sabbath presentation 1
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Shabbat:Shabbat:To Observe and to RememberTo Observe and to Remember
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Divine InstructionDivine Instruction
44thth Commandment of DecalogueCommandment of Decalogue
Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy.Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy.Six days you shall labor and do all your work.Six days you shall labor and do all your work.
But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORDBut the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORDyour God; you shall not do any workyour God; you shall not do any work-- you, youryou, yourson, or your daughter, your male or femaleson, or your daughter, your male or femaleslave, your livestock, or the alien resident in yourslave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your
towns. For in six days the LORD made heaventowns. For in six days the LORD made heavenand earth, the sea, and all that is in them, butand earth, the sea, and all that is in them, butrested on the seventh day; therefore the LORDrested on the seventh day; therefore the LORDblessed the Sabbath day and consecrated itblessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it
--Exodus 20: 8Exodus 20: 8--1111
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Divine InstructionDivine Instruction
Dual CommandDual Command
2. Shall not do any work2. Shall not do any work
Melachah = workMelachah = workWork that is creative or that involves controlling theWork that is creative or that involves controlling the
environmentenvironment
Gods act of creationGods act of creation
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Origins of the SabbathOrigins of the Sabbath
SabbathSabbath--like day of rest practiced bylike day of rest practiced bysurrounding peoplesurrounding people
Babylonian originBabylonian origin
ShabattuShabattu
Certain actions restrictedCertain actions restricted
Other scholars believe Sabbath is uniqueOther scholars believe Sabbath is unique
Jewish institutionJewish institutionSimple, similar form of sabbath traditionSimple, similar form of sabbath traditionexistedexisted
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Development of SabbathDevelopment of Sabbath
Nature of to remember suggestsNature of to remember suggests
Sabbath tradition was already observedSabbath tradition was already observed
before Decaloguebefore DecalogueDivine commandDivine command
Provided reasons to observe and toProvided reasons to observe and to
rememberremember
Sabbath became divinely important toSabbath became divinely important to
JewsJews
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DevelopmentDevelopment
Early 9Early 9thth Century BCECentury BCE Domestic animals were freeDomestic animals were free
Traveling was allowed (2 Kings 4:25)Traveling was allowed (2 Kings 4:25)
Late 9Late 9thth Century BCECentury BCE Traveling was suspendedTraveling was suspended
600 BCE600 BCE Jeremiah forbids carrying burdensJeremiah forbids carrying burdens
Thus says the LORD: For the sake of your lives, takeThus says the LORD: For the sake of your lives, takecare that youcare that you do not bear a burdendo not bear a burden on the Sabbathon the Sabbathday or bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem. And doday or bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem. And donot carry a burden out of your housenot carry a burden out of your housebut keep thebut keep theSabbath day holy as I commanded your ancestorsSabbath day holy as I commanded your ancestors
(Jeremiah 17:21(Jeremiah 17:21--22)22)
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DevelopmentDevelopment
587 BCE587 BCE-- Nebuchadnezzar from BabylonNebuchadnezzar from Babyloncaptures Jerusalem, destroys first temple, exilescaptures Jerusalem, destroys first temple, exilesJews to BabylonJews to Babylon
Sabbath keeping became strictly enforcedSabbath keeping became strictly enforcedDeveloped deeper meaning, more spiritualDeveloped deeper meaning, more spiritualsignificancesignificanceIf you refrain from trampling the Sabbath, from pursuingIf you refrain from trampling the Sabbath, from pursuing
your own interests on my holy day; if you call theyour own interests on my holy day; if you call theSabbath a delight and the holy day of the LORDSabbath a delight and the holy day of the LORDhonorable; if you honor it, not going your own ways,honorable; if you honor it, not going your own ways,serving your own interests, or pursuing your own affairs,serving your own interests, or pursuing your own affairs,then you shall take delight in the LORD (Isaiah 58:13then you shall take delight in the LORD (Isaiah 58:13--
14)14)
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DevelopmentDevelopment
After Exile PeriodAfter Exile Period-- Rebuilding of TempleRebuilding of Temple
Sabbath continues to grow in strictnessSabbath continues to grow in strictness
Early 400 BCEEarly 400 BCE-- Reign of ArtaxerxesReign of Artaxerxes Violations of sacrificial law and Sabbath neglectViolations of sacrificial law and Sabbath neglect
Great moral reformers of Ezra and NehemiahGreat moral reformers of Ezra and Nehemiah
developed new Sabbath rules and regulationsdeveloped new Sabbath rules and regulations
Kept Jews separate from mingling with GentilesKept Jews separate from mingling with Gentiles
Travelling and carrying of burdens (heavy and light)Travelling and carrying of burdens (heavy and light)
again prohibitedagain prohibited
All selling prohibited (Nehemiah 13:15All selling prohibited (Nehemiah 13:15--20)20)
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DevelopmentDevelopment
Romans rule between 63 BCERomans rule between 63 BCE--313 CE313 CE
70 CE, Roman army conquers Jerusalem and70 CE, Roman army conquers Jerusalem anddestroys Second Templedestroys Second Temple
Sabbath thoroughly fixed in Jewish cultureSabbath thoroughly fixed in Jewish culture Exemption from military duty on SabbathExemption from military duty on Sabbath
Sacrifices (Num. 28: 9Sacrifices (Num. 28: 9--10)10)
Holy status (Lev. 23:3)Holy status (Lev. 23:3)Several statements calling for observance,Several statements calling for observance,varying degrees of observance,varying degrees of observance,interpretationsinterpretations
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Apocryphal EvidenceApocryphal Evidence
JudithJudith fasted all the days of herfasted all the days of her
widowhood, except for the day before thewidowhood, except for the day before the
Sabbath and the Sabbath itself.Sabbath and the Sabbath itself.
1 Maccabees 21 Maccabees 2-- Soldiers refuse to protectSoldiers refuse to protect
themselves on Sabbath, diedthemselves on Sabbath, died
1 Esdra includes Sabbath in list of holy1 Esdra includes Sabbath in list of holy
daysdays
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Dead Sea ScrollsDead Sea Scrolls
Psalms Scroll (11Ps 27: 4Psalms Scroll (11Ps 27: 4--8)8)
364 daily psalms plus 52 specific psalms for364 daily psalms plus 52 specific psalms for
SabbathsSabbaths
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice found atSongs of the Sabbath Sacrifice found at
Qumran and MasadaQumran and Masada
Sabbath worship by angelsSabbath worship by angels
Damascus Document (Qumran)Damascus Document (Qumran)
Guidelines for proper behavior on SabbathGuidelines for proper behavior on Sabbath
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DevelopmentDevelopment
Second Temple JudaismSecond Temple Judaism
Elaboration ofElaboration ofmelachahmelachah
Word is rarely used outside of references toWord is rarely used outside of references toSabbath restrictionsSabbath restrictions
EXCEPT in Exodus 31: 6EXCEPT in Exodus 31: 6--77Reference to building the TabernacleReference to building the Tabernacle
Interestingly, Sabbath restrictions areInterestingly, Sabbath restrictions areimmediatelyimmediatelystated afterward in verses 13stated afterward in verses 13--1515
Ancient rabbis reasoningAncient rabbis reasoning
Labors for building Tabernacle = blueprint forLabors for building Tabernacle = blueprint for
Sabbath restrictionsSabbath restrictions
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RestrictionsRestrictions
Rabbis identified 39 prohibited Sabbath activities inRabbis identified 39 prohibited Sabbath activities inMishnah:Mishnah:
sowing, reaping, plowing, binding sheaves, threshing,sowing, reaping, plowing, binding sheaves, threshing,grinding, winnowing, selecting, sifting, kneading, baking,grinding, winnowing, selecting, sifting, kneading, baking,
shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool, dyeing wool,shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool, dyeing wool,spinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving twospinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving twothreads, separating two threads, tying, untying, sewingthreads, separating two threads, tying, untying, sewingtwo stitches,two stitches, tearingtearing, trapping, slaughtering, flaying,, trapping, slaughtering, flaying,salting meat, curing hide, scraping hide, cutting hide,salting meat, curing hide, scraping hide, cutting hide,writing two letterswriting two letters, erasing two letters, building, tearing a, erasing two letters, building, tearing a
building down,building down, extinguishing a fire, kindling a fire, hittingextinguishing a fire, kindling a fire, hittingwith a hammerwith a hammer,, taking an object from the private domaintaking an object from the private domainto the public domain, or transporting an object in theto the public domain, or transporting an object in thepublic domainpublic domain (Mishnah, Shabbat, 7:2).(Mishnah, Shabbat, 7:2).
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DevelopmentDevelopment
Rabbis provided clarity to Bibles vagueRabbis provided clarity to Bibles vague
decree to remember the Sabbathdecree to remember the Sabbath
Ritual of KiddushRitual of Kiddush Elaborate Sabbath liturgy which directedElaborate Sabbath liturgy which directed
Sabbath observanceSabbath observance
Many additions to liturgy and new songsMany additions to liturgy and new songs
developed by artists of Middle Agesdeveloped by artists of Middle Ages
Sabbath prohibitions adapted to meetSabbath prohibitions adapted to meet
changing social realities and technologieschanging social realities and technologies
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Sabbath TodaySabbath Today
Cleaning, cooking Friday afternoonCleaning, cooking Friday afternoon
Sabbath begins at Sunset FridaySabbath begins at Sunset Friday
Woman of house lights 2 Sabbath candlesWoman of house lights 2 Sabbath candles
Evening service followed by leisurely dinnerEvening service followed by leisurely dinner
Kiddush prayer over wineKiddush prayer over wine
Prayer for eating bread recited over two loaves ofPrayer for eating bread recited over two loaves of
challahchallah
Precooked mealPrecooked meal
Birkat haBirkat ha--mazonmazon
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Sabbath TodaySabbath Today
Morning Sabbath servicesMorning Sabbath services Kiddush is recitedKiddush is recited
Followed by leisurely lunchFollowed by leisurely lunch
Afternoon relaxationAfternoon relaxation Leisurely activitiesLeisurely activities Games, conversation, naps, walksGames, conversation, naps, walks
Sabbath ends at nightfall when 3 stars areSabbath ends at nightfall when 3 stars arevisible in skyvisible in sky
HavdalahHavdalah is performed and more blessings overis performed and more blessings overwine, spices, candles recitedwine, spices, candles recited
Final blessing noting importance of SabbathFinal blessing noting importance of Sabbath
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More so than the Jewish people haveMore so than the Jewish people have
preserved the Sabbath, the Sabbath haspreserved the Sabbath, the Sabbath has
preserved the Jewish peoplepreserved the Jewish people
--Ahad HaAhad Ha--AmAm