petiard presentation 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth
of Specialty Coffee Industry?
Norman Borlaug Institute
October 27th 2010
Dr Vincent Ptiard
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Could Plant Science contribute to a SustainableGrowth of Specialty Coffee Industry?
Outline
Introduction
The Agro Food Chain
Challenges for the future of Tropical Commodities
Will Agro Seed Industry take up these challenges?
Intellectual Property Rights?
How Could Plant Science help?
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
Conclusions
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NestlResearch Center2005-04-11 NRC/QS-2
TechnologyProviders
Seeds, CropProtection
GrowersPrimary
ProcessingSecondaryProcessing
Retail Consumer
Ingredients
Up-stream innovation can be valuated without vertical integration
(Virtual Vertical Integration)
Seeds
The Agro Food Chain
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Down-Stream Stakeholders were currently not Interested
in Up-Stream Stages of the Agro-Food Chain
but today:
They are increasingly concerned by sustainability for:
Securing the supply of safe and affordable raw materials,
Corporate Social Responsability,
Image and PR issues
The Agro Food Chain
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SAI Platform member companies
Campina
Consortio Int.Ortofruticoli
Danisco
Dole
Ecom
Efico
Findus
Fonterra
Friesland Foods
Groupe Danone
Kraft
McCain Europe
McDonalds
Nestl
Neumann Kaffee
Gruppe
Sara Lee
Tchibo
Unilever
Volcafe
http://www.volcafe.com/http://www.tchibo.de/http://www.campina.nl/http://www.efico.com/http://www.ecomtrading.com/http://c/http://www.kraft.com/index.htmlhttp://www.fcdf.com/ -
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Source: Syngenta based on FAO statistics, World Bank
1960 1980 1995 2025E
World population
Arable land per capita
0.45
ha
0.32
ha 0.27 ha
0.21
ha Arable land constant
Improved yieldrequired to meetdemand
Long-term growth
Global calorieconsumption todouble by 2025
Population increase
Calorie intakeincrease
Food requirement
Challenge of Meeting the World Food Demand
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What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?
Market demand is increasing especially for premium specialty
products
Production is increasingly competing with food and non-foodcommodities (e.g. biofuel)
Public institutions are increasingly less devoting to the R&D of
perennial tropical cash crops
No significant private sector devoted to the genetic of perennial,
tropical cash crops
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What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?
Without continuous genetic improvement, farmers will be lessinclined to continue planting traditional tropical cash crops
Without significant investment in new genetic resources, it will beimpossible to respond rapidly to new production pressures (e.g.new diseases/insects)
HOWEVER
Improving yield of tropical crops would decrease pressure on landand water resources permitting society to meet other demands
Highest value in leveraging with crop protection in tropicalcountries might bring seed industry in tropical business
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Coffee profitability isstrongly challenged by other crops
Coffee Palm oil Rubber Yield (kg/ha) 750 17100 1770
Cost of production/kg (Bath) 32.9 1.5 20.4
Cost of production/ha (Bath) 24700 26500 36150
Price/kg (Bath) 47.0 2.8 53.6
Income/ha (Bath) 35250 47280 94750
Profit/ha (Bath) 10550 20730 58600
Farmers motivation is affected by the erosion of coffee profitability
The field yield and the National production are rapidly decreasing
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Profit(USD
/Ha)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Profitability comparison among para rubber, oil palm, coffee and
improved varieties of coffee in Thailand
Rubber
Oil Palm
Coffee
Improved var coffee
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(An Innovation Driven Business)Turn Over Worldwide = $ 42 000 M (2010)
- Field Crops = 90 %
- Vegetables = 10%
R&D expenses = 12% of Turn Over = $ 5 000 M (2010)
Look for Added Value Downstream (De-Commoditization)
Three Key Questions:
- Would Seed Industry diversify to tropical crops?
- When? On what Crops?
- Looking for what IP and Added Value?
Will Agro Seed Industry Take Up these Challenges?
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IP for New Varieties
of Tropical Crops:
Plant Breeder Rights
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Knowledge building about quality and processing driving
factors for guiding purchasing and processing,
Securing a Sustainable Supply (better profitability due to better
yield),
Development ofnew varieties for new products (new quality for
new products),
Rapid Distribution of new Varieties at an affordable Price
Traceability of raw materials
Corporate Social Responsibility, PR, Image
.
How Could Plant Science help?
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One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
To assess Genetics / Environment / Post Harvest / Processing Interactions
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One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
Is the variety a key element for cup quality?
Are there markers CORRELATED to cup quality characteristics?
What are the main chemicals DETERMINING cup quality?
Can we distribute optimal/improved varieties?
Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?
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High source of diversity still not assessed in Ethiopian varieties
3 of the top 5
quality varietiesare original
Ethiopian varieties
Cultivated varieties
Ethiopian accessions
Axes 1 & 2 : 48.8
: CCC varieties
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-2.3
-1.3
-0.3
0.7
1.7
-1.8 -1.3 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7
FAO-Ethio I llababor-Ethio Jimma-Ethio Kef fa-Ethio unknown-Ethio Sidamo-Ethio
Wellega-Et hio Bourbon BourbonxT ypica Cat ui Cat imorxCatui Cat imor
Int ro gressed Sarchimo r T ypica T ypica/Bourbon Hy bride de t imor
28.7%
8.2 %
Ethiopian arabica
Cultivated group
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29/10/2010 19
R2
= 0,87
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Observed value
Calculated
value
R2
= 0,88
2
3
4
5
6
2 3 4 5 6Observed value
Calculated
value
Robusta ArabicaOutstanding
Varieties
A ratio of Biochemicals is well correlated to cup quality but:
no cause to effect relationship;
Are there markers correlated to cup quality ?
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20020603 NRC/PS/Vp200219 20
What are the main biochemicals determining cup quality?
Two possible approaches
Biochemicals
(Metabolomics)
Genetic background
(Genomics)Sensory
(Processing)performances
1. The genetic approach
2. The biochemistry approach
2
1
3
1
3
2
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21
Discovery of Cup Quality Determinants
Biochemical QTLs are matching with sensory QTLson linkage group B.
M3720.01202911.7R1034.0
C2_At1g05385
11969913.3
12583517.0
R26424.5
12673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9
C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4
CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.4
12266587.4 124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8
A
1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.5
12498619.5AJ87189519.9
12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6
CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5
C2_At2g2129084.3 M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1
AY2455133.4M509133.9
R14142.0
AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5
CMA233169.2
M449177.5
124754186.3124612188.7
CMA222193.6
120227197.1
AY2453202.5
123557205.8
M362210.6CMA174B212.8
Sensory
B
M3720.01202911.7R1034.0
C2_At1g05385
11969913.3
12583517.0
R26424.5
12673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9
C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4
CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.4
12266587.4 124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8
A
1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.5
12498619.5AJ87189519.9
12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6
CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5
C2_At2g2129084.3 M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1
AY2455133.4M509133.9
R14142.0
AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5
CMA233169.2
M449177.5
124754186.3124612188.7
CMA222193.6
120227197.1
AY2453202.5
123557205.8
M362210.6CMA174B212.8
B
Comparative mapping of sensory quality and
candidate biochemicals lead to the identification of
compounds determining bitterness
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The Benefit of Vegetative versus Seed Propagation for most Cross Pollinated
Perennials
Seed derived plantation Clonal plantation
Can we distribute optimal / improved varieties?
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29/10/2010 23
Robusta Propagation in Thailand
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Under the Nescaf Plan, Nestl will distribute 220 million high-
yield, disease-resistant coffee plantlets to farmers by 2020. Thishelps farmers to rejuvenate their plantations, thus multiplying
the yield on existing land and increasing farmers income.
Through partnerships with public and private institutions in anumber of countries, including Mexico, Thailand, the Philippines
and Indonesia, Nestl has already distributed over16 millioncoffee plantlets over the past ten years.
Interview of Paul Bulcke, Nestl CEO
August 27th 2010
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25
Ristretto
Dulso do Brasil
Arabica SSR Database
Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?
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D E V E L O PM E N T O F A N E W M E T H O D
Bourbon reference
Allo-pollination
Adulteration
Batches
accepted
Batches
re jec ted
High resolution melting
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Conclusions
As it has been the case for other crops,
Plant Science could take up the challenges faced
by tropical commodities from Orphan Crops such as Coffee:
BUT
Who will take them up? For the profit of whom?