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Dwqxk2 1

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Nfîmisis Lqmicisoixmifnw cam Oklxkwnliafk cam Okfsqlickw

Dwqxk2 1

Xkslkcawfislk

@aoen ca afwadn2 78+>7+78>>Xwk`askw2 Mqis Afwi~qa Nmkfsk Gafik

Jney Lqwimmk Noqþn

Wnòm Lncwic Wa~qasNmgawk Xnmnoiks Dnwoìn

Isngam Raicmaw

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 ÍFCIOA

>&  Lkcawficnc &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3 

7&  Xkslkcawficnc &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1 

?&  Am okfsqlk Xkslkcawfk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 0 

3&  Am Okfsqlk Ifcipicqnmisn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 4 

3&> Am Okfsqlickw oklk qf xwkcqok af sì lislk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 4 

1&  Eackfislk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 5 

0&  Am Sialxk y Am Asxnoik &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 5 

0&> Am xkslkcawfislk af mns as`awns ca ialxk y am asxnoik &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9 

0&7 Mk ~qa lîs casnon af mns fqapns dafawnoikfas &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >8 

4&  Xqgmioicnc xkslkcawfn&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >8 

4&>  Nwa y xqgmioicnc sa cnf mn lnfk2 Nfcy Tnwekm &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >7 

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>& Lkcawficnc

Am éwlifk ca lkcawficnc sa alxarÿ n casnwwkmmnw af mn Acnc Lacin- sidmks UPII yUPIII- sa ifsxiwngn y `qfcnlafngn af am xafsnliafk ca wnoikfnmislk ca Casonwas &_a onwnoawirÿ xkw mn wnoikfnmirnoiÿf ca mn auisafoin&

Am éwlifk pn nckxnfck sqoasipnlafa mn noaxoiÿf ca ”wafkpnoiÿf“ - ”fkwln caonlgik“- ”noipicnc pnfdqnwcisn“ %B&B& Wkqssanq - >4>7,>445)& Af am îlgik nwìsiok,miawnwik- Oe& Gnqcamniwa %>57>,>504) enoa mn sidqiafa ca`ifioiÿf2 ”Mn lkcawficnc asmk a`ìlawk- mk pamkr- mk okfifdafa: as qfn ca mns cks lincas cam nwa- liafwns ~qamn kwn as mk aawfk y mk iflqngma“& %”Am xifkw ca mn picn lkcawfn“ - >50?)& Nsidfnwî n”lkcawfk“  am safick ca a`ìlawk- xnsnbawk- wnfsikwik y lqfcnfk- sklaick n mnxwqagn ca mn lkcn y okfwnxqask n mk aawfk&

J& Lnwu  %>5>5,>504) nlxmìn sq nxmionoiÿf y sq sidfi`ionoiÿf asxaoinmlafa af am

îlgik skoikaokfÿliok& Mk ”lkcawfk“ a~qipnma n qfn onadkwìn lîs giaf fadnipn~qa piafa n icafi`ionwsa okf mn ngswnooiÿf y cqnmislk ~qa nmiafnf nm eklgwa y caoqyn sqxawnoiÿf caxafca mn wanmirnoiÿf cam eklgwa: xksawikwlafa- nm enoawauafsipk sq nfîmisis nm îlgik xkmìiok y konck ém lislk xkw mn pisiÿf kxilisn ca mnéxkon nfa am xwkdwask- nwigqya n mn lkcawficnc qfn fkoiÿf lîs xksiipn2 mnwnfsioiÿf ca qfn skoiacnc lafks casnwwkmmncn n kwn lîs casnwwkmmncn af mn ~qa saenoaf xwasafas mks fqapks amalafks xwkdwasipks ‟afafciafck xwkdwask fk af sqpawiafa lkwnm ca labkwnliafk- sifk af am safick eisÿwiok ca ifowalafk ynoqlqmnoiÿf- okf am ~qa sa cn xnsk n mn migawnoiÿf cam eklgwa af am fqapk ixk caskoiacnc ~qa sqwda&

Mn lkcawficnc xwkxkfa qf lqfck ca lans mns oqnmas sa nmonfrnf ca lnfawnmÿdion y wnoikfnm& Oncn ifcipicqk sa xwkxkfa sqs xwkxins lans sadòf sq pkmqfnccîfckma nsì safick n sq picn& Auisaf pnmkwas af mns nooikfas alxwafcicns xnwnnmonfrnw mns lans2 migawnc- idqnmcnc- bqsioin- `wnawficnc† n mk ~qa sa xkcwìn mmnlnwlanwwamnks&

Afafcalks xkw Lanwwamnks n cisoqwsks madiilnckwas n fipam icakmÿdiok- skoinm-xkmìiok y oiafì`iok& _kf mks cisoqwsks waxwasafnipks ca mn Lkcawficnc ~qaxwasafnf onwîoaw nsxiwnoikfnm&

Af mn lkcawficnc sa nxnwaoìnf pnmkwas oklk mn xwkcqooiÿf- awn qfn skoiacnc camwngnbk- mn ifcqswin& Am eklgwa skoinm af mn lkcawficnc sa xwasafngn oklk qfwngnbnckw& Engìn qfn owaafoin af am xwkdwask lacinfa mn gòs~qacn ca qfn pawcncknm- auisafa- nmonfrngma y xawlnfafa& _qwdiawkf dwnfcas qkxìns xkmìions-skoinmas- ifcqswinmas- aokfÿlions- oqmqwnmas- aofkmÿdions† Ncalîs- sa cngn qfnican ca `nlimin oklk lkcamk abalxmnw y oafwnm af am kwcaf skoinm- engìn saxnwnoiÿfafwa oqmqwn k`ioinm y oqmqwn xkxqmnw enoiafck nlgiéf cisifoiÿf omnwn afwa nwa-lòsion y miawnqwn&

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7& Xkslkcawficnc

Am éwlifk ca xkslkcawficnc alxarÿ n casnwwkmmnwsa xwilawk ca mn lnfk camn miawnqwn- mns nwas xmîsions y xksawikwlafa af mn nw~qiaoqwn& Oklafrÿ nokgwnw ilxkwnfoin asxaoinmlafa n wnìr ca mn xqgmionoiÿf ca ”Mn okfcioiÿf

 xkslkcawfn“ ca Banf,@wnfäkis Myknwc %>949)&

Wasqmn oklxmionck mmadnw n qfn ca`ifioiÿf aunon ca mk ~qa as mn Xkslkcawficnc-qfk ca mks xwifoixnmas lkipks ca ammk as ~qa as nmdk noqnm- y eny asonsar ca cnks-sa asî casnwwkmmnfck y auisa qfn `nmn ca qf lnwok aÿwiok pîmick- xkw ammk sqnfîmisis as oklxmionck& Xawk am xwifoixnm kgsîoqmk xwkpiafa bqsnlafa cam lislkxwkoask ~qa sa ~qiawa ca`ifiw- xkw~qa as ask xwaoisnlafa mk ~qa `nmn af asn awn2qf sisaln- qfn knmicnc- qf kwcaf- qfn qficnc- af ca`ifiipn okeawafoin& _a sqamacipiciw n mn xkslkcawficnc af saokwas- caxafciafck ca sq îwan ca if`mqafoin&

Mn Xkslkcawficnc sa xqaca afafcaw oklk nmdk ~qa sqwdiÿ casxqés ca mnLkcawficnc- as qfn sawia ca lkpiliafks nwìsioks- oqmqwnmas- miawnwiks- xkmìioks y`imksÿ`ioks ~qa sa kxkfaf n mn okwwiafa lkcawfn& _a wa`iawa n qfn okfcioiÿfeisÿwion,skoinm,xkmìion,aokfÿlion ~qa oklafrÿ n enoawsa safiw afwa lacincks camn céoncn ca >948 y `ifnmas ca mn céoncn ca >958& Asks ialxks sa onwnoawirnwkfxkw qfn casimqsiÿf okf mks xwksxaoks ca mn aswnadin xkmìion- skoinm y aokfÿlion camn lkcawficnc& Af asks éwlifks- mn xkslkcawficnc as afafcicn oklk qfn liwncnenoin mn lkcawficnc y sqs xwaoaxks&

Mks xkslkcawfks iafaf auxawiafoin ca qf lqfck cqwk ~qa fk noaxnf- xawk fkiafaf asxawnfrn ca xkcaw labkwnwmk& Asks- okfpafoicks ca ~qa fk auisafxksigimicncas ca onlginw mn skoiacnc- enf caoicick cis`wqnw nm lafks cam xwasafaokf qfn noiqc casxwakoqxncn&

Mn xkslkcawficnc as am ialxk cam yk %'ca ém yk nfas ~qa am kcks' ) y cam ifilislk&Swns mn xéwcicn ca okf`infrn ca mks xwkyaoks ca wnfs`kwlnoiÿf ca mn skoiacnc- skmkonga okfoafwnw kcns mns `qawrns af mn wanmirnoiÿf xawskfnm& Eky as xksigma pipiw sificanmas mk ilxkwnfa as okfsadqiw qf wngnbk ncaoqnck okfsawpnwsa bkpaf-okfsawpnw mn snmqc- ao&

Mks dwnfcas xwifoixiks éioks y lkwnmas ca mn lkcawficnc fk sa lnfiafaf okfonwîoaw Qfipawsnm- sa afwn af qfn éion ca mn siqnoiÿf- 'kck caxafca' & Am eklgwaaf mn xkslkcawficnc alxarÿ n pnmkwnw lîs am safiliafk xkw afoiln ca mn wnrÿf&Mks xkslkcawfks fiadnf mns icans ca mn lkcawficnc sif nfnmirnwmns- yn ~qa asksqxkfcwìn klnw af sawik mn wnrÿf- waoenrnf okf bkpinm ksncìn mks icanmas xwkxqasksxkw mks lkcawfisns&

Xnwn Myknwc- mn Xkslkcawficnc xwasafn oqnwk onwnoawìsions xwifoixnmas2

_qxkfa am `if ca mks dwnfcas wamnks2 sa en lqawk am wamnk cam skoinmislk- cam

xwkdwask- mn wnrÿf& Mk ~qa sa cnf- skf xa~qaþks wamnks- mk ilxkwnfa as ~qa

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nm ifcipicqk ma pnyn giaf- mk calîs cn idqnm& _a cn qfn a`awpasoafoin ca mnpicn okicinfn&

_a xwkcqoa qfn `wndlafnoiÿf2 sa en wkk okf mks dwnfcas lawoncks& Nekwnauisaf xa~qaþks lawoncks- wigqs qwgnfns- fioeks†

Ican cam onxinmislk cam okfsqlk2 yn fk as qf onxinmislk ca xwkcqooiÿf- sifk

cam okfsqlk& Mks ifcipicqks asîf lnwoncks a if`mqafoincks xkw mns lnwons-sa kln oklk wa`awafoin mk ~qa sa okfsqla&

Ican ca bqadk2 sa gqson mn cipawsiÿf xnwn mks ifcipicqks& Xkw abalxmk XacwkNmlkcÿpnw laromn cisifks défawks nwìsioks- okf mk ~qa owan nmdk ci`awafa:nekwn oqnfck pns n oklxwnw- yn fk as òfionlafa xkw~qa faoasias nmdk-sifk ~qa xnsns mn nwca af am oafwk oklawoinm- nlgiéf iafa xnwa ca koik& Afmn noqnmicnc yn fk auisaf mns 5e ca koik- 5e ca sqaþk y 5e ca wngnbk oklksa cngn af am xnsnck- nekwn asî kck laromnck&

Mn wamnoiÿf afwa mn Xkslkcawficnc y am okfsqlk as lqy dwnfca& _a xqca caoiw~qa am lawonck mk ngskwga kck sialxwa ~qa sa xwkcqron ca lnfawn a`ioiafa-

ncnxîfcksa n mk ~qa sa xica&

?& Am okfsqlk Xkslkcawfk

Mn xnmngwn okfsqlk iafa sq kwidaf af mn mafdqn mnìf Oklsqlawa & ~qa sidfi`iondnsnw k caswqiw& Am okfsqlk sa wa`iawa nm eaoek ca nc~qiwiw giafas k _awpioiks& Amokfsqlk sialxwa asî ciwidick xnwn snis`noaw qfn faoasicnc- qfn faoasicnc ~qaxqaca saw xwilnwin k saoqfcnwin& Mns faoasicncas xwilnwins skf n~qammns ~qaafalks ~qa oqgwiw xnwn xkcaw skgwapipiw- skf xkw abalxmk mn faoasicnc ca oklaw kckwliw&& Af onlgik mns faoasicncas saoqfcnwins- skf n~qammns ~qa caxafcaf ca

pnwiks `nokwas xkw abalxmk Ifawasas skoinmas y oqmqwnmas- oklk am xawafaoaw n qfdwqxk

Af mn noqnmicnc auisa mk ~qa sa okfkoa oklk ”am okfsqlk xkslkcawfk“ ~qa saokfsicawn oklk qf okfsqlk auisafoinm- auisafoinm af am safick ~qa am okfsqlkxkslkcawfk as qf okfsqlk xnwn ”saw“& Siafa mn fnqwnmarn ca saw qf okfsqlkncioipk&

Am okfsqlickw xkslkcawfk fk xqaca cabnw ca okfsqliw& Mn lnfawn ca okfsqliw ekyaf cìn as lqoen lîs ~qa skmnlafa okfsqliw xnwn xkcaw oqgwiw mns faoasicncasgîsions- am okfsqlk xkslkcawfk nlgiéf as qf okfsqlk ca xmnoaw y koik& _axqaca caoiw ~qa am okfsqlickw xkslkcawfk as qf okfsqlickw ncioipk- yn fkoklxwn wnoikfnmlafa- yn ~qa asa fk oklxwa skmnlafa mk gîsiok xnwn xkcawskgwapipiw sifk ~qa nlgiéf nc~qiawa giafas fk sialxwa faoasnwiks- silxmalafa”oklxwn xkw afaw lîs“&Nxnwa ca ~qa am okfsqlk ca eky af cìn sa en ncnxnck nsaw qf okfsqlk ca xmnoaw y koik ky af cìn mks okfsqlickwas cnf sialxwa lîsilxkwnfoin y sidfi`ionck nm okfsqlk ifcipicqnmisn&

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3& Am Okfsqlk Ifcipicqnmisn

Mn Xkslkcawficnc sidfi`i on mn ”sadqfcn wapkmqoiÿf cam ifcipicqnmislk“ %Mixkparjy)& 

Am okfsqlickw xkslkcawfk cn sialxwa lîs ilxkwnfoin n mn ifcipicqnmicnc& Mks

okfsqlickwas asîf ifawasncks af oklxwnw giafas y sawpioiks ifcipicqnmirncks yncnxncks n sqs dqsks y faoasicncas xwkxins& Mn lnfawn ca okfsqliw af mnxkslkcawficnc n`infrn mn icaficnc cam okfsqlickw& _q lnfawn ca amadiw mns lnwons  + xwkcqoks %xwaoiks gnbks knmks- onmicnc nmn k gnbn) wa`mabnf mn xawskfnmicnc y mn`kwln ca pipiw cam okfsqlickw& Am okfsqlickw xkslkcawfk as qf okfsqlickwfnwoisisn ~qa faoasin paw mn ilndaf ~qa en skþnck ca am lislk af af am “asxabk“&

Asn afcafoin nxkwn lîs ilxkwnfoin n mn ifcipicqnmicnc y en casxmnrnck amokfsqlk ca lnsns- eky af cìn mns alxwasns iafaf ~qa ncnxnwsa n mks onlgiksca mns faoasicncas y mks onlgiks ca dqsk ca mks okfsqlickwas&

Lqoens alxwasns wasxkfcaf n asky onlgiks y k`waoaf n mks omiafas xwkcqoksxawskfnmirngmas n mks dqsks y mns faoasicncas ca sqs omiafas- qf ”pipiw n mn onwn“ xnwn mks omiafas& Am omiafa lnfcn ‟ lqoens paoas am omiafa as am ”Cisaþnckw“ ca sqxwkcqok+sawpioik- ensn ~qa xqacaf mmapnw am sammk ca ~qiaf mks nc~qiawa& Nfas saokfsqlìn af ”qficncas `nliminwas“- eky af cìn oncn qf lialgwk ca mn `nliminokfsqla mk ~qa ~qiawa as qf okfsqlk ci`awafoinck&

Am maln ca asa ifcipicqnmislk af am okfsqlk xkslkcawfk as2

”am lìfilk ca oknooikfas y am lîuilk ca amaooikfas xwipncns xksigmas: am

lìfilk ca nqsawicnc y am lîuilk ca casak“& Alxwasns ~qa sidqaf y wasxkfcaf n asn fqapn afcafoin- skf xkw abalxmk mnalxwasn Fija  y mn alxwasn Okfpawsa  ~qa k`waoaf n sqs omiafas rnxnks cacaxkwa xawskfnmirngmas- mks omiafas skf mks cisaþnckwas& Eny mn xksigimicnc caafwnw af sqs xîdifns tag y cisaþnw sq rnxnk n mks dqsks y xwa`awafoinsifcipicqnmas %Okmkwas- lnawinmas- Okwckfas ao&) _qxkfdk ~qa am abalxmk lîsasngmaoick skf mks okoeas af mn ifcqswin nqklkpimìsion ckfca mks omiafas xqacafnþnciw nwigqks nm oekoea n sq dqsk&

3&> Am Okfsqlickw oklk qf xwkcqok af sì lislk

Af mn noqnmicnc nm okfsqlickw fk ma gnsn skmk oklxwnw- sifk oncn par lîs asîokfpiwiéfcksa af qf giaf ca okfsqlk af sì lislk& Mns wacas skoinmas ca@noagkkj- Mifjac If y Stiaw xkw abalxmk sa xqacaf okfsicawnw oklk qf xkwnm canqkwwawnk ckfca mn dafa sa xqaca owanw xaw`imas y ncnxnwmas sadòf sqs dqsks yxkfaw if`kwlnoiÿf xawskfnmas y auxawiafoin mngkwnm + ca `kwlnoiÿf& Mns wacasskoinmas nm `ifnm skf am ifafk ca onxnw mn nafoiÿf ca alxwasns y nlgiéf onxnw mnnafoiÿf ca nlidks af sq wac skoinm okf am kgbaipk ca xwasafnwsa k ”pafcawsa“ camn labkw lnfawn `wafa n mks calîs& nAs am ifafk ca pafcaw sq xwkxin ilndaf&

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1& Eackfislk

Am okfsqlk eky af cìn sa xqaca okfsicawnw oklk qfn lnfawn ca koqxnoiÿf camkoik ‟ am okfsqlk eackfisn as nmdk ìxiok af mn xkslkcawficnc y koqxn af amialxk noqnm oncn par lîs asxnoik& @qawn ca mn picn cìn n cìn gqsonlks am

cipawiwfks& Asa ”fqapk onxinmislk” yn fk asî oafwnck af mn xwkcqooiÿflnawinm af sì lislk- sifk nlgiéf af am afwaafiliafk y af mns lawonfoìnsoqmqwnmas& Eny sialxwa lîs k`awns eackfisns oklk xkw abalxmk xnw~qas canwnooiÿf oklk Cisfaymnfc Xnwis okf lîs ca >7 limmkfas ca pisinfas nm nþk&

Am okfsqlickw ca eky okfsqla mk ~qa ~qiawa fk mk ~qa caga- mn `kwln ca okfsqliwas lqoek lîs migwa y kwiafncn nm xmnoaw& Mn gòs~qacn cam xmnoaw y camafwaafiliafk sa en okfpawick af am kgbaipk xwifoixnm ca mks ifcipicqks&

Okfsqlk y mqadk auisk- as mn may ca kwk cam eklgwa xkslkcawfk& Am ialxk migwa fksa pipa- sa okfsqla& Fk sa wnn yn skmk ca pafcaw sawpioiks- eny ~qa k`waoawpipafoins- ca mk ifasxawnck y mk auwnkwcifnwik- onxnoas ca dafawnw alkoiÿf-xwkpkonoiÿf- n`aoks y safsnoikfas& Am okfsqlickw gqson lafks mn xksasiÿf ca mnsoksns xkw si lislns- sifk ~qa asns oklxwns cagaf ca lqmixmionw mns auxawiafoins&Qf abalxmk sawìnf mks asngmaoiliafks ca _nwgqojs& Am okfsqlickw af am _nwgqojsfk okfsqla skmnlafa sq on`é si fk nlgiéf oklxwn okf am on`é qfn safsnoiÿf yalkoikfas am ”`aamifd“ ca asîw af Fqapn Ykwj afwa mn dafa bkpaf y afcì& 

0& Am Sialxk y Am Asxnoik

Mn nwan as okfsqliw- y am okfsqlk as qf xnsnialxk ngskmqk a iwwalacingmalafaifcipicqnm- qfn oncafn ca safsnoikfas ~qa skmk xqaca saw auxawilafncn  ‟pipicn,sqgbaipnlafa& Mns lqmiqcas ~qa okmlnf am ifawikw ca mks ”alxmks cam okfsqlk“ca Dakwda Wiraw- skf nlkfkfnliafks- fk okfdwadnoikfas: dwqxks- fk xamkkfas:ndmklawnoikfas- fk knmicncas&

Nekwn mns auoqwsikfas ca oklxwn skf xwilkwcinmlafa wnsmncncns af am asxnoik yskmk saoqfcnwinlafa pinbas af am ialxk& Qfn auoqwsiÿf nm alxmk cam okfsqlkilxmion mn safsnoiÿf ca saw wnfsxkwnck n kwk lqfck& Mks mqdnwas caoklxwns+okfsqlk k`waoaf mk ~qa fifdqfn ”wanmicnc wanm“ xqaca k`waoaw n`qawn2 qf

a~qimigwik onsi xaw`aok afwa migawnc y sadqwicnc& Cafwk cam alxmk- mn ilndaf saokfpiawa af wanmicnc- mk ~qa palks- mk ~qa konlks as am sqaþk eaoek ”wanm“- mk ~qasialxwa ~qisilks nekwn asî nm nmonfoa ca fqaswns lnfks- fk eny ~qa asxawnwlîs&

Mn ifci`awafoin n mn cqwnoiÿf wnfs`kwln mn iflkwnmicnc ca ican af auxawiafoin- y mnokfpiawa af kgbak ca iflacink okfsqlk2 mn lnfawn af ~qa qfk pipa am lklafkokfpiawa asa lklafk af qfn ”auxawiafoin iflkwnm“& Mn ifsnfnfaicnc- enoa ~qaoncn lklafk xnwaron if`ifinlafa asxnoiksk- y mn onxnoicnc if`ifin sidfi`ion ~qafk eny mìlia xnwn mk ~qa xqaca auwnawsa ca qf lklafk xkw gwapa y `qdnr ~qasan&

Xawk mn fqapn ifsnfnfaicnc cam ialxk onlgin wncionmlafa mn lkcnmicnc caokenginoiÿf eqlnfn y mn lnfawn af ~qa sa niafca mks nsqfks okmaoipks&

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Afkfoas nekwn mns okfoaxoikfas ca ialxk y asxnoik sa enf owanckfaoasnwinlafa n wnpés ca mn xwîoion y xwkoasks lnawinmas ~qa siwpaf xnwnwaxwkcqoiw mn picn skoinm&

Am xwipimadik ca mks xkcawksks ca eky- y mk ~qa mks enoa xkcawksks as mn onxnoicnc

ca nokwnw am mnxsk ca mn cqwngimicnc- ca kmpicnw am ”mnwdk xmnrk“- ca oafwnwsa af mnlnfixqmnoiÿf ca mk wnfsikwik y fk ca mk cqwngma- ca casenoawsa ca mns oksns okfmidawarn xnwn cabnw asxnoik n kwns oksns idqnmlafa wnfsikwins y casifncns nokfsqliwsa&

Af asn awn ca okfsqlk k labkw cioek ”eixawokfsqlk“- ~qacnwsa okf mns oksnsmnwdk ialxk- lîs nmmî ca sq ”`aoen ca pafoiliafk“ y lîs nmmî cam lklafk af ~qasa k`waoaf waalxmnrks ”fqapks y labkwas“- ”sqxawikwas“ as af wanmicnc qf sìfklnca onwafoin&

Mks kwcafnliafks silgÿmioks cam asxnoik y am ialxk okf`kwlnf qf lnwok xnwn mn

auxawiafoin xkw am oqnm nxwafcalks ~qiafas y ~qa sklks af mn skoiacnc&

Mks asxnoiks asxaoì`ioks ca mn oiqcnc sqwdaf ca limmkfas ca nooikfas ~qa mmapnf amsammk cam casidfik eqlnfk& Mns xwnoions okicinfns xqacaf okfpawiwsa- y mk enoaf-af mns == knmirnoikfas66 ca qf asxnoik y qf ialxk wnoikfnliafk kwcafncks yokfwkmncks&

0&> Am xkslkcawfislk af mns as`awns ca ialxk y am asxnoik

Ekwnwiks Kwcafncks Ps Am ialxk ca Onks2 Am cìn sa cipicìn af was xnwas- oncnxnwa af qf mnxsk ca 5 ekwns ~qa sqlnck cngnf am knm ca 73 ekwns- af ckfca 5ekwns awnf xnwn wngnbnw- 5 ekwns ca casonfsk q koik y 5 ekwns xnwn casonfsnw& Xawkaf mn éxkon noqnm- mks ekwnwiks kwcafns- asn aswqoqwn ~qa sa xafsngn onsi caeiawwk ifkuicngma- sa en casaswqoqwnck y en cnck xnsk nm onks ca ekwnwik- eky fkauisa qfn cipisiÿf aunon ca mns noipicncas ~qa sa enoaf af am cìn- si giaf qfkxqaca asnw wngnbnfck k asqcinfck- n mn par okf qf silxma xkwîim y qfn okfauiÿfn Ifawfa xqaca asnw oklxwnfck- xqaca asnw engmnfck okf nmdqiaf n limas cajimÿlawks y okf ekwnwik ci`awafas- eky fk auisa qf mìlia xnwn mns noipicncas ~qasa xqacaf enoaw silqmîfanlafa- mn aswaoen mìfan cam ialxk y cam asxnoik oncnpar sa enoa lîs y lîs ifpisigma&

Nfidqns Wa`awafoins Ps Oafwks ca Oklxwns2  Am oafwk ca mn oiqcnc enoanmdqfns céoncns awnf mks nyqfnliafks k mns onacwnmas- ask awnf mks xqfks cawa`awafoins xnwn oqnm~qiawn xawskfns ~qa sa ~qisiawn qgionw- af onlgik nekwn mksfqapks xqfks ca wa`awafoins skf mns oafwks oklawoinmas- cafklifncns af mnnoqnmicnc oklk ”mns onacwnmas ca okfsqlk“- nekwn as lqoek lîs `îoim qgionwsa sisa xkfa oklk wa`awafoin am oafwk oklawoinm lîs dwnfca %y xkw afca lîs okfkoick)ca mn oiqcnc&

Asxnoiks wanmas Ps _awpioiks af mìfans2  Xqas giaf xafsalks af qf nfas y qf

casxqés lqy oawonfn- nfas- oqnfck sa faoasingn oklxwnw ”u“ k ”y“ nwioqmk- sagqsongn am cìn y mn ekwn af ~qa sa xqciawn iw n oklxwnwmk- caxafciafck ca mksekwnwiks ca mns iafcns y ca fqaswk ialxk migwa- a idqnmlafa xnsngn okf mks

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gnfoks- auisìn qf ekwnwik ca nafoiÿf af mns sqoqwsnmas gnfonwiks ~qa kgmidngn n &Nekwn- fk as faoasnwik iw n mn lnykwìn ca mns iafcns- skmk gnsn okf afwnw n sqxîdifn ca ifawfa %asxnoik) fk ilxkwn mn ekwn xkcalks oklxwnw oqnfck ~qawnlksy oqnfk ~qawnlks %ialxk)& Y nekwn mks gnfoks iafaf sqs sawpioiks af mìfans

0&7 Mk ~qa lîs casnon af mns fqapns dafawnoikfas

Am ilxawik ca mk a`ìlawk af am xnwnìsk cam onlgik & Mks wasnqwnfas ca oklicnwîxicn skf am algmaln cam xkslkcawfislk- `ns `kkc as qf okfoaxk ~qawaxwasafn kcn qfn `imksk`ìn ca picn& Mn xwisn en ifpncick fqaswks asimks ca picn yam ialxk fks xnwaoa qf giaf asonsk y lîs oqnfck asa ialxk en sick okmkfirnckca`ifiipnlafa xkw mks laciks ca oklqfionoiÿf ca lnsns- asxaoinmlafa xkw mnamapisiÿf&

Xkw ilxawnipk ca mn lkcn y mks oiomks okfsqlisns eny nlgiéf qfn afcafoiniwwa`wafngma nm onlgik xawlnfafa- ~qa xwkpkon am casifawés y am ensìk& Eny ~qaxafsnw ~qa af lqoens konsikfas asns faoasicncas skf nwi`ioinmas xkw~qa fqaswksisaln aokfÿliok `qfoikfn okf mn lîuiln ca ~qa kck mk xwkcqoick caga sawokfsqlick&

Oqmk nm oqawxk y lii`ionoiÿf ca mn bqpafqc& Am lkcamk ca picn ~qa sa xwkxkfaaf asn skoiacnc lqmilacin as mn aueigioiÿf ca qfn bqpafqc okf oqawxk ca cisaþk&

Skck as bkpaf2 mn lkcn- am oifa- mn xqgmioicnc& Am oqmk nm oqawxk owan xwkcqokslimndwksks ~qa am cisoqwsk xqgmioinwik fks k`waoa- okf mn xwklasn ca caafaw am

ialxk k wasiqiwmk& Mk piabk en casnxnwaoick ca mn skoiacnc- y qfn safsnoiÿf canalxkwnmicnc xnwaoa ncqaþnwsa ca kck& '_ilxmalafa fks fadnlks- oklk XaawXnf- n saw lnykwas'

4& Xqgmioicnc xkslkcawfn

Eky af cìn pipilks af qf sisaln aokfÿliok,skoinm xksonxinmisn af am oqnm mnoqmqwn y mns okfcqons lîs wamapnfas ca mks oiqcncnfks asîf siafckcaawlifncns oqnfinipn y oqnminipnlafa xkw mn xqgmioicnc- yn ~qa ésns saokfoigaf oklk auawikwirnoiÿf y oklk lik- xwacklifnfck mk sqxaw`ioinm skgwa amokfafick& Asn xéwcicn ca xawsxaoipn dmkgnm ci`ioqmn mn oklxwafsiÿf ca mn wanmicnc-nqf~qa cafsi`ion fqaswn auxawiafoin okfowan- owanfck qfn eixawwanmicncxqgmioinwin ci`ìoim ca mkonmirnw y pipiw `qawn ca mks lafsnbas xqgmioinwiks& Mnanwnmirnoiÿf ca mks kgbaks fks siòn af qf lqfck xwkgngma- icanm- xawk xkokwamnoikfnck okf am okfauk ckfca sa xwkcqoa mn ifawnooiÿf oklqfionipn& Nsì- mnxqgmioicnc imqswn y apicafoin eky qf omnwk abalxmk ca xawpawsiÿf oklqfionipn yn~qa sa pafca kck am sisaln- ifomqsk sqs silqmnoikfas- sqxmnfnfck am`qfoikfnliafk wanm y okfowak ca mks kgbaks xkw am ca sqs ilîdafas&

Noqnmlafa skf lqy xkoks mks nfqfoiks ca okfafick xqwnlafa if`kwlnipk%afafciafck kcks n~qammks oqyn `ifnmicnc fk as kwn ~qa mn ca if`kwlnw caonwnoawìsions- xwklkoikfas- sawpioiks y `aoens)& Fk qimirnf oklk aba oafwnm ca

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oklqfionoiÿf fifdqfn onwnoawìsion alkoikfnm k skoinm- fi si~qiawn sa oafwnf afqfn onwnoawìsion `ìsion cam xwkcqok- skf dafawnmisns&

Casnxnwaoicks asîf mks dwnfcas ÿxioks nwdqlafnmas ca mn lkcawficnc- cioaMyknwc- y am òfiok cisoqwsk okeawafa as am ca mns lawonfoìns- as~qalnirnck y

wacqoick nm wqa~qa- fk ca mks kgbaks- sifk ca mks pnmkwas y sidfks ~qa mksoklqfionf& Mks xmnfanliafks xkslkcawfks fk ifadwnf saoqafoins okeawafas&Skcn asn dwnf xéwcicn ca xawsxaoipn dmkgnm ci`ioqmn mn oklxwafsiÿf ca mn wanmicnc-nqf~qa cafsi`ion fqaswn auxawiafoin okfowan- owanfck qfn eixawwanmicncxqgmioinwin ci`ìoim ca mkonmirnw y pipiw `qawn ca mks lafsnbas xqgmioinwiks& Mnanwnmirnoiÿf ca mks kgbaks fks siòn af qf lqfck xwkgngma- icanm- xawk xkokwamnoikfnck okf am okfauk ckfca sa xwkcqoa mn ifawnooiÿf oklqfionipn& Nsì- mnxqgmioicnc imqswn y apicafoin eky qf omnwk abalxmk ca xawpawsiÿf oklqfionipn yn~qa sa pafca kck am sisaln- ifomqsk sqs silqmnoikfas- sqxmnfnfck am`qfoikfnliafk wanm y okfowak ca mks kgbaks xkw am ca sqs ilîdafas&

Ask- mmnlnck xkw Gnqcwimmnwc oqmqwn cam silqmnowk- xwkoaca ca qfn wixma afcafoiniwwapawsigma2 mn wacqooiÿf ca kcn mn fnqwnmarn n qfn ngswnooiÿf `kwlnm- mnsqsiqoiÿf cam lkpiliafk `ìsiok xkw am qsk ca mafdqnbas aofi`ioncks y mnlifinqwirnoiÿf k nlxminoiÿf ca mks kgbaks waxwasafncks af xnfnmmns- nsì oklk mnsilqmnoiÿf ca sqs xksigmas oklxkwnliafks&

N sq par- mns okfsaoqafoins ~qa nxqfnf Dkfrîmar Lnwìf y Basòs Igîþar n asnoqmqwn cam silqmnowk skf ~qa am cisoqwsk skgwa am xwkdwask sa okfpiawa af onfsifk ywqifnwik- sa ifafsi`ion mn onxnoicnc eqlnfn ca cisxkfaw ca mn fnqwnmarn xnwn sqqsk y ngqsk- am okfsqlk- ifadwnckw y silgÿmiok sa xwasafn oklk mn òfionnmawfnipn xnwn am sisaln knm& Mns okfcqons sk`isioncns y afpkmpafas camokfsqlk casidfnf fqaswn ifawnooiÿf oklqfionipn y skoinm- ca lnfawn ~qa mkokfsqlilks kck- ifomqyéfckfks n fkskwks lislks& Nsì mn auxawiafoin ca wanmicncsa wacqoa nm okfsqlk nfsiksk ca ilîdafas- ~qa kwiafnf- okfwkmnf y acqonf mnnoqnoiÿf ca mks waoaxkwas- sif k`waoaw mn xksigimicnc ca okfwnsnw mns wa`awafoins&Ca asn lnfawn mn xqgmioicnc- ~qa alxarÿ siafck qfn auxwasiÿf ifdafqn ca mnlkcawficnc y xnsÿ casxqés n saw am nwln xwkxndnfcìsion ca mn gqwdqasìn- awlifnsiafck qf ilxkwnfa amalafk ca mn kwcafnoiÿf skoinm& _q `qfoiÿf skoinm kwidifnm pnxawciafck awwafk- `wafa n mks fqapks oklaicks skoinmas- xkmìioks a ifsiqoikfnmas~qa sa ma nsidfnf&

As lqy xwkgngma ~qa am okfsqlislk san mn onwnoawìsion ci`awafoinm lîs casnongmaca mn xkslkcawficnc& Asa okfsqlk sa auxwasn n wnpés ca qf qfipawsk silgÿmiokokfowak y waxwasafn qfn caawlifncn aswni`ionoiÿf skoinm- xkw mk ~qa mks kgbakssa nc~qiawaf xnwn qsnwsa xawk xwifoixnmlafa xnwn aueigiwsa oklk icafi`ionckwas caoiawns icaficncas skoinmas k oklk lkck ca kxqmafoin& Nsì mn faoasicnc sa enpqamk casangimicnc skoinm y am okfsqlk silgÿmiok `qfoikfn oklk qf sisaln caoklqfionoikfas nmnlafa waxwkcqoipk ca mks pnmkwas y asimks ca picn cklifnfasaf mn skoiacnc noqnm& Nsì mns lawonfoìns sa okfpiawaf am dwnf paeìoqmk caoklqfionoiÿf ca mn skoiacnc xkslkcawfn& Xkw ask auxmion Gnqcwimmnwc ~qa amlafsnba ~qa mks kgbaks wnfsliaf xkw sq lacinoiÿf yn asî silxmi`ionck nm auwalky as sialxwa am lislk2 sq pnmkw ca onlgik& Okfsaoqafalafa- af am `kfck am

lafsnba yn fk auisa- as am lacik am ~qa sa ilxkfa af sq xqwn oiwoqmnoiÿf&

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Fqaswn skoiacnc- qfn skoiacnc xksifcqswinm- sa en wnfs`kwlnck af qfn skoiacncca mn oklqfionoiÿf- ckfca mn xqgmioicnc- afafcick am `afÿlafk oklk qfn ifpawsiÿf~qa enoaf mks nfqfoinfas xnwn ci`awafoinw xwkcqoks k sawpioiks xnwaoicks yxawskfnmirnwmks ca qf lkck ci`awafa- en cabnck ca saw qf amalafk xawqwgnckw ynooaskwik- xnwn okfpawiwsa af qfn oklxmabn noipicnc aokfÿlion- oklqfionipn y

xsiokskoinm- qimirncn oklk mn eawwnliafn xaw`aon xnwn ncaoqnw mn calnfcn n mnk`awn- y fk nm okfwnwik- bawnw~qirnfck am lawonck ca noqawck n mks xwkcqokwas&Mns ilxkwnfas okfsaoqafoins ca mn noipicnc xqgmioinwin sqxkfaf2 qfn milinoiÿfcam xnxam fipamnckw ~qa ensn nekwn afìn am lawonck- xksigimin am owaoiliafkxwkdwnlnck ca mns dwnfcas okwxkwnoikfas- ~qa oncn par lîs- okfoafwnf am sisalnxwkcqoipk- y sqgpafoikfn mn oqmqwn ca lnsns&

Bqfk n asn `qfoiÿf aokfÿlion asafoinm mn xqgmioicnc nþnca kwns saoqfcnwins-ilxkwnfas af mn owanoiÿf ca mn lafnmicnc okmaoipn& Am nmonfoa skoinm ca mnxqgmioicnc sa xqaca ifawxwanw casca pnwiks îfdqmks2 mn xqgmioicnc oklk owanckwnca pnmkwas y xnqns ca okfcqon nokwcas okf ammks- ~qa mmadnf n lkmcanw mks asimks

ìxioks ca picn ca qfn skoiacnc& Kwn ifawxwanoiÿf as mn if`mqafoin xsiokmÿdion- nmafonwdnwsa mn xqgmioicnc ca mmafnw am pnoìk auisafa xkw mn casnxnwioiÿf ca mnsicakmkdìns& Mn kwn as ~qa mn `qfoiÿf ca mn xqgmioicnc as fanlafa skoinm- fk sÿmkxkw~qa noòn oklk qf xkcawksk `nokw ca okf`kwlnoiÿf- sifk xkw~qa as qfnmilinoiÿf xnwn mn picn xwipncn- òim xnwn kgbaipnw mks nsxaoks ~qa okfsiqyaf nmwaoaxkw oklk okfsqlickw& Mn xqgmioicnc mmafn ca picn am lqfck ca mns oksns ykgbaqnmirn y oksi`ion am ca mns xawskfns&

Safiafck af oqafn ~qa skgwa am sisaln xqgmioinwik okfpawdaf kcks asksnsxaoks `qfoikfnmas- engwî ~qa afaw af oqafn nlgiéf- oklk okf am wask caoklxkfafas oqmqwnmas- ~qa mn xqgmioicnc fk xqaca nfnmirnwsa fi oklk ncnxnoiÿffi oklk wnfs`kwlnoiÿf ca qfn caawlifncn wanmicnc- sifk lîs giaf oklk qfnwaxwkcqooiÿf ifcqswinmlafa amngkwncn& Mks lafsnbas xqgmioinwiks nlgiéf sa`ngwionf y sa pafcaf af sawia- okf am wasqmnck ca qfn kwdnfirnoiÿf oklxmioncn ~qagqson fk sÿmk am okfsqlk- sifk asafoinmlafa mn waxwkcqooiÿf skoinm&

Ca asa lkck- mn xwkcqooiÿf oqmqwnm as am a`aok ca qfn afsiÿf xawlnfafa afwakwidifnmicnc y asnfcnwirnoiÿf- afwa mÿdion ifcqswinm y nfimÿdion asnfcnwirnckwn-afwa mÿdion ifcqswinm y nfimÿdion owanipn- afwa mn pisiÿf xnwioqmnwirncn ca qfaliskw- san ifcipicqnm k okmaoipk- y mn faoasicnc ca wafngimicnc cam sisaln&

Ca nm lnfawn ~qa mn oqmqwn ca lnsns sa kwidifn eky n wnpés ca qfn aofkmkdìnoklxmabn y oksksn- mn aofkwÿfion- ~qa milin sq qsk skoinm y ~qa xwaoisn cam nxkykifcqswinm xnwn casnwwkmmnwsa: ncalîs faoasin aliskwas asxaoinmirncks ~qa- n wnpéscam xwasidik xwkxkwoikfnck xkw am xwkxik lacik- xwkpk~qaf am okfsqlk lnsipk ca mnlawonfoìn oqmqwnm- k`waoicn n wnpés cam oklxmabk sisaln ca laciks ca mnoklqfionoiÿf skoinm&

4&> Nwa y xqgmioicnc sa cnf mn lnfk2 Nfcy Tnwekm

Nfcy Tnwekm as qfk ca mks lîs nwisns ~qa lîs xask en afick af am nwa

xqgmioinwik xkslkcawfk& Lqoeks nqkwas saþnmnf ~qa Tnwekm `qa xwalkcawfk-lkcawfk y xkslkcawfk- xawk af am îlgik xqgmioinwik as sq pawsiÿf lîsxkslkcawfn mn ~qa fks ifawasn asqcinw& Tnwekm gqson oklxwafcaw mks okfoaxks

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ca laromn ca omnsas konsikfncns xkw mn skoiacnc ca okfsqlk y nfnmirnw asnwaxwasafnoiÿf af sqs kgwns& Nqf~qa Nfcy Tnwekm sialxwa wnÿ ca wnfsliiwsafiwsa ifci`awafa nfa mks xwkgmalns y onnmkdnwsa oklk qf nwisn lawnlafaoklawoinm- xkcalks afokfwnw af sq kgwn ifcioiks ca qfn pisiÿf lîs nmmî ca qfnoqmqwn ca okfsqlk& Asngmaoiafck oklk kgbaipk casowigiw am nokfaoiliafk ca

oqmqwn ca okfsqlk wamnoikfnck okf mk oqmk y mk xkxqmnw- am nwa y mk jisoe-wamnoikfîfckmk okf mns onwnoawìsions ca qfn éxkon xkslkcawfisn&Qfk ca mks nxkwas lîs xkxqmnwas ca Tnwekm af oqnfk n mn xqgmioicnc `qa sqcaomnwnoiÿf2 'Af am `qqwk kck am lqfck sawî `nlksk cqwnfa >1 lifqks'& Asn `wnsaca oiawn lnfawn pnioifÿ am noqnm xkcaw ca mks laciks ca oklqfionoiÿf y am nxkdakca mn xwafsn nlnwimmn y ca mks wanmiy sekts&

Af mn awn xkslkcawfn fk sa pa am nwa oklk nmdk knmlafa wnoikfnm- lacick fiaunok& _a wnn ca qimirnw mn owanipicnc- klnw mk ~qa xawoigilks y xmnslnwmk ca qfn`kwln owanipn sif enoaw cisifoikfas afwa omnsas oqmqwnmas&

Af mn éxkon ca Nfcy Tnwekm sa asngn pipiafck qf xwkoask ca ifcqswinmirnoiÿf- caoklqfionoiÿf lnsipn- am oqnm wnbk oklk okfsaoqafoin mn eigwicar ca mks xwkcqoksaf mks fipamas skoinmas& Nfas- mns skoiacncas gnbns fk cis`wqngnf ca mk lislk ~qamns nmns- xawk okf asa onlgik sa xwkcqbk qfn laromn ca oqmqwns- kxoikfas ykgbaks&

Tnwekm- qimirnfck kgbaks waokfkoicks xkw mn skoiacnc- mks ifwkcqoa af qf fqapkokfauk- gnsîfcksa af mn éofion lîs ~qa af mk ~qa sa waxwasafn& Mk lqaswnoklxmanlafa ci`awafa- nqf~qa sidn siafck am lislk xwkcqok& Ask xwkcqoa nmdkfk nf auxmknck af am okfoaxk ca mk jisoe- ~qa sawìn mn wnsmnoiÿf ca qf kgbakxkxqmnw n qfn kgwn ca nwa&

Am nmafk owanckw tnwekminfk xwkoaca ca mn xqgmioicnc& Xkw nfk- gaga camokfsqlislk gwqnm- cam onxinmislk sqxaw`ioinm& Mk sqyk as nwa xkw cifawk y afonficncas ifcqswinmas& Owaÿ mk ~qa ém lislk mmnlÿ mn xwkcqooiÿf ca nwa af sawia&Af >95? eirk qfn pisin nm Lqsak cam Xwnck ca ciar lifqks& Fk sa xnwÿ af qf sÿmkoqncwk& Fk ma ifawasngn am nwa xkw am nwa&

Pipilks y sadqiwalks pipiafck qf xkslkcawfislk tnwekminfk ensn ~qa mmadqa amonlgik omilîiok nm Nwa Okfalxkwnfak&