producción agrícola urbana en cubierta mediante...
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Producción agrícola urbana en cubiertamediante invernadero: fresca, sana y sostenible
Producción agrícola urbana
CTM2016-75772-C3-1-R, AI/UE-FederCTM2016-75772-C3-3-R, AI/UE-Feder
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. Integrated rooftop greenhouses: symbiosis of energy, water and CO2
emissions with the building – Towards urban food security in a circular economy
CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Participa
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐RICTA‐UABUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Dr. Xavier GabarrellDra. Maria Rosa RoviraDra. Gara Villalba (UAB‐ICTA, DIQBA)Dra Isabel Pont (UAB‐ICTA)Dr Mario Giampietro (ICREA y UAB‐ICTA)MSc. Mireia Ercilla (UAB‐ICTA)MSc. Ana María Manríquez‐Altamirano (UAB‐ICTA)MSc. Perla Zambrano (UAB‐ICTA)MSc Susana Toboso (UAB‐ICTA)MSc Alejandra Peña (UAB‐ICTA)MSc Martí Rufí (UAB‐ICTA)MSc Felipe Parada (UAB‐ICTA)MSc Veronica Arcas (UAB‐ICTA)
CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐3‐R
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Dr. Santiago Gassó (UPC)Dra. Eva Cuerva (UPC)Dra. Violeta Vargas (UPC)Dr. Eusebi Jarauta (UPC)Dra. Carme Hervada (UPC)Dr. Adrià Muros (UPC)Dr. Jose Gibergans (UPC)Dra. Jelena Nikolic (UPC)Dr. Torsten Masseck (UPC)Dr. Oriol Pons (UPC)Dra. Eva Crespo (UPC)MSc. Carla Planas (UPC)MSc Joan Muñoz (UPC)
Abril 2019
Codirectores de tesis doctoralesDr Jorge Sierra (Unizar) Dra Anna Petit Boix (Uni‐Freiburg)Dr Pere Muñoz (UAB‐DIQBA) Dra Cristina Madrid (UAB‐ICTA)Dr Alejandro Josa (UPC) Dr Joan Rieradevall
CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐R
2017 2018 2019
Dr Joan Rieradevall (2017) Dra Núria Carazo (UPC‐IRTA, 2017‐2018) Dr Alejandro Josa (UPC, 2017‐2019)
Dr Juan Ignacio Montero (IRTA, 2017) MSc. Ana Nadal (UAB‐ICTA)(2017‐2018) Dra Angela Pedroso Tonon (UAB‐ICTA, 2018‐2019)
MSc Pere Llorach (2017) Gaia Stringari (Unibo, 2018) Greta Casali (Unibo, 2019)
MSc Anna Petit‐Boi (2017) Maria Berlanga (IES, 2018) Laura Sánchez Robles (IES La Romànica, 2019)
MSc David Sanjuan (2017) Safir Malonda Costa (Biotec, 2018) Dr Roberto Quirós, (2017‐2019)
MSc Aniol Alabert (UPC, 2017) Dra Isabel Lavrador Ribeiro (2017‐ 2018) Laila Ferrer (2019)
Meritxell Gres Cintas (Biotec, 2017) Fabiana Corcelli (U. Napoles, 2018)
Carla Bucio Sistos de la UNAM ENES MORELIA, 2017)
Natalia Alvarado (2018)
Anna Boneta (2018)
Agradecimiento a quienes han participado también en 2017 a 2019:
Stru
ctur
e of
the
diss
erta
tion
Introductionand methodology
PART
03
Chapter 1 Introduction and objectives
PART
01
PART
02
PART
03Analyzing Rooftop Agriculture (RA) production
5
Question 1: How much are we able toproduce in an i-RTG?
Analyzing Rooftop Agriculture (RA) quality
Question 2: Does atmospheric heavymetal pollution in cities contaminate soillesscrops in RA and RTGs?
Question 3: Are the biological airconditions in RTGs adequate to provide safeworking environments? And in the case of i-RTGS, can its air be recirculated while ensuringsafe environment for building’s users?
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
01
Introductionand objectives
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
PART
01
7
Introduction and objectives
6.4 billions
environmentaldegradation
extreme weatherevents
climate change
20509.7 billions people Increasing food demand by 30%
PART
01
“farming operations taking place in and around the citythat beyond food production provides ecosystemservices (soil, water and climate protection; resourceefficiency; biodiversity), social services (socialinclusion, education, health, leisure, cultural heritage)and supports local economies by a significant directurban market orientation”
The conceptCOST Action “Urban Agriculture Europe”
Source: Ajuntament de Barcelona
8
Introduction and objectives
PART
01
UA typologiesAdaptation from (Sanyé‐Mengual, 2015)
9
Introduction and objectives
PART
01
UA typologiesAdaptation from (Sanyé‐Mengual, 2015)
10
unoccupiedspaces
PART
01 Chapter 1 Introduction and objectives
RA is perceived as an opportunity towards a productive urban use, consumers and other stakeholders perceive other benefits due to its location and the techniques used
RA IS USUALLY RELATED WITH SCS
Requires using innovative and high technology systems
11
PART
01
Any method of growing plants without the use of soil as a rooting medium, in which the inorganic nutrients absorbed by the roots are supplied via the irrigation water
12
Soilless system
Introduction and objectives
PART
01
Any method of growing plants without the use of soil as a rooting medium, in which the inorganic nutrients absorbed by the roots are supplied via the irrigation water
13
SoillesscultureSoillessculture
AquaponicAquaponic
AeroponicAeroponic
Media cultureMedia culture
Inorganicmedia
Inorganicmedia
Natural mediaNatural media
SandSand
GravelGravel
Volcanic tuffVolcanic tuff
Fiber (rockwool)Fiber (rockwool)
Expanded clayExpanded clay
PerlitePerlite
Syntheticmedia
Syntheticmedia
Foam matsFoam mats
Plastic foamPlastic foam
Organic mediaOrganic media
PeatmossPeatmoss
SawdustSawdust
Pine barkPine bark
Coco fiberCoco fiber
CompostCompost
Soilless system
Introduction and objectives
PART
01
Any method of growing plants without the use of soil as a rooting medium, in which the inorganic nutrients absorbed by the roots are supplied via the irrigation water
14
SoillesscultureSoillessculture
AquaponicAquaponic
AeroponicAeroponic
Media cultureMedia culture
Inorganicmedia
Inorganicmedia
Natural mediaNatural media
SandSand
GravelGravel
Volcanic tuffVolcanic tuff
Fiber (rockwool)Fiber (rockwool)
Expanded clayExpanded clay
PerlitePerlite
Syntheticmedia
Syntheticmedia
Foam matsFoam mats
Plastic foamPlastic foam
Organic mediaOrganic media
PeatmossPeatmoss
SawdustSawdust
Pine barkPine bark
Coco fiberCoco fiber
CompostCompost
Soilless system
Introduction and objectives
PART
01
15
Fertigation system
Introduction and objectives
PART
01 Chapter 1 Introduction and objectives
Question 1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
Objective 1: To evaluate the agronomic behavior of different crops in the i-RTG that hosts this building (ICTA-ICP)
Research questions addressed
16
PART
01 Chapter 1 Introduction and objectives
Question 2: Does atmospheric heavy metal pollution in cities contaminate soilless crops in RA and RTGs?
Objective 2: To determine the potential contamination of heavy metals in hydroponic lettuce crops due toatmospheric pollution in high-traffic areas.
Question 3: Are the biological air conditions in RTGs adequate to provide safe working environments? And inthe case of i-RTGS, can its air be recirculated while ensuring safe environment for building’s users?
Objective 3: To study the pollen and fungal spores’ concentration in i-RTG air in order to evaluate the greenhouseworkers’ exposure to prevent allergy problems associated with occupational tasks
Objective 4: To study whether the quality of the hot air accumulated in the i-RTG is adequate for recirculation toheat the building
Research questions addressed
17
02
Analyzing RA production
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
Que
stio
n
01
How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG? www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
OverviewQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
20
CROP Starts DaysTomato 10/02/2015 163Tomato 08/03/2016 139Tomato 12/01/2017 187Tomato 10/01/2018 208Lettuce 30/06/2016 32Lettuce 17/10/2016 36Lettuce 20/04/2017 34Lettuce 07/09/2017 32
Lettuce Green 18/10/2017 57Lettuce Red 18/10/2017 62
Lettuce Merav. 18/10/2017 63Spinach 18/10/2017 83Spinach 13/09/2018 40Spinach 13/09/2018 83Chard 18/10/2017 57Bean 13/09/2016 56Bean 10/01/2018 119Bean 13/09/2018 89
Ruccula 13/09/2018 34Ruccula 13/09/2018 83Pepper 13/09/2018 92
OverviewQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
21
CROP Starts DaysTomato 10/02/2015 163Tomato 08/03/2016 139Tomato 12/01/2017 187Tomato 10/01/2018 208Lettuce 30/06/2016 32Lettuce 17/10/2016 36Lettuce 20/04/2017 34Lettuce 07/09/2017 32
Lettuce Green 18/10/2017 57Lettuce Red 18/10/2017 62
Lettuce Merav. 18/10/2017 63Spinach 18/10/2017 83Spinach 13/09/2018 40Spinach 13/09/2018 83Chard 18/10/2017 57Bean 13/09/2016 56Bean 10/01/2018 119Bean 13/09/2018 89
Ruccula 13/09/2018 34Ruccula 13/09/2018 83Pepper 13/09/2018 92
OverviewQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
22
CROP Starts DaysTomato 10/02/2015 163Tomato 08/03/2016 139Tomato 12/01/2017 187Tomato 10/01/2018 208Lettuce 30/06/2016 32Lettuce 17/10/2016 36Lettuce 20/04/2017 34Lettuce 07/09/2017 32
Lettuce Green 18/10/2017 57Lettuce Red 18/10/2017 62
Lettuce Merav. 18/10/2017 63Spinach 18/10/2017 83Spinach 13/09/2018 40Spinach 13/09/2018 83Chard 18/10/2017 57Bean 13/09/2016 56Bean 10/01/2018 119Bean 13/09/2018 89
Ruccula 13/09/2018 34Ruccula 13/09/2018 83Pepper 13/09/2018 92
OverviewQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
23
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
24
0,000
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1000,000
1200,000
1400,000
1600,000
70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210
Dia de cultiu
TOMATO CROPSYield (kg)
Summer crop 2016
Summer crop 2015
Summer crop 2017Summer crop 2018
Winter crop 2015
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
25
CROP Kg/m2Summer tomato 2015 14.95
Winter tomato 2015 3.45
Summer tomato 2016 10.93
Summer tomato 2017 17.15
Summer tomato 2018 12.73Extended crop
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
26
CROP YIELD Kg/m2
Lettuce 72.76 0.48Lettuce 92.66 0.46Lettuce 17.43 0.77Lettuce 7.77 0.53
Lettuce Green 14.81 0.47Lettuce Red 14.18 0.46
Lettuce Merav. 13.62 0.59Spinach 5.12 0.27Spinach 0.7925 0.11Spinach 2.616 0.38Chard 21.00 0.67
Ruccula 1.32 0.21Ruccula 3.83 0.60
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
27
CROP YIELD Kg/m2
Lettuce 72.76 0.48Lettuce 92.66 0.46Lettuce 17.43 0.77Lettuce 7.77 0.53
Lettuce Green 14.81 0.47Lettuce Red 14.18 0.46
Lettuce Merav. 13.62 0.59Spinach 5.12 0.27Spinach 0.7925 0.11Spinach 2.616 0.38Chard 21.00 0.67
Ruccula 1.32 0.21Ruccula 3.83 0.60
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
28
CROP YIELD Kg/m2
Lettuce 72.76 0.48Lettuce 92.66 0.46Lettuce 17.43 0.77Lettuce 7.77 0.53
Lettuce Green 14.81 0.47Lettuce Red 14.18 0.46
Lettuce Merav. 13.62 0.59Spinach 5.12 0.27Spinach 0.7925 0.11Spinach 2.616 0.38Chard 21.00 0.67
Ruccula 1.32 0.21Ruccula 3.83 0.60
171 plants in 84.34m2
84.34m2
520 plants (approximation)
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
29
CROP YIELD Kg/m2
Lettuce 72.76 1.45Lettuce 92.66 1.39Lettuce 17.43 2.34Lettuce 7.77 1.60
Lettuce Green 14.81 1.43Lettuce Red 14.18 1.39
Lettuce Merav. 13.62 1.79Spinach 5.12 0.81Spinach 0.7925 0.35Spinach 2.616 1.15Chard 21.00 2.02
Ruccula 1.32 0.63Ruccula 3.83 1.82
84.34m2
520 plants (approximation)
ResultsQuestion1: How much are we able to produce in an i-RTG?
PART
02
30
CROP YIELD Kg/m2
Bean 43.81 1.580Bean 19.80 1.908Bean 21.66 1.735
Pepper 11.82 2.7
Pepper yield (g) 2018
03
Analyzing RA quality
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
Que
stio
n
02
Study on air quality and heavy metal content of
urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Based on the journal paper:
Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Muñoz, P., Montero, J. I.,Gabarrell, X., & Rieradevall, J. (2018). A study onair quality and heavy metals content of urban foodproduced in a Mediterranean city (Barcelona).Journal of Cleaner Production.
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
BackgroundQuestion 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
PART
03
The origin of pollutants in the urban environment is largely human
Food contamination can occur either by contact with contaminated soils or by air pollution
33
Avoided inSoilless systems
transport emissions
industrial activities incinerators
management tasks: fertigation, pest treatments
Background
The origin of pollutants in the urban environment is largely human
Food contamination can occur either by contact with contaminated soils or by air pollution
34
UA is for direct personal consumption and not for sale
Avoided inSoilless systems
transport emissions
industrial activities incinerators
management tasks: fertigation, pest treatments
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
GoalTo determine the heavy metal concentrations in horticultural products grown on roofs in urban and periurban areas of Barcelona, with air pollution as the only source of potential heavy metal pollution
35
Scope the study
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Soilless system
AirNi, As, Cd Pb
Oakleaf lettuces(Lactuca sativa var. capitata L)Ni, As, Cd Pb
high-volume sensors (MCV CAV-A/mb)volume of 30 m3/h in 48-h periodsglass microfibre filters (150 mm Ø)
commercial size (> 200 g)
36
Materials & Methods
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
37
240m
Periurban‐i‐RTG16m high
AP‐7, E‐90
Periurban‐Rooftop16m high
14 lanes75 m
Crop under study
Materials & Methods
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
38
10m
València St.Urban‐Rooftop24m high
4 lanes20 m
Crop under study
Materials & Methods
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
39
Urban‐Courtyeard4m high
50m
Gran via C.C. Ave.
8 lanes45 m
Crop under study
Materials & Methods
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni µg/l Hg µg/l As µg/l Cd µg/l Pb µg/lIrrigation-water1 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water2 5.70 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water3 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Spain limit value
(regenerated water)1 200 - 100 10 -
Ni mg/kg Hg mg/kg As mg/kg Cd mg/kg Pb mg/kgSubstrate-bag1 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag2 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag3 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5
Spain limit value2 25 0.4 ‐ 0.7 45
1. Heavy metal limits in regenerated water for crop irrigation (BOE, 2007). Spain limit for class A substrates (RD 865/2010, 2010)
Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water (µg/l) and in the perlite bag (mg/kg sms)
40
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni µg/l Hg µg/l As µg/l Cd µg/l Pb µg/lIrrigation-water1 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water2 5.70 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water3 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Spain limit value
(regenerated water)1 200 - 100 10 -
Ni mg/kg Hg mg/kg As mg/kg Cd mg/kg Pb mg/kgSubstrate-bag1 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag2 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag3 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5
Spain limit value2 25 0.4 ‐ 0.7 45
1. Heavy metal limits in regenerated water for crop irrigation (BOE, 2007). Spain limit for class A substrates (RD 865/2010, 2010)
Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water (µg/l) and in the perlite bag (mg/kg sms)
41
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni µg/l Hg µg/l As µg/l Cd µg/l Pb µg/lIrrigation-water1 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water2 5.70 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Irrigation-water3 <5.00 <1.00 <1.00 <5.00 <10.0Spain limit value
(regenerated water)1 200 - 100 10 -
Ni mg/kg Hg mg/kg As mg/kg Cd mg/kg Pb mg/kgSubstrate-bag1 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag2 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5Substrate-bag3 <5 <0.4 ‐ <0.50 <5
Spain limit value2 25 0.4 ‐ 0.7 45
1. Heavy metal limits in regenerated water for crop irrigation (BOE, 2007). Spain limit for class A substrates (RD 865/2010, 2010)
Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water (µg/l) and in the perlite bag (mg/kg sms)
42
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni (ng/m3) As (ng/m3) Cd (ng/m3) Pb (ng/m3)
EU legislationTarget value UE1 20 6 5 500
Upper assessment threshold UE1 14 3,6 3 350Lower assessment threshold UE1 10 2,4 2 250
Periurban RooftopTest 1 2,51 0,83 0,71 10,55Test 2 4,92 0,67 0,29 7,52
Periurbani-RTG
Test 1 0,75 0,76 0,77 11,13Test 2 1,26 0,69 0,47 6,70
Urban Courtyard Test 2 4,53 0,68 0,28 8,70Urban Rooftop Test 2 3,32 0,71 0,39 7.10
Barcelona average2 3,74 1,00 0,39 10,75Maximum Barcelona 6,89 1,38 0,64 26,58Minimum Barcelona 2,27 0,72 0,15 6,23
Summary of target values and assessment thresholds in EU legislation and heavy metal concentrationsin the sampled air
1. Data from EU (EU, 2004) 2. Annual average (2016) of concentrations of heavy metals in the 10 city measurement stations; data are derived from Xarxa de Vigilància i Previsió de la Qualitat de l’Aire (XVPCA) (2017)
43
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni (ng/m3) As (ng/m3) Cd (ng/m3) Pb (ng/m3)
EU legislationTarget value UE1 20 6 5 500
Upper assessment threshold UE1 14 3,6 3 350Lower assessment threshold UE1 10 2,4 2 250
Periurban RooftopTest 1 2,51 0,83 0,71 10,55Test 2 4,92 0,67 0,29 7,52
Periurbani-RTG
Test 1 0,75 0,76 0,77 11,13Test 2 1,26 0,69 0,47 6,70
Urban Courtyard Test 2 4,53 0,68 0,28 8,70Urban Rooftop Test 2 3,32 0,71 0,39 7.10
Barcelona average2 3,74 1,00 0,39 10,75Maximum Barcelona 6,89 1,38 0,64 26,58Minimum Barcelona 2,27 0,72 0,15 6,23
Summary of target values and assessment thresholds in EU legislation and heavy metal concentrationsin the sampled air
1. Data from EU (EU, 2004) 2. Annual average (2016) of concentrations of heavy metals in the 10 city measurement stations; data are derived from Xarxa de Vigilància i Previsió de la Qualitat de l’Aire (XVPCA) (2017)
44
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni (mg Ni /kg sample)
Hg (mg Hg / kg sample)
As (mg As /kg sample)
Cd (mg Cd / kg sample)
Pb(mg Pb /
kg sample)% from EU legislation
Periurban RooftopTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0080 8%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0228 23%
Periurban i-RTGTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0060 6%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0070 7%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%
Urban CourtyardTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0110 11%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0244 24%
Urban Rooftop Test 2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0187 19%EU legislation - - - 0.050 0.1
Heavy metal concentrations (Ni, Hg, As, Cd and Pb) in lettuce samples in the urban and periurbansites under study and the EU-defined limits in leaf crops (EU, 2009)
45U: unwashed; W: washed
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Ni (mg Ni /kg sample)
Hg (mg Hg / kg sample)
As (mg As /kg sample)
Cd (mg Cd / kg sample)
Pb(mg Pb /
kg sample)% from EU legislation
Periurban RooftopTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0080 8%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0228 23%
Periurban i-RTGTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0060 6%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0070 7%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%
Urban CourtyardTest1 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0110 11%Test1 W < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0090 9%Test2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0244 24%
Urban Rooftop Test 2 U < 0.020 < 0.008 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.0187 19%EU legislation - - - 0.050 0.1
Heavy metal concentrations (Ni, Hg, As, Cd and Pb) in lettuce samples in the urban and periurbansites under study and the EU-defined limits in leaf crops (EU, 2009)
U: unwashed; W: washed46
Results
PART
03 Question 2: Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
Chapter 3 Study on air quality and heavy metal content of urban food produced in a Mediterranean city
PART
02
Conclusions
The range of trace metal contents in edible parts of the analyzed hydroponic crops (lettuce) is lower than the concentrations reported in previous studies SOIL
In this study, the heavy metal concentrations in lettuces were at least one order of magnitude lower than the target value defined by EU legislation
The Ni, As, Cd and Pb concentrations detected in the air are less than 50% of the limits established in the legislation air quality in Barcelona is representative of EU cities
We further confirm that the air quality in Barcelona and its surroundings is not a limiting factor for the development of UA, even though the sampling points were close to high-density roads
47
Conclusion
Que
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Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop
greenhouses (i-RTGs)
Based on the journal paper:
Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Izquierdo, R., Belmonte, J.,Montero, J. I., Muñoz, P., De Linares, C., &Rieradevall, J. (2017). Building-integratedagriculture: A first assessment of aerobiological airquality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs). Scienceof The Total Environment, 598, 109–120.
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE
49
Background
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
E
Hightemperature
Futuretwo-way connections between the building and its greenhouse
In greenhouses workers are exposed to dust particles suspended in the air that contains pollen and spores, which can cause respiratory problems
Goal
To study the pollen and fungal spores’ concentration in i-RTG air in order to evaluate the greenhouse workers’ exposure to prevent allergy problems associated with occupational tasks
To study whether the quality of the hot air accumulated in the i-RTG is adequate for recirculation to heat the building
50
Scope the study
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
171 tomato plants
Aerobiological samples were obtained using a Hirstvolumetric suction pollen-spore trap (standard method in European aerobiological networks)
Daily average pollen concentrations were calculated following the standardized Spanish method (analysing 4 continuous longitudinal sweeps)
51
Materials & Methods
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
52
Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
total 4,924 pollen grains/m3
33 taxa
daily peak 334 pollen grains/m3 4/03/2016
total 17,132 pollen grains/m3
45 taxa
daily peak 932 pollen grains/m3 27/03/2016
Platanus and Pinus accounted for 56 and 58% of the total pollen in both the indoor and outdoor environments
Pollen dynamic
i-RTG
Out
door
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Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
total 4,924 pollen grains/m3
33 taxa
daily peak 334 pollen grains/m3 4/03/2016
total 17,132 pollen grains/m3
45 taxa
daily peak 932 pollen grains/m3 27/03/2016
Platanus and Pinus accounted for 56 and 58% of the total pollen in both the indoor and outdoor environments
Pollen dynamic
i-RTG
Out
door
The most important source of pollen grains indoors was, in general, the outdoor environment
1:3
Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
Solanaceae pollen was the only pollentaxon detected exclusively indoor
Critical task: crop removal (CR)
55
Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
Total of 295,038 fungal spores/m3 ; 29 taxa
daily peak: 26,185 spores/m3; 27/07/2016
Total of 606,642 fungal spores/m3, 31 taxa
daily peak: 28,000 spores/m3;10/05/2016
i-RTG
Out
door
Bibliography daily peak recommendations
105 spores/m3 (Eduard, 2009)
103 spores/m3 (Santilli and Rockwell, 2003)
Fungal dynamic
56
Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
The most important source of fungal spores indoors: the outdoor environment
Some fungal spore taxa (allergenic: Aspergillus/Penicillium) originated inside the greenhouse or wereable to colonize the indoor environment
Total of 295,038 fungal spores/m3
29 taxa
daily peak: 26,185 spores/m3; 27/07/2016
Total of 606,642 fungal spores/m3
31 taxa
daily peak: 28,000 spores/m3;10/05/2016i-RTG
Out
door
Bibliography daily peak recommendations
105 spores/m3 (Eduard, 2009)
103 spores/m3 (Santilli and Rockwell, 2003)
Fungal dynamic
1:2
Oidium and Torula are related to fungal diseases of tomato crops.
No relationship with concentrations outside of the greenhouse
Significant correlations were observed for temperature, relative humidity and precipitation with fungal development
Hightemperature
Low humidity
57
Fungal dynamic
Results
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
Torula and Oidium airborne fungal spore concentrations recorded in the i-RTG
58
Results
It is possible to recirculate the air of the i-RTG to the building without posing allergy health risksfor the building users
Conclusions
Preventive measures:
install a system to interrupt the recirculation of air to the building during critical periods
implement appropriate air filters in ventilation air ducts
The operational crop tasks that cause critical moments when the recirculation of residual i-RTG air isnot appropriate have been identified (crops removal and harvesting periods)
The most important source of indoor pollen and fungal spores was the outdoor environment. The lowestventilation rate occurs during winter when the recirculation of the hot air is needed
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Conclusion
PART
03 Question 3: Assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs)
www.fertilecity.com
FertileCity II. Integrated rooftop greenhouses: symbiosis of energy, water and CO2
emissions with the building – Towards urban food security in a circular economy
CTM2016‐75772‐C3‐1‐3‐R, (2017‐2019)
Participa
Entidad financiadora: MINECO, AEI/FEDER, UE