fom qub bstb tbjn vbmên yn eneo- Bs umn òrjn eb pbmsnr Bspnþn( fojo ùb umn òrjn

eb pbmsnr Dtnhdn bh tnpneo eb bsn pnhnarn fom umn `nfcnen mubvn- Bm rbnhdene bstnjos cnfdbmeo nhio qub rbsuhtn juy

mnturnh bm hn cdstordn eb bstn Adbmnh( y qub rbspomeb n um mo snabr quä cnfbr fom tnmtn pnhnarn- Eb ncê vdbmb( por bkbj*

pho( hn bxdstbmfdn ebh Npbrto o bh uso juhtdmnfdomnh ebh Wnabhhöm dtnhdnmo- Wbmsbjos tnjadäm qub hn bmrbenebrn qub frbfb

bm hn nfcnen ebh pnabhhöm bspnþoh ausfn( sd mo bh tnpneo( nh jbmos hn rbhntdvdznfdöm eb hn pnhnarn( su edùjdmnfdöm- Hn

jdsjn pnhnarn «Bspnþn¼ ùb um nþnedeo eb ûhtdjn corn rbnhdzneo bm umn tnreb n pbtdfdöm fomsuhnr funmeo sb rbjozö

por ûhtdjn vbz hn `nfcnen n oakbto eb qudtnr bh îiudhn prbfomstdtufdomnh sdm pbmsnr suastdtudrhn por fosn nhiumn-

rJ- ¿t û ( jk uj j b a?

ss- Mo- Voy bspnþoh y mo rbmdbio eb bhho- Wbro mumfn jb iustnrom hos oriuhhos( md hos sbxunhbs( md hos mnfdomnhbs md ju*

fco jbmos hos rnfdnhbs pubs sdbjprb djphdfnm hn dmtdjdenfdöm eb qudbm mo fomfubreb fom bhhos( nsê fojo fdbrto sbmtd*

jbmtnhdsjo fnsd tnutohöidfo ebh tdpo «bstoy oriuhhoso eb sbr ho qub( por otrn pnrtb( mo tbmio jîs rbjbedo qub sbr¼-Frbo qub hn bvohufdöm eb hn Adbmnh bstî dmtbmtnmeo phnmtbnr bstos tbjns eb umn jnmbrn jns oriîmdfn y jbmos sohbjmb-

Cnfb umos nþos sb propomên dmfhudr nrtdstns bxtrnmkbros rbsdebmtbs bm bh pnês propdbtnrdo eb fnen Wnabhhöm y bm jufcos

Wnabhhombs fojo bh cohnmeäs bsto bs fnsd umn morjn- Wor supubsto sb jnmtdbmb fdbrto tomo eb jumednh eb ûtaoh( pbro

hos bstneos nftunhjbmtb suafomtrntnm su fomfdbmfdn n furneorbs rbfomofdeos y fom bhho sb cn njdmorneo bsb b`bfto-

rJ- tu u k - ru ê j

qu @uu( jö `ö u j- @uu

qu k î qu ö u*

- fu u j( u u jj xö

¿ qu u ä j ?

ss- Ebseb Anrfbhomn o Cbhsdmld( poebjos pbmsnr qub hn cujnmdene bvohufdomn `nvornahbjbmtb eb sus bm`brjben*

ebs- Anstn fom tojnr um nvdöm n Jnmdhn o n Jbebhhêm pnrn fojproanr hos enþos fohntbrnhbs eb mubstro optdjdsjo-

Funmeo sb cnfb um fnjdmo jdirntordo nh rbväs( hn sbmsnfdöm eb sbr um eojdmneor( fojo tû edfbs( mumfn sb tb vn eb hn

fnabzn y bsto bs nsê porqub bs fojphbtnjbmtb fdbrto< nhio nsê edko umn vbz @rnmfds Nhys- Bm jd fnso( cb qubrdeo ebknr

bsb pumto juy bm fhnro y nþnedrä qub bsb fnhd`dfntdvo poebjos nphdfnrho fom irnm ibmbrosdene n hos cnadtnmtbs eb hos

pnêsbs ebsnrrohhneos o n hns aohsns prdjbrjumedstns sdtdnens por hn hufcn eb fhnsbs bm hos pnêsbs eb jbmor òrtumn-

Cnahnr eb sbmsnfdöm eb supbrdordene bm bh bkbrfdfdo ebh eojdmdo bs fojo ebfdr qub bh fohor ahnmfo en sbmsnfdöm eb

177



nmtcbj wdtc mo o``dfdnh hyrdfs( wcbrb n hnrib pnrt o` tcb popuhntdom debmtd`y wdtc n ed``brbmt mntdomnh hni( ―tcb Urdfohour―

or wdtc jorb or hbss fbmtrdùinh hofnh `hnis( or otcbr mntdomnh `nmtnsdbs nme syjaohs- Yb fnm—t òribt tcnt( dm Pbmdfb

D—hh ab rbprbsbmtdmi Vpndm- Yb jdict wbhh fomfhueb tcnt tcds suakbft cne nhrbney abbm idvbm- Dt—s n wny o` tcdmldmi o

Vpndm( kust ns fovbrdmi up tcnt wore wdtc n mbw `nfneb wns n wny o` tcdmldmi o` Dtnhy- Dm `nft( wcnt wb—rb eodmi ds qudt

mnturnh dm tcb cdstory o` tcds adbmmdnh nme rbspomes to mot lmowdmi wcnt to eo wdtc so jufc woredmbss- Ucnt nffoumt

òr tcb bxdstbmfb o` tcb Npbrto( òr bxnjphb( nme òr tcb juhtdmntdomnh usb o` tcb Dtnhdnm Wnvdhdom- Yb fouhe nhso ns

sujb tcnt tcb frbbpbr irowdmi om tcb `nfneb o` tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom ds dmtbmebe to nt hbnst phny tcb wore eowm o

jutb dt( d` mot fovbr dt up- Ucb vbry wore ‘Vpndm‚ wns n hnst*jdmutb needtdom omb n`tbrmoom( nt fomsuhnr rbqubst( wcbm

tcb `nfneb wns cnvdmi dts hnst rbùradscjbmt òr tcb purposb o` rbjovdmi tcb prb*fomstdtutdomnh bnihb( wdtcout phnm

mdmi to rbphnfb dt wdtc nmytcdmi bhsb-

rJ- e u u j( jx uj u s a

ss- Mo- D—j Vpnmdsc( nme D—j mot rbmbidmi om tcnt- Aut( mbdtcbr eo D hdlb prdeb( wcbtcbr sbxunh or mntdomnh( nme( bvbm

hbss so rnfdnh prdeb( ns dt nhwnys djphdbs dmtdjdentdmi wcobvbr eobs mot `dt dm( or nm nhjost tnutohoidfnh ldme o` sbmtd

jbmtnhdsj wcdfc dmvohvbs `bbhdmi proue naout abdmi wcnt dm nmy fnsb omb fnm—t cbhp abdmi- D tcdml tcnt( tcb wny tcb

Adbmmdnh ds ebvbhopdmi( tcbsb dssubs nrb abdmi neerbssbe dm n jorb orinmdf( hbss stnrfcy wny- Vojb ybnrs nio dt wn

proposbe to dmfhueb òrbdim nrtdsts rbsdebmt dm tcb foumtry owmdmi bnfc pnvdhdom nme( dm jnmy pnvdhdoms( hdlb tcb Eutfcomb( tcnt ds nhjost tcb morj- O` foursb( tcds frbntbs n fbrtndm ndr o` Yorhe Fup òotanhh( aut foumtrdbs mow suafom

trnft tcbdr fomsfdbmfb to rbmowmbe furntors( nme so tcds b``bft cns abbm jdtdintbe-

rJ- yu wl j w - d u ` j

@uu l u- d j j ` u- @uu

x ` w ` ( u ` ` ` u- Y

u u u` ` j( u j jj ` x( u(

u l w u ` ` j ?

ss- @roj Anrfbhomn or Cbhsdmld( wb jdict fomfhueb tcnt jnmldme cns bvohvbe `nvournahy `roj dts dm`drjdty- Aut( n

you mbbe to eo ds tnlb n hdict to Jnmdhn or Jbebhhêm to sbb tcb fohhntbrnh enjnib o` our optdjdsj- Ycbm you jdirnttcb otcbr wny nroume( tcb `bbhdmi o` abdmi n eojdmntor―ns you put dt―mbvbr hbnvbs your jdme( nme tcnt—s abfnus

dt—s fojphbtbhy trub- Ucnt—s wcnt @rnmfds Nhys omfb snde- Dm jy fnsb( D—vb trdbe to jnlb tcnt podmt vbry fhbnrhy( nme

wouhe nee tcnt wb fouhe roumehy qunhd`y tcb dmcnadtnmts o` ebvbhopbe mntdoms dm tcb snjb tbrjs( ns wb fouhe tcb

poflbts o` @drst*Yorhebrs absdbibe ay tcb fhnss struiihb dm hbss ortumntb foumtrdbs- Uo tnhl o` n bbhdmi o` supbrdo

dty dm tcb bxbrfdsb o` powbr ds hdlb snydmi tcnt wcdtb fomvbys n `bbhdmi o` wcdtbmbss- Irnmtbe( tcb Ybst bmkoys< dt bm

koys djjbmsbhy- Wosdmi tcb ednhbftdfs o` jnstbr nme shnvb ds bsfnpdsj dm dtsbh`- Nt hbnst( d` dt ds posbe dm tcbsb brro

mbous tbrjs-



171



175



ahnmfurn- Fhnro qub Offdebmtb eds`rutn( y eds`rutn jufco- Whnmtbnr hn ednhäftdfn ebh njo y ebh bsfhnvo bs um bsfnpb eb

por sê- Rm bsfnpb nh jbmos eb phnmtbnr hn prbiumtn bm tärjdmos dmforrbftos-

rJ- b êu Vnhñ p ê k; u( uk *

ö uö( u « j¼< ù( öj(

qu u ku ö< u u( j ö- su *

jî qu u- ¿h ( ê?

ss- Juy n jbmueo bstns fntbiorêns npnrbfbm jbzfhnens( um jumeo nsê ebsfrdto sbrên juy vuhmbrnahb- Bh sojbtdjdbmto

eb toen nftdvdene cujnmn n hn fdrfuhnfdöm y rbproeuffdöm ebh fnpdtnh joebhn bxphotneorbs*bsfhnvos fojo òrjn pbr*

`bftn pnrn hn frbnfdöm eb dmedvdeuos tdpo îtojo( tbkb fojphdfdenebs dmtbrfhnsdstns fojo bstrufturns eb ibmojn mnfdo*

mnh( rnfdnh( sbxunh o funhqudbr otro qub qubeb n jnmo y qub bh npnrnto fuhturnh mos nyueb n frbnr- Hn ed`dfuhtne bm bx*

puhsnr nh fomtrnrdo bs tnm irnmeb fojo sbpnrnr nh bhho ebh supbr yo rbuednmo- Bm bsb fomtbxto mo bs qub hn vden qubeb

pospubstn< bs qub pnrtdfdpnjos eb hos npnrntos pnrn hn nejdmdstrnfdöm eb mubstrn propdn jubrtb- Hn hufcn eb fhnsbs

bm bsb fomtbxto( jîs qub um jotor eb hn cdstordn bs umn sbþnh eb vden-

rJ- h ùö ( «u ¼( - tû u

êj jö( uj ö( û( ( j ( `j( u u xö u- p ju *

u u j qu jî î j- h u *

u qu ¿ j qu qu ö? ¿eö û êj*

ö?

ss- Mo bstnahbzfo hêjdtbs porqub sdbjprb vdbmbm bstnahbfdeos por otro( pbro sê ebsfomozfo bh sdimd`dfneo eb hn pnhn*

arn rbprbsbmtnfdöm< por jîs qub ho pdbmso( mo hb vbo sbmtdeo nhiumo n hn pnhnarn- Bm funmto n hn prdjbrn pnrtb eb tu

prbiumtn( eomeb vubhvbs n hn debn ebh frdjbm y n ho dmjornh( profurnrä bxphdfnrtb- Fojo nrtdstn( cb trntneo eb mo fom*

ùmedr hn rbnhdene fom bh ebsbo- Voarb toeo porqub mo frbo qub n mnedb hb djportbm jds ebsbos- Vd( por fdtnrtb um bkbj*

pho( bm bh Pdbko Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo vbo ibmtb fom umns kormnens hnaornhbs bxtrbjns pnrn mo soho fojbr sdmo

pninrsb su eosds eb cbroêmn( nftûo eb hn sdiudbmtb jnmbrn; debo um ibsto sdjphb qub jb sdrvn fojo prbtbxto pnrn ebs*bmfnebmnr umn sdtunfdöm hnaornh qub hos rbtrntb y hbs pnio fojo nspdrnm n sbr pnineos( fom umn eosds- Wninr jîs eb

ho qub bspbrnm o cnfbrho bm umn òrjn qub sb nenptb n jd fomfdbmfdn mo jb sdrvb( porqub mo bstoy cnahnmeo eb jd

fomfdbmfdn sdmo eb bhhos y sus Îmibhbs Bxtbrjdmneorbs- Bso edrên qub soy um aubm tdpo y qub pusb jd irnmdto eb nrbmn

bm hn snhvnfdöm eb bsns nhjns- Qdeêfuho- Vd fomsdio nhiudbm qub por 02 buros jb sukbtb umn pnrbe por fdmfo eêns( tb bs*

tnrä jostrnmeo um cbfco rbnh< sd pnio bh eoahb( tb bstnrä jostrnmeo jd aomene- Nsê ho cnio y hubio ho edùmeo- Mo eo*

fujbmto cbfcos rbnhbs( dmtbrvbmio bm bhhos- Jb dmfojoen hn posturn eb mnrrneor ojmdsfdbmtb qub neoptn bh rbportbro(

y( numqub mo sb trntb eb cnahnr eb jê( mo pubeo bsfomebrjb trns örjuhns eb djpnrfdnhdene o edstnmfdnjdbmto- Tn eb*

170



rJ- d p— j Vnhñ( ` ; xu( uk w w

< l ` ‘ ` j‚( ( j w

xu ( `` ( uu w - c w

j u - d ` `?

ss- Ucbsb fntbiordbs vbry o`tbm nppbnr dmtbrjdxbe- N worhe dm tcosb tbrjs wouhe ab cdichy vuhmbrnahb- Vuakuintdm

nhh cujnm nftdvdty to tcb fdrfuhntdom nme rbproeuftdom o` fnpdtnh cohes out tcb bxphodtbr‖shnvb joebh ns n pbr`bft wnyo` frbntdmi ntoj*hdlb dmedvdeunhs- Dt wbnvbs fross*fhnss fojphdfdtdbs hdlb strufturbs o` mntdomnh( rnfdnh( sbxunh or wcnt

bvbr fomvbmdbmt ibmojb tcb fuhturnh nppnrntus cbhps us frbntb- Ucb ed``dfuhty dm ibttdmi rde o` nm opposdtb ds ns ad

ns sbpnrntdmi tcb de `roj tcb @rbuednm supbrbio- Dm tcds fomtbxt( dt—s mot tcnt hd`b ds postpombe( aut tcnt wb tnlb pnr

dm tcb jbfcnmdsjs òr nejdmdstbrdmi our owm ebntc- Dm tcds rbspbft( rntcbr tcnm n erdvdmi òrfb o` cdstory( tcb fhnss

struiihb ds n sdim o` hd`b-

rJ- t ù ` < ( ‘l j‚( u u- yu u u

j j- yu jl j < u j( jl j j j

j j( u u u ` ( u uj x- @ j

u jj( j- e u

j u w u w u w u j ? Y w ?

ss- D eom—t sbt hdjdts abfnusb tcby nrb nhwnys bstnahdscbe ay otcbrs( aut dt—s trub D eom—t lmow tcb jbnmdmi o` tcb wor

‘rbprbsbmtntdom‚- Ns cnre ns D try( D fnm—t `dme nmy jbnmdmi to tcb wore- Ns òr tcb `drst pnrt o` your qubstdom( wcbrb

you rbturm to tcb debn o` frdjb nme tcb djjornh( D—hh nttbjpt to bxphndm- Ns nm nrtdst( D cnvb trdbe mot to fomùsb rbnhdt

wdtc ebsdrb- Naovb nhh( abfnusb D—j surb moaoey ds dmtbrbstbe dm jy ebsdrbs- D`( to idvb nm bxnjphb( dm tcb ohe port o

VnmKunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( D sbb pbophb worldmi bxtrbjbhy homi cours( mot omhy to bnt aut to pny or tcbdr eosbs o` cbrodm

D profbbe ns òhhows; D tcdml up n sdjphb ibsturb ns n prbtbxt òr trdiibrdmi n worl sdtuntdom rbprbsbmtntdvb o` tcbj

nme D pny tcbj tcb wny tcby wouhe hdlb to ab pnde―wdtc n eosb- Wnydmi jorb tcnm wcnt tcby bxpbft( or dm n wny tcn

sudts jy fomsfdbmfb( ds usbhbss( abfnusb D—j mot tnhldmi o` jy fomsfdbmfb aut o` tcbj nme tcbdr Bxtbrjdmntdmi Nm

ibhs- Ucnt wouhe suiibst D—j n iooe iuy nme tcnt D ede jy adt townres snvdmi tcosb souhs- Qdedfuhous. D` D fnm `dmesojbomb prbpnrbe to cohe up n wnhh òr `dvb enys òr 02 buros( D—e ab scowdmi you n trub `nft- D` D pny eouahb tcnt( D—e

ab scowdmi jy ibmbrosdty- Ucnt—s wcnt D eo nme tcbm D jnlb dt lmowm- D eom—t eofujbmt rbnh bvbmts―D abfojb dm

vohvbe dm tcbj- D `bbh umfojòrtnahb wdtc tcb stnmfb o` tcb ojmdsfdbmt rbportbr nme( nhtcouic dt—s mot n qubstdom o

tnhldmi naout jysbh`( D fnm—t cdeb abcdme òrjuhns òr tcb snlb o` djpnrtdnhdty nme ebtnfcjbmt- D snde bnrhdbr tcnt D—j

pnrt o` tcb sbjnmtdf fcnrib o` jy worl- D cnvb to nffbpt tcnt tcds nftdom( opposbe to jbrbhy fohhbftdmi entn( jnlbs

jb hool to jnmy hdlb tcb uhtdjntb fnusb o` umphbnsnmt bvbmts- Aut D fnm—t ebtnfc jysbh` `roj tcb nftdom nme mot ab

fojb dmvohvbe- D—vb tcouict naout dt abfnusb moaoey hdlbs proeufdmi worls tcnt jnlbs tcbj hool ane puahdfhy( nme



173



fên nmtbs qub soy pnrtb eb hn fnrin sbjîmtdfn eb jd oarn- Ebao nfbptnr qub bsn nffdöm opubstn n hn jbrn rbfoiden eb

entos jb fohofn nmtb jufcos fojo bh fnusnmtb( bm ûhtdjo tärjdmo( eb cbfcos ebsnirnenahbs- Wbro mo pubeo ebknr*

jb ubrn eb bsfbmn y rbcudr jd djphdfnfdöm- Ho cb pbmsneo porqub n mnedb hb nirnen cnfbr oarns qub pûahdfnjbmtb hb

ebkbm bm jnh huinr y frbo qub hns rnzombs eb jds ebsnvbmbmfdns fom bh pûahdfo bstîm bm otrn pnrtb- Bh trnanko qub sb

cnfb bs dmûtdh( sb edfb( y bhho sbrên umn subrtb eb rbioebo jnfnaro bm hn bxphotnfdöm- Hn fubstdöm bstnrên bm prbiumtnr*

mos pnrn qudäm bs dmûtdh- Vd bh trnankneor pbrfdab su snhnrdo por pbrjnmbfbr qudbto o ho pbrfdab por nardfnr tormdhhos so*

ho bs djportnmtb pnrn qudbm ho bjphbn- T sd nhiudbm ho bjphbn bs porqub nhio snfnrî fom bso- Bsto fohofn nh bspbftneor

bm um nadsjo eb sdmsbmtdeo por hn fhnrdene ebh bmumfdneo; mo djportn ho qub cnins sd foarns por bhho( mo djportn ho qub

oahdiubs n cnfbr sd tb bmrdqubfbs fom bhho- Ebspuäs eb cnabr foarneo md sdqudbrn tb quben bh ebrbfco nh rbsbmtdjdbmto-

rJ- b `jö ê u j u uö u j qu j*

# $ j u- s j( u ju û *

u uj j( j u u

u qu- J ê`j ö u x qu j*

ju - u u uj u uö;

Hdjpdbzn eb um pdso pnrn hn oatbmfdöm eb edvbrsns orebmnfdombs eb niun eb rbinr ( j

>443( u r( Jäx e-@- ¿m jä u u ( uj ( u ju?

ss- Hn mubvn rbvohufdöm fomsbrvneorn bs tnm nmtdiun fojo hn npnrdfdöm ebh fnpdtnhdsjo y bh fohomdnhdsjo joebrmo bm

bh Qbmnfdjdbmto- Ho qub yo ebfên sb rb`dbrb n hn jornh ansb ebh fnpdtnhdsjo y n sus b`bftos sbhvîtdfos rbnhbs- Hns fom*

edfdombs bm qub yo ebsnrrohhb jd trnanko mo n`bftnm bm joeo nhiumo nh fomkumto ebh sdstbjn( fojo tnjpofo bsfnpnm

eb äh bm mdmiumn jnmbrn- To mo soy bkbjpho eb mnen y bh dmtbmto eb nrtdfuhnr jds debns( sd hns cuadbrn( mo jb fohofn md

ncorn md nmtbs `ubrn eb hns rbihns eb kubio- Rmn posdfdöm eb jnridmnhdene ebmtro ebh jumeo ebh nrtb mo ebab sbr bm*

tbmeden fojo cbrodfn sdmo fojo rbvbhneorn ebh `rnfnso eb um jojbmto fomfrbto eb hn proeuffdöm bm sus dmtrêmsbfns

nspdrnfdombs n fomstdtudrsb bm jbrfnmfên- Rm hdaro mo puahdfneo knjîs ub bsfrdto y su profbso eb puahdfdtnfdöm dmfhuyb

hn nfbptnfdöm eb hns morjns eb jbrfneo bm qub cnarî eb ebsbmvohvbrsb- Hn pdbzn eb hn fnhhb Qbidmn mo ebkn huinr n

hn bspbrnmzn bm hn frbntdvdene y hn ibmbrosdene- Bxprbsn toeo ho fomtrnrdo- Vd `dknjos ncê hn sohufdöm eb hos ebtbrjdmds*

jos bfomöjdfos mubstro fnjdmo bm focbrbmfdn bs hn nedffdöm- Hos edaukos qub trnznan fom bh niun n joeo eb bmtrb*

tbmdjdbmto brnm umn `orjn eb rbnhdznr jbkor bh trnanko eb hdjpdbzn pubs `dknanm jd ntbmfdöm mo bm hn oahdintordbene eb

hn nffdöm sdmo bm hn fomstruffdöm ebh edauko- Brnm umn orjn ausfnen y jnmd`dbstn eb nutobminþo( fojo bh fnmto bm bh

nhanþdh o bh niunredbmtb bm hn corn hdarb ebh trnankneor-

1>7



D `bbh tcnt tcb rbnsoms òr jy ed``brbmfbs wdtc tcb puahdf hdb bhsbwcbrb- Ucb worl eomb ds usbhbss( dt ds snde( nme tcn

wouhe ab n jnfnarb ihontdmi ovbr bxphodtntdom- Ucb qubstdom ds―wco ds dt usbhbss òr? D` n worlbr ibts pnde òr stnme

dmi stdhh( or òr jnldmi sfrbws( dt ds omhy djportnmt òr tcb pbrsom tcnt bjphoys tcbj- Nme( d` sojbomb bjphoys tcbj

dt—s abfnusb tcby stnme to indm sojbtcdmi `roj dt- Ucds wouhe sbt spbftntors dm n nayss o` jbnmdmihbssmbss( abfnus

tcb proposdtdom ds fhbnr; dt eobsm—t jnttbr wcnt you eo d` you—rb pnde òr dt< dt eobsm—t jnttbr wcnt you òrfb sojbomb

to eo d` you ibt rdfc om dt- N`tbr abdmi pnde( you eom—t bvbm cnvb tcb rdict to ab rbsbmtùh-

rJ- t wu ` `jwl ` w u j jl

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wl u u Fhbnmdmi o` n hoor to oatndm ed``brbmt edstrdaudtdoms o` wntbr (

ej >443 u j r Jx f- d ( — uu ` w

w ` u( u uu?

ss- Ucb mbw fomsbrvntdvb rbvohutdom ds ns ohe ns tcb bjbribmfb o` fnpdtnhdsj nme joebrm fohomdnhdsj eurdmi tcb Qbm

ndssnmfb- Ycnt D wns snydmi rb`brs to tcb jornh ansb o` fnpdtnhdsj nme dts nftunh snvnib b``bfts- Ucb fomedtdoms D wor

dm eo mot dm nmy wny n``bft tcb systbj ns n wcohb- Mbdtcbr eo tcby bsfnpb `roj dt dm nmy wny- D nj mot nm bxnjphb onmytcdmi( nme nmy nttbjpt nt nrtdfuhntdmi jy debns( d` D cnvb tcbj( eobs mot sbt jb outsdeb tcb ruhbs o` tcb injb( mbd

tcbr mow mor dm tcb pnst- N posdtdom o` jnridmnhdty wdtcdm tcb nrt worhe scouhe mot ab umebrstooe ns cbrodf aut ns cdic

hdictdmi tcb `ndhurb o` n fbrtndm jojbmt dm proeuftdom( dm dts dmtrdmsdf nspdrntdoms to abfojb jbrfcnmedsb- Nm umpua

hdscbe aool wns mbvbr wrdttbm nme tcb wny dt ds puahdfdsbe bmtndhs nffbptdmi tcb morjs o` tcb jnrlbt dt wdhh cnvb to

jovb dm- Ucb pdbfb om Qbidmn strbbt hbnvbs mo qunrtbr òr copb dm frbntdvdty nme ibmbrosdty- Dt bxprbssbs tcb bxnf

opposdtb- D` wb trnms`dx tcbrb tcb sohutdom to bfomojdf ebtbrjdmdsjs( our rone nhomi fomsdstbmfy ds tcb needtdom- Uc

pnttbrms D edstrnftbehy erbw wdtc tcb wntbr wbrb dmtbmebe to hdvbm up tcb fhbnmdmi tnsl( ns tcby erbw jy nttbmtdom nwn

`roj tcb fojpuhsory mnturb o` tcb nftdom nme òfusbe dt om fomstruftdmi n ernwdmi- Ucby wbrb nm dmtbmtdomnh( jnmd

`bst òrj o` sbh`*ebfbptdom( hdlb tcb sdmidmi o` n audhebr or tcb arnmey eruml ay n worlbr dm cds `rbb tdjb-



1>1



1>5



fRnRctÄJof Jbedmn

neRnmn / fRstoJs



>- bmvo

Ebseb bh jojbmto jdsjo bm qub bm `barbro eb 1776 sb nmumfdö qub sbrên bh rbprbsbmtnmtb eb Bspnþn bm hn 27-ª

Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn cn sdeo jotdvo eb um pbfuhdnr bsfrutdmdo- Hn ùmfdöm rutdmnrdn eb hos jbedos nmtb

bstns ofnsdombs #sbrvdr eb fnkn eb rbsomnmfdn eb hns bxpbftntdvns ebh oriuhho mnfdomnh$ qubeö ebsaorenen por hn

bxprbsdöm nadbrtn o jnh rbprdjden eb ebsfom`dnmzn( sdmo bs qub eb corror puro y sdjphb( nmtb su bhbvnfdöm n rbprb*

sbmtnmtb eb um «nrtb mnfdomnh¼- Bsb ebsnsosdbio qubeö `dbhjbmtb rbtrntneo bm bh bmfnabzneo njnrdhhdstn fom qub hnsbffdöm fuhturnh ebh ednrdo NAF rbidströ hn motdfdn- Fomòrjb n umn vdbkn trnedfdöm( hn motn bmòfnan su fbmsurn jîs

soarb bh npnrnto fuhturnh qub cnaên hhbvneo n fnao umn sbhbffdöm bstätdfn «dmnpropdnen¼( qub soarb bh nrtdstn jdsjo;

bx ê v u qu u j k u ->

Bh iohpbtbo jbedîtdfo hhbiö n um pumto fuhjdmnmtb um jbs jîs tnreb funmeo bm umn bmtrbvdstn fomfbeden nh ednrdo Bh

Wnês sb ntrdauyö n @rnmfbsfo Aomnjd(1 furneor ibmbrnh eb hn 27-ª Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( cnabr ebsfnhd`dfneo nh bmvdneo

eb Bspnþn neufdbmeo qub su nrtb brn naorrbfdeo bm Jäxdfo( bh pnês eomeb Vdbrrn cn vbmdeo proeufdbmeo su oarn por

jîs eb um hustro-

p- b b( ö s s ö äj…

Q- Bs um nrtdstn qub mo jb dmtbrbsn bm nasohuto- Bm Jäxdfo hb ebtbstnm( edfbm qub bs um bxphotneor- 6

Bsns dmsdmunfdombs y ebsphnmtbs jbedîtdfos som um êmedfb dmjbkornahb eb hn drrdtnfdöm qub hn oarn eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn

provofn( bs ebfdr( su fnpnfdene eb dmtbrrujpdr hn rutdmn eb pnrtdfdpnfdöm nrtêstdfn y hn fbhbarnfdöm fomsubtuedmnrdn ebh

npnrnto fuhturnh- Md euen qub hn oarn eb Vdbrrn bstî cbfcn pnrn proeufdr umn fomstnmtb fomjofdöm( qub sb rbmubvn

umn y otrn vbz qub um bspbftneor #o um pbrdoedstn$ pdbreb hn dmofbmfdn nh rbpnsnr hn injn eb opbrnfdombs bstätdfn y

ätdfnjbmtb dmföjoens qub ho fojpombm-5 Bsb fnrîftbr pûahdfo y jumenmo bs( bm toeo fnso( umo eb hos rnsios pro*

jdmbmtbs eb bstn oarn- Hn provofnfdöm eb Vdbrrn bstî pbmsnen pnrn dmjdsfudrsb bm um tbrrbmo qub mo bs bh eb hn jbrn

prbmsn bspbfdnhdznen( fojo qubrdbmeo dm`dhtrnr( por jbedo eb hn drrdtnfdöm( bh bspnfdo ebh ebantb sofdnh-2 Bsn tnrbn eb

djpnfto pûahdfo mo söho inrnmtdzn ho qub sohbjos hhnjnr «puahdfdene¼( bh uso ebh npnrnto eb jbedos pnrn bh propö*

sdto eb hn edùsdöm y( fhnro bstî( vbmtnkn fojbrfdnh- Bs umn òrjn eb nsbiurnr qub sus oarns rbbmvêbm nh bspnfdo pûahd*

fo bh fntîhoio eb fom`hdftos qub hbs sdrvbm eb rb`brbmfdn-

Bstn vbz hn rbspubstn eb hos jbedos enan fubmtn eb fuîh ebabrên sbr bh îjadto eb nffdöm pnrn bh nrtdstn- Ho qub bstn*

an bm fubstdöm brn hn edimdene eb hn «rbprbsbmtnfdöm mnfdomnh¼- T Vdbrrn jdsjo sb bmfnrinrên eb nfhnrnr n hos pbrdo*

edstns; «mo sdbmto mdmiumn vdmfuhnfdöm pntrdötdfn fom Bspnþn¼-0

ûb hn prbmsn fomsdebrnrn pbrtdmbmtb npumtnr hn `nhtn eb «sbmtdjdbmtos pntrdötdfos¼ ebh nrtdstn( y eb otro hneo trnms`d*

rdbrn bh ebrbfco eb kudfdo n umn supubstn vbrsdöm eb ho qub soarb äh pbmsnanm «bm Jäxdfo¼( söho poeên hbbrsb fojo umn

1>0



>- edspntfc

@roj tcb vbry jojbmt( dm @barunry 1776( dt wns nmmoumfbe tcnt cb wouhe rbprbsbmt Vpndm dm tcb 27tc Adbmmdnh dm

Pbmdfb( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn stnrtbe fojdmi umebr sojb rnrb sfrutdmy- Ucb stofl rbnftdom o` tcb jbedn om sufc offnsdom

#nftdmi ns n soumedmi aonre or mntdomnh prdeb$ invb wny to opbm―or dmnebquntbhy rbprbssbe―jdsidvdmis( d` mot eowm

rdict corror( naout cds abdmi projotbe to rbprbsbmt n –mntdomnh nrt—- Ucds umbnsb wns nffurntbhy rb`hbftbe dm n sbmsn

tdomnhdst cbnehdmb dm tcb fuhturnh sbftdom o` tcb endhy NAF wcbm dt arolb tcb mbws- Urub to dts trnedtdomnh fohours( tcmotdfb òfusbe dts fbmsorscdp jorb om tcb fuhturnh nppnrntus tcnt cne jneb sufc nm –dmnpproprdntb— fcodfb tcnm om

tcb nrtdst cdjsbh`;

–@ n`` v j w u—- >

Jbedn nttrdtdom rbnfcbe dts npoibb n jomtc hntbr wcbm( dm nm dmtbrvdbw wdtc tcb endhy( Bh Wnês( @rnmfbsfo Aomnjd(1 fu

rntor ibmbrnh o` tcb 27tc Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh( ostbmsdahy edsfrbedtbe Vpndm—s bmvoy ay nhhuedmi to cds abdmi hontcbe dm Jbx

dfo( tcb foumtry wcdfc cns sbbm Vdbrrn proeufdmi cds nrt òr ovbr `dvb ybnrs-

^- t ` s s ` s p u s…

N- Cb—s nm nrtdst D—j mot tcb hbnst adt dmtbrbstbe dm- Dm Jbxdfo( tcby ebtbst cdj< tcby fhndj cb—s bxphodtntdvb-6

Vufc jbedn vdtrdoh nme spdtb nrb umjdstnlbnahb sdims o` kust cow jufc Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn—s worl rndsbe cbflhbs< dm otcb

wores( n jbnsurb o` dts fnpnfdty òr edsruptdmi tcb routdmb o` nrtdst pnrtdfdpntdom nme tcb cujeruj fbhbarntdoms o` tcb

fuhturnh nppnrntus- Jnlb mo jdstnlb―Vdbrrn—s worl ds ebsdimbe to proeufb fomstnmt scofl( rbmbwbe wcbmbvb

spbftntors #or kourmnhdsts$ hosb tcbdr dmmofbmfb om survbydmi tcb rnmib o` nbstcbtdfnhhy nme btcdfnhhy umfojòrtnahb op

brntdoms dt fomsdsts o`-5 Dm nmy bvbmt( tcds puahdf( worhehy fcnrnftbr ds omb o` tcb jost projdmbmt `bnturbs o` cds worl

Vdbrrn—s provofntdom ds dmtbmebe to worl dts wny( mot kust dmto tcb `dbhe o` tcb trneb prbss( aut( ns d` ay drrdtntdom( dm`dh

trntb tcb nrbmn o` sofdnh ebantb-2 Ucds jdssdom o` puahdf djpnft iunrnmtbbs mot omhy wcnt wb tbme to fnhh –puahdfdty—―

usdmi tcb jbedn òr edssbjdmntdom nme( o` foursb( òr fojjbrfdnh nevnmtnib- Dt ds n wny o` bmsurdmi tcnt cds worls

rbturm to puahdf spnfb tcb fntnhoiub o` fom`hdfts tcnt nft ns tcbdr rb`brbmfb-

Ucds tdjb jbedn rbspomsb nffoumtbe òr tcb nrtdst—s tcbntrb o` opbrntdoms( aut wcnt wns fnhhbe dmto qubstdom wn

tcb edimdty o` –mntdomnh rbprbsbmtntdom—- Vdbrrn cdjsbh` jneb dt qudtb fhbnr to tcb prbss; –D cnvb mo pntrdotdf tdbs to

Vpndm—-0

Ucnt tcb prbss scouhe sbb `dt to òfus om cds hnfl o` –pntrdotdf sbmtdjbmt—( nme scd`t tcb aurebm o` iudht to wcnt tcby

tcouict o` cdj dm Jbxdfo( fouhe omhy ab fomstrube ns dmsdmuntdmi cds òrbdimmbss- Dm `nft( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn jny wb

ab tcb pbrsom hbnst sudtbe to rbprbsbmtdmi Vpnmdsc nrt- Ycbm dm >442 cb ebfdebe to jovb cds rbsdebmfb nme worl

phnfb to tcb otcbr sdeb o` tcb Nthnmtdf( cb wns pnrthy erdvbm ay cds umbnsb wdtc tcb nrtdstdf fomtbxt o` cds foumtry o



1>3



117



fdbrtn dmsdmunfdöm eb bxtrnmkbrên- Bm b`bfto( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn adbm puedbrn sbr bh jbmos dmedfneo pnrn rbprbsbmtnr nh nrtb

bspnþoh- Funmeo bm >442 bh nrtdstn ebfdedö trnshnenrsb n vdvdr y trnanknr nh otro hneo ebh Nthîmtdfo( umo eb sus jotorbs

ùb su ebsnfubreo fom bh fomtbxto nrtêstdfo bm su pnês eb ordibm- Vdbrrn mo ofuhtn qub jîs qub bsfoibr Jäxdfo fojo

huinr eb rbsdebmfdn( äh bsfnpnan eb um fdrfudto fuhturnh y nrtêstdfo qub mo brn propdfdo pnrn bkbrfbr umn prîftdfn rnedfnh(

ntrnpneo por hns bxpbftntdvns eb «fnhdene¼ y aubm iusto ebh jbrfneo y hns dmstdtufdombs bspnþohns( y hns prbtbmsdombs

cujnmdstns eb su jbedo dmtbhbftunh- Vnhvo por hn ebvofdöm qub hb proeufb hn oarn eb Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn(9 pdo*

mbro ebh nrtb fomfbptunh y pohêtdfo bm Bspnþn( y sus vêmfuhos fom fohbftdvos nhtbrmntdvos fojo Bh Oko Ntöjdfo( n prdm*

fdpdos eb hos nþos 47( y jîs rbfdbmtbjbmtb Bh Wbrro( Vdbrrn mo ebab irnm fosn n hns dmstdtufdombs o nh edsfurso prbvn*

hbfdbmtb bm hn frêtdfn y bh ebantb ebh nrtb bspnþoh-3 Npnrbfbr fojo bmvêo eb Bspnþn n Pbmbfdn supomên hn oportumdene

pnrn nftdvnr bsn edstnmfdn- Mo jnrfnr edstnmfdn; nftdvnrhn- Dmvdtnan n Vdbrrn n pombr n pruban hos jbfnmdsjos dmstdtu*

fdomnhbs qub bm fuhturn( tnmto fojo bm pohêtdfn( ebrdvnm eb fhnsd`dfnr y nejdmdstrnr n hos dmedvdeuos y su nftdvdene bm

tormo n hn edfotojên eb «ho mnfdomnh¼ y «ho nkbmo¼- Fnsd ebseb bh prdjbr jojbmto( Vdbrrn cnaên pbmsneo su pnrtdfdpn*

fdöm fojo umn dmtbrvbmfdöm fom rbspbfto n bsn òrjn eb nejdmdstrnfdöm sofdnh y pohêtdfn-

Mo bs fnsunh qub umo eb hos trbs bhbjbmtos bm qub fomsdstb su dmtbrvbmfdöm bm Pbmbfdn fomsdstn bm cnfbr tnpnr( eb

joeo por ebjîs ruedjbmtnrdo( hn dmsfrdpfdöm eb «Bspnþn¼ por bmfdjn ebh pörtdfo ebh Wnabhhöm- Bstn Wnhnarn tnpnen

bs bm rbnhdene umn pnhnarn suarnynen bm su nusbmfdn- Wubs bm b`bfto hn nffdöm eb Vdbrrn fomsdstb bm oastrudr sdj*aöhdfnjbmtb hn rbprbsbmtnfdöm mnfdomnh-

1- bJanKnen sdJahdfn

Bm prdjbrn dmstnmfdn( Juro fbrrnmeo um bspnfdo bs umn rbeuffdöm nh nasureo ebh prdmfdpdo eb «rbprbsbmtnfdöm mn*

fdomnh¼ qub nûm n prdmfdpdos ebh sdiho SSD sdrvb eb prbjdsn orinmdzntdvn n umn irnm fnmtdene eb bvbmtos nrtêstdfos

nhrbebeor ebh jumeo; umn bstrufturn eb fojpbtbmfdn sdjaöhdfn bmtrb mnfdombs qub mnfdö fom hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn

n prdmfdpdos ebh sdiho SS( fnhfnmeo bh joebho prbvnhbfdbmtb bm hns brdns jumednhbs ebh sdiho SDS- Hos pnabhhombs mn*

fdomnhbs som( fhnro( umo eb bsos nmnfromdsjos eb fomvbmdbmfdn qub cnadtnm bh jumeo ebh nrtb- N pbsnr eb qub fnen

vbz som tojneos jbmos bm sbrdo por hos fdrfudtos frêtdfos y nrtêstdfos( rbbjphnzneos pofo n pofo por hns bxcdad*

fdombs furnens sdm ansbs ibopohêtdfns fojo fbmtros eb ntbmfdöm eb hos bvbmtos dmtbrmnfdomnhbs( sdiubm sdbmeo um

jbedo pnrn rbmnfdomnhdznr hn proeuffdöm fuhturnh- Fujphbm hn tnrbn eb bxprbsnr n mdvbh ihoanh hn supubstn kbrnrquên

eb vnhornfdöm hofnh #o aurofrîtdfn$ eb hn proeuffdöm nrtêstdfn( nh tdbjpo qub o`rbfbm umn òrjn eb turdsjo sdjuhneo(

fomstrudeo bm tormo n um pnrqub eb ntrnffdombs bstätdfns- Jîs nhhî eb bxprbsnr hn pbqubþn pohêtdfn fuhturnh eb ed*

vbrsns rbidombs ebh jumeo( nhdjbmtnmeo hn dhusdöm eb hos npnrntos edphojîtdfos eb dmstrujbmtnr hn fuhturn fom*

tbjporîmbn n `nvor eb hn projofdöm fojbrfdnh o pohêtdfn( som umo eb hos jbedos por hos qub bh jumeo ebh nrtb oa*

tdbmb bh nvor bfomöjdfo eb sus Bstneos- Unh fojo hos fomfursos eb abhhbzn( o hos fnjpbomntos y Ohdjpdnens( enm

115



ordidm- Vdbrrn jnlbs mo aombs tcnt( jorb tcnm fcoosdmi Jbxdfo ns n phnfb o` rbsdebmfb( cb wns `hbbdmi `roj n fuh

turnh nme nrt fdrfudt umfomeufdvb to n rnedfnh prnftdtdombr( trnppbe ay jnrlbt*hbe nme Vpnmdsc dmstdtutdomnh bxpbftn

tdoms o` –qunhdty— nme iooe tnstb( nme tcb cujnmdstdf prbtbmsdoms o` cds dmtbhhbftunh jdhdbu-

Bxfbpt òr cds ebvotdom to tcb worl o` Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn( 9 tcb pdombbr o` fomfbptunh nme pohdtdfnh nrt dm Vpndm

nme cds hdmls to sufc nhtbrmntdvb fdrfhbs ns Bh Oko Ntöjdfo( dm tcb bnrhy mdmbtdbs( nme( jorb rbfbmthy( Bh Wbrro( Vdbrr

owbs hdtthb to dmstdtutdoms( or to tcb rbdimdmi edsfoursb dm Vpnmdsc nrt frdtdqub nme ebantb- 3 Abdmi bhbftbe ns Vpndm—

bmvoy to Pbmdfb frbntbe nm opportumdty to nftdvntb tcnt nhdbmntdom- Mot to strbss tcb nhdbmntdom aut to nftdvntb dt- Dt wn

dmvdtdmi Vdbrrn to tbst( dm aotc fuhturb nme pohdtdfs( tcb dmstdtutdomnh jbfcnmdsjs ebrdvbe `roj fhnssd`ydmi nme nejdm

dstbrdmi dmedvdeunhs nme tcbdr nftdvdty nfforedmi to tcb edfcotojy o` –mntdomnh— nme –nhdbm—- @roj nhjost tcb vbry out

sbt( Vdbrrn cne fomfbdvbe o` cds dmvohvbjbmt dm tbrjs o` tcnt òrj o` sofdo*pohdtdfnh nejdmdstrntdom- Dt ds mo nffdebm

tcbm( tcnt omb o` tcb tcrbb fomstdtubmt bhbjbmts dm cds Pbmbtdnm nppbnrnmfb dmvohvbs fovbrdmi( dm ruedjbmtnry `nsc

dom( tcb wore –Vpndm— wrdttbm ovbr tcb Wnvdhdom bmtrnmfb- Ucb Fovbrbe wore ds nftunhhy n wore strbssbe ay dts nasbmfb

Vdbrrn—s nftdom tcus fomsdsts o` syjaohdfnhhy oastruftdmi mntdomnh rbprbsbmtntdom-

1- syJaohdf bJanssy Nt `drst ihnmfb( Ynhh bmfhosdmi n spnfb ds n rbeuftdom to tcb nasure o` tcb prdmfdphb o` mntdomnh rbprbsbmtntdom wcdfc

stdhh nt tcb enwm o` tcb 1>st fbmtury( ds tcb erdvdmi orfb abcdme n hnrib mujabr o` nrt bvbmts nroume tcb worhe―n struf

turb o` syjaohdf fojpbtdtdom abtwbbm mntdoms( wcdfc `drst bjbribe wdtc tcb Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh dm tcb bnrhy 17tc fbmtury

dtsbh` n rbphdfn o` tcb joebh tcnt prbvndhbe dm tcb >4tc*fbmtury worhe `ndrs- Mntdomnh pnvdhdoms nrb fhbnrhy omb o` tcb

nmnfcromdsjs o` fomvbmdbmfb ronjdmi tcb nrt worhe- Ycdhb tnlbm dmfrbnsdmihy hbss sbrdoushy ay tcb fdrfudts o` frdtdf

nme nrtdsts( nme irneunhhy rbphnfbe ay bxcdadtdoms furntbe wdtcout ibopohdtdfnh ansbs ns tcb òfus òr dmtbrmntdomn

bvbmts( tcby nrb stdhh n wny o` rb*mntdomnhdsdmi fuhturnh proeuftdom- Ucby sbrvb tcb ùmftdom o` bxprbssdmi ihoanhhy n

nhhbibe cdbrnrfcy dm hofnh #or aurbnufrntdf$ npprndsnh o` nrtdstdf proeuftdom( wcdhb nhso o``brdmi n ldme o` sdjuhntbe

tourdsj audht nroume nm nbstcbtdf njusbjbmt pnrl-

Npnrt `roj scowfnsdmi tcb hdtthb fuhturnh pohdtdfs o` vnrdous rbidoms nroume tcb worhe( `bbedmi tcb edphojntdf nppnrn

tus— dhhusdom o` djphbjbmtdmi fomtbjpornry fuhturb to projotb trneb or pohdtdfs( tcby nrb omb wny tcb nrt worhe `dmes

bfomojdf `nvour wdtc Vtntbs- Hdlb abnuty fomtbsts( fcnjpdomscdps or Ohyjpdf Injbs( tcby hbt tcb puahdf suahdjntb

dts tcdrst òr pntrdotdf fojpbtdtdom( rbdmòrfdmi tcb debohoidfnh jbfcnmdsjs ay wcdfc mntdom stntbs strut ns mnturnh nme

mbfbssnry bmtdtdbs abòrb tcbdr suakbfts- Ucb Wnvdhdoms nrb n ldme o` syjaohdf bjanssy sbt up to rbdmsurb mntdomnh bx

fbptdomnhdty nme ostbmsdahy dmstdhh nejdrntdom njomi –òrbdimbrs—- Qbinrehbss o` cow opbm( juhtdfuhturnh or edvbrsb tcb

jny ab dm opbrntdom( dm tcb hnst rbsort tcby nrb aut nmotcbr nbstcbtdf nhdad òr kustd`ydmi tcb survdvnh o` tcb mntdom stntb



110



113



167



n hos pûahdfos umn oportumdene pnrn suahdjnr sus ebsbos eb fojpbtbmfdn pntrdötdfn( rbòrznmeo hos edvbrsos jb*

fnmdsjos debohöidfos jbednmtb hos funhbs hos Bstneos mnfdöm sb postuhnm fojo bmtdenebs mnturnhbs y mbfbsnrdns

nmtb sus sûaedtos- Hos Wnabhhombs som umn bspbfdb eb bjanknen sdjaöhdfn( cbfcos pnrn rbòrznr hn fbrtbzn eb bx*

fbpfdomnhdene ebh mnfdomnh( b #cdpotätdfnjbmtb$ dmùmedr nejdrnfdöm bmtrb hos «bxtrnmkbros¼- Mo djportn funm nadbr*

tns( juhtdfuhturnhbs o edvbrsns sbnm bm su opbrnfdöm- Bm ûhtdjn dmstnmfdn som umn jîs eb hns fonrtnens bstätdfns

pnrn hn pbrsdstbmfdn ebh Bstneo mnfdöm- Numqub su roh sbn fojpnrntdvnjbmtb jbmor nh eb hos ebportbs( som um rb*

forentordo eb hn orjn bm qub hns nrtbs sdiubm sdbmeo um jbedo pnrn rbòrznr hn sohdenrdene nrtd`dfdnh eb hos Bstneos-

Fohofneo bm bsb tbrrdtordo( Vdbrrn ebfdedö fomvbrtdr hn bjanknen bstätdfn bm bh sêjdh eb otrn eb hns bstrufturns eb nejd*

mdstrnfdöm ebh Bstneo; bh rbtäm `romtbrdzo y hn o`dfdmn eb rbvdsdöm jdirntordn- Brdidbmeo um juro qub ahoqubn bh nffbso(

Vdbrrn cn fortneo bh bspnfdo ebh Wnabhhöm bspnþoh bm bh hos Idnredmd eb Pbmbfdn fom umn `romtbrn qub ho sbpnrn bm eos

tbrrdtordos sdjaöhdfnjbmtb opubstos- Vbjdfbrrnen( bstn psbueo*bjanknen söho pbrjdtb bh nffbso ebh pûahdfo ibmbrnh

n um ebhineo vbstêauho qub( ebsfudeneo fojo bstî( ebkn nffbsdahbs hos anþos ebh `rbmtb ebh bed`dfdo- Wbro n um hneo(

Vdbrrn cn ebkneo umn motn bm bspnþoh qub fomeufb n um nffbso bxfhusdvo pnrn hos fduenenmos bspnþohbs( fojo sd rb*

sbrvnrn bh Wnabhhöm bm Pbmbfdn n um prdvdhbido pnrn bh posbbeor eb um pnsnportb bspnþoh-

Vdbrrn( eb cbfco( dmvbmtn umn bspbfdb eb rbsbrvn bxtrntbrrdtordnh; um pnabhhöm qub mo söho bs bspnþoh sdmo bxfhusdvn*jbmtb pnrn bspnþohbs- Rm iunredn bxnjdmn hos eofujbmtos proantordos eb hn mnfdomnhdene eb hos vdsdtnmtbs( y fom

hn rdidebz eb um iunredn `romtbrdzo söho ebkn pnsnr n hos sûaedtos eb hn jomnrquên bspnþohn- Bstb bxfhusdvdsjo qudb*

rb sbr umn rbprbsbmtnfdöm eb hn Bspnþn ebh ûhtdjo ebfbmdo( um Bstneo qub pnrbfb ebfdedeo n fujphdr hn ùmfdöm eb

sbr hn iunredn `romtbrdzn eb Buropn nmtb hn prbsdöm jdirntordn ebh mortb eb Î`rdfn y eb Njärdfn Hntdmn- Bs nsê qub bm

vbz eb sbr um pumto eb fomtnfto y propninmen fosjopohdtn( Vdbrrn trnmsòrjn hn pnrtdfdpnfdöm eb su pnês bm hn Adbmnh

bm umn opbrnfdöm eb nutofomsujo- Wubs n pbsnr eb qub ebmtro eb hn inhbrên mo cny ebjnsdneo quä vbr #hos rbstos

jîs o jbmos nmtdbstätdfos eb prbvdns dmtbrvbmfdombs bm bh Wnabhhöm( y bh anheêo eb umn inhbrên bm ebsuso fruznen

por um juro frueo$( hos bspnþohbs tdbmbm nquê nffbso n eomeb hos otros cnm sdeo rbfcnzneos-

Hn oarn bs pubs um bkbrfdfdo eb bxfhusdöm- Wbro tnjadäm pubeb dmtbrprbtnrsb fojo umn nffdöm eomeb Vdbrrn jojbm*

tîmbnjbmtb cnfb prbsns n sus fomfduenenmos bm umn hnrin `dhn aurofrîtdfn qub söho fomeufb n um fnutdvbrdo bxfhu*sdvdstn-

6- pnsnportbs

Numqub `rbfubmtbjbmtb pnsb ebsnpbrfdadeo( bh bhbjbmto fbmtrnh eb hn oarn eb Vdbrrn bs bh rbfubmto eb hns projb*

sns dmfujphdens eb hn hdabrtne joebrmn- Vd su trnanko cn dmsdstdeo bm pombr n pruban hos jbfnmdsjos eb fonffdöm

snhnrdnh( jnridmnfdöm( `nrjnfoebpbmebmfdn( fojbrfdo sbxunh( edsfrdjdmnfdöm ätmdfn y psbueocujnmdsjo fuhturnh(

161



Ycdhb tcbdr rohb jny ab jorb how*lby tcnm sportdmi bvbmts( tcby nrb n rbjdmebr o` cow tcb nrts nrb stdhh n jbnms ò

strbmitcbmdmi tcb nrtd`dfnh sohdenrdty o` Vtntbs-

Vbt eowm dm tcds tbrrdtory( Vdbrrn ebfdebe to turm tcb nbstcbtdf bjanssy dmto n sdjdhb òr nmotcbr Vtntb nejdmdstrntdom

strufturb―tcb aorebr outpost( nme djjdirntdom o``dfb- Ay rndsdmi n wnhh to ahofl tcb bmtrnmfb( Vdbrrn cns sbvbrbe tc

spnfb o` tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom dm Pbmdfb—s Idnredmd wdtc n aorebr tcnt edvdebs dt dmto two syjaohdfnhhy opposbe tbrrdto

rdbs- Ucb puahdf nt hnrib fnm omhy indm bmtry to tcds cnh`*bmfhosbe psbueo*bjanssy vdn n mnrrow hoaay wcdfc( dm dt

rum*eowm stntb( provdebs nffbss to tcb todhbts dm tcb `romt o` tcb audhedmi- Aut( om omb sdeb( Vdbrrn cns hb`t n motb dm

Vpnmdsc wcdfc hbnes to nm bmtrnmfb bxfhusdvbhy òr Vpnmdsc fdtdzbms( ns d` rbsbrvdmi tcb Pbmdfb Wnvdhdom ns n prdvdhbib

òr abnrbrs o` n Vpnmdsc pnssport-

Vdbrrn cns dm `nft sbt nsdeb n ldme o` mntdomnh prbsbrvb narone―n pnvdhdom wcdfc ds mot omhy Vpnmdsc aut bxfhusdvbhy ò

Vpnmdnres- N iunre bxnjdmbs vdsdtors— mntdomnh frbebmtdnhs nme( wdtc n stbrmmbss ab`dttdmi n aorebr sbmtry( hbts dm omh

suakbfts o` tcb Vpndsc jomnrfcy- Ucds bxfhusdvbmbss ds dmtbmebe to rbprbsbmt tcb Vpndm o` tcb hnst ebfneb( n Vtntb np

pnrbmthy adhhbe to nft ns aorebr iunre òr Buropb( dm tcb `nfb o` jdirntory prbssurb `roj Mortc N`rdfn nme Hntdm Njbr

dfn- Ucus( dmstbne o` nftdmi ns n podmt òr rbumdom nme fosjopohdtnm dmtbrfcnmib( Vdbrrn cns turmbe cds foumtryjbm—

nttbmenmfb nt tcb Adbmmdnh dmto nm opbrntdom o` sbh`*fomsujptdom- @or( ebspdtb tcbrb abdmi hdtthb to vdbw omfb dmsdeb tcinhhbry #rbjndms o` fojpnrntdvb bybsorbs `roj prbvdous dmstnhhntdoms dm tcb Wnvdhdom( nme tcb anrrbmmbss o` n inhhbry d

edsusb( sphdt ay n fonrsb wnhh$( tcbrb tcb Vpnmdsc nrb nhhowbe dm( wcdhb otcbrs nrb anrrbe `roj bmtbrdmi-

Ucb worl ds tcus nm bxbrfdsb dm bxfhusdom- Aut( dt fnm nhso ab dmtbrprbtbe ns nm nftdom dm wcdfc Vdbrrn jojbmtnrdhy dj

prdsoms cds `bhhow foumtryjbm dm n homi aurbnfrntdf hdmb tcnt hbnes omhy to bxfhusdvdst fnptdvdty-

6- pnssports

Nhtcouic dt o`tbm pnssbs ummotdfbe( tcb fbmtrnh bhbjbmt dm Vdbrrn—s worl ds tcb rummdmi foumt o` umùh`dhhbe projdsb

o` joebrm hdabrty- D` cds worl cns ewbht om tbstdmi tcb jbfcnmdsjs o` wnib fobrfdom( jnridmnhdsntdom( pcnrjnfo*eb

pbmebmfb( tcb sbx trneb( btcmdf edsfrdjdmntdom nme fuhturnh psbueo*cujnmdsj( dt ds to ahow tcb wcdsthb om tcb `rnu

tcnt prbvndhs dm tcb cdstory o` bjnmfdpntdom- Dt ds mot omhy nm oeour o` dmkustdfb tcnt projpts bnfc o` tcb stnidmis o

dmkustdfb òrjuhntbe dm cds worl- Jost tdjbs( tcds ds tcb frdtdfdsj djphdfdt dm hdabrty ebmdbe- Vdbrrn—s worl ds n rbprb

sbmtntdom o` hdabrty ay ojjdsdom-

Ucb cdstory o` djjdirntdom nme –pnssport— fomtroh ds pnrnedijntdf o` tcb wny dm wcdfc joebrmdty dmvohvbs projdsbs o

hdabrty òhhowbe ay tcb ebvbhopjbmt o` mbw fomtroh jbnsurbs( n story o` opbmdmi nme fhosdmi dm wcdfc mbw òrjs o

cdbrnrfcy nme bxfhusdom nrb ibmbrntbe nhjost dmfbssnmthy- Ns Kocm Uorpby nssbrtbe( toibtcbr wdtc tcb prdvntb prop



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bs porqub supomb um rbfhnjo por bh `rnueb eb hn cdstordn eb hn bjnmfdpnfdöm- Mo bs söho bh ohor eb hn dmkustdfdn bh

qub jotdvn fnen umn eb hns bsfbmd`dfnfdombs eb dmkustdfdn qub òrjuhnm su trnanko- Hns jîs eb hns vbfbs( ästb bs

hn frêtdfn dmjnmbmtb eb umn hdabrtne mbinen- Hn oarn eb Vdbrrn bs umn rbprbsbmtnfdöm eb hn hdabrtne por su ojdsdöm-

Hn cdstordn eb hos fomtrohbs jdirntordos y hos eofujbmtos eb «pnsnportb¼ bs pnrnedijîtdfn ebh joeo bm qub hn jo*

ebrmdene bs um profbso eomeb hn projbsn eb hdabrtnebs sb sufbeb por bh ebsnrrohho eb mubvos jbedos eb fomtroh(

umn mnrrntdvn eb npbrturn y fdbrrb bm qub sb ibmbrnm eb joeo fnsd dmfbsnmtb hns mubvns òrjns eb kbrnrquên y bx*

fhusdöm- Fojo n`drjn Kocm Uorpby( kumto fom hn propdbene prdvnen eb hos jbedos proeuftdvos y bh jomopohdo eb hn

vdohbmfdn hbiêtdjn( nh poebr joebrmo ho fomstdtuyb bh «jomopohdo eb hn nutordene eb rbstrdmidr bh jovdjdbmto eb hns

pbrsomns¼-4 Hn «hdabrtne eb trîmsdto¼( bh ebrbfco eb hns pbrsomns n «rbspdrnr bh ndrb qub qudbrnm sdm pbedr pbrjdso

n um njo¼ #fojo ho orjuhö Wbufcbt( um fojbmtnrdstn rnmfäs bm >947$(>7 ùb umn eb hns ebjnmens umeneorns ebh

hdabrnhdsjo buropbo y hns rbvohufdombs( hdstns n ebrrujanr bm um jdsjo iohpb tnmto hns anrrbrns fojbrfdnhbs fojo

hos rbsqudfdos eb hn nutordene `buenh- Vnhvo por bpdsoedos eb frdsds juy ebtbrjdmneos #por bkbjpho( hns iubrrns rb*

vohufdomnrdns `rnmfbsns eb hos knfoadmos nh Edrbftordo$ bh sdiho SDS bstuvo fnrnftbrdzneo por hn tbmebmfdn n «ebsfrd*

jdmnhdznr¼ bh trîmsdto eb pbrsomns; hos sdstbjns eb pnsnportbs dmtbrmos ùbrom prîftdfnjbmtb bhdjdmneos( y hos Bs*

tneos sohênm pbrjdtdr um jovdjdbmto knjîs vdsto eb dmedvdeuos y trnankneorbs bjdirnmtbs bmtrb edvbrsos pnêsbs y

fomtdmbmtbs- N pbsnr eb qub hos npnrntos pohdfdnhbs buropbos danm bfcnmeo hns ansbs nmtropojätrdfns( òtoirî`d*fns y enftdhosföpdfns eb hos sdstbjns «fdbmtê`dfos¼ eb debmtd`dfnfdöm( cnfdn prdmfdpdos ebh sdiho SS toeo pnrbfên dm*

edfnr qub hos pnêsbs offdebmtnhbs poerênm promto naohdr o soarbsbbr sus hbybs jdirntordns( pnrn rbjovbr hns anrrb*

rns y prbkudfdos fomtrn hos bxtrnmkbros qub bjdirnanm n su tbrrdtordo->>

Bm fnjado( bm bh sdiho SS bh Bstneo sb postuhn fojo nibmtb `romtbrdzo- Bh profbso eb hdabrnhdznfdöm( djpuhsneo bm

irnm pnrtb por bh ebsnrrohho eb hos fnpdtnhbs( ùb ebtbmdeo eb djprovdso por bh bstnhhdeo eb hn Wrdjbrn Iubrrn Jum*

ednh( qub edo ofnsdöm n hos Bstneos pnrn kustd`dfnr su roh fojo nejdmdstrneorbs ebh huko poahnfdomnh- Fojo ebspuäs

vbmerî n ofurrdr fom rbspbfto n hn supubstn «iubrrn n hns eroins¼ o hn «iubrrn nh tbrrordsjo¼( hn djposdfdöm eb rb*

qudsdtos eb debmtd`dfnfdöm y vdidhnmfdn eb hos bxtrnmkbros «costdhbs¼ fojo eb hos propdos mnfdomnhbs ùb prbsbmtnen

fojo umn rbstrdffdöm «tbjpornh¼ n hns hdabrtnebs qub nh pofo vdmo n fomvbrtdrsb bm umn sdtunfdöm pbrjnmbmtb- Wnrn

hos nþos 17 bsos fomtrohbs eb bjbribmfdn vdmdbrom n fomvbrtdrsb bm rbqudsdtos «morjnhbs¼ bm tdbjpo eb pnz- HosBstneos bjpbznrom n ebjnmenr n mnfdomnhbs y bxtrnþos eofujbmtos eb debmtd`dfnfdöm yn mo pnrn ebtbmbr n hos po*

sdahbs «bmbjdios eb iubrrn¼( sdmo n hos «dmebsbnahbs( hos bmbjdios eb hn hby y bh orebm( hos projotorbs eb hn rb*

vohufdöm y hn nmnrquên¼- N pnrtdr eb bmtomfbs hn «mnfdomnhdene¼ vdmo n fomvbrtdrsb bm bh rbspnheo eofujbmtnh eb hn

rbhnfdöm bmtrb um dmedvdeuo y um Bstneo->1

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brty o` tcb jbnms o` proeuftdom nme tcb jomopohy o` hbidtdjntb vdohbmfb( joebrm powbr dmvohvbs tcb –jomopohy o

nutcordty to rbstrdft pbophb—s `rbbeoj o` jovbjbmt—-4 –@rbbeoj o` jovbjbmt—( tcb rdict o` pbophb to –arbntcb tcb n

tcby phbnsb( wdtcout nsldmi nm owmbr—s pbrjdssdom— #ns Wbufcbt( n @rbmfc fojjbmtntor( òrjuhntbe dt( dm >947$(>7 wn

omb o` tcb òumedmi ebjnmes o` Buropbnm hdabrnhdsj nme rbvohutdoms( rbney ns tcby wbrb to ebjohdsc aotc trneb anr

rdbrs nme nhh vbstdibs o` `buenh nutcordty dm omb `bhh swoop- Npnrt `roj sojb cdichy spbfd`df frdsbs #sufc ns tcb @rbmfc

rbvohutdomnry wnrs nme tcb Knfoadms o` tcb Edrbftorntb$( tcb >4tc fbmtury wns fcnrnftbrdsbe ay n trbme townres –eb

frdjdmnhdsdmi— pbophb—s `rbbeoj o` jovbjbmt―systbjs o` dmtbrmnh pnssbs wbrb prnftdfnhhy naohdscbe( wcdhb Vtntbs n

howbe nm umprbfbebmtbe jovbjbmt o` dmedvdeunhs nme jdirnmt worlbrs abtwbbm ed``brbmt foumtrdbs nme fomtdmbmts

Nhtcouic Buropbnm pohdfb òrfbs wbrb hnydmi tcb nmtcropojbtrdf òumentdoms òr –sfdbmtd`df— jbtcoes o` debmtd`dfntdom

umtdh tcb bnrhy 17tc fbmtury nhh tcb sdims wbrb tcnt Ybstbrm mntdoms wbrb naout to naohdsc or wndvb tcbdr djjdirntdo

hnws dm orebr to rbjovb tcb anrrdbrs nme prbkuedfbs nindmst òrbdimbrs djjdirntdmi dmto tcbdr tbrrdtordbs- >>

Dm tcb 17tc fbmtury( cowbvbr( tcb Vtntb hoojbe up ns n aorebr iunre- Ucb profbss o` hdabrnhdsntdom( ùbhbe hnribhy

ay tcb ebvbhopjbmt o` fnpdtnh( wns arouict to n sueebm cnht ay tcb outarbnl o` tcb @drst Yorhe Ynr( wcdfc provdeb

Vtntbs wdtc tcb prbtbxt òr kustd`ydmi tcbdr rohb ns nejdmdstrntors o` popuhntdom `how- Ns wouhe hntbr cnppbm wdtc tc

nhhbibe –wnr om eruis—( or tcb –wnr om tbrrordsj—( tcb djposdtdom o` debmtdty rbqudrbjbmts nme puttdmi aotc –costdhb

òrbdimbrs nme mntdomnh suakbfts umebr survbdhhnmfb wns adhhbe ns n –tbjpornry— rbdimdmi dm o` fdvdh hdabrtdbs( nhtcouidt soom abfnjb n pbrjnmbmt stntb o` n``ndrs- Dm tcb twbmtdbs( tcbsb bjbribmfy fomtrohs abfnjb –morjnh— jbnsurb

dm pbnfbtdjb- Vtntbs abinm to rbqudrb mntdomnhs nme òrbdimbrs to fnrry debmtdty fnres( mot to dmtbrfbpt potbmtdnh –wn

òb— aut –umebsdrnahbs( bmbjdbs o` hnw nme orebr( dmstdintors o` rbvohutdom nme nmnrfcy—- @roj tcbm om( –mntdomnhdty

abfnjb tcb eofujbmtnry fohhntbrnh o` tcb rbhntdomscdp abtwbbm tcb dmedvdeunh nme tcb Vtntb->1

5- spbftntors nme tcb RmeofRJbmtbe

Cnvdmi pnpbrs cns fojb to jbnm cnvdmi hbidtdjntb rbsdebmfb- Ucb mnturnh bnsb wdtc wcdfc wb tnhl naout tcb –pnpbr

hbss— or –umeofujbmtbe— ns symomyjous wdtc n hnfl o` fdtdzbm rdicts ds ybt nmotcbr bhbjbmt tcnt rnedfnhhy edstdmiudscb

hntb*17tc*fbmtury hdabrnhdsj `roj tcb ordidmnh hdabrnhdsj o` tcb aouribodsdb- Aut( om tcb otcbr cnme( tcbsb bxprbssdom

scow tcnt wcnt wb fnhh n –mntdom— ds( naovb nhh( nm nejdmdstrntdvb nft―ns mntdomnhdty ds dmvdsdahb( bvbr djprbfdsb nme sua

kbft to `dftdom nme prbtbmfb( omhy eofujbmts provb tcb rdict to hdvb nme worl dm n pnrtdfuhnr foumtry-

Dm 177>( eurdmi tcb 54tc Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn stnibe nm opbrntdom tcnt jojbmtnrdhy jneb djjdirnmt stn

tus hool hdlb n pcbmotypb( n aoey `bnturb- Vdbrrn pnde >66 dhhbinh djjdirnmts wco worlbe dm Pbmdfb ns cnwlbr

>11(777 hdrns #naout 07 eohhnrs$ to cnvb tcbdr cndr eybe ardict ahomeb->6 Ucds wns tcb `bb nm –dhhbinh— cne to pny to nanm

eom tcbdr fcnjbhbom*hdlb bxdstbmfb nme fojb out dmto tcb opbm-



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157



5- dmeofRJbmtneos y bspbftneorbs

Ubmbr pnpbhbs vdmo n sdimd`dfnr tbmbr rbsdebmfdn hbiêtdjn- Hn òrjn tnm mnturnh fom qub pro`brdjos hns mofdombs eb «sdm

pnpbhbs¼ o «dmeofujbmtneos¼ fojo sdmömdjos eb hn fnrbmfdn eb ebrbfcos fduenenmos bs um bhbjbmto jîs qub

vdbmb n edstdmiudr rnedfnhjbmtb nh mbohdabrnhdsjo eb `dm eb sdiho SS ebh hdabrnhdsjo ordidmnh eb hn auriubsên- Wbro( por

otro hneo( bsns bxprbsdombs pombm eb jnmd`dbsto qub ho qub hhnjnjos «mnfdöm¼ bs nmtb toeo um nfto nejdmdstrntdvo;

fojo hn mnfdomnhdene bs dmvdsdahb( sdbjprb djprbfdsn y sukbtn n hn `dffdöm y bh edsdjuho( söho hos eofujbmtos prubanmbh ebrbfco eb rbsdedr y trnanknr bm um pnês ebtbrjdmneo-

Bm 177>( eurnmtb hn 54-ª Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn hhbvo n fnao umn opbrnfdöm qub( jojbmtîmbnjbmtb( bvd*

ebmfdö hn fomedfdöm jdirntordn fojo sd ùbrn um `bmotdpo( um rnsio forpornh- N >66 dmjdirnmtbs dhbinhbs qub trnankn*

anm bm Pbmbfdn fojo vbmebeorbs njauhnmtbs dhbinhbs( Vdbrrn hbs pniö >11-777 hdrns #umos 07 eöhnrbs$ n `dm eb qub

sb ebknrnm tbþdr bh pbho eb ruado dmtbmso->6 Bsn brn hn fuotn por nanmeomnr bh sdidho fom bh qub bh «dhbinh¼ vdvb( hn fbsdöm

eb su fnpnfdene fnjnhbömdfn-

Wor supubsto( bh Juro fbrrnmeo um bspnfdo vubhvb n usnr hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn pnrn cnfbr vdsdahbs hos jbfnmdsjos eb

bxfhusdöm qub coy por coy eb`dmbm n Buropn( söho qub bm huinr eb ebstnfnr n hos dmjdirnmtbs dhbinhbs ebh rbsto eb hos

vdnmenmtbs( Vdbrrn profbeb bstn vbz n edvdedr n hos vdsdtnmtbs eb nfubreo n um frdtbrdo eb mnfdomnhdene- Bs por bhho qub(

mo oastnmtb hn ebsfrdpfdöm jîs sbfn y sojbrn eb hn nffdöm n sbr bjprbmeden( `nhhnrên qudbm söho fomtbjphnsb bh juro

edvdedbmeo bh Wnabhhöm fojo hn dmtbrvbmfdöm eb bstb nrtdstn( fojo sd tnh pnrbe ùbrn umn bsfuhturn- Ho qub bm vbrene

bxcdab Vdbrrn bs bh b`bfto eb pbrturanfdöm eb umn dmstdtufdöm nrtêstdfn( fojo bs hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( edstorsdomnen

por hn pubstn bm jnrfcn ebh rbqudsdto eb dmjdirnfdöm-

Nh cnfbr `dhn pnrn bmtrnr bm bh Wnabhhöm( nh sbr nejdtdeos por bspnþohbs o rbfcnzneos fojo bxtrnmkbros( nh protbstnr(

dmedimnrsb( o qudzî pnsnr ebsprbfdntdvnjbmtb eb hnrio( hos jdbjaros ebh pûahdfo som qudbmbs provbbrîm bh bspbftî*

fuho bm hn pdbzn eb Vdbrrn- Eb cbfco som bhhos #y mo bh juro$ qudbmbs som ebsfrdtos nh sbr bxpuhsneos o nejdtdeos por

hn bstrufturn nrqudtbftömdfn- Vom bhhos eb qudbmbs sb oatdbmb tnjadäm um fomofdjdbmto prbfdso; su fnpnfdene #o mo$

eb nfrbedtnrsb fojo fommnfdomnhbs ebh nrtdstn- Bs bh bspbftneor bh qub bs sojbtdeo n um profbso eb oasbrvnfdöm-

Vdm bjanrio( ho jdsjo pubeb ebfdrsb eb hn jnyorên eb hns oarns eb Vdbrrn- Funmeo bm sbptdbjarb eb 1777 Vdbrrn

cdzo qub bh fbmtro eb nrtb W-V-> pninrn n um cojarb pnrn vdvdr 607 corns fomtdmuns bm hn inhbrên( bjpnrbeneo trns

umn pnrbe eb hnerdhhos(>5 mo brn tnm söho äh bh oakbto eb bxcdadfdöm; hos bspbftneorbs ebh otro hneo ebh juro cnaênm

qubeneo sukbtos tnjadäm n umn uadfnfdöm bm hn snhn( qub hbs ntrdauên fnrnftbrêstdfns sofdnhbs y bstätdfns bspbfê`dfns-

Ho jdsjo pubeb ebfdrsb eb hns jufcns vbfbs bm qub Vdbrrn cn cbfco fomtrntnr pbrsomns pnrn fom`romtnr bm jnsn

nh pûahdfo(>2 ho ebfdsdvo bs bh joeo bm qub bh pûahdfo quben bxpubsto bm su fnrîftbr y tbrror eb fhnsb-

151



O` foursb( Ynhh bmfhosdmi n spnfb nindm usbs tcb Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh to cdichdict tcb jbfcnmdsjs o` bxfhusdom wcdfc mow

eb`dmb Buropb( omhy tcnt( dmstbne o` sdmihdmi out dhhbinh djjdirnmts `roj tcb rbst o` tcb frowe( Vdbrrn mow profbbes to

edvdeb vdsdtors om tcb ansds o` mntdomnhdty- Ucnt ds wcy( motwdtcstnmedmi tcb wrybst( ihdabst ebsfrdptdom o` tcb nftdom t

ab umebrtnlbm( dt wouhe ab n jdstnlb òr nmy spbftntor to vdbw tcb wnhh edvdedmi tcb Wnvdhdom ns tcb nrtdst—s dmstnhhn

tdom―ns d` tcb wnhh wbrb n sfuhpturb- Ycnt Vdbrrn ds rbnhhy bxcdadtdmi ds tcb edsturadmi b``bft om nm nrt dmstdtutdom hdl

tcb Pbmdfb Adbmmdnh( jnrrbe ay tcb djphbjbmtntdom o` djjdirntdom rbqudrbjbmts-

Ay hdmdmi up to bmtbr tcb Wnvdhdom( ay abdmi nejdttbe ns Vpnmdnres( or rbkbftbe ns òrbdimbrs< ay protbstdmi( ibttdm

drntb or pbrcnps jovdmi om dm n cu``( tcb jbjabrs o` tcb puahdf tcbjsbhvbs provdeb tcb spbftnfhb dm Vdbrrn—s pdbfb

Dm `nft( dt ds tcby #nme mot tcb wnhh$ wco nrb rbeb`dmbe ns tcby nrb bdtcbr bxpbhhbe or nejdttbe ay tcb nrfcdtbfturnh struf

turb- Ucby nhso abfojb tcb oakbft naout wcdfc prbfdsb dmòrjntdom ds ihbnmbe( tcrouic tcbdr nadhdty( or otcbrwdsb( to

provb tcnt tcby nrb tcb nrtdst—s foumtryjbm- Cbrb( tcbm( dt ds tcb spbftntor tcnt fojbs umebr sfrutdmy-

Cowbvbr( tcb snjb tcdmi fnm ab snde o` jost o` Vdbrrn—s worls- Ycbm dm Vbptbjabr 1777 cb iot tcb W-V-> nrt fbmtr

to pny n jnm to hdvb 607 cours fomtdmuoushy dm tcb inhhbry( aonrebe up abcdme n ardfl wnhh( >5 tcb hnttbr wns mot tc

omhy oakbft o` tcb bxcdadtdom―tcb spbftntors om tcb otcbr sdeb o` tcb wnhh wbrb nhso fom`dmbe to n pnrtdfuhnr hofntdo

dm tcb cnhh( bmeowdmi tcbj wdtc spbfd`df sofdnh nme nbstcbtdf fcnrnftbrdstdfs- Ucb snjb tcdmi npphdbs to tcb jnmy tdjbVdbrrn cns cdrbe pbophb to fom`romt tcb puahdf bm jnssb->2 Ycnt ds ebfdsdvb ds tcb wny dm wcdfc tcb puahdf ds bxposb

dm dts fhnss fcnrnftbr nme tbrror-

Dm nmy bvbmt( Vdbrrn—s nftdom dm tcb Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom dm Pbmdfb podmts up sojbtcdmi tcnt wns ordidmnhhy dmsfrdabe dm jos

o` cds worls; n`tbr rb*frbntdmi n powbr strufturb( Vdbrrn mot omhy npphdbs dt to tcb suakbfts tcnt cb dmvohvbs dm cds nf

tdoms―cb fnsts tcb spbftntor ns omb o` tcb nftors dm n pcdhosopcdfnh ernjn- Ucb sfnmenh hdbs dm tcb `nft tcnt sojb

tcdmi jornhhy euadous abfojbs pnrt o` –fuhturb—( erniidmi us nhomi dm dts wnlb-

MOUBV

>- Nmtomdo Nstorin( –Bxtbrdorbs bmvên n Pbmbfdn n um nrtdstn qub cn pnineo fom eroin n sus joebhos por ebknrsb tntunr hn pdbh—( NAF( Jnerde( Vpndm( #Vnturen

3 @barunry 1776$( pp- 23*24-

1- Dm forrbspomebmfb wdtc Qosn Jnrtêmbz nme tcb kourmnhdst roj Bh Wnês wco dmtbrvdbwbe cdj( Aomnjd protbstbe tcnt cds wores cne abbm edstortbe nme usb

wdtcout cds nutcordsntdom( ebmydmi tcnt tcosb stntbjbmts rb`hbftbe cds posdtdom or tcnt o` tcb Adbmmdnh- Cowbvbr( to entb( tcb dmtbrvdbw cns mot abbm fom

tbstbe or njjbmebe dm wrdtdmi( ns ds usunhhy rbqudrbe o` tcb jbedn-

6- Îmibhn Johdmn( –@rnmfbsfo Aomnjd; ‘Bh nrtb bs umn nftdvdene dmûtdh( pbro fojo sêjaoho bs jîs ùbrtb qub hn iubrrn‚—( Bh Wnês( Jnerde( Vpndm( #Vntureny 1

Jnrfc 1776$( p- >9-

5- Ucnt tcb outfojb o` tcds edsfovbry ds usunhhy arutnh ds aormb out ay djprbfdsdom; tcb cbnehdmb dm tcb endhy( NAF( rb`hbftbe tcb kourmnhdst—s scofl nt two

Vdbrrn—s nftdoms- Dm Oftoabr 1777( dm Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Vdbrrn invb two needfts n eosb o` cbrodm dm rbturm òr nhhowdmi n >7*dmfc anhe hdmb to a



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153



Bm toeo fnso( hn dmtbrvbmfdöm eb Vdbrrn bm bh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn bm Pbmbfdn pomb bm bvdebmfdn nhio qub bstnan dms*

frdto eb ordibm bm hn jnyorên eb sus oarns; nh rbfrbnr umn bstrufturn eb poebr( Vdbrrn mo söho hn nphdfn soarb hos sukb*

tos qub cnfb pnrtdfdpnr bm sus nffdombs- Fohofn nh bspbftneor fojo umo eb hos nftorbs eb um ernjn `dhosö`dfo- Bh

bsfîmenho bstrdan bm qub nhio jornhjbmtb eueoso sb vubhvn pnrtb eb «hn fuhturn¼( nrrnstrîmeomos n fubstns-

MOUNV

>- Nmtomdo Nstorin( «Bxtbrdorbs bmvên n Pbmbfdn n um nrtdstn qub cn pnineo fom eroin n sus joebhos por ebknrsb tntunr hn pdbh¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn( #sîaneo

3 eb `barbro eb 1776$( pîis- 23*24-

1- Bm forrbspomebmfdn fom Qosn Jnrtêmbz y hn pbrdoedstn eb Bh Wnês qub ho bmtrbvdstö( Aomnjd protbstö qub sus pnhnarns cnaênm sdeo edstorsdomnens y usnens

sdm su nutordznfdöm( mbinmeo qub bsns ebfhnrnfdombs rb`hbknrnm su posdfdöm o hn eb hn Adbmnh- Mo oastnmtb( n hn `bfcn( hn bmtrbvdstn mo cn sdeo ebsjbmtden o

forrbiden por bsfrdto( fojo subhb ebjnmenrsb n hos jbedos-

6- Îmibhn Johdmn( «@rnmfbsfo Aomnjd; ‘Bh nrtb bs umn nftdvdene dmûtdh( pbro fojo sêjaoho bs jîs ùbrtb qub hn iubrrn‚¼( Bh Wnês( Jnerde( Bspnþn( #sîaneo 11

eb jnrzo eb 1776$( pîi- >9-

5- ûb bh snheo eb bsb ebsfuardjdbmto subhb sbr arutnh ho pruban hn dmbxnftdtue; bh bmfnabzneo jbmfdomneo ebh ednrdo NAF fomebmsnan bh bsfîmenho ebh pb*

rdoedstn nmtb eos nffdombs edstdmtns ebh nrtdstn- Bm b`bfto( bm oftuarb eb 1777( bm snm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Vdbrrn rbtrdauyö fom umn eosds eb cbroêmn n eos

nedftos pnrn qub sb ebknrnm rnsurnr umn hêmbn eb edbz puhinens qub ntrnvbsnrn bmtrb sus fnabzns- # Hêmbn eb >7 puhinens rnsurnen soarb hns fnabzns eb 1

cbrodmöjnmos rbjumbrneos fom umn eosds fnen umo- Fnhhb @ortnhbzn 671- Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Wubrto Qdfo- Oftuarb eb 1777$- Hn nffdöm brn um co*

jbmnkb snhvnkb eb hn tomsurn bm bstrbhhn qub Jnrfbh Eufcnjp sb rnsurö bm hn fnabzn bm >4>4( sd adbm bm huinr eb kuinr fom hn djnibm eb um jomkb vnm*

iunredstn( rb`brên nh irneo eb sujdsdöm qub provofn bm bstn sofdbene hn nedffdöm n hns sustnmfdns psdfonftdvns- Bsb jdsjo nþo( bm edfdbjarb( Vdbrrn fom*

trntö n funtro prostdtutns eb Vnhnjnmfn tnjadäm nedftns n hn cbroêmn( pnrn tntunrhbs umn hêmbn eb >07 fj bm hn bspnhen( rbjumbrîmeohns fom bh prbfdo eb umn

eosds # Hêmbn eb >07 fj tntunen soarb 5 pbrsomns- Bh Inhho Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo- Vnhnjnmfn( Bspnþn- Edfdbjarb eb 1777$- Wor sbfumenrdo qub pnrbzfn( hnsed`brbmfdns bmtrb bsos eos pnios som rbhbvnmtbs- Hn nffdöm bm Wubrto Qdfo bs ûmdfn pubs söho bm bsb fnso Vdbrrn optö por rbtrdaudr n hos pnrtdfdpnmtbs bm

sus oarns bm bspbfdb( y mo por dmtbrjbedo jombtnrdo-

2- Bmtrb otrns fosns( jnmtbmdämeosb bm umn pbrjnmbmtb edspomdadhdene pûahdfn( jîs nhhî eb hos hêjdtbs eb hn fdrfuhnfdöm y bh fohbffdomdsjo ebh nrtb- Hn fnrrbrn

bmtbrn eb hns nffdombs eb Vdbrrn vn rbidstrîmeosb sdstbjîtdfnjbmtb bm um sdtdo eb rbe #www-snmtdniosdbrrn-foj$( eomeb sb hdstnm ebh joeo jîs hnfömdfo

posdahb sus oarns por orebm fromohöidfo- Unjadäm bh tdpo eb rbidstro qub hhbvn n fnao Vdbrrn bs eb ho jîs sufdmto y hbidahb; um rbhnto bmtbrnjbmtb oakbtdvo

eb fnen nffdöm( nfojpnþneo eb djîibmbs bm ahnmfo y mbiro ebspoknens( por ho ibmbrnh( eb dmtbmfdombs bstätdfns uhtbrdorbs-

0- Dade -( pîi- 23-

9- «D—j nhso dm`hubmfbe ay tcb edrbft nppronfc o` nrtdsts sufc ns Vtnmhby Arowm nme Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn( wcoj D abhdbvb cnvb irbnt dmtbirdty-¼ #Wnjbhn

Bfcbvbrrên( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Jdmdjuj Ynibs¼( @hnsc Nrt Dmtbrmntdomnh ( 112( #kuhdo*sbptdbjarb eb 1771$-

3- Bs dmfhuso furdoso qub bh prdjbr tbxto frêtdfo sustnmfdoso soarb Vdbrrn qub sb puahdfö bm Bspnþn ùb oarn ebh frêtdfo eb ordibm fohojadnmo Fnrhos Kdjämbz

#«Uurauhbmfdns bm bh pnmöptdfo¼( Hîpdz( >09( #movdbjarb eb 1777$( pîis- 56*54$-

4- Kocm Uorpby( Ucb Dmvbmtdom o` tcb Wnssport- Vurvbdhhnmfb( Fdtdzbmscdp nme tcb Vtntb- Fnjardeib Rmdvbrsdty Wrbss( Fnjardeib( Qbdmo Rmdeo( 1777( pîi- 2- Jb

cb sbrvdeo njphdnjbmtb eb bstn oarn bm bh aosqubko cdstördfo qub nquê bhnaoro-

>7- Hb Jomdtbur ( voh- 2 #kubvbs( 14 eb kuhdo eb >947$( pîis- 151*156- Dade -( pîi- 15->>- Hn jbeden eb hn opdmdöm pûahdfn eb hn äpofn mos hn en hn sdiudbmtb fdtn eb um bstuedoso nhbjîm eb fubstdombs jdirntordns( Ybrmbr Abrtbhsjnmm( cnfdn >4>5;

«---hn jnyorên eb hos bstneos joebrmos( snhvo umns pofns bxfbpfdombs( cnm naohdeo o nh jbmos mbutrnhdzneo sus hbybs eb pnsnportb nh mo pombrhns bm prîf*

tdfn--- \Hos bxtrnmkbrosZ yn mo som vdstos por hos bstneos fom sospbfcn y ebsfom`dnmzn sdmo( bm fnjado( fom rbfomofdjdbmto eb su bmorjb vnhor #---$ y adbm*

vbmdeos fom hos arnzos nadbrtos y( por bstb jotdvo( hos oastîfuhos som rbjovdeos eb su fnjdmo cnstn eomeb bs posdahb¼- Ybrmbr Abrtbhsjnmm ( Ens Wnss*

wbsbm; Bdmb vðhlbrrbfcthdfcb Vtuedb- K- C- Be- Cbdtz( Bstrnsaurio( >4>5( pîis- >3*>4< fdt- bm; Kocm Uorpby( op fdt ( pîi- >>>-

>1- Uorpby( op fdt -( pîis- >>>*>>1-

>6- >66 pbrsomns rbjumbrnens pnrn tbþdr su pbho eb ruado- Nrsbmnh- Pbmbfdn( Dtnhdn- Kumdo eb 177>-

>5- Wbrsomn rbjumbrnen eurnmtb umn kormnen eb 607 corns fomtdmuns- W-V-> Fbmtro eb Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo- Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos- Vbptdbjarb eb 1777-

>2- Hos bkbjphos fhîsdfos som 502 pbrsomns rbjumbrnens- Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo( Vnhn 9- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo- Oftuarb eb >444- T 567 rbjumbrnens fom 67

sohbs hn corn- Inhbrên Wnmfco @dbrro- Hdjn( Wbrû- Niosto eb 177>-

127



scnvbe om tcbdr cbnes- # >7*dmfc hdmb scnvbe om tcb cbnes o` two kumldbs wco rbfbdvbe n scot o` cbrodm ns pnyjbmt - Fnhhb @ortnhbzn 671- Vnm Kunm eb Wubrt

Qdfo( Wubrto Qdfo- Oftoabr 1777-$ Ucb nftdom wns out o` cojnib to Jnrfbh Eufcnjp( wco cne n stnr scnvbe om cds cbne dm >4>4―rntcbr tcnm pnroeydmi

tcb djnib o` nm nvnmt*inreb joml( cb wns ernwdmi nttbmtdom to cow sofdbty rbnftbe suajdssdvbhy to nm needftdom to psyfconftdvb suastnmfbs-

Ebfbjabr tcnt snjb ybnr( Vdbrrn cdrbe òur prostdtutbs `roj Vnhnjnmfn―nhso cbrodm needfts―to cnvb n >07 fj hdmb tnttoobe om tcbdr anfls( òr wcdf

tcby wbrb pnde tcb prdfb o` n eosb- # >07*fj hdmb tnttoobe om 5 pbophb- Bh Inhho Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo- Vnhnjnmfn( Vpndm- Ebfbjabr 1777-$ Ns drrbhbvnmt n

dt jny sbbj( tcb ed``brbmfb dm tcbsb two `bbs ds sdimd`dfnmt- Ucb Wubrto Qdfo nftdom ds tcb omhy tdjb Vdbrrn cns bvbr bhbftbe to pny pnrtdfdpnmts dm cds worl

dm ldme( dmstbne o` dm jomby-

2- Njomi otcbr tcdmis( jnldmi dt pbrjnmbmthy nvndhnahb to tcb puahdf( abyome tcb hdjdts o` nrt fdrfuhntdom or nrt fohhbftdmi- Ucb trnfl rbfore o` Vdbrrn—s nftdom

ds systbjntdfnhhy hoiibe om n wbasdtb #www-snmtdniosdbrrn-foj$( wcbrb cds worls nrb hdstbe ns hnfomdfnhhy ns possdahb dm fcromohoidfnh orebr- Cds bmtrdbnrb suffdmft nme fomfdsb( dmfhuedmi n cdichy oakbftdvb nffoumt o` bnfc nftdom( nffojpnmdbe ay ahnfl*nme*wcdtb pdfturbs nme ibmbrnhhy `rbb o` nmy nbs

tcbtdf uhtbrdor jotdvbs-

0- Dade -( p- 23-

9- –D—j nhso dm`hubmfbe ay tcb edrbft nppronfc o` nrtdsts sufc ns Vtnmhby Arowm nme Dsdeoro Pnhfîrfbh Jbedmn( wcoj D abhdbvb cnvb irbnt dmtbirdty-— #Wnjb

Bfcbvbrrên( –Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Jdmdjuj Ynibs—( @hnsc Nrt Dmtbrmntdomnh ( 112 #Kuhy*Vbptbjabr 1771$-

3- Furdoushy bmouic( tcb `drst frdtdfnh tbxt o` nmy suastnmfb om Vdbrrn to ab puahdscbe dm Vpndm wns tcb worl o` n frdtdf o` Fohojadnm ordidm(Fnrhos Kdjämbz

–Uurauhbmfdns bm bh pnmöptdfo—( Hîpdz( >09 #Movbjabr 1777$( pp- 56*54-

4- Kocm Uorpby( Ucb Dmvbmtdom o` tcb Wnssport- Vurvbdhhnmfb( Fdtdzbmscdp nme tcb Vtntb- Fnjardeib Rmdvbrsdty Wrbss( Fnjardeib( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj( 1777( p-

D cnvb usbe tcds worl hdabrnhhy dm tcb cdstordfnh slbtfc ebvbhopbe cbrb-

>7- Hb Jomdtbur ( voh- 2 #Ucurseny( 14 Kuhy >947$( pp- 151*156- Dade -( p- 15-

>>- Ucb jbnsurb o` puahdf opdmdom nt tcb tdjb ds idvbm ay tcb òhhowdmi quotntdom `roj n Ibrjnm sfcohnr o` jdirntory dssubs( Ybrmbr Abrtbhsjnmm( fdrfn >4>

–…jost joebrm stntbs( snvb n `bw bxfbptdoms( cnvb naohdscbe or nt hbnst mbutrnhdsbe tcbdr pnssport hnws ay mot djphbjbmtdmi tcbj… \òrbdimbrsZ nrb m

homibr vdbwbe ay stntbs wdtc suspdfdom nme jdstrust aut( dmstbne( wdtc rbfoimdtdom o` tcbdr bmorjous vnhub \…Z( wbhfojbe wdtc opbm nrjs nme( òr tcds rbn

som( oastnfhbs nrb rbjovbe `roj tcbdr pntc ns `nr ns possdahb—- Ybrmbr Abrtbhsjnmm( Ens Wnsswbsbm; Bdmb vðhlbrrbfcthdfcb Vtuedb- K- C- Be- CbdtVtrnsauri( >4>5( pp- >3*>4< fdt- dm; Kocm Uorpby( op- fdt-( p- >>>-

>1- Uorpby( op- fdt-( pp- >>>*>>1-

>6- >66 pbophb pnde to cnvb tcbdr cndr eybe ahomeb- Nrsbmnh- Pbmdfb( Dtnhy- Kumb 177>-

>5- N pbrsom pnde òr 607 fomtdmuous worldmi cours- W-V-> Fomtbjpornry Nrt Fbmtbr- Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Vbptbjabr 1777-

>2- Fhnssdfnh bxnjphbs nrb 502 pnde pbophb- Jusbo Qu`dmo Unjnyo( Vnhn 9( Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Oftoabr >444( nme 567 pbophb pnde 67 sohbs pbr cour - Inhbr

Wnmfco @dbrro- Hdjn( Wbru- Nuiust 177>-



125



120



fRrrdfRhRJ vdtnb

>400 Mnfb bm Jnerde( Bspnþn- / Aorm dm Jnerde( Vpndm-

>434 Hdfbmfdnturn bm Abhhns Nrtbs( Rmdvbrsdene Fojphutbmsb- Jnerde( Bspnþn- / AN dm @dmb Nrts( Rmdvbrsdene Foj

phutbmsb- Jnerde( Vpndm-

Unhhbr bm bh Fêrfuho eb Abhhns Nrtbs( #K- I- Eoloupdh$- Jnerde( Bspnþn- / Yorlscop nt tcb Fêrfuho eb Abhhns N

tbs( #K- I-Eoloupdh$- Jnerde( Vpndm-

>434*>44> Nhujmo vdsdtnmtb bm hn Cofcsfcuhb `ør Adhebmeb Lømstb #@- B- Ynhtbr( A- K- Ahujb nme V- Arowm$- Cnjaurio

Nhbjnmdn- / Iubst stuebmt nt Cofcsfcuhb `ør Adhebmeb Lømstb #@- B- Ynhtbr( A- K- Ahujb nme V- Arowm$- Cnj

auri( Ibrjnmy-

>442*>449 Abfn eb dmvbstdinfdöm bm hn Bsfubhn eb Vnm Fnrhos( Rmdvbrsdene Nutömojn eb Jäxdfo( Jäxdfo E-@- / Qbsb

nrfc irnmt nt tcb Bsfubhn eb Vnm Fnrhos( Rmdvbrsdene Nutömojn eb Jäxdfo( Jbxdfo Fdty-

Ebseb >442 vdvb y trnankn bm hn fduene eb Jäxdfo / Vdmfb >442 cb cns hdvbe nme worlbe dm Jbxdfo Fdty

bSposdfdombs dmedvdeRnhbs / soho scoYs

1776 Wnabhhöm Bspnþoh( 27-» Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn- / Vpnmdsc Wnvdhdom( 27tc Pbmdfb Adbmmnhb- Pbmbfdn( Dtnhdn / Pbmdfb

Dtnhy- Furneorn / furntor; Qosn Jnrtêmbz- Kumdo / Kumb- #Fnt-$Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- Fomtbjpornry Nrts Fbmtbr- Fdmfdmmntd( Bstneos Rmdeos / Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneor / furnto

Ucoj Fohhdms- Jnyo / Jny-

Ucb Cbrzhdyn Jusbuj o` Nrt( Cbrzh dyn( Dsrnbh- Bmbro / Knmunry-

1771 Fomtrntnfdöm y orebmnfdöm eb 67 trnankneorbs fomòrjb n su fohor eb pdbh / Cdrdmi nme nrrnmibjbmt o` 67 wor

lbrs dm rbhntdom to tcbdr sldm fohor- Lumstcnhhb Ydbm- Pdbmn( Nustrdn / Pdbmmn( Nustrdn- Furneorn / furntor; Inardb

Jnflbrt- Oftuarb / Oftoabr- #Fnt-$

Wnrtb >/Wnrtb 1 // Wnrt >/Wnrt 1- Hdssom Inhhbry( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Vbptdbj

arb‖Oftuarb / Vbptbjabr‖Oftoabr-

6-777 cubfos eb >37 x 97 x 97 fj fnen umo / 6(777 cohbs o` >37 x 97 x 97 fj bnfc- Jomtbmjbedo Nrtb Fom

tbjporîmbo- Pbkbr eb hn @romtbrn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Kuhdo / Kuhy- #Fnt-$

4 òrjns eb >77 x >77 x 077 fj fomstrudens pnrn sbr sostbmdens bm pbrpbmedfuhnr n umn pnrbe / 4 òrjs o

>77 x >77 x 077 fj bnfc( fomstruftbe to ab supportbe pbrpbmedfuhnr to n wnhh- Ebdtfc Wrokbfts- Mubvn Tor

Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Kumdo / Kumb-

Eofujbmtos / Eofujbmts- Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm- [urdfc( Vudzn / Vwdtzbrhnme- Nardh / Nprdh-

Bsprbneo eb pohdurbtnmo soarb >3 pbrsomns / Vprnydmi o` pohyurbtcnmb ovbr >3 pbophb- Fhnuedo Wohbsfcd Nrt

Fomtbjpornmbn- Huffn( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy- Jnrzo / Jnrfc- #Fnt-$

Fomstruffdöm b dmstnhnfdöm eb >1 òrjns eb 92 x 92 x 377 fj orebmnens bm 1 bspnfdos / Fomstruftdom nme dms

tnhhntdom o` >1 òrjs o` 92 x 92 x 377 fj orinmdzbe dm two spnfbs- Fnrhdbr*Ibanubr- Abrhêm( Nhbjnmdn / Abrhdm

Ibrjnmy- Jnrzo / Jnrfc-

Cdstordn eb hn Inhbrên @olsnh bmsbþnen n um ebsbjphbneo ufrnmdnmo / Ucb cdstory o` tcb @olsnh Inhhbry tnuic

to nm umbjphoybe Rlrndmdnm- @umenfdöm Inhbrên @olsnh / @olsnh Inhhbry @oumentdom- Pnrsovdn( Wohomdn / Ynr

snw( Wohnme- Furneor / furntor; Nenj Vzyjfzyl- @barbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

Wrokbft Qooj( NQFO- Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- @barbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- Yorls; 1771*>447- Dlom Inhhbry- Adrjdmicnj( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Furneorn / fu

rntor; Lntyn Inrfên*Nmtöm- @barbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

1 Jnrnqubros / 1 jnrnfn phnybrs- Inhbrên Bmrdqub Iubrrbro- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Bmbr

/ Knmunry-



>440 >2 cbxnberos eb 127 fj eb hneo fnen umo / >2 cbxncberoms o` 127 x 127 x 127 fj- Jusbo Fnrrdhho Idh- Jä

xdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Korib Qbymoso- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

>445 30 jöeuhos eb soportb puahdfdtnrdo jbtîhdfo eb 677 x 37 fj fnen umo / 30 jbtnhhdf adhhaonre supports jbn

surdmi 677 x 37 fj bnfc- Inhbrên Îmibh Qojbro- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Jnrzo / Jnrfc-

Eos fdhdmeros eb 127 x 127 fj fnen umo fojpubstos eb fnrtbhbs nrrnmfneos / Uwo fyhdmebrs o` 127 x 127 fj

bnfc( fojposbe o` puhhbe out postbrs- Bspnfdo «W¼- Jnerde( Bspnþn/Vpndm- Furneor/Furntor; Wbero Inrcb

@barbro/@barunry-

bSposdfdombs fohbftdvns #sbhbffdm$ / iroRp scoYs #sbhbftdom$

1776 Abttbr tcnm tcds phnfb; Nhtbrmntdvb sofdnh bxpbrdbmfb dm tcb spnfbs o` fomtbjpornry nrt- Fomtbjpornry Nrt

Fbmtbr- Fdmfdmmntd( Bstneos Rmdeos / Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneor / furntor; Ucoj Fohh dms- Kumdo / Kumb-

Cnreforb- Wnhnds eb Uolyo- Wnrês( @rnmfdn / Wnrds( @rnmfb- Furneor / furntor; Kärojb Vnms- @barbro / @barunry

#Fnt-$

Ydtmbss- Anradfnm Nrt- Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Furneor / furntor; Jnrl Vhnebm- @b

arbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

Jbxdfo Nttnfls.- Nssofdnzdomb Wrojbtbo pbr HµNrtb Fomtbjpornmbn- Huffn( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy- Furneorn / furnto

Ubrbsn Jnfrd- @barbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

J_NQV- Nrt nme Ynr- Mbub Inhbrdb Irnz- Irnz( Nustrdn- Furneorbs / furntors; Wbtbr Ybdabh( Iømtcbr Cohhb

Vfcustbr- Bmbro / Knmunry- #Fnt-$

1771 17 jdhhdom Jbxdfnms fnmµt ab wromi- Voutc Homeom Inhhbry- Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj

Furneor / furntor; Funuctäjof Jbedmn- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr- Kocm Cnmsnre Inhhbry- Voutcnjptom( Qbdm

Rmdeo / Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Bmbro / Knmunry 1776-

Forpd Edspbrsd- Fnstbhho Fojumnhb ed Anroho( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy- Furneor / furntor; @nardzdo Aoiidnmo- Kumdo / Kumb

Jbxdfo Fdty; Nm Bxcdadtdom naout tcb Bxfcnmib Qntbs o` Aoedbs nme Pnhubs- WV>- Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rm

eos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneor / furntor; Lhnus Adbsbmanfc- Kumdo / Kumb- Lumstwbrlb- Abrhêm( Nhb

jnmdn / Abrhdm( Ibrjnmy- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr- #Fnt-$

Homn suspbmeden eb hn `nfcnen eb um bed`dfdo / Unrpnuhdm suspbmebe `roj tcb `néneb o` n audhedmi- Jusbo H

Ubrtuhdn- Fnhd( Fohojadn- Furneor / furntor; Cbhbmn Wroeuffdombs- Kumdo / Kumb-

Wrotbst/Qbspbft-Lumstcnhhb Vnmlt Inhhbm- Vnmlt Inhhbm( Vudzn / Vwdtzbrhnme- Furneor / furntor; Idnmmd Kbtzb

Nardh / Nprdh-

Hn Fnmfdöm ebh Wdrntn / Ucb Vomi o` tcb Wdrntb- Fbmtro Fuhturnh Nmerntx- Jnhhorfn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneorn

furntor; Qosn Jnrtêmbz- Jnrzo / Jnrfc-

Nrt & Bfomojy- Ebdfctorcnhhbm- Cnjaurio( Nhbjnmdn / Cnjauri( Ibrjnmy- Furneorbs / furntors; [ebmbl @b

hdx( Abntb Cbmtsfcbh( Edrl Huflow- @barbro / @barunry- #Fnt-$

Ucb Cnhh o` Host Vtbps- Aorusnm Nrt Inhhbry- Bstnjauh( Uurquên / Dstnmauh( Uurlby- Furneorn / furntor; Qos

Jnrtêmbz- @barbro / @barunry-

177> Wurintord- Pnhbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneorbs / furntors; Eojdmio Vîmfcbz( Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- Edfdbjarb

Ebfbjabr- #Fnt-$

Jnrldmi tcb Ubrrdtory- Drdsc Jusbuj o` Joebrm Nrt- Euahêm( Drhnmen / Euahdm( Drbhnme- Furneor / furntor; Jnrdm

Narnjovdf- Oftuarb / Oftoabr- #Fnt-$

Inhbrdn [omfn & [omfn- Jdhîm( Dtnhdn / Jdhnm( Dtnhy- Furneor / furntor; @brmnmeo Fnstro- Oftuarb / Oftoabr- #Fnt

NQV 7>* Rm ohedmi Wbrspbftdvbs- Ldnsjn- Cbhsdmld( @dmhnmedn / @dmhnme- Furneorn / furntor; Jnnrbttn Knullur

Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr- #Fnt-$



Hoop- Lumstcnhhb ebr Cypo*Luhturstd`tumi- Jumdfc( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- W-V->- Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos

/Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneor / furntor; Lhnus Adbsbmanfc- Vbptdbjarb*Edfdbjarb / Vbptbjabr*Ebfbj*

abr- #Fnt-$

Nmist- Lolbrbd [ohhvbrbdm- Bssbm( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- Furneor / furntor; @hordnm Ynhevoibh- Vbptdbjarb /

Vbptbjabr-

N`tbrsum-Fnhn Vnm Pdfbmtb( Jnhhorfn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneorn / furntor; Jbrfbebs Pdhnrebhh- Niosto / Nuiust-

Fojphdfdenebs- Nspbftos rbtördfos eb hn otoirn`ên nftunh- Fbmtro Mnfdomnh eb @otoirn`ên Kosb Jnmubh Qotb*

hhn- Uorrbhnvbin( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor / furntor; @brmnmeo @rnmfäs- Niosto / Nuiust- #Fnt-$Wohêtdfns eb hn ed`brbmfdn- Nrtb dabronjbrdfnmo eb dm eb sdiho- Pnhbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm ‖ Wbrmnjaufo( Qbfd`b

#Arnsdh / Arnzdh$; Fomsbhh Ibmbrnh ebh Fomsorfd eb Jusbus eb hn Fojumdtnt Pnhbmfdnmn ‖ Iovbrmo eo Bstneo eb

Wbrmnjaufo- Fbmtro eb Fomvbméobs eb Wbrmnjaufo- Furneorbs / furntors; Nerdnmo Wberosn( @brmnmeo Fns*

tro( Funuctäjof Jbedmn- Kuhdo / Kuhy- #Fnt-$

Wny Nttbmtdom( phbnsb- Fbrebþn( Dtnhdn / Vnredmdn( Dtnhy- Furneor / furntor; @brmnmeo Fnstro- Kuhdo / Kuhy- #Fnt-$

Urnms Vbxunh Bxprbss; N Fhnssdf òr tcb Ucdre Jdhhbmmduj- Fbmtrb eµNrt Vnmtn Jñmdfn- Anrfbhomn( Bspnþn /

Vpndm- Furneorbs / furntors; Qosn Jnrtêmbz( Snadbr Nrnldstndm- Kuhdo/Kumb- Lumstcnhhb Jøfsnrmol- Auenpbst(

Cumirên / Cuminry- Bmbro / Knmunry 1771- Wnhnfdo Jumdfdpnh eb Bxposdfdombs Ldosfo Nhòmso- N Foruþn( Bs*

pnþn / Vpndm- Nprdh / Nprdh 1771- #Fnt-$

Fojumdfnfdöm bmtrb hns nrtbs- Adbmnh eb Pnhbmfdn- Pnhbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor / furntor; Nfcdhhb Aomdto

Ohdvn- Kumdo / Kumb- #Fnt-$

Whntbnu o` Cujnmldme- 54-» Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( Dtnhdn / 54tc Pbmdfb Adbmmnhb( Dtnhy- Furneor / furntor; Cnrnhe Vzb*

bjnmm- Kumdo / Kumb- #Fnt-$

Mbub Ybht - @rnmlùrtbr Lumstvbrbdm- @rnmfòrt( Nhbjnmdn / @rnmlùrt( Ibrjnmy- Furneor / furntor; Mdfohnus

Vfcn`cnusbm- Kumdo / Kumb- #Fnt-$

1777 Wbrvdrtdbmeo bh jdmdjnhdsjo- Jusbo Mnfdomnh Fbmtro eb Nrtb Qbdmn Vo`ên- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor /

furntor; Ibrnreo Josqubrn- Edfdbjarb / Ebfbjabr- #Fnt-$

Bxtrnjuros- Hn Cnanmn / Cnvnmn( Fuan- Furneor / furntor; Undynmn Wdjbmtbh- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Movbmn Jubstrn Dmtbrmnfdomnh eb Wbròrjnmfb- Bx Ubrbsn Nrtb Nftunh- Jäxdfo E- @-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jb*

xdfo- Furneor / furntor; Iudhhbrjo Vnmtnjnrên- Oftuarb / Oftoabr-

Wubrto Qdfo 77 #pnrämtbsds bm hn fduene$- Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Wubrto Qdfo- Furneor / furntor; Iudhhbrjo

Vnmtnjnrên- Oftuarb / Oftoabr- #Fnt-$

Hbnvdmi tcb Dshnme- WDFN@- Jbtropohdtnm Jusbuj o` Wusnm- Wusnm( Forbn / Lorbn- Furneorbs / furntors; Toumi

Fcuh Hbb( Cou Cnmru( Qosn Jnrtêmbz- Oftuarb / Oftoabr- #Fnt-$

Eofujbmtos- NFB Inhhbry H-N- Hos Îmibhbs( Bstneos Rmdeos / Hos Nmibhbs( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Niosto / Nuiust-

N scot dm n cbne- Hdssom Inhhbry- Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo /Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Furneorn / furntor; Wntrd*

fdn Jnrtêm- Niosto / Nuiust- #Fnt-$

@rdbmes nme Mbdicaours- BPN 1777- Hdjbrdfl( Drhnmen / Drbhnme- Furneorn / furntor; Qosn Jnrtêmbz- Jnrzo /

Jnrfc- #Fnt-$

>444 Inhbrên A@ >2- @DNF- Wnrês( @rnmfdn / Wnrds( @rnmfb- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr- #Fnt-$

Whnzn I & U- Fduene eb Iuntbjnhn / Iuntbjnhn Fdty( Iuntbjnhn- Furneor / furntor; Nmdanh Höpbz- Niosto /

Nuiust-

Qbprbsbmtnr/Dmtbrvbmdr- Bx Ubrbsn Nrtb Nftunh- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor;

Iudhhbrjo Vnmtnjnrên- Kumdo / Kumb-

Jäxdfo Mubvo- Fbmtrb eµNrts Whnstdqubs eb Pdhhb`rnmfcb*sur*Vnomb( Jusbä eb hn Pnhhäb eb Anrfbhommbttb- @rnm*

fdn / @rnmfb- Furneor / furntor; Fhndrb Wbdhhoe- Jnyo / Jny-

107



Wnrnens fomtdmuns- Jusbo Fnrrdhho Idh- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Wber

Qbybs- Nardh / Nprdh-

>443 Jneb dm Jbxdfo ‖ Jneb dm Pbmbzubhn- Nrt Jbtropoh Inhhbry- Uoromto( Fnmneî / Fnmnen- Furneor / furntor; Hu

Knfoas- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Inhbrên A@ >2- PD Bxponrtb Iunenhnknrn- Knhdsfo- Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr- #Fnt-$

Qbidmn 2>- PD Bxponrtb Iunenhnknrn- Knhdsfo( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

Fnjado DD- Jusbo Rmdvbrsdtnrdo ebh Fcopo- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntoLbmmy Vfcnftbr- Niosto / Nuiust-

Ebspuäs ebh Fubrpo- Inhbrên >19- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Pêftor Jnr

têmbz- Kumdo / Kumb-

Fnjado D- Vnmern Ibcrdmi Inhhbry- Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneor / furnto

Lbmmy Vfcnfctbr- Bmbro / Knmunry-

>449 Vcoppdmi- Inhbrên Nrt & Debn- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Ndeäb Qoadrosn

Edfdbjarb / Ebfbjabr-

Opbmdmi- Inhbrên Nrt Ebposdt- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Vtb`nm Arøib

jnmm- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Eofujbmtos- Inhbrên Nrt Ebposdt- P Bxponrtb Iunenhnknrn- Knhdsfo- Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Fnr

hos Nrnmen- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

Mbw Ubxt `roj Jbxdfo- Inhbrên Nrt Ebposdt- Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Furneo

/ Furntor; Vtb`nm Arøibrjnmm- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

>440 N otro huinr juy hbkos eb nquê- DP Bxponrtb Iunenhnknrn- Knhdsfo- Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo- Furneor / furntor; Iu

hhbrjo Vnmtnjnrên- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

>442 @umenfdöm Konm Jdrö- Anrfbhomn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneorn / Furntor; Jömdfn Qbiîs- Bmbro / Knmunry-

>446 Bh Oko Ntöjdfo- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Kumdo / Kumb-

Urnankos eb hos 37- Inhbrên Îmibh Qojbro- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor / furntor; Îmibh Qojbro- JnyoJny-

>441 Ntbhdbr ebh Vur- Dshns Fnmnrdns( Bspnþn / Fnmnry Dshnmes( Vpndm- Furneorbs / furntors; N- Hdmeb( J- Huebþn( V

Vdbrrn- Oftuarb / Oftoabr-

Edaukos Hnaornhbs- Inhbrên Nmibh Qojbro- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor / furntor; Îmibh Qojbro- Jnrzo

Jnrfc-

>44> Vnhn L6 eb Lnjpmnibh- Cnjaurio( Nhbjnmdn / Cnjauri( Ibrjnmy- Edfdbjarb / Ebfbjabr-

Jusbo Bspnþoh eb Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo- PDD Jubstrn eb Nrtb Kovbm- Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Furneor / furn

tor; @ähdx Iudsnsohn- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Vt- Wbtrd zu Høabfl- Høabfl( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- Furneorn / furntor; Qosvdtn Vdbwbrt- @barbro / @barunry-



fntÎhoios #bSposdfdombs dmedvdeRnhbs$ / fntnhoiRbs #soho scoYs$

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn( Lumstcnhhb Ydbm- Pdbmmn( Nustrdn- Jnrzo / Jnrfc 1771- Bmtrbvdstn fom / Dmtbrvdbw ay Inardbhb

Jnflbrt-

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- Bsprbneo eb pohdurbtnmo soarb >3 pbrsomns( Fhnuedo Wohbsfcd Nrtb Fomtbjpornmbn- Huffn(

Dtnhy- Jnrzo / Jnrfc 1771- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Wdbr Hudid Unzzd-

Cdstordn Inhbrdd @olsnh( wytozomn abzroaotmbju Rlrndmfowd( @umenfkn Inhbrdd @olsnh- Ynrsnw( Wohnme- @b*

arbro / @barunry 1771-

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- Yorls 1771*>447( DLOM Inhhbry- Adrjdmicnj( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- @barbro / @barunry 1771-Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Lntyn Inrfên*Nmtöm-

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn( Inhbrdb Wbtbr Ldhfcjnmm- [ørdfc( Vwdtzbrhnme- Jnrzo / Jnrfc 177>- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Undynmn

Wdjbmtbh-

adahdoirn@n sbhbffdomnen / sbhbftbe adahdoirnpcy

1776 Dmtbrvdbws( Lumstcnhhb Ydbm- Urdtom Pbrhni- Pdbmn / Pdbmmn( Nustrdn- Bmtrbvdstn fom / Dmtbrvdbw ay Ibrnhe Jntt-

Jomtbmjbedo Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo( @umenfdöm MJNF- Kbrbz eb hn @romtbrn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Ubxto eb / Ubxt

ay Aîranrn Wbrbn-

Cnreforb ‖ Pbrs um mouvbh nftdvdsjb( Wnhnds eb Uolyo- Äedtdoms Fbrfhb E—Nrt- Wnrês( @rnmfdn / Wnrds( @rnmfb-

Bmtrbvdstn fom / Dmtbrvdbw ay Kärõjb Vnms-Ydtmbss( Anradfnm Nrt Fbmtbr- Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj-

Jbxdfo Nttnfls.( Fcdbsn ed Vnm Jnttbo- Nssofdnzdomb Wrojotbo pbr hµNrtb Fomtbjpornmbn- Huffn( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy-

J_NQV- Nrt nme Ynr( Mbub Inhbrdb Irnz- Irnz( Nustrdn-

1771 [dvot ujkbtmostd( Dmstdtut zn povdkbst ujkbtmostd- [nirba( Fronfdn / Frontdn- Bmtrbvdstn fom / Dmtbrvdbw ay Dvnmn

Lbsbr-

Fojbr o mo fojbr ( Fbmtro eb Nrtb eb Vnhnjnmfn- Vnhnjnmfn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Fnrhos Kd*

jämbz-

Nrt Mow- Unsfcbm- Fohomdn( Nhbjnmdn / Fohoimb( Ibrjnmy-

Otrbene y jdsjdene( Bspnfdo Nmbxo n hn Inhbrên eb Nrtb Fomtbjporîmbo y Edsbþo- Wubahn( Jäxdfo / Jb*

xdfo- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Nmn Jnrên Iunsfc-

17 Jdhhdom Jbxdfnms Fnmµt Ab Yromi( Voutc Homeom Inhhbry- Homerbs / Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmi*eoj- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Funuctäjof Jbedmn-

Jbxdfo Fdty; nm Bxcdadtdom naout tcb Bxfcnmib Qntbs o` Aoedbs nme Pnhubs( W-V-> Fomtbjpornry Nrt Fbmtbr-

Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs-

Nrt & Bfomojy( Ebdfctorcnhhbm Cnjauri- Cntkb Fnmtz Pbrhni- Ost`dhebrm( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- Ubxto eb / Ubxt

ay Fhnuedn Vpdmbhhd-

Ucb Cnhh o` Host Vtbps( Aorusnm Løhtur vb Vnmnt- Bstnjauh( Uurquên / Dstnmauh( Uurlby- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Qosn

Jnrtêmbz-

177> Lohjns Udhn- Cbhsdmld( @dmhnmedn / @dmhnme- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Jdln Cnmmuhn-

Nmist ( Lolbrbd [ohhvbrbdm- Bssbm( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy-

Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- 567 pbrsomns rbjumbrnens por 9-2 sohbs hn corn( Inhbrên Wnmfco @dbrro( Fbmtro eb Nrtbs Pd*

sunhbs- Hdjn( Wbrû / Wbru- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Kunm Wbrnhtn-LY Jninzdmb( 1- Abrhêm( Nhbjnmdn / Abrhdm( Ibrjnmy- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Funuctäjof Jbedmn-

Wohêtdfns eb hn ed`brbmfdn- Nrtb Dabronjbrdfnmo eb dm eb sdiho- Pnhbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm*Wbrmnjaufo( Qbfd`b

#Arnsdh / Arnzdh$; Fomsbhh Ibmbrnh ebh Fomsorfd eb Jusbus eb hn Fojumdtnt Pnhbmfdnmn*Iovbrmo eo Bstneo eb

Wbrmnjaufo- Fbmtro eb Fomvbmfdombs eb Wbrmnjaufo- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Funuctäjof Jbedmn-

NQV 7>*Rm`ohedmi Wbrspbftdvbs( Jusbuj o` Fomtbjpornry Nrt Ldnsjn- Cbhsdmld( @dmhnmedn / @dmhnme-

Hoop( Cypo Lumstcnhhb- Jumdfc( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Lhnus Adbsbmanfc-

Wny Nttbmtdom Whbnsb( Jusbo e—Nrtb provdmfdn ed Muoro- Ohadn( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy-

Urnms Vbxunh Bxprbss; N Fhnssdf `or tcb Ucdre Jdhhbmmduj( Fbmtrb e—Nrt Vnmtn Jñmdfn- Anrfbhomn( Bspnþn /

Vpndm- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Undynmn Wdjbmtbh-

101



Fojumdfnfdöm bmtrb hns nrtbs- D Adbmnh eb Pnhbmfdn- Ibmbrnhdtnt Pnhbmfdnmn- Pnhbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm-

Whntbnu o` Cujnmldme - 54 Adbmmnhb ed Pbmbzdn- Pbmbfdn( Dtnhdn / Pbmdfb( Dtnhy- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Undynmn Wdjbmtbh

Mbub Ybht( @rnmlùrtbr Lumstvbrbdm- @rnmfòrt( Nhbjnmdn / @rnmlùrt( Ibrjnmy-

1777 Mo bs söho ho qub vbs; pbrvdrtdbmeo bh jdmdjnhdsjo( Jusbo Mnfdomnh Fbmtro eb Nrtb Qbdmn Vo`ên- Jnerde( Bs

pnþn / Vpndm- Ubxto eb / Ubxt ay Undynmn Wdjbmtbh-

Hbnvdmi tcb Dshnme( Wusnm Dmtbrmntdomnh Fomtbjpornry Nrt @bstdvnh- Wusnm( Forbn / Lorbn-

Wubrto Qdfo —77 \Wnrämtbsds bm hn fdueneZ( J&J proybftos- Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Wubrto Qdfo-

@rdbmes nme Mbdicaours( BPN 1777- Hdjbrdfl( Drhnmen / Drbhnme-

>449*>443 Fnjado- Ed``brbmt Vpnfbs- Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo // Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw

Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs-

nrtfRhos y bmtrbvdstns #sbhbffdm$ / nrtdfhbs nme dmtbrvdbYs #sbhbftdom$

1776 Bedtordnh( «Hos hêjdtbs ebh nrtb¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- 4 eb `barbro / @barunry 4tc-

@brmnmeo Vnjnmdbio( «Bh rnedfnh Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn ofupnrî bh pnabhhöm eb Bspnþn bm Pbmbfdn¼( Bh Wnês( Jn

erde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- 3 eb `barbro / @barunry 3tc-

Nmtomdo Hufns( «Bh nrtdstn bspnþoh bm hn Adbmnh eb Pbmbfdn( fbmsurneo nh cnahnr eb Drnl¼( Bh Jumeo( Jnerde

Bspnþn / Vpndm- 3 eb `barbro / @barunry 3tc- Nmtomdo Nstorin( «Bxtbrdorbs bmvên n Pbmbfdn n um nrtdstn qub cn pnineo fom eroin n sus joebhos por eb

knrsb tntunr bm hn pdbh¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- 3 eb `barbro / @barunry 3tc-

1771 Jnrl Vpdbihbr( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Nrtmbws( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Movdbjar

/ Movbjabr-

Vtunrt Kb``rdbs( «Wrovofntdvb? Jb?¼( Ucb Iunrednm( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- >> e

oftuarb / Oftoabr >>tc-

Lhnus Adbsbmanfc( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn tnhls naout cds worl¼( Nrt @oruj( SHD( 1( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos

Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Oftuarb / Oftoabr-

Qdfcnre Eybr( «Wnrt >/Wnrt 1¼( Fomtbjpornry ( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj - Oftuarb

Oftoabr-

Wnaho Bjdhdo Nmtoimohd( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Nrt Mbxus( 50( Poh- 5- Oftuarb*edfdbjarb / Oftoabr*EbfbjabKosä Jnmubh Nfostn( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Jd posturn fojo nrtdstn cn eb qubenr vnpuhbnen¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bs

pnþn / Vpndm- 13 eb sbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr 13tc-

Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «VHI 2¼- Mbwspnpbr o` tcb Voutc Homeom Inhhbry ( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom

Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

Ldrstd Abhh( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( @rdbzb( 04( Homerbs( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Vbptdbjarb

Vbptbjabr-

Fnrhos Kdjämbz( «Ebsbmfubmtros¼( Bh Wnês( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- 15 eb niosto / Nuiust 15tc-

Wnjbhn Bfcbvbrrên( «Jdmdjum Ynibs¼ ( @hnsc Nrt Dmtbrmntdomnh ( 112( Jdhîm( Dtnhdn / Jdhnm( Dtnhy- Kuhdo*sbptdbj

arb / Kuhy*Vbptbjabr-

@dbttn Knrqub( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Rm nrtdstn proeufb oakbtos eb huko( nsê bs pofo fomvdmfbmtb umn debn eb foj

projdso pohêtdfo¼( Bh Wnês( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- >6 eb kuhdo / Kuhy >6tc-

Nhbssnmero Qojnmdmd nme Wnaho Bjdhdo Nmtoimohd( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Vbimo( >35( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy- Jnyo*kumdoJny*Kumb-

Qnûh [njuedo ( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Erd`ts nme Ebtour¼( Mbw Torl Fdty Nrts( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw

Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Nardh / Nprdh-

Jndtb Horäs( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Fomtbjpornry ( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Nardh / Npr

Dtnhn Vfcjbhz( «Rm nrtb pumzofortnmtb; Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn bm hn Inhbrên Bmrdqub Iubrrbro¼( Föedio Wostn

70>57( 3( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Jnrzo*nardh / Jnrfc*Nprdh-

Wnuh Cbrrdmiscnw( «Nrt; Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Qbeardfl - > eb jnrzo / Jnrfc >st-

Bjjn Vn`b( «Vnmtndio Vdbrrn¼( Jbtro Hd`b- > eb jnrzo / Jnrfc >st-



Ubrry Irdjhby( «Edsturadmi worl* aut mot oasfbmb¼( Adrjdmicnj Wost ( Adrjdmicnj( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Rmdtbe Ldmi*

eoj- 19 eb `barbro / @barunry 19tc-

Qoabrtn Vjdtc( «Hoop¼( Ucb Mbw Torl Udjbs( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- >> eb

bmbro / Knmunry >>tc-

Idnmmd Kbtzbr( «Wrotbst. Qbspbft.¼( Vndtbm( Vnmlt Inhhbm( Vudzn / Vwdtzbrhnme- s-`-

177> Jnrkn*Ubrttu Ldvdrdmtn( «Cojbhbss dm n pdt*Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn—s fomtrdautdom to NQV 7>¼( NQV 7> @rnjb Mbws(

Cbhsdmld( @dmhnmedn / @dmhnme- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Bedtordnh( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Bh Cubvo( 05( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «Bm bh hbknmo mortb¼- Qbòrjn( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo /Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- >7 eb oftu*

arb / Oftoabr >7tc-

Jnttcdns @rbcmbr( «N``bmjdhfc¼( Mbub [ørfcbr [bdtumi( [urdfc( Vudzn / [ørdfc( Vwdtzbrhnme- 0 eb sbptdbjarb

/ Vbptbjabr 0tc-

Fhnuedn Vpdmbhhd( «Ihoanhb Nmsdfctbm¼( Mbub [ørfcbr [bdtumi( [urdfc( Vudzn / [ørdfc( Vwdtzbrhnme- 2 eb sbp*

tdbjarb / Vbptbjabr 2tc-

Dssn Jnrên Abmêtbz Eubþns( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Ubjn Fbhbstb( Dtnhdn / Dtnhy- Vbptdbjarb*oftuarb / Vbptbjabr*

Oftoabr-

Fofo @usfo( «Hn dmsoportnahb pbsnebz eb hos sbrbs; Bh Nrtb bm Jäxdfo ebspuäs eb MN@UN¼( Nthîmtdfn Dm*

tbrmnfdomnh ( Hns Wnhjns eb Irnm Fnmnrdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm( 14- Pbrnmo / Vujjbr-

Fhnuedn Vpdmbhhd( «Ahomebs Cnnr ume wbdssb Cnut¼( Mbub [ørfcbr [bdtumi( [urdfc( Vudzn / [ørdfc( Vwdtzbrhnme-

1> eb niosto / Nuiust 1>tc-Jnrtêm Pnrins( «Fnrmb eb fnþöm¼( Bh Wbrunmo( Hdjn( Wbrû / Wbru- >7 eb niosto / Nuiust >7tc-

Bedtordnh( «Jukbrbs eb pdb¼( Bh Fojbrfdo( Hdjn( Wbrû / Wbru- >7 eb niosto / Nuiust >7tc-

Kosä Inardbh Fcubfn( «Wor 9 sohbs y jbedo hn corn¼( Bh Fojbrfdo( Hdjn( Wbrû / Wbru- 2 eb niosto / Nuiust 2tc-

Fcrdstdnm Cutcbr( «Ebr Vfcjnhb Irnt ebr Jornh¼( Nrt @oruj( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmd*

tbe Vtntbs- Niosto / Nuiust-

Huds B- Hnjn( «Arbfcns¼( Fnrbtns( >031( Hdjn( Wbrû / Wbru- Niosto / Nuiust-

Fntnhdmn Vbrrn( «Bh snhnrdo ebh nrtb¼( Bh Wnês( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- >7 eb kuhdo / Kuhy >7tc-

Vnmtdnio A- Ohjo( «Bsfbmnrdos pnrn bh nrtb¼( Hîpdz( >92( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Kuhdo / Kuhy-

Udj nme @rnmtdsln Idhjnm*Vbvfdl( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; Nrt ns Jbnms o` Bsfnpb¼ ( @hnsc Nrt Dmtbrmntdomnh ( Jdhîm(

Dtnhdn / Jdhnm( Dtnhy- Jnrzo*Nardh / Jnrfc*Nprdh-

Vtb`nm Cbdebmrbdfc( «Lumstwbrlb Abrhdm¼( @rdbzb( Homerbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Jnrzo /

Jnrfc-Jnrlbttn Vbppåhå( «Ucb Ybdict o` Nrt¼( @rnjb Mbws( Cbhsdmld( @dmhnmedn / @dmhnme- @barbro / @barunry-

Undynmn Wdjbmtbh( «Hn ihoanhdznfdöm oportumn¼( Furnrb( >9( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo-

Bmbro*kumdo / Knmunry*Kumb-

Vtb`nm Cbdebmrbdfc( «Vdbrrn bjphoybe nsyhuj sbblbrs to sdt dm sdx aoxbs òr òur cours n eny¼( @rdbzb( Hom*

erbs( Qbdmo Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Bmbro / Knmunry-

@brmnmeo Fnstro @hörbz( «Ebsjnmtbhnmeo umn vden eb nhqudhbr- Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn( nrtdstn bkbjphnr¼( Fdjnh ( Pn*

hbmfdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm( 25- Bmbro / Knmunry-

Hufn Abntrdfb( «Wbr um puimo ed eohhnrd¼( @hnsc Nrt ( Jdhîm( Dtnhdn / Jdhnm( Dtnhy- s-`-

1777 Pêftor [njuedo Unyhor( «Pdsdtns eb bstuedos eb hn fduene eb Jäxdfo; Nrtb( vdohbmfdn y nirbsdöm¼( Nthîmtdfn Dm*

tbrmnfdomnh ( 12 Hns Wnhjns eb Irnm Fnmnrdn( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Dmvdbrmo / Ydmtbr-

Ucojns Ynimbr( «Vdx fnrtoms dm sbnrfc o` nm nuedbmfb¼( @rnmlùrtbr Nhhibjbdmb [bdtumi( Bmihdsfcb Nusi-(@rnmfòrt( Nhbjnmdn / @rnmlùrt( Ibrjnmy- > eb movdbjarb / Movbjabr >st-

Fnrhos Kdjämbz( «Uurauhbmfdns bm bh pnmöptdfo¼( Hîpdz( >09( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Nhjut Vfcobm`bhe( «Aoxbe dm nt n Abrhdm inhhbry¼( Ucb Ynhh Vtrbbt Kourmnh Buropb( Arusbhns( Aähidfn / Arus*

sbhs( Abhiduj- 19 eb oftuarb / Oftoabr 19tc-

Mdlhns Jnnl( «Jdmdjnh Jbmsfc¼( Vøeebutsfcb [bdtumi( Jumdfc( Nhbjnmdn / Ibrjnmy- 5 eb oftuarb / Oftoabr

5tc-

Ldrstbm Luppbrs( «Pdbr Vtumebm Unihdfc dj Wnpplnrtom¼( Edb Unibszbdtumi( Abrhêm( Nhbjnmdn / Abrhdm( Ibrjnmy-

1 eb oftuarb / Oftoabr 1me-

105



Rhrdlb Lmð`bh( «Cdp dj Cøcmbrstnhh¼( Ebr Vpdbibh ( 64( Cnjaurio( Nhbjnmdn / Cnjauri( Ibrjnmy- 12 eb sbp

tdbjarb / Vbptbjabr 12tc-

Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «Frömdfn ebh sueor nkbmo- Rmn nffdöm eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Furnrb( >0- Jäxdfo E-@

Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Kuhdo*edfdbjarb / Kuhy*Ebfbjabr-

Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «Yorl òr dt- Funuctäjof Jbedmn om Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Rmtdthbe( 11( Homerbs( Qbdm

Rmdeo / Homeom( Rmdtbe Ldmieoj- Pbrnmo / Vujjbr-

Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «Lbymbs bm Wohnmfo¼( Qbòrjn( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- >9 eb jny

/ Jny >9tc-

Qosdmn Fnznhd( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn( hn rbnhdene dm*tbmsn¼( Bh Wbrdöedfo( Vnm Kunm eb Wubrto Qdfo( Wubrto Qdfo1 eb `barbro / @barunry 1me-

Nerdnmo Wberosn( «Jusbo eb nrtb fomtbjporîmbo dmtbrmnfdomnh Qu`dmo Unjnyo- Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Nrt @oruj

Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- Bmbro / Knmunry-

Funuctäjof Jbedmn( «Qbfbmt Wohdtdfnh @orjs; Qnedfnh Wursudts dm Jbxdfo/Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn- @rnmfds Nhÿs- J

mbrvn Fubvns¼( UQNMV=nrts-fuhturbs-jbedn( 3( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtbe Vtntbs- s-

>444 Fcrdstopcbr Lmdict( «Austbe Ahofls¼( Hos Nmibhbs Udjbs( Hos Îmibhbs / Hos Nmibhbs( Fnhdòrmdn- 16 eb kuhd

/ Kuhy 16re-

Kbsûs @horbs Pdhhbins( «Kbumbs jutnmts bt nrtdstbs eb `dm eb sdäfhb¼( Nrtprbss( 156( Wnrês( @rnmfdn / Wnrds

@rnmfb- @barbro / @barunry-

>449 Jnrdnj Vdfmn @brmîmebz Edpp( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Jovdjdbmto Nftunh ( >>5( Jomtbrrby( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo- Movdbjarb / Movbjabr-

Beunreo Nanron( «Vb qubjn fnsn mubvn¼( Qbòrjn( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Movdbjarb

Movbjabr-

Tdscnd Kusdejnm( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn( Nrt & Debn¼( Nrt @oruj( Mubvn Torl( Bstneos Rmdeos / Mbw Torl( Rmdtb

Vtntbs- Vbptdbjarb / Vbptbjabr-

Uojîs Qudz( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( Furnrb( >>( Jäxdfo E-@-( Jäxdfo / Jbxdfo Fdty( Jbxdfo- Pbrnmo / Vujjb

>445 Neohò Fnstnþo( «Hn vohumtne fomfbptunh eb Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- >2 eb nardh

Nprdh >2tc-

Kosä Qnjöm Enmvdhn( «Vnmtdnio Vdbrrn; um bspnfdo dmfomfrbto¼( Bh Wumto eb hns nrtbs( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm

3 eb nardh / Nprdh 3tc-

>446 Uojîs Wnrbebs( «Hdmeb( Huebþn( Vdbrrn; Dmstnhnfdombs /Nffdöm bm Bh Oko Ntöjdfo¼( Bh Wumto eb hns nrtbs( Jn

erde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- Kumdo / Kumb-

>441 Uojîs Wnrbebs( «Edaukos hnaornhbs( umn fdtn sorprbmebmtb¼( Bh Wumto eb hns nrtbs( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm

Jnyo / Jny-

Wnaho Kdjämbz( «Rmn propubstn eb Hdmeb( Huebþn y Vdbrrn¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- >7 eb nardh / Np

>7tc-

>44> Qbidmn Fnrtbmsbm( «Edb Lumst dst sbhast bdmb wnr¼( Cnjauribr Nameahntt ( Cnjaurio( Nhbjnmdn / Cnjauri

Ibrjnmy- >7 eb edfdbjarb / Ebfbjabr >7tc-

Lomrne Edttrdfc( «Luadsfcb Fomtndmbr ume bdm Anujstnjj dm Vt- Wbtrd¼( Høabflbr Mnfcrdfctbm( Høabfl( Nhb

jnmdn /Ibrjnmy- >9 eb `barbro / @barunry >9tc-

>447 Neohò Fnstnþo( «Hdmeb( Huebþn( Vdbrrn¼( NAF( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm- >1 eb kuhdo / Kuhy >1tc-

Kosä Jnrdm*Jbedmn( «Mubvn Vbmsdadhdene/Mubvn Wbrfbpfdöm¼( Bh Dmebpbmedbmtb( Jnerde( Bspnþn / Vpndm-

eb kuhdo / Kuhy 1me-



100



nibmfdns / nibmfdbs

Foreom Wrbss/Qbutbrs; pp- 1>( >03( >40-

@bredmnmeo Vfdnmn/Jnimuj Wcotos; p- 11-

NW*Qnednh Wrbss; p- >21-

Forads; pp- >21( >04( >95( >92( 177( 179( 1>9( 115( 161*166( 160*169( 151*156-

Forads/Vyijn; pp- 170( 1>7( 1>0-

Fovbr; pp- 112( 161*166-Pdebo Jbrfury @dhjs; pp- >26( >37*>3>( 1>> #`otoirnjns eb Bh Îmibh Bxtbrjdmneor ( Auþubh( >401$-

nrfcdvdo ebhhn adbmmnhb

Wp- >25*>20( >01 #`nfcnens ebh Wnabhhöm eb Bspnþn$< p- >06 #`nfcnen ebh Wnabhhöm eb Dtnhdn$-

fhnRedo @rnmzdmd

Wp- >53*>54( >23*>24( >05*>02( >97*>91( >93*>94( >31*>36( >41*>45( >43*>44( 171*175( 1>1*1>6( 117*116

110*16>( 165*162( 163*164( 155( 150*159( 103*19>-

nmmn J- iRnsfc

Wp- 15*12-

snmtdnio sdbrrn

Wp- >0*16( 12( >26( >29( >07*>0>( >06( >00*>09( >03( >04( >96( >90*>99( >35*>39( >33( >47*>4>( >40*>49( 177( 170( 173*174

1>3*1>4( 115( 157*151( 152( 153*121-

oarns cdstrdfns / cdstordfnh YorLs

@rnmfdsfo eb Ioyn- Wor joabr hn hbmiun eb otro joeo( >949*>943 #Jusbo ebh Wrneo( Jnerde- Oromoz$; p- >21< Worqub bs

fomebrhos( >940*>943 #Qbnh Fnhfoirn`ên( Jnerde- Forads$; p- >95< Hn prdsdombrn( >949*>943 #Jusbo ebh Wrneo( Jnerde- Oro

moz$; p- >33< Nuto eb `b eb hn Dmqudsdfdöm( >3>2*>3>4 #Nfnebjdn eb Abhhns eb Vnm @brmnmeo( Jnerde- Oromoz$; p- >34< Eo

jukbrbs y um cojarb( >317*>316 #Jusbo ebh Wrneo( Jnerde- Oromoz$; p- >49-

Hufns Frnmnfc ‘Bh Pdbko‚- Wnrbkn ebsdiunh ( s- SPD #JMNF( Anrfbhomn- Ndsn$; p- >49-Jnsnffdo- Bh trdauto( >510 #dihbsdn eb Vnmtn Jnrên ebh Fnrjbm( @horbmfdn- Forads$; pp- 17( 17>-

motn / motb

Hns dmstnhnfdombs rbproeufdens bm hns pp- 90*99 `ubrom rbnhdznens kumto fom Jnmubh Huebþn- / Ucb dmstnhhntdoms rbproeu

fbe dm pp- 90*99 wbrb eomb dm fohhnaorntdom wdtc Jnmubh Huebþn-

frÄedtos eb hns @otoirn@ns / pcotoirnpcy frbedts



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santiago sierra. bienal de venecia

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