Peru,
by
Gor-
don
R.
Willey,
and
to
The
human
setting
19
Present-day
(V-231).
27.
Huancaco
Compound.
46.
La
Plata
sites.
47.
Arclieological
of Virfi.
V-228
199
V-187, V-188,
298
71.
Ground
plan
of
V-108
303
the inhabitants
north of Viru,
test
unit
could best
place itself
terminated
their
of Holm-
field
maps
from
Viru.
In
May
of
1947,
the
paper,
Viru
Valley:
Background
and
Problems,
was
written
in
until
the
fall
of
1948.
By
that
graphs
and
maps
available
to
us
ment and Inhabitants gives the natural setting and brief sketches
of
reader may
division.
The
De-
velopment
of
summary and
to
the
various
Valley
program
have
been
it
was
obvious
that
formed
the
maps
made
only
chain measurements were
photo
quads,
a
partial
ground
higher contour
the contour lines, when
in effect, there
surface features.
were not
of
the
Valley,
those
spection
of
200 meters distant
part of
orders
indications
under the categories
is
descriptive
and
associated with
particular ceramic
I have called attention
to map
Mounds,
Excavation
in
some
of
the
buried
sites
has,
in
fact,
shown
Virii
survey.
We
felt
called sites.
appraised
and
criticized
as
it
stands
alone.
As
his
chronological
results
from
be
easily
possible
kilometers
in
width.
main
stream
of
the
Valley
and
Huacapongo
(pi.
7;
pi.
9,
hottom^
left)
have
the
Besicies
the
true
Others
have
and
known
to
bring
mineral
salts
to
the
surface.
30
by
30
meters.
> (MUA
2
pvkios
practically
nonexistent.
Aside
from
wild
grasses,
the
algarroba
monte^
and
the
field
crops,
the
only
and
still
extremely
plentiful
prehistoric
past
than
they
are
now.
CLIMATE
The
average
annual
temperature
for
It is in these
occurred
in
1925,
destroyed
most
of
been
adduced
from
the
stage. This is
all-important
irrigation
the
village.
the
trapping
of
lizards
provides
a
modest
amount
the central part
travel,
important
in
shipping
produce
in
the
nineteenth
century,
has
been
discontinued
since
1909.
in
near
the
pueblo,
the
1,500,000
Indians
in
the
area.
The
rate
of
reduction
during
this
laborers.
After
the
sixteenth
century,
the
administration
of
these
Viru
pueblo,
which
grazing in the
there
was
little
Hacienda
Buena
Vista
(presumably
in
the
upper
Chao)
as
with prehistoric
nevertheless,
in
lying
above
the
present
watered
foliage
line,
to be assembled until
the
major
sites
and
commenting
as
it
is
is
represented
stone
and
unity
in
that
oxidization
is
stand-
ardized
and
black-fired
ware
disappears.
The
ceramic
decoration
is
in
Recuay
a
pre-Mochica
Period;
however,
seen in
does
not
compare
with
also another
likely that they re-used
near the
north coast
and a
continuation of
Virii.
with
M-L
(Middle),
and
 time
L-K
(Late)
successfully translate the relative time spacing of the Viru periods
to
what
for the period, such
by
the accumulation
of a
of
the
summit
of
the
large,
rectangular,
hand-made
adobes.
at
least
one
not
excavated,
big adobe-
walled site
more than
at these sites ;
Period occupa-
The Middle
50 by
3
meters
in
diameter
on
the
average
but
may
be
as
little
as
placed
at
random.
Both
sites
together
could
be
encompassed
in
an
area
300
meters
double-faced
with
a
and
special
situation,
may
up,
slightly,
to
is
typical
double-faced
cyclopean
stonework,
similar
to
that
wall
the south
promontory (fig.
been
bases
joining
of
room
to
the
sterile
hardpan
of
the
Valley
slope
within
a
very
few
centimeters
of
rocky outwash plains which
Guanape.
80 cms. in
near
a
25 by
apron
platform
seems
to
have
been
an average
at
the
foot
of
to
the
crest
estimated
measurement
on
the
southwest-northeast
two
parts.
This
dividing
wall,
circular
flat
surfaces
out
(pi.
47,
ground.
It
is
located
near
the
hill
mass
in
Lower
Viru-South
(Quad
C-5,
northwest).
Late
Guanape
phase
which
consistently
accompanies
the
Huacapongo
Polished.
It
is
a
a
remarkable
has
not
been
satisfactorily
explained.
The
rooms
are
less
rounded,
or
rooms, some square,
some oblong, and
did exist.
carefully
laid
may
long apronlike
are
two
types
isolated
hills
rising
from
a
great
outer
centers of
of these
there are, in both
dences of
numbers
of
situated
Lower Viru-
floor
associated
with
the
rooms
to three
La Plata.
rubbish
owing
to
the
small,
the
one
of
the
hills
are
some
is
composed
period.
Sites
V-18
(Quad
E-2,
southwest),
V-78
Moorin
communities
or
structures
at
cultural significance.
to be
is
almost
due
is not
a
component
of
sherds,
are
terracings
is
estimated
at
about
37
by
40
wide.
The
sum-
earth
pyramid.
Height
G-2,
northwest)
. The
terrain
is
the
diameter
from
clay
(pi.
14,
top).
It
stands
slightly
over
5
meters
above
the
plain,
and
the
and
measures
the
the
latter-named
type
are
the fields at its
axis
oriented
southwest-northeast.
The
of
refuse
concentration
within
a
radius
of
part,
fortifications.
These
fortification
enclosures
contours of
of
the
hill
the
enclosure
wall.
These
rooms
average
meters
high
and
with
a
length
and
breadth
of
is about
lower subsidiary
the Huancaco
and
about
7
mind. The
groups
is
like
100
meters
eastr-west
and
from
60
to
20
meters
is
a
little
flat-topped
rise,
probably
natural,
which
is
about
20
meters
in
diameter
and
roughly
circular.
of
the
in
site
was
used
as
a
the
ridge
sepa-
rating
Huacapongo
from
collections
ceramics
pits
is
about
125
number
of
vessel
forms
that
distinguish
Late
Gallinazo
from
Middle
and
Early.
The
minority
decorated
types
remain
to
the
presence
of
small
amounts
of
the
negative
ware
(Gallinazo
and
in
central
Viru
Valley.
superimposed building
likely that the walls
Gallinazo
midden
sites
date
largely
Gallinazo
Period,
it
is
reasonable
to
suppose
that
both
patterns
were
present
in
adobe
construction
in
the
building level.
filled
The
smallest
by
Pyramid
Mounds
connected
with
low
aprons
or
is
points
within
the
encircling
rock
so
that
all
ap-
proaches
to
the
of
these
types.
EXPOSED
DWELLING
SITES
Explanatory
note.
than
3
meters
square.
V-39
had been
occupied by
people of
Gallinazo
levels
of
below
surface
of
the
Gallinazo
of the
principal canal
is
a
large
rock-walled
quadrangle
a
lower
section
beginning of the
rolling dune country
sections.
from 25
left
to
determine
the
burials
are
distinct,
adobe-walled
work
of
Strong
and
Evans
has
demostrated
meters above
extent. There
cm. It is
could be
meters
fragments,
round
in
outline,
it
has
a
diameter
of
about
25
meters
and
a
maximum
height
of
3
meters.
(personal
communication,
1946).
The
total
plat-
forms
or
(pi.
54,
center).
Ben-
nett
(1950)
describes
the
over-all
size
of
V-59
as
the
general
level of
the surrounding
roof.
The
JNIiddle
Gallinazo
phase
phases.
The
wall
was
clay
the roof and windows
prob-
ably
the
water
strewn
so
mound,
and
within
northwest
corner
of
up
these
higher
Late
phases.
This
part
of
the
site,
totaling
out
from
the
base
in
a
northerly
direction.
western
terrace
of
28
by
17
meters.
Total
pyramid
height,
as
these overlay
above
the
flat
lands.
This
platform
site was placed as
existed, are
rises 2
large
Pyramid-Dwelling-Construction
Complex
but
which
stand
alone
as
rectangulute,
flat-topped
clay mounds
mixture
of
is
situated
on
can
be
made
on
the
upper
platform
today.
A
modest
file.
There
are
other
meters
square
meters high and
Although
relegated
Elena
both
Middle
floor.
In
profile
they
appear
as
castles;
hence
com-
plex
inspec-
tion
these
entrance
to
Queneto
quebrada
fortress.
evidence
is
over-
whelmingly
Tomaval (V-51).
the enclosure
wall. At
the
same,
but
Kroeber's
castillo
however,
these
can
no
longer
were
lower
level.
however,
be
only
the
result
of
erosion
adobe
outwash,
Erosion
to
east
this
structional
purposes
rather
than
actual
building.
by
10
meters
sure.
The
west
of
sites,
to-
the
platform
to
them
are
too
other
just
to
the
south
comes
up
accurate
data
on
this
feature.
The
V-73
buildings
are
both
very
earth-colored hill
area
of
and
a
superstructure
of
cane-marked
adobes.
cemeteries
component
in
association
except
that
Masonry technique is
In
the
central
part
of
the
rooms.
The
largest
of
these
is
7
by
5
meters
and
the
V-10
site
to
keep
attackers
who
were
moving
up
from
the
and
sits
only
a
few
than
10
meters
in
width
Two
other
rooms
are
approximately
this
same
size.
The
meters. Two
respectively,
although
one
possible that
the walls
cattle
or
V-19
site
and
is
unnumbered
in
our
meters
no
other
ceramic
to
the
Semi-isolated
Large
site, although
four
kilo-
are
also
evidences
of
other
walls
out-
side
of
the
abundant
mud
mortar.
Average
wall
width
by
21
by
9
meters,
which
are
there
is
no
foundational
to
so
we
cannot
tell
200
There
are
sev-
eral
other
rooms
which
average
around
8
by
in
refuse
area
there
are
scattered
proper.
On
(Quad
E-1,
southeast)
. It
may
Huancaco
dates
the
ruins.
V-180.
ruins. They were listed
set
of
an
adobes
of
rubble
fill.
In
some
places
the
wall
measures
to
3
meters
in
height
(Quad
C-4,
placing
it,
perhaps,
between
Huancaco
and
Late
Gallinazo.
the
Huancaco
stage
V-258,
was
apparently
built
in
Gallinazo
times.
Its
upon
some
the
within and around
31,
top).
with
white
plaster.
level.
hillside, all
these platforms or columns
and
may
have
been
ravines
an
over-all
ceremonial
site
plan,
it
appears,
from
the
ceramic
dating,
completely
terrace steps
visible.
measurements
of
meters high. The structure is very well preserved, and there
is
of
the
mound.
smaller
bar
11
cm.
Huaca
Verde
was
obviously
an
important
center,
probably
of
both
a
politico-religious
and
dwelling
slightly
inward
(pi.
29,
hottom)
ascends
in
a
west
to
east
direction,
turning
northward
for
the
last
wide and
On top
suggestion
of
another
low
step
or
raised
area
the
surface
of
the
slope side,
there is
V-199.
conclusive
as 1.5 meters.
north side
the
original
rock
wall
was
no
more
than
These
are:
just
north
surface
of
fig.
31).
Huan-
10
cm.
Pottery
from
scrub
Moulded and
complex
vessel
forms
that
compose
the
pottery
found
in
graves
of
the
period.
For
Tomaval
there
is
not
the
differentiation
to
to
will contain
with
plain
rectangu-
have
been
a
large
rectangle
with
an
interior
encircling
banquette
think it
these
strategic
sites
the Valley
as
follows
is placed
of
the
period.
V-8
{Oerro
San
Ildefonso).
which
extends
east
corner
(fig.
49).
it on
had exca-
(fig.
51)
each
an
Irregular
Agglutinated
arrangement
of
meters.
Rooms
are
quadrangular,
counted. The
could
find
no
door
V-25, V-26,
V-27, V-29,
or
cubicles
similar
to
those
a foundation
one
so to
same
time,
Two of
V-172.
Ford
Valley.
A
walled
Rec-
tangular
Enclosure
Compound
about
25
meters
square
could
be
faintly
by
of
rooms.
70
meters
the
air
photos
as
though
there
may
the
quadrangle.
Back,
or
south,
of
this
there
are
other
rooms,
but
the
floor
plan
is
not
clear.
In
one
place
size
range
of
4
by
low,
rectangular,
flat-topped
mound
by 13
enter-
to
a little
over 20
are
some
smaller
rooms,
About
Castillo
of
upper
V-130,
perhaps
known because
more
than
in some
refuse.
Three
small,
the summit
of the
of
a
section
of
ravine.
The
visible
structures.
Y-211^.
larger
rooms
are
I
sketched
some
of
nor
but set
the
cemetery.
On
the
aerial
photographs
of
the
region
these
ancient
irrigation
projects
are
Tomaval and
ceramic
components
referable
to
It
may
be
that
the
Tomaval
people
used
the
been
a
Tomaval
living
site.
existed, has been
and the immediate
(as
show
up
well,
although
this collection
elevation
may
be
partly
or
wholly
4.5
This
Bennett
under
long
ramps.
The
mound
appears
to
be
made
of
earth
and
clay.
Possibly,
Puerto
the
stone
set
V-66
in
Lower
as
a
dwelling
site
(p.
69)
and
as
a
cemetery
(p.
100)
The area of Tomaval
through
Estero
Periods.
The
mound
and
its
summit
constructions
may
date
from
the
(see
pp.
315-317)
although
not
a
sharp
there
the total
reason
to
rock-walled
terrace
houses
rooms.
south of
adobe floor.
addition to
average
room
size
is
few
a
little larger
hill,
there
is
(red) plaster.
At
the
eastern
tip
of
What
appears
to
stones,
leads
up
to
this
little
knoll
(pi.
41,
bottom).
the
like
room
is
in
meters.
1946
room,
26
by
14
meters
(pi.
45,
center)
map has
of
site there
a double
for
example,
still
rooms
(fig.
38).
There
are
Lower
Virii-South
which
center
of
the
Valley.
At
a
little
Huancaco
mounds,
as
we
described
for
Tomaval,
is
very
rare.
Our
survey
records
only
additional
noticeable
meters
wide,
respectively.
It
will
be
noted
rest
to
be
a
part
from
the
Tomaval
Estero,
and
has
a
(17
by
rooms
(see
map.
fig.
22).
A
one in
as
 Addi-
:
rectangles
section of
door-
at
this
time,
but
there
is
now
platform,
is
open,
had been
much
as
1
meter
wide,
double-faced,
and
with
been able,
22)
central doorway.
neled
in
hill,
perhaps
for
security.
However,
there
are
ing
at
mound
in
which
Juan,
quebrada
(Quad
D-1,
southeast)
is
the
most
controversial
map,
there
are
several
differences.
One
of
these
is
concerned
with
20
wide.
The
northern
half
of
which
have
been
made
available
to
a
shelters
or
huts
made
been
disclosed
and the roofs
Moorin
Period.
Scat-
have
not
been
excavated
could
regular
or
ir-
regular.
The
irregular
units
appear
to
be
single
houses,
and
they
now
buried.
the
are
17
Semi-isolated
Large
Houses.
first
Each
small
mounds
or
platforms.
The
plain
rectangular
adobe
type
of
the
Huan-
caco
but
the
compound
site
the
Period.
Agglutinated,
as
opposed
to
the
Irregular
a
late
tendency
ed
elsewhere
indications
that
a
ac-
cordingly,
weakened.
There
are
14
Pyramidal
Mounds
in
Viru
which
may
hillcrest
platforms
of
Guanape,
an
introduction
of
cane-marked
or
plain
that
was
begun
in
the
Puerto
Moorin
redoubts.
Two
flat-topped mounds.
the
Community
groups,
mound-
building
idea
in
sharp
decline
in
the
is
less
surely
Pyramid
Mound,
In
Guanape,
such
buildings
In
that
can
be
attributed
to
either
the
Cerro
conclusive proof of
crackled
cultivation
a
times.
ran
to
the
vicinity
of
V-280.
From
here,
however,
it
must
have
cut
in
toward
the
river,
bypassing
the
Gallinazo
Group.
The
canal
course
may
of sites
or above
but
all
there
is
a
upper
crossing the que-
bottom
of
these
plots.
simply
been
piled
and
letting
ridges is
meter,
or
not
observe
any
irriga-
tion
systems.
It
is
probable
that
some
do
exist.
The
Huancaco
site
V-139
is
in
cribs
in
Tomaval
times
Up
Valley,
old
high
and,
although
the
Valley
further
Inland,
passing
along
Bitfn and,
my
interpretation
of
the
special
or
Community
Buildings
were
The
Puerto
Moorin
community
assemblages
are
more
complex
than
those
for
a
site
of
mixed
dating,
lies
5
kilometers
refuge
in
the
later
Tomaval
Period.
are sev-
able
or
the
Cerro
del
Pino
(fig.
82)
One
been
Lower
Valley
to
and
Mid-
proper
(V-59)
Lower-North
Gallinazo,
Valley
narrows,
within
assemblage
with
its
the
Viru
Valley
must
have
been
in
operation
by
Late
system need
as
a
result
of
so
been
caught
up
There
are
a
and
focused on the
to
a
only
one
small
or
buildings
were
constructed,
and
it
is
thought
that
of the
the
mound
centers
by
several
The nuclear
type of
community assemblage
is retained,
make
certain
of
the
Early
dense
from
the
Moorin.
trend
is,
however,
that
same phases
cul-
tural
refuse.
If
this
interpretation
is
opening
up
of
the
have,
thus,
attracted
gation
began
as
early
as
the
Puerto
Moorin
Period,
the
probabilities
the
all Viru periods
living
sites
(see fig.
the
Valley,
or
much
of
it,
may
have
number
of
of
Late
Gallinazo
of
maize
yield
several
thousand
indi-
viduals
in
the
Valley
in
the
latter
period.
Following
Tomaval,
the
decline
in
the
number
of
settlements
control
is nothing
ization.
conceded
to
have
a
date
from
the
Gal-
linazo
Period.
These
as
represented
political
expansion
of
highly
 nationalistic
quality
of
Mochica
vase
painting
entire coast
Chimu
power.
Like
the
later
Inca
the
Period
situated
in
the
platform,
this
temple,
and
a
third
coating
the
stone
carving
style
is
not
pyramid
is
another,
smaller
stepped
pyramid
of
apparent
similar
construction.
Unfortunately,
there
is
Cupis-
conceded
p.
130)
and
vary-
ing
from
7
the
Maranga
site
Jijon's second and
(1924
a,
pp.
81-86)
Chincha
explorations
should
be
re-examined.
The
Huaca
very
little
information
on
dwelling
sites
platforms divided into
PERU
411
at
La Luna is 80 by 60 meters in extent and 21 meters high on the
front side. The three
architecturally
incorporated
is
sequence in the Huancaco Period.
The fortified strongholds of the Mochica in the Chicama
and
Moche
attention
bestowed
on
those
of
Viru,
and
there
seems
to
be
no
survey
as
to
how
numerous
certain
that
Valley
Chimu
Period,
the
Leche
Valley
site
province,
subsidiary
to
the
larger
valleys
to
the
north
and
but
a
small
reflection
of
them.
be
derived
from
Huari?
This
seems
been
less
this time
massive tapia
Whether
further observa-
tion, as
know that
such com-
erected
small-house agglutina-
of Peru,
in
the
with,
the
the
Coast
Tiahuanaco.
becomes less important,
possible that
there was
subsequent
policy;
or
for a long time
quarter of
have
V-52
to
by
Bennett
(1939,
p.
21).
He
describes
Gallinazo
dating
excellent;
Huancaco
dating
poor
/F.
Comment:
This
site
occu-
pies
the
northwestern
portion
of
the
ridge.
It
Location: Quad
walled
rooms.
Location:
Quad
E-1,
southeast.
Period:
Huancaco.
Validity:
Average
/F.
V-20.
Name:
Tomaval.
which dates structure
dates
the
structure.
Validity:
Poor
and
average
/F.
V-24.
Name:
and a
Huancaco. Probabilities
although
houses
and
in
the
surface
and
the
possibly
added
to
in
in
the
dwelling
in the Huancaco
the
best
known
Viru.
Type
of
(1938,
p.
62).
Possibly,
La
Gloria
and
Napo
or
The
ca^/o?i;
dates
as
Gallinazo
(Late)
1930,
p.
79,
and
Bennett,
southeast.
Period:
the
presence
later
periods.
V-81.
Name:
Palacio
de
Bitin.
Type
of
part
Period. A
is
certainly
the
best-known
mound
as
Puerto
Moorin
(Early)
a
group.
Type
of
site:
Possibly
a
Rec-
tangular
Enclosure
Compound.
Location:
Quad
D-5,
northeast.
Poor /F.
Average
/F.
rock and
adobe-walled buildings.
Loca-
tion:
Quad
E-1,
northwest.
Period:
Tomaval.
Validity:
the
mound
or
its
lower
rock-walled
multiroomed
occupation
site,
ponent
Puerto Moorin
and
certainly
was
re-used,
or all
Two
components.
Hoyle
(1938,
p.
62)
places
it
Estero.
Validity:
No
collection.
Observation
of
surface
Period:
La
Plata.
Validity:
Average
/P.
V-270.
Name:
None.
Type
of
Mounds. Location:
as
revealed
by
Collier's
early sites in the Northern Lake Titicaca Basin, Pap. Peabody
Mus. Amer. Arch,
Ancient Peru.
8th Amer.
Publ.
Amer.
Arch.
Ethnol.,
vol.
21.
No.
4.
Huamachuco
and
Cajabamba.
Bottom: Monte,
8/11/2019 PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT_Virú.pdf
from
the
northeast.
Bottom:
Looking
across
Queneto
at
a
point
near
site
V—
179.
Center:
View
of our
furthest exploration.
Upper
Huacapongo.
^0^-
a
natural
with natural rock
At
Top:
The
soil
on
southwest