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8/2/2019 Perspectivas OCDE: Espaa, Polticas para una Recuperacin Sostenible(Es)/ Perspective of OECD: Spain, Policies fo

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Vnpxvnhtowjx KHDN= NxvjjVkctohjx vjpj ~ij Pnh~vnpjhoiXkxtnio`cn

Kht~`pn 06::


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Hkitniodk

Vpngjhok 8

Hpnhoeonitk nhkieohk y iji}jx v`cohjx >

Nevcnk 2

Vnixokinx ::

Oiikwjhoi :4

Endok je`onitn# hpnhoeonitk nhkcaohk y hje`ok hcoetohk :1

Nd~hjhoi 06


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Vpngjhok

Cj pnh~vnpjhoi dn cj nhkikej oitnpijhokijc dn ck z~n hj`pj hjcohjp hkek cj vnkp hpoxox nhkieohj y

ijihonpj dn cjx ctoejx dhjdjx xoa~n xonidk gpaoc) Nc potek wjpj xnai ckx vjxnx# vnpk ni aninpjc cj

nhkikej ack`jc xn bj woxtk gpnijdj vkp cj ncnwjdj dn~dj dn ckx xnhtkpnx v`cohk y vpowjdk y cj pnjhhoi

dn ckx enphjdkx ijihonpkx jitn cjx doh~ctjdnx vjpj xkc~hokijp nxtkx vpk`cnejx)

Nc oevjhtk dn cj hpoxox ni Nxvjj bj xodk ex vnpxoxtnitn z~n ni cj ejykpj dn cjx nhkikejx dn cj

KHDN) Nitpn ckx vpoihovjcnx ngnhtkx dnxtjhji nc hkcjvxk dnc xnhtkp oiekòcojpok# nc oihpnenitk dn cj tjxj

dn dnxnevcnk y nc j~enitk dnc dhot v`cohk)

Nxvjj bj pnjco}jdk oevkptjitnx vpkapnxkx vjpj nigpnitjp nxtkx dnxjgkx) Cj pnhonitn pngkpej

hkixtot~hokijc nx ~i nmnevck dn codnpj}ak y pnxvkixjòcodjd vjpj tkejp cj oiohojtowj gpnitn j ckx enphjdkx

y cji}jp ~ij xnjc hcjpj n oinz~wkhj dn doxhovcoij vpnx~v~nxtjpoj j cjpak vcj}k) Nitpn ktpjx endodjx# nc

akònpik tjeòi bj djdk vjxkx oevkptjitnx vjpj pngkpejp nc xoxtnej dn hjmjx dn jbkppkx# enmkpjdk cjx

hkidohokinx dn hkevntnihoj# oitpkd~hodk pngkpejx oevkptjitnx ni nc xoxtnej nd~hjtowk y jwji}jdk ni cj

pngkpej dn cjx oixtot~hokinx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc) Cjx i~nwjx endodjx pnd~idjpi xoi d~dj ni `ninhok

dn cj hkbnxoi xkhojc# dn cjx iji}jx v`cohjx y dn cj hjvjhodjd dnc xnhtkp vpowjdk vjpj wkcwnp j oiwnptop

y hpnjp nevcnkx)

J cjpak vcj}k# xo xn vpntnidn ckapjp ~i hpnhoeonitk xkxtnio`cn# xnpi vpnhoxjx vkctohjx kponitjdjx j

oihpnenitjp cj vpkd~htowodjd# gkenitjp ~ij ejykp oiwnpxoi ni ckx xnhtkpnx oiikwjdkpnx y hjijco}jp cj

oiwnpxoi bjhoj nc hjvotjc b~ejik) Nitpn ktpkx jxvnhtkx# xnp inhnxjpok j`kpdjp h~nxtokinx hkek nc hjeòk

hcoetohk y jvpkwnhbjp cjx i~nwjx g~nitnx vjpj nc hpnhoeonitk wnpdn ni eòtkx hkek cj ninpaj# cj

hkixtp~hhoi y nc tpjixvkptn) Ni dniotowj# xn tpjtj dn xna~op downpxohjidk nc tnmodk vpkd~htowk y dn

hkitoi~jp jvkyjidk vpkhnxkx hkek nc dn cj oitnpijhokijco}jhoi dn cjx nevpnxjx nxvjkcjx) Nx nc iohk

hjeoik z~n Nxvjj tonin vjpj ekdnpio}jpxn# xnp hkevntotowj y hpnjp òninxtjp vjpj x~x ho~djdjikx)

Jgkpt~ijdjenitn# nc vjx h~nitj hki oevkptjitnx gkptjcn}jx vjpj nihjpjp dohbkx dnxjgkx= x~ xnhtkp

`jihjpok bj pnxoxtodk òni j cj hjdj dnc enphjdk oiekòcojpok< cj hk`npt~pj nd~hjtowj bj j~enitjdk j

~i potek x~vnpokp jc dn cj ejykpj dn ckx eone`pkx dn cj KHDN< cjx oevkptjitnx vkctohjx xkhojcnx bji

pnd~hodk cj dnxoa~jcdjd< y ckx nxg~np}kx vjpj enmkpjp cj hjcodjd dn cj xjc~d v`cohj bji xodk gp~htgnpkx)

Nxtkx ckapkx hkixtot~yni ~ij `~nij `jxn vjpj hkixkcodjp cj pnh~vnpjhoi dnc vjx y nrvcktjp enmkp x~

vktnihojc nhkieohk)

Nxtn dkh~enitk vpnxnitj ~ij jht~jco}jhoi dn cjx vkctohjx z~n cj KHDN hkixodnpj z~n v~ndnihkitpo`~op ni xnox eòtkx hcjwn vjpj ~ij enmkpj d~pjdnpj ni nc g~t~pk dnc vjx= cjx iji}jx v`cohjx< nc

enphjdk cj`kpjc< nc xoxtnej dn vnixokinx< cj oiikwjhoi< nc endok jeònitn# hpnhoeonitk wnpdn y hjeòk

hcoetohk< y cj nd~hjhoi)

Cj KHDN xna~op tpj`jmjidk hki y vjpj Nxvjj ni nc doxnk n oevcnenitjhoi dn vkctohjx y xkc~hokinx

z~n vnpeotji bjhnp gpnitn j nxtkx pntkx) E~hbkx dn ncckx xki hke~inx j tkdkx ckx vjxnx eone`pkx dn cj

KHDN# dn jb z~n cj nrvnponihoj jh~e~cjdj ni i~nxtpkx vjxnx eone`pkx v~ndj xnp dn oitnpx) X~ejidk

nxg~np}kx y hkevjptonidk nrvnponihojx# cj KHDN y Nxvjj v~ndni doxnjp y vkinp ni vphtohj enmkpnx

vkctohjx vjpj ~ij wodj enmkp)

Jianc A~ppj

Xnhpntjpok Aninpjc


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Hpnhoeonitk nhkieohk y iji}jx v`cohjx

Cj pnh~vnpjhoi dn cj hpoxox nhkieohj y ijihonpj e~idojc bj jwji}jdk ex cnitjenitn ni Nxvjj

z~n ni ktpjx nhkikejx dn cj KHDN# y cj tjxj dn dnxnevcnk bj vnpejinhodk vkp nihoej dnc 06.) Cj

inhnxodjd dn pnd~hop nc ncnwjdk iownc dn nidn~djeonitk dn cjx nevpnxjx y cjx gjeocojx nxvjkcjx y nc

jevcok dhot v`cohk xna~opi jgnhtjidk cj pnh~vnpjhoi# jc tonevk z~n nc xnhtkp dn cj hkixtp~hhoi

xna~op gpnijdk vkp nc nrhndnitn ni cj kgnptj dn wowonidjx) Ni nc hkitnrtk dn cj hpoxox dn cj dn~dj

n~pkvnj# cj vpoej dn ponxak dn cj dn~dj xk`npjij nxvjkcj xoa~n xonidk ncnwjdj y# xo cj hpoxox vnpxoxtn#

ckx hkxtnx dn ijihojhoi dnc xnhtkp vpowjdk tjeòi vkdpji j~enitjp kxtnixo`cnenitn) Vjpj jgpkitjp

nxtn nxhnijpok# pnjwowjp cj pnh~vnpjhoi y hkitpo`~op j cj hpnjhoi dn nevcnk# cjx vkctohjx dn`ni enmkpjpcj hkiji}j dn ckx oiwnpxkpnx# jcnitjp cjx nrvkptjhokinx y downpxohjp cj jhtowodjd nhkieohj y nc tnmodk

vpkd~htowk)

Ni nc jht~jc hkitnrtk ejhpknhkieohk dn cj }kij dnc n~pk# cjx inhnxodjdnx ex oiendojtjx xki ajpjito}jp

cj hkiji}j ni nc xoxtnej `jihjpok y jht~jp dn ejinpj dnhododj ni cj pnd~hhoi dnc dhot xhjc) Nxvjj

bj vpkapnxjdk iktj`cnenitn ni je`kx gpnitnx) J endok vcj}k# cj vpokpodjd dn`n hnitpjpxn ni nxtoe~cjp cj

hkevntotowodjd y cj vpkd~htowodjd endojitn cj pngkpej dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc y dnc enphjdk dn vpkd~htkx)

Dn i~nwk# cjx endodjx yj nxti ni ejphbj# vnpk ckx pnx~ctjdkx ik xnpi oiendojtkx)

Nwkc~hoi ijihonpj pnhonitn

066? 06:6 06::6

0

4

7

2

:6

J) Dognpnihojcnx hki pnxvnhtk dnc kik jcnei

j :6 jkx.

NXVJJOpcjidj

OtjcojVkpt~ajc

0660 0664 0667 0662 06:6 46

>6

76

16

26

?6

:66

@) Nidn~djeonitk v`cohk y dn ckx bkajpnx . dnc VO@

Dn~dj v`cohj# NXVJJDn~dj v`cohj# NJ:>Vjxowkx tktjcnx dn ckx bkajpnx# NXVJJVjxowkx tktjcnx dn ckx bkajpnx# NJ:4

:) Dniohoi dn cj hkitjòcodjd ijhokijc)

0) :> vjxnx dnc pnj dnc n~pk# nrhc~ynidk C~rne`~pak# endoj vkidnpjdj)

G~nitn= KHDN# `jxnx dn djtkx Vpoihovjcnx Oidohjdkpnx Nhkieohkx y Vnpxvnhtowjx Nhkieohjx i) 2?)

Hkixkcodjp cj xkxtnioòcodjd dn cjx iji}jx v`cohjx

Nc dhot v`cohk ijhokijc bj vjxjdk dnc ::#4. dnc VO@ jc ?#0. ni 06:6# dn jh~npdk hki nc k`mntowk

mjdk vkp nc akònpik) Nc jeòhokxk vpkapjej dn hkixkcodjhoi vpntnidn pnd~hop nxn dhot jc 7. ni

06::# jc 4#4. ni 06:0 y jc 8. dnc VO@ ni 06:8) Ik k`xtjitn# ji nx vpnhoxk nxvnhohjp jca~ijx dn cjx

endodjx z~n vnpeotopi jchji}jp nxn k`mntowk vcnijenitn) Nx oevkptjitn nroaop j jz~ncckx akònpikx

pnaokijcnx z~n ik bjyji ckapjdk pnxvkidnp j x~x k`mntowkx dn dhot z~n jvcoz~ni endodjx jdohokijcnx

n oitnixoz~ni cj x~vnpwoxoi dn x~x iji}jx)


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Cj pngkpej hkixtot~hokijc vjpj jxna~pjp nc h~evcoeonitk dn ckx k`mntowkx n~pkvnkx dn dhot y dn~dj

y hkixoaijp ckx ceotnx dn dhot nxtp~ht~pjc vjpj hjdj iownc dn akònpik dn 0606 ni jdncjitn cji}j ~i

oevkptjitn enixjmn j ckx enphjdkx xk`pn nc hkevpkeoxk dn cj jdeoioxtpjhoi hki cj xkxtnioòcodjd

ijihonpj) Ckx akònpikx pnaokijcnx# vkp x~ vjptn# dn`ni oitpkd~hop ikpejx xk`pn nc ajxtk xoeocjpnx j

cjx jdkvtjdjx vpnwojenitn vkp ckx ak onpikx hnitpjc y ckhjcnx# pnxtpoiaonidk nc oihpnenitk dnc ajxtk j cj

tjxj dn hpnhoeonitk tnidnihojc dn cj nhkikej) Cj pngkpej dnc xoxtnej dn vnixokinx# jvpk`jdj ni 06:6#

jy~dj j jekptoa~jp x~xtjihojcenitn nc hpnhoeonitk nxvnpjdk dnc ajxtk)

Ktpk jxvnhtk z~n v~ndn hkitpo`~op j cj hkixkcodjhoi xhjc nx nc dnc oiapnxk tpo`~tjpok) Nc akònpik yj

bj nevpnidodk oevkptjitnx jhhokinx ni nxtn gpnitn# oihc~ynidk x~òdjx dnc OPVG "nxvnhojcenitn vjpj

ckx tpjekx jctkx/ y dnc OWJ# z~n ik k`xtjitn xoa~n xonidk oignpokp j cj ejykpj dn vjxnx n~pkvnkx dn

cj KHDN) Cj pnxtot~hoi dnc oev~nxtk xk`pn nc vjtpoekiok hkitpo`~yn jc nxg~np}k dn hkixkcodjhoi xoi

djjp j cj jhtowodjd# jc tonevk z~n aninpj ejykp nz~odjd) Ni aninpjc# xn v~ndn hkixodnpjp nc j~enitk

dn jz~ncckx oev~nxtkx z~n khjxokiji enikp doxtkpxoi# hkek cj coeotjhoi dn ckx tovkx vpngnpnihojcnx

dnc OWJ# cj ncoeoijhoi dn cjx nrnihokinx j cj oevkxohoi xk`pn nc wjckp jjdodk k cj jv~nxtj vkp ckx

tpo`~tkx endokjeònitjcnx)

Jji}jp cj hkiji}j ni nc xnhtkp `jihjpok

Ckx jihkx ijhokijcnx# y ni vjptoh~cjp cjx hjmjx dn jbkppkx# xn bjccji e~y nrv~nxtkx jc xnhtkp oiekòcojpok)

Ckx `jihkx bji vpkapnxjdk x~xtjihojcenitn jc pnhkikhnp x~x vpdodjx y ckapjp ejitninp hkchbkinx

xoaiohjtowkx vjpj j`xkp`np nwnit~jcnx vpdodjx g~t~pjx) Vkp x~ vjptn# nc @jihk dn Nxvjj bj gjhocotjdk

oigkpejhoi dntjccjdj xk`pn cj nrvkxohoi dn hjdj nitodjd) Nc akònpik bj pngkp}jdk tjeòi ckx

pnz~oxotkx dn xkcwnihoj y nxt vpnvjpjdk vjpj pnxvkidnp j cjx nwnit~jcnx hjpnihojx hki ex oiynhhokinx

dn hjvotjc) Cjx hjmjx dn jbkppk xn bjccji oienpxjx ni ~i oevkptjitn vpkhnxk dn pnnxtp~ht~pjhoi z~n

bj oevcohjdk g~xokinx# pnnxtp~ht~pjhoi y cj ncoeoijhoi dn cjx `jppnpjx m~pdohjx z~n cnx oevndji

hjvtjp hjvotjcnx nrtnpikx# ni vjptoh~cjp tpjixponidk cjx jhtowodjdnx dn vpxtjek j cojcnx hkto}jdjx ni

`kcxj) Xn bj enmkpjdk tjeòi x~ nxtp~ht~pj dn akònpik) Nxtn vpkhnxk dn pngkpej dn`np jvcohjpxn ni

x~ tktjcodjd# jxna~pjidk z~n ckx pnz~oxotkx dn xkcwnihoj xn h~evcji hki vpkitot~d y dnxjvjpn}hji cjx

nitodjdnx ik woj`cnx)

Vjpj jhncnpjp cj j`xkphoi dnc xtkhldn wowonidjx ik wnidodjx nx oevkptjitn xna~op jvkyjidk vkctohjx z~n

gkenitni nc jcz~ocnp# tkdjwj e~y `jmk ni Nxvjj) Vkdpji bjhnpxn ccnajp gkidkx v`cohkx dn vpkekhoi

dnc jcz~ocnp ni gkpej dn tpjixgnpnihojx ni ngnhtowk j ckx bkajpnx dn oiapnxkx `jmkx)

Gkptjcnhnp cj hkevntotowodjd n oihpnenitjp cj vpkd~htowodjd

Cjx oevkptjitnx pngkpejx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc jvpk`jdjx ni nc ctoek jk pnx~ctji nxnihojcnx vjpj

gkptjcnhnp cj pnh~vnpjhoi# hpnjp ex nevcnkx y aninpjp oiapnxkx nxtj`cnx y xkxtniodkx vjpj ckx bkajpnx#

jx hkek vjpj gjhocotjp cj pndoxtpo`~hoi dn ckx pnh~pxkx ni cj nhkikej) Vnpk bjy z~n op ex jcc ni cj

pnekdncjhoi dnc xoxtnej dn inakhojhoi hkcnhtowj y cj oidnrjhoi dn ckx xjcjpokx xnai cj oijhoi) Xn

bji oitpkd~hodk vpkhndoeonitkx jhncnpjdkx dn jpòtpjmn y ktkpajdk ejykp nroòcodjd j cjx nevpnxjxvjpj doxtpo`~op nc ienpk dn bkpjx tpj`jmjdjx ~ kvtjp vkp cj pnd~hhoi dn mkpijdj hkek kvhoi gpnitn jc

dnxvodk) Xoi ne`jpak# cjx nevpnxjx z~n ik doxvkini dn x~ vpkvok hkiwniok xoa~ni k`coajdjx j jhnvtjp

ckx hkiwniokx dn eòtk x~vnpokp# j~i h~jidk ik nxti pnvpnxnitjdjx ni x~ inakhojhoi)

Vnxn j z~n cjx pngkpejx dnc enphjdk dn vpkd~htkx d~pjitn cj ctoej dhjdj g~npki xoaiohjtowjx# z~ndj

ejpani vjpj xna~op vpkg~ido}jidk) Nxtj`cnhnp enphjdkx dn vpkd~htkx ex doieohkx nx nxnihojc vjpj

gkptjcnhnp cj hkevntotowodjd oitnpijhokijc dn Nxvjj) Pnhonitnenitn# xn bji pnd~hodk cjx `jppnpjx

dn nitpjdj ni ckx xnpwohokx vpkgnxokijcnx< xn bji pngkp}jdk cj oidnvnidnihoj# cj tpjixvjpnihoj y ckx

vkdnpnx dn ckx pna~cjdkpnx xnhtkpojcnx dn wjpokx xnhtkpnx dn pnd< y xn bji djdk vjxkx vjpj pnh~ppop ex

gpnh~nitnenitn j cj cohotjhoi hkevntotowj ni ckx xnpwohokx dn tpjixvkptn v`cohk y pnd~hop ckx hkxtnx dn

cj hpnjhoi dn nevpnxjx) Vnxn j ncck# cjx pna~cjhokinx pnaokijcnx xoa~ni vpnxnitjidk `jppnpjx dn nitpjdj

vjpj ckx apjidnx hkenphokx eoikpoxtjx# y cjx `jppnpjx dn nitpjdj ni ckx xnpwohokx vpkgnxokijcnx xoa~nixonidk oiinhnxjpojenitn jctjx)


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Vpoihovjcnx pnhkenidjhokinx dn cj KHDN

Xna~op enmkpjidk cj xkxtnioòcodjd xhjc) Nx vpnhoxk nxvnhohjp cjx endodjx z~n vnpeotji

jchji}jp ckx k`mntowkx dn dhot v`cohk# dn xnp inhnxjpok j~enitjidk jz~ncckx oev~nxtkx z~n

enikx doxtkpxoi khjxokini) Ni nxvnhojc# vkdpj coeotjpxn nc ~xk dn ckx tovkx vpngnpnihojcnx dnc

OWJ# ncoeoijpxn cjx nrnihokinx j cj oevkxohoi xk`pn nc wjckp jjdodk n oihpnenitjpxn ckx tpo`~tkx

endokjeònitjcnx) Dn`npi pngkpejpxn cjx ikpejx vpnx~v~nxtjpojx dn ckx akònpikx pnaokijcnx)

Hkevcntjp cj pnnxtp~ht~pjhoi dn cjx hjmjx dn jbkppk) Xna~op pnd~honidk cj vpnxnihoj dn ckx

akònpikx pnaokijcnx y ckhjcnx ni nc akònpik y jhtowodjd dn cjx hjmjx) Jvkyjp j cjx nitodjdnx xo xn

inhnxotji ejykpnx oiynhhokinx dn hjvotjc)

Vpkxna~op cj pngkpej dn cj inakhojhoi hkcnhtowj) Nx hkiwnionitn z~n ik xn k`coa~n j cjx nevpnxjx

j jdkvtjp ckx pnx~ctjdkx dn inakhojhokinx xjcjpojcnx hkcnhtowjx) Ckx oitnpckh~tkpnx xkhojcnx dn`npi

j`jidkijp dniotowjenitn cjx hc~x~cjx dn oidnrjhoi xjcjpojc)

Oev~cxjp nc hpnhoeonitk dn cj vpkd~htowodjd ni tkdj cj nhkikej) Bjy z~n vpkg~ido}jp ni cj

pngkpej dnc enphjdk dn vpkd~htkx gkptjcnhonidk cj hkevntnihoj ni nc hkenphok jc vkp enikp y ni

ckx xnpwohokx vpkgnxokijcnx)


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Nevcnk

Nxvjj bj nrvnpoenitjdk ~i nikpen oihpnenitk dnc dnxnevcnk) Dnxdn nc oiohok dn cj hpoxox j ijcnx dn

0661# xn bji vnpdodk 0#0 eocckinx dn v~nxtkx dn tpj`jmk) Cj tjxj dn dnxnevcnk xn bj ex z~n d~vcohjdk

vjpj xot~jpxn ni nc 0:#0. dn cj vk cjhoi jhtowj# nc iownc ex jctk dn cj KHDN "dkidn nc vpkendok nx dnc2./) Nc oinxtj`cn nitkpik ejhpknhkieohk jht~jc vjpnhn x~anpop z~n nc dnxnevcnk ni Nxvjj xna~op

xonidk e~y ncnwjdk d~pjitn ckx vproekx jkx)

Cj apji doxvjpodjd dn cj tjxj dn vjpk nitpn ~ijx y ktpjx hke~iodjdnx j~tikejx oidohj z~n# jdnex

dn hkitoi~jp pngkpejidk cj cnaoxcjhoi# nx oevkptjitn xna~op jvkxtjidk vkp ~ij pnikwjhoi dnc tnmodk

vpkd~htowk y ~ij pnkponitjhoi dn cj jhtowodjd bjhoj jz~ncckx xnhtkpnx hki ejykp hjvjhodjd vjpj hpnjp nevcnk)

Nxvjj bj nevpnidodk ~ij xnpon dn pngkpejx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc) Cjx vpoihovjcnx endodjx oihc~yni

hjeòkx ikpejtowkx vjpj j`kpdjp cj d~jcodjd dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc< vpkekwnp cj nroòcodjd oitnpij

"cj vkxoòcodjd dn jm~xtjp ckx xjcjpokx y cj mkpijdj dn tpj`jmk ni c~ajp dn pnh~ppop jc dnxvodk/# kgpnhnp

`kiohjhokinx vjpj cjx nevpnxjx z~n hkitpjtni j mwninx# j tpj`jmjdkpnx ik h~jcohjdkx# j e~mnpnx y

j dnxnevcnjdkx dn cjpaj d~pjhoi< pngkpejp cj inakhojhoi hkcnhtowj< y enmkpjp cj oitnpendojhoi dnc

enphjdk cj`kpjc y cj vpnxtjhoi dn ckx xnpwohokx dn nevcnk)

Tjxjx dn dnxnevcnk

Vkphnitjmn dn cj vk`cjhoi jhtowj# dn dohone`pn dn 0661 j m~cok dn 06:: j# `

Iktjx=

j/ Ejp}k dn 06:: vjpj Apnhoj< ejyk dn 06::# vjpj Pnoik iodk y T~pz~j< m~iok dn 06:: vjpj Hbocn y Ikp~naj< xna~idk tpoenx%tpn dn 06::# vjpj Nxtkioj# Oxcjidoj# Oxpjnc# I~nwj ]ncjidj y X~o}j "ckx djtkx jpekio}jdkx dn dnxnevcnk dn cj KHDN ik nxtidoxvkio`cnx ni `jxn enix~jc vjpj ckx ctoekx hoihk dn nxkx vjxnx/)

`/ Ckx djtkx jpekio}jdkx dn dnxnevcnk dn Oxcjidoj# Oxpjnc# I~nwj ]ncjidj y X~o}j ik nxti doxvkio`cnx ni `jxn tpoenxtpjc#vnpk# j ngnhtkx hkevjpjtowkx ckx vpkendokx tpoenxtpjcnx xn bji hkev~tjdk ni `jxn enix~jc) Dohone`pn dn 0661 hkppnxvkidnjc h~jptk tpoenxtpn dn nxkx vjxnx)

h/ Ckx pnx~ctjdkx dn Mjvi ik oihc~yni ckx dn cjx tpnx vpngnht~pjx "Oqjtn# Eoyjao y G~l~xboej/ jgnhtjdjx vkp nc tnppnektk dnMjvi# dkidn nc nxt~dok nxt oitnpp~evodk dnxdn ejp}k dn 06::)

d/ Ckx djtkx nxtjdxtohkx dn Oxpjnc bji xodk vpkvkphokijdkx vkp cjx hkppnxvkidonitnx j~tkpodjdnx oxpjncnx# `jmk x~ pnxvkixjò%codjd) Nc nevcnk dn dohbkx djtkx vkp vjptn dn cj KHDN xn bjhn xoi vnpm~ohok dnc nxtjt~x dn ckx Jctkx dnc Akci# Mnp~xjci Nxtny ckx jxnitjeonitkx oxpjncnx ni Hoxmkpdjioj xnai nc Dnpnhbk oitnpijhokijc)

G~nitn= KNHD Ejoi Nhkikeoh Oidohjtkpx Djtj`jxn)


10/25

?

Vpokpo}jp nc hke`jtn hkitpj nc dnxnevcnk dn cjpaj d~pjhoi

Nc vkphnitjmn dn dnxnevcnjdkx z~n ccnwji ex dn :0 enxnx ni vjpk bj vjxjdk dnc 0:. j vpoihovokx dn

0661 jc 46. j ijcnx dn 06:6) Ckx cjpakx vnpokdkx dn dnxnevcnk pnd~hni cjx nrvnhtjtowjx dn nevcnk

oihc~xk j~iz~n cj nhkikej hkeonihn j pnh~vnpjpxn# vkpz~n cjx hkevntnihojx dn ckx tpj`jmjdkpnx

v~ndni z~ndjp k`xkcntjx y ckx nevcnjdkpnx v~ndni vpngnpop hkitpjtjp j hjidodjtkx hki nrvnponihoj

cj`kpjc pnhonitn) Jdnex# ckx cjpakx vnpokdkx dn dnxkh~vjhoi bji oitnixohjdk cj vpnxoi xk`pn cj

pnd dn vpktnhhoi dn ckx oiapnxkx dn ckx dnxnevcnjdkx) Ex dnc ?. dn cj vk`cjhoi nxvjkcj ni ndjd

dn tpj`jmjp vnpho`n vpnxtjhokinx vkp dnxnevcnk "òni dn iownc hkitpo`~towk# òni dn iownc jxoxtnihojc/)

Xoi ne`jpak# nc j~enitk dnc ienpk dn vnpxkijx z~n pnho`ni nxjx vpnxtjhokinx ik bj xna~odk nc potek

dn cj x~òdj dnc dnxnevcnk# ni vjptn vkpz~n hjdj wn} ex dnxnevcnjdkx bji jaktjdk x~ dnpnhbk jvpnxtjhokinx vkp dnxnevcnk y xn wni k`coajdkx j dnvnidnp dn ktpjx gkpejx dn jy~dj# z~n v~ndni

nrvkinpckx jc ponxak dn vk`pn}j) Ckx vjakx xkhojcnx jxoxtnihojcnx# z~n pnvpnxnitji jvpkroejdjenitn nc

86. dnc xjcjpok endok# nxti tpjdohokijcenitn e~y vkp dn`jmk dn cj cinj dn vk`pn}j y xn bjccji nitpn

ckx ex nroa~kx dn cj KHDN ni ck z~n j cjx gjeocojx ekikvjpnitjcnx xn pnnpn)

Cjx endodjx jvpk`jdjx ni ckx ctoekx enxnx vkini nxvnhojc boihjvo ni nc dnxnevcnk dn cjpaj d~pjhoi#

ni vjptoh~cjp j tpjwx dn `kiohjhokinx k cj hkitpjtjhoi y nc png~np}k dn ckx xnpwohokx dn `xz~ndj dn

nevcnk y hkckhjhoi) Ni vjpjcnck# nx vpnhoxk xna~op jbkidjidk ni cj jvcohjhoi dn ckx pnz~oxotkx z~n

j`pni nc dnpnhbk j pnhoòp vpnxtjhokinx vkp dnxnevcnk)

Enmkpjp cjx nrvnhtjtowjx dn nevcnk dn mwninx# oieoapjitnx y tpj`jmjdkpnx tnevkpjcnx

Ckx xnaenitkx dn cj g~np}j cj`kpjc z~n yj xn bjccj`ji ni dnxwnitjmj mwninx# oieoapjitnx y

tpj`jmjdkpnx tnevkpjcnx bji xodk ckx ex jgnhtjdkx vkp nc j~enitk dnc dnxnevcnk# ni apji endodj

hkek hkixnh~nihoj dn x~ `jmj h~jcohjhoi) Cj tjxj dn dnxnevcnk dn ckx oieoapjitnx bj jchji}jdk nc

8:#?.# tpnhn v~itkx vkphnit~jcnx vkp nihoej dn cj tjxj dn cj vk`cjhoi ijtowj) Nitpn ckx mwninx dn :> j

04 jkx# nc dnxnevcnk bj x~vnpjdk cj `jppnpj dnc 4>.# ~ij hogpj e~y x~vnpokp jc vpkendok dn cj KHDN

dnc :7#1.)

îj pj}i vkp cj z~n ckx mwninx y ckx oieoapjitnx xn bji woxtk tji jgnhtjdkx nx nc dnxvpkvkphokijdk

ienpk dn eone`pkx dn je`kx ap~vkx nevcnjdkx hki hjphtnp tnevkpjc) Jc pnxvnhtk# cjx vpkv~nxtjx

dnc akònpik vjpj pnd~hop cj d~jcodjd dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc ccnaji ni nc ekenitk kvkpt~ik) Vkp ktpj

vjptn# nc akònpik vkdpj hkixodnpjp tjeòi cj nwnit~jc oitpkd~hhoi dn ~ij iohj ekdjcodjd dn

hkitpjtk oidniodk# z~n pnhkptn nc paoeni nrhnxowjenitn aninpkxk dn dnpnhbkx dn oidneio}jhoi dnc

z~n doxgp~tji jht~jcenitn ckx tpj`jmjdkpnx mkx) Hkek vjptn dn cjx pngkpejx vpkv~nxtjx ni ejtnpoj dn

inakhojhoi hkcnhtowj# vkdpj `jpjmjpxn oa~jcenitn cj vkxoòcodjd dn gjhocotjp j cjx nevpnxjx ~ij kvhoi

dn pni~ihoj j ckx hkiwniokx pnaokijcnx y xnhtkpojcnx# ck z~n cnx vnpeotopj jvcohjp vnpkdkx dn vp~n`j ex

cjpakx vjpj ckx hkitpjtkx oidniodkx y enmkpjpj ckx oihnitowkx vjpj hkitpjtjp j tpj`jmjdkpnx mwninx y

xoi nrvnponihoj ni nevcnkx nxtj`cnx)

Vkinp ejykp igjxox ni cjx vkctohjx jhtowjx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc

Nc pnhonitn oihpnenitk dn cj ijihojhoi dn cjx vkctohjx jhtowjx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc y dn ckx xnpwohokx

v`cohkx dn nevcnk jvkptjp pnh~pxkx e~y inhnxjpokx vjpj pnxvkidnp j ~i dnxnevcnk ncnwjdk) Xoi

ne`jpak# bjy z~n enmkpjp cj hjcodjd y nhjhoj dn ckx xnpwohokx dn pnhkckhjhoi) Vjptn dnc vpk`cnej

pnxodn ni cj gjctj dn dowoxoi hcjpj nitpn cjx pnxvkixjòcodjdnx dnc akònpik hnitpjc y ckx j~tkieohkx)

Pnx~ctj wotjc hpnjp ckx oihnitowkx jdnh~jdkx vjpj gkenitjp cj oiwnpxoi ni enmkpnx vphtohjx vkp vjptn

dn cjx pnaokinx) Ckx vpkapjejx nroxtnitnx dn`npi xnp x~vnpwoxjdkx jdnh~jdjenitn vjpj odnitohjp


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hcjpjenitn ck z~n g~ihokij y ck z~n ik# y vkpz~) Dn`ni vkinp nc jhnitk ni cj hjvjhotjhoi y cj

jht~jco}jhoi dn hkevntnihojx y bjòcodjdnx hki ~ij kponitjhoi nxvnhojc bjhoj jz~ncckx xnhtkpnx dn

jhtowodjd ex vpkd~htowkx y hki ejykp vpkynhhoi)

Tjeòi dn`npi pnjco}jpxn nxg~np}kx jdohokijcnx vjpj z~n ckx `ninhojpokx dn vpnxtjhokinx vkp

dnxnevcnk k`tniaji ~i v~nxtk dn tpj`jmk y xn pnd~}hj jx nc ponxak dn nrhc~xoi y dnxnevcnk j cjpakvcj}k) Nxvjj dn`npj bjhnp k coajtkpok nc pnaoxtpk ni ~ij coxtj dn nxvnpj dn hkckhjhoi hkek hkidohoi

vpnwoj vjpj vnphoòp vpnxtjhokinx vkp dnxnevcnk# y ckx hjidodjtkx dn`npji xkentnpxn j ~ij nitpnwoxtj

nrbj~xtowj) Dn`np vpnxtjpxn jtnihoi jxoeoxek j z~n cj vjptohovjhoi ni cjx vkctohjx jhtowjx dnc

enphjdk cj`kpjc xnj vpnhnvtowj tpjx ~i vnpokdk dntnpeoijdk dn `xz~ndj dn nevcnk xoi rotk) Nc

ejykp pnh~pxk j cjx janihojx dn hkckhjhoi vpowjdjx# tjc y hkek vpkvkin nc akònpik# vkdpj enmkpjp cj

hjvjhodjd dn ckx xnpwohokx v`cohkx dn nevcnk y e~ctovcohjp cjx vkxoòcodjdnx dn hkitpjtjhoi) Nxvjj

vkdpj `ninhojpxn dn cj nrvnponihoj dn ktpkx vjxnx dn cj KHDN ni nxtn tnppnik# hkek J~xtpjcoj# Vjxnx

@jmkx y nc Pnoik îodk)


Pnd~hop cj d~jcodjd dnc enphjdk dn tpj`jmk) Hkixodnpjp cj vkxoòcodjd dn oitpkd~hop ~ij iohj

ekdjcodjd dn hkitpjtk oidniodk hki oidneio}jhokinx pnd~hodjx# ni hkeòijhoi hki ~ij enmkp

jvcohjhoi dn cj ikpejtowj ni ejtnpoj dn hkitpjtkx tnevkpjcnx)

Vkinp ejykp igjxox ni jhtowjp j ckx dnxnevcnjdkx y enmkpjp x~ h~jcohjhoi) Kgpnhnpcnx ejykp

pnxvjcdk y nroaopcnx x~ vjptohovjhoi ni cjx vkctohjx jhtowjx dnc enphjdk cj`kpjc# nxvnhojcenitn

dnxv~x dn ~i tonevk vpkckiajdk dn `xz~ndj) Bjhnp boihjvo ni cj gkpejhoi hkitoi~j y cj

jht~jco}jhoi dn h~jcohjhokinx y bjòcodjdnx jdjvtjdjx j cjx inhnxodjdnx dnc enphjdk# vpnxnitnx

y g~t~pjx)

Enmkpjp cjx nrvnhtjtowjx dn nevcnk dn ckx ap~vkx ex w~cinpj`cnx) Bjhnp boihjvo ni cjx

vkctohjx n oihnitowkx nxvnhojcenitn dopoaodkx j ckx mwninx# oieoapjitnx y tpj`jmjdkpnx)

Pngkp}jp ckx xnpwohokx dnxtoijdkx j ckx ap~vkx dn oiapnxkx `jmkx# nxvnhojcenitn j cjx gjeocojxhki eone`pkx dnvnidonitnx# j i dn nwotjp cjx hkixnh~nihojx oidnxnj`cnx z~n vkdpj jhjppnjp ~i

dntnpokpk dn x~ xot~jhoi nhkieohj)


12/25

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Vnixokinx

Nxvjj nxt niwnmnhonidk j ~i potek jhncnpjdk) Cj nxvnpji}j dn wodj jc ijhnp a~pj nitpn cjx ex jctjx

dn cj KHDN# eonitpjx z~n cj tjxj dn gnptocodjd xn xotj nitpn cjx ex `jmjx) Ni 06>6# bj`p vkhk enikx

dn dkx vnpxkijx ni ndjd dn tpj`jmjp vkp hjdj m~òcjdk# ni hkevjpjhoi hki cj vpkvkphoi jht~jc dn

h~jtpk j ~ik)

Cj tjxj dn x~xtot~hoi vpnwoxtj vjpj Nxvjj nx dnhop# nc wjckp dn cjx vpnxtjhokinx dn m~òcjhoi ni

hkevjpjhoi hki ckx oiapnxkx z~n xn vnpho`ni eonitpjx xn tpj`jmj# hjch~cjdk vjpj ~i tpj`jmjdkp z~n

bjyj oiapnxjdk ni nc enphjdk cj`kpjc ni 0662 y z~n dnxjppkccn ~ij hjppnpj hkevcntj nx dnc 2:#0.# hogpj

hkixodnpj`cnenitn ex jctj z~n nc vpkendok dnc >1#8. ni cj KHDN) Bjy z~n ejto}jp# ik k`xtjitn# z~n

nc iownc dn pntpo`~hoi xjcjpojc nx vkp ck aninpjc oignpokp jc dn cj endoj dn cj KHDN) Cj i~nwj pngkpej

z~n nc akònpik jvpk` j vpoihovokx dn 06:: pnvpnxnitj ~i vjxk jdncjitn ni cj dopnhhoi jdnh~jdj vjpj

pnd~hop xoaiohjtowjenitn cj dognpnihoj hki nc vpkendok dn cj KHDN)

Tjxjx dn x~xtot~hoi dn vnixokinx jitnx dn oev~nxtkx ni ~ij xncnhhoi dn vjxnx dn cj KHDN#

pnhnvtkpnx endokx

G~nitn= KHDN "06::/# Vnixokix jt j Acjihn 06::= Pntopnenit%oihken xyxtnex oi KNHD jid A06 hk~itponx# y ekdnckx dnvnixokinx dn cj KHDN)


13/25

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Ajpjito}jp cj xkxtnioòcodjd dnc xoxtnej dn vnixokinx y ckx oiapnxkx jdnh~jdkx ni cj wnmn}

Cj hkeòijhoi dnc jhncnpjdk niwnmnhoeonitk dn cj vk`cjhoi hki ~i xoxtnej dn vnixokinx aninpkxk

vcjitnj pntkx oevkptjitnx) Ni cj jht~jcodjd# Nxvjj dndohj jc vjak dn cjx vnixokinx jcpndndkp dnc ?.

dn x~ Vpkd~htk Ijhokijc @p~tk "VI@/# hogpj coanpjenitn x~vnpokp jc vpkendok dn cj KHDN# vnpk hjxo

nz~owjcnitn j xtn h~jidk xn tonini ni h~nitj ckx djtkx dnekaphkx) Hki nc tpjixh~pxk dn ckx jkx# cjpngkpej dn cjx vnixokinx jvpk`jdj ni 06:: enmkpjp dn ejinpj xoaiohjtowj cj xkxtnioòcodjd ijihonpj

dnc xoxtnej) J cjpak vcj}k# nc ajxtk v`cohk ni nxtn hjvt~ck xn pnd~hop ni ~ij x~ej nz~owjcnitn jc 8#>.

dnc VI@)

Nx g~idjenitjc ajpjito}jp oiapnxkx y vpnxtjhokinx jdnh~jdjx j cjx vnpxkijx ejykpnx) Xo ni tkdkx ckx

vjxnx dn cj KHDN cj tjxj dn vk`pn}j nx ejykp nitpn cjx vnpxkijx dn ndjd jwji}jdj z~n nitpn nc pnxtk

dn cj vk`cjhoi# nxtj xot~jhoi nx vjptoh~cjpenitn k`woj ni Nxvjj) Nxtk xn dn`n j dkx gjhtkpnx= cj jctj

vpkvkphoi dn m~ ocjdkx z~n xck pnho`n ~ij vpnxtjhoi eioej dnòdk jc vkhk tonevk z~n hkto}jpki# y

nc bnhbk dn z~n nc pvodk hpnhoeonitk nhkieohk y nc j~enitk dn ckx oiapnxkx pnjcnx ni Nxvjj vpnwokx

j cj hpoxox nhkieohj y ijihonpj dnmjpki jtpx j cjx vnpxkijx dn ndjd ex jwji}jdj)

Nc j~enitk dnc oevkptn dn cjx vnixokinx eioejx# z~n hpnhonpki nitpn nc :0 y :?. ni tpeoikx pnjcnx

ntpn 0664 y 0662# bj vnpeotodk pnd~hop cj vk`pn}j nitpn ckx ejykpnx) Tjeòi nx oevkptjitn xnjcjp z~n

cj vkxnxoi ni vpkvondjd dn ~ij wowonidj# ~i gnienik e~hbk ex nrtnidodk ni Nxvjj z~n ni ktpkx

vjxnx# eotoaj ni vjptn nc dognpnihojc dn oiapnxk dn ckx m~òcjdkx nxvjkcnx gpnitn jc pnxtk dn cj KHDN)

Jevcojp nc vnpkdk dn wodj cj`kpjc

îj kvhoi nhj} vjpj j`kpdjp nc vpk`cnej dn cj vk`pn}j ni cj wnmn}# eonitpjx xn ajpjito}j jc eoxek

tonevk cj xkxtnioòcodjd dnc xoxtnej dn vnixokinx# hkixoxtopj ni jevcojp nc vnpokdk dn wodj cj`kpjc)

J~iz~n cj ndjd khojc dn m~òcjhoi ni Nxvjj nx dn 7> jkx# nitpn 0660 y 0661 cj ndjd vpkendok dn

pntopk pnjc nxt~wk ni tkpik j ckx 7:#4 jkx vjpj ckx bke`pnx) Ni nxn vnpokdk cj tjxj dn nevcnk dn ckx

tpj`jmjdkpnx nitpn >> y 74 jkx g~n dnc 48.# ni hkevjpjhoi hki ~i vpkendok dnc >0. ni ckx vjxnx

dn cj KHDN) Ni e~hbkx hjxkx# ckx tpj`jmjdkpnx v~ndni m~òcjpxn jitohovjdjenitn j ckx 76 jkx y ik

nroxtni oihnitowkx xcodkx vjpj z~n cjx vnpxkijx xoaji tpj`jmjidk dnxv~x dn ckx 7> jkx dn ndjd)

Ni nxtn hkitnrtk# cj pngkpej dn cjx vnixokinx z~n nc akònpik jvpk` ni ninpk dn 06::# tpjx jchji}jp ~i

jh~npdk hki ckx oitnpckh~tkpnx xkhojcnx# pnvpnxnitj ~i vjxk jdncjitn ni cj hkixnh~hoi dn cj xkxtnioòcodjd

dnc xoxtnej) Cj pngkpej j~enitj cj ndjd eioej dn m~òcjhoi dn 7> j 71 jkx y# jc eoxek tonevk#

png~np}j nc wih~ck nitpn cjx hkto}jhokinx y cjx vpnxtjhokinx) Jdnex# xnai nc doxvkxotowk dn pnwoxoi

j~tketohj z~n xn jvcohjp hjdj hoihk jkx nxnihojc vjpj wncjp vkp cj xkxtnioòcodjd j cjpak vcj}k y cj

jdnh~jhoi dn cjx vpnxtjhokinx g~t~pjx nxt vpnwoxtk z~n ckx vjpentpkx w~ncwji j jm~xtjpxn dnxv~x

dn 0601) Nxkx jm~xtnx pnnmjpi ckx hjeòkx xk`pnwniodkx ni cj nxvnpji}j dn wodj j cj ndjd dn 71 jkx)

Cjx xoe~cjhokinx ngnht~jdjx vkp cj KHDN vnpeotni hjch~cjp cjx pnvnph~xokinx z~n vkdpj tninp nxtj

i~nwj pngkpej) Nc pnx~ctjdk dn dohbjx xoe~cjhokinx# z~n ik hkevpnidni ckx jm~xtnx vkp hkihnvtk dn

nxvnpji}j dn wodj# x~aonpn z~n cj tjxj dn x~xtot~hoi xn pnd~hopj jc 18#?. "hogpj `jxjdj ni cj bovtnxoxvpkendok dn cj KHDN dn z~n ckx vpnhokx j~enitjpi ~i 0#>. eonitpjx z~n ckx oiapnxkx pnjcnx ck

bjpi ni ~i 0./) J~i h~jidk cj doxeoi~hoi xnpj dn ~ikx 1 v~itkx vkphnit~jcnx hki pnxvnhtk jc iownc

jitnpokp j cj pngkpej# cj tjxj dn x~xtot~hoi vpnwoxtj xna~opj x~vnpjidk vkp jevcok ejpani j cj endoj

dnc hkim~itk dn cj KHDN)


14/25

:8

Tjxjx `p~tjx dn x~xtot~hoi dn vnixokinx vjpj ckx pnhoi oitnapjdkx ni nc enphjdk cj`kpjc# pnhnvtkpnx

endokx

G~nitn= KHDN "06::/# Vnixokix jt j Acjihn 06::= Pntopnenit%oihken xyxtnex oi KNHD jid A06 hk~itponx# y ekdnckx dnvnixokinx dn cj KHDN)

J~enitjp cj hk`npt~pj dn cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx j cj wn} z~n xn enmkpj cj pna~cjhoi

Cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx xki ~ij kvhoi oevkptjitn vjpj downpxohjp cjx g~nitnx dn ijihojhoi dn

cj m~òcjhoi y nxj oevkptjihoj j~enitj h~jidk xn tonini ni h~nitj ckx ngnhtkx z~n xn nxvnpji dn

cj ctoej pngkpej) J~iz~n xn hpn bjhn ex dn 06 jkx# nc xoxtnej vpowjdk dn vnixokinx dn Nxvjj

nx ~ik dn ckx enikx dnxjppkccjdkx ni nc eòtk dn cj KHDN# y ckx jhtowkx z~n bj jh~e~cjdk xck

pnvpnxnitji jcpndndkp dnc 1. dnc VO@# hogpj e~y oignpokp jc vpkendok dnc 76. dnc pnxtk dn cj KHDN)Cj hk`npt~pj dn cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx# z~n j`jphj jc >4. dn cj vk`cjhoi jhtowj# nx pncjtowjenitn jctj

ni hkevjpjhoi hki ktpkx vjxnx# vnpk cjx hkto}jhokinx dn x~x jcojdkx xoa~ni xonidk `jmjx) Hnphj dnc

77. dn ckx vjptohovjitnx hkitpo`~yn hki enikx dn 866 n~pkx jc jk) Nc `jmk iownc dn jvkptjhoi j cjx

vnixokinx vpowjdjx z~n bj vpnwjcnhodk bjxtj jbkpj tjeòi vkdpj pnnmjp nc jctk iownc dn cj vpnxtjhoi

kgpnhodj vkp nc xoxtnej v`cohk)

Hki eopjx j oihpnenitjp cj hk`npt~pj dn cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx# cjx j~tkpodjdnx vkdpji kvtjp vkp

hjijco}jp enmkp ckx oihnitowkx jht~jcnx# vkp nmnevck j tpjwx dn ~i nxz~nej dn hkitpo`~hokinx nz~owjcnitnx

"ejthboia/ nitpn ckx nevpnxjpokx y nc akònpik) Jxoeoxek# vkdpji nxtj`cnhnpxn pna~cjhokinx z~n

vpktnaonxni enmkp cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx dn cj wkcjtocodjd dn ckx enphjdkx ijihonpkx# vkp nmnevck

oitpkd~honidk nxtpjtnaojx dn oiwnpxoi j ck cjpak dnc hohck wotjc)


Ajpjito}jp cj nxtjòcodjd j cjpak vcj}k dn cjx vnixokinx v cohjx# jvcohjidk# hkek nxt vpnwoxtk#

cj pngkpej dn cjx vnixokinx hki nc i dn j~enitjp cj ndjd dn m~òcjhoi ngnhtowj)

Coeotjp cj ncnaoòcodjd vjpj cj m~òcjhoi jitohovjdj# endojitn cj jvcohjhoi dn oihnitowkx ni cj

gpe~cj dn hch~ck dn cjx vnixokinx z~n jcnitjpji j tpj`jmjp d~pjitn ex tonevk)

Oihpnenitjp cjx jvkptjhokinx dn cj vk`cjhoi j cjx vnixokinx vpowjdjx# endojitn cj enmkpj dn

ckx enhjioxekx dn oihnitowjhoi y dnc doxvkxotowk dnxtoijdk j vpktnanpcjx dn cj wkcjtocodjd dn ckx

enphjdkx ijihonpkx)


15/25

:4

Oiikwjhoi

Jvpkwnhbjp cj oiikwjhoi vjpj ckapjp ~i hpnhoeonitk ex xcodk y xkxtnio`cn

Nc akònpik nxvjkc y nc xnhtkp nevpnxjpojc bji v~nxtk dn ejionxtk ~i pen hkevpkeoxk hki cj

oiikwjhoi hkek oixtp~enitk hjvj} dn downpxohjp cj nhkikej y kponitjpcj bjhoj ~i hpnhoeonitk ex

xcodk y xkxtnio`cn) Ni 06:6# nc akònpik nxvjkc oij~a~p ~ij i~nwj Nxtpjtnaoj Nxtjtjc dn Oiikwjhoi#

hki nc i dn j~enitjp cj hjvjhodjd dn oiikwjhoi dn cj nhkikej ijhokijc dn jz~ j 06:># endojitn nc

oihpnenitk dnc ienpk dn nevpnxjx z~n ngnhtji jhtowodjdnx dn oiwnxtoajhoi y dnxjppkcck y nc j~enitk

dn ckx iowncnx dn ajxtk y hkitpjtjhoi ni ckx xnhtkpnx dn jctj tnhikckaj) Cj oitpkd~hhoi dn cj i~nwj cny

xk`pn Honihoj# Tnhikckaj n Oiikwjhoi# nc vjxjdk enx dn ejyk# x~vkidp ~i oevkptjitn jwjihn vjpj cj

vpkapnxowj hkkpdoijhoi n oitnpijhokijco}jhoi dnc xoxtnej honithk nxvjkc)

Ni Nxvjj nc ajxtk `p~tk ni oiwnxtoajhoi y dnxjppkcck j~enit dnc :#:0. dnc VI@ ni 066> jc :#82.

ni 066?) Vnxn j nxtn jwjihn# xoa~n xonidk e~y oignpokp jc vpkendok dn cj KHDN# z~n nz~owjcn jc 0#8.

dnc VI@) Jc eoxek tonevk# cj oiwnpxoi vpowjdj xoa~n xonidk `jmj) Cj nxtp~ht~pj oid~xtpojc dnc vjx xck

nrvcohj ni vjptn nxj `jmj oitnixodjd dnc ajxtk ni oiwnxtoajhoi y dnxjppkcck dn cjx nevpnxjx nxvjkcjx)

Ckx djtkx dnc i~nwk Xhonihn# Tnhbikckay jid Oid~xtpy Xhkpn`kjpd 06:: dn cj KHDN "xnvtone`pn

06::/ oidohji z~n xo cjx hogpjx xn jm~xtjpji ni g~ihoi dn cj nxtp~ht~pj oid~xtpojc# cj oitnixodjd dn cjx

jhtowodjdnx dn oiwnxtoajhoi y dnxjppkcck xnpj ejykp# tjitk ni Nxvjj hkek ni ckx dnex vjxnx ":#41.

dnc wjckp jjdodk ni cj oid~xtpoj# ni wn} dnc :#:. dn oitnixodjd jitnx dnc jm~xtn/# vnpk nxj hogpj xna~opj

xonidk oignpokp jc vpkendok dn 0#4? z~n e~nxtpji ckx vjxnx dn cj KHDN)

Oitnixodjd dn O,D ni cjx nevpnxjx jm~xtjdj xnai cj nxtp~ht~pj oid~xtpojc# 0662

G~nitn= Hch~ckx dn cj KHDN jxjdkx ni cjx jxnx dn djtkx Xtp~ht~pjc Jijcyxox "XTJI/ y JI@NPD# m~cok dn 06::< KHDN# jxndn djtkx Ejoi Xhonihn jid Tnhbikckay Oidohjtkpx# m~iok dn 06::)

Enmkpjp nc hkitnrtk vjpj cj oiikwjhoi

Nx vpnhoxk pnjco}jp nxg~np}kx hki nc i dn gkpmjp ~ij h~ct~pj nevpnxjpojc y dn oiikwjhoi# ni vjptoh~cjp

j tpjwx dn cj hpnjhoi dn wnbh~ckx ijihonpkx z~n gkenitni cj hjvjhodjd nevpnxjpojc y dktni j

cjx jhtowodjdnx oiikwjdkpjx dn ejykp iktkpondjd oitnpijhokijc) Cj pna~cjhoi y cjx jdz~oxohokinx

a~`npijenitjcnx v~ndni hkitpo`~op j aninpjp dnejidj y enphjdkx vjpj cj oiikwjhoi# ni vjptoh~cjp ni

ckx i~nwkx xnhtkpnx hkek cj nhkikej nhkcaohj y cj òktnhikckaj# ni ckx z~n# xnai ckx djtkx xk`pn

vjtnitnx dn cj KHDN# cj vkxohoi dn Nxvjj bj enmkpjdk) Vnpk tjeòi bjy ejpani vjpj enmkpjp cj

dog~xoi y jvcohjhoi dn cjx oiikwjhokinx y tnhikckajx yj nroxtnitnx ni xnhtkpnx ex tpjdohokijcnx dn

cj nhkikej)


16/25

:>

Cj hjvjhodjd nevpnxjpojc hkixtot~yn ~i ektkp g~idjenitjc dn cj oiikwjhoi# v~nx hkitpo`~yn jc

dnxjppkcck y cj enmkpj dn vpkd~htkx# xnpwohokx y vpkhnxkx) Jz~nccjx hke~iodjdnx z~n bji jvkxtjdk vkp cj

oiikwjhoi nevpnxjpojc ik xck bji jwji}jdk ni cj ekdnpio}jhoi dnc tnmodk vpkd~htowk y cj pnhkiwnpxoi

dn cj jhtowodjd< tjeòi nxti hpnjidk ex nevcnk y dn hjcodjd) Cj hkitpo`~hoi dnc xnhtkp vpowjdk j cj

oiikwjhoi dnvnidn dn z~n nroxtj ~ij vkctohj dn jvkyk jdnh~jdj# ~i ejphk pna~cjdkp jvpkvojdk y ~ij

g~np}j cj`kpjc jctjenitn h~jcohjdj) Ni Nxvjj# jvnijx nc 06. dn cj vk`cjhoi ni ndjd cj`kpjc bj pnhoòdk

hjvjhotjhoi xk`pn hek cji}jp ~ij nevpnxj) Ji z~ndj e~hbk ejpani dn enmkpj ni nxtn eòtk)

J~iz~n cjx jhtowodjdnx dn oiwnxtoajhoi y dnxjppkcck oitnpijx xoa~ni xonidk oevkptjitnx vjpj cj

oiikwjhoi# cj hkcj`kpjhoi y cj hkkvnpjhoi nrtnpij# z~n j eni~dk pnho`ni nc ike`pn dn oiikwjhoi

jònptj# v~ndni gjhocotjp tjeòi j cjx nevpnxjx nc jhhnxk j ~ij ajej e~hbk ex jevcoj dn hkihnvtkxy tnhikckajx) Cjx nxtjdxtohjx dn cj KHDN vkini dn ejionxtk z~n tjeòi ni nxtn hjevk xki vkhjx

cjx pejx nxvjkcjx# ni vjptoh~cjp dnc xnaenitk dn vnz~njx y endojijx nevpnxjx# z~n vjptohovji bky

ni vpkynhtkx hkim~itkx woih~cjdkx j jhtowodjdnx oiikwjdkpjx)

Gkptjcnhnp cj `jxn honithj y tnhikcaohj y gkenitjp ckx wih~ckx nitpn honihoj n oid~xtpoj

Nxvjj xn bj `ninhojdk dn ckx nxg~np}kx ni h~pxk vjpj pngkpejp nc xoxtnej dn oiwnxtoajhoi ni

~iownpxodjdnx y kpajioxekx v`cohkx# hki eopjx j j~enitjp y downpxohjp x~ pnidoeonitk) Jbkpj nx

vpnhoxk pngkp}jp cj hjvjhodjd dn cjx ~iownpxodjdnx y ckx kpajioxekx v`cohkx dn oiwnxtoajhoi vjpj

z~n v~ndji hkitpjtjp j oiwnxtoajdkpnx jctjenitn h~jcohjdkx dn vjxnx xot~jdkx g~npj dnc eòtk dn

cj îoi N~pkvnj) Cj nwnit~jc hpnjhoi dn ~ij Janihoj Nxtjtjc dn Oiwnxtoajhoi# vpnwoxtj ni cn i~nwj

cny# dn`np vnpeotop hjijco}jp pnh~pxkx ni nxtj dopnhhoi# jx hkek gjhocotjp cj pntnihoi dn tjcnitk ycj ekwocodjd) Dn`npji dog~idopxn tjeòi ex jevcojenitn ckx oixtp~enitkx y pnh~pxkx dn anxtoi

dn cj oiwnxtoajhoi y vcjiohjhoi nxtpjtaohj) Ckx tot~cjpnx dn dovckejx dn dkhtkpjdk xki janitnx

g~idjenitjcnx dn cj oiwnxtoajhoi y cj oiikwjhoi) Ni Nxvjj# cj vpkvkphoi dn nxtkx apjd~jdkx nx e~y

`jmj ni hkevjpjhoi hki ckx dnex vjxnx dn cj KHDN y nxj pncjhoi ik bj wjpojdk dnxdn nc jk 0666)

Tjxjx dn tot~cjhoi j iownc dkhtkpjc# 0666 y 066?

Vkphnitjmn dn cj vk`cjhoi dn ckx ap~vkx dn ndjd dn pngnpnihoj

G~nitn= KHDN "06::/# Nd~hjtoki jt j Acjihn 06::= KNHD Oidohjtkpx y KHDN "066?/# Nd~hjtoki jt j Acjihn 066?= KNHDOidohjtkpx# KHDN# Vjpx)


17/25

:7

Jvkyjp cj oiwnxtoajhoi# nc dnxjppkcck y cj oiikwjhoi ni cjx nevpnxjx y gkenitjp ckx wih~ckx nitpn cj

honihoj y cj oid~xtpoj hkitoij xonidk ~ik dn ckx pntkx g~idjenitjcnx dn cj ekdnpio}jhoi dn cj nhkikej

nxvjkcj) Nc akònpik bj nevpnidodk nxg~np}kx nihjeoijdkx j xoevcohjp nc jhhnxk dn cjx nevpnxjx

j ckx doxvkxotowkx dn vpkekhoi dn cj oiwnxtoajhoi y nc dnxjppkcck# nitpn ktpkx cj ijihojhoi< nxtkx

nxg~np}kx j`jphji j downpxkx eoioxtnpokx y hke~iodjdnx j~tikejx# vnpk ji vkdpj bjhnpxn e~hbk

ex ni nxtn eòtk) Cj hjvjhodjd dn anxtokijp y tpjixgnpop cj tnhikckaj dn`npj enmkpjpxn endojitn nc

gkptjcnhoeonitk dn cjx pndnx y cj g~xoi dn e~hbkx dn ckx oitnpendojpokx jht~jcnx) Jdnex# cj oiwnpxoi

y cjx jdz~oxohokinx dnc xnhtkp v`cohk vkdpji jvpkwnhbjpxn vjpj ekdnpio}jp cj oigpjnxtp~ht~pj ~p`jij

"tpjixvkptn# x~eoioxtpk dn ja~j# xjinjeonitkx y ninpaj/ hki eopjx j nxtoe~cjp cj oiikwjhoi ni nc

xnhtkp nevpnxjpojc) Cj jtnihoi z~n xn vpnxtj ni cj i~nwj Nxtpjtnaoj Nxtjtjc dn Oiikwjhoi "N 0:/ j cjx

jdz~oxohokinx v`cohjx vpnhkenphojcnx nx ~i hjeòk vkxotowk ni nc oitnitk dn nxtoe~cjp cj oiikwjhoi

dnxdn nc cjdk dn cj dnejidj)

Enmkpjp cj dopnhhoi y nwjc~jhoi dn cjx endodjx dn oiikwjhoi y gkenitjp cjx vkctohjx dn jvpnido}jmn

Ni ~i hkitnrtk dn coeotjhokinx xhjcnx# xnpj toc vpkxna~op ckx nxg~np}kx kponitjdkx j enmkpjp cj

hkbnxoi y hkkpdoijhoi nitpn ckx eoioxtnpokx y ckx dognpnitnx iowncnx dnc akònpik# hki nc i dn djp ji

ex vpokpodjd j cjx oiwnpxokinx dnxtoijdjx j jchji}jp ~ij ejxj hptohj ni ckx eòtkx dn cj oiwnxtoajhoi#

nc dnxjppkcck y cj oiikwjhoi) Cj KHDN wonin jvkyjidk nxtkx nxg~np}kx dn dktjp dn hkbnpnihoj j cjx

vkctohjx pnaokijcnx y ijhokijcnx dn oiikwjhoi j tpjwx dn nxt~dokx hkek ckx ncj`kpjdkx vjpj Hjtjc~j

"06:6/ y nc Vjx Wjxhk "06::/)

Jdnex# nc Ap~vk dn tpj`jmk dn cj KHDN xk`pn vkctohjx dn oiikwjhoi y tnhikckaj nxt dnxjppkccjidk

~i vpkynhtk xk`pn nxvnhojco}jhoi oitncoanitn ni cjx hjdnijx dn wjckp ack`jcnx z~n jy~djp j z~n ckx

vjxnx y cjx pnaokinx vjptohovjitnx dniji# endojitn ~i vpkhnxk dn dnxh~`poeonitk nevpnxjpojc# ckx

eòtkx vpokpotjpokx vjpj cjx oiwnpxokinx g~t~pjx ni ejtnpoj dn hkikhoeonitkx) Nxvjj hkitpo`~yn jc

vpkynhtk endojitn xnidkx nxt~dokx dn hjxk hkixjapjdkx j Jidjc~hj y jc Vjx Wjxhk) Nx oevkptjitn

e~ctovcohjp y jevcojp nxtjx oiohojtowjx z~n vnpeotni enmkpjp cj anxtoi y nwjc~jhoi dn cjx vkctohjx

jhkentodjx)


Gkptjcnhnp cj jxn honithj y tnhikcaohj# hnitpidkxn ni cj nrhncnihoj# y hpnjp ~ij ejxj hptohj

dn hkikhoeonitkx y hjvotjc b~ejik jctjenitn h~jcohjdk)

J~enitjp nc jvkyk j cjx jhtowodjdnx dn oiwnxtoajhoi# dnxjppkcck n oiikwjhoi# y vpkekwnp ckx

wih~ckx nitpn honihoj n oid~xtpoj)

Gkenitjp cj ekwocodjd y gkptjcnhnp ckx pnh~pxkx b~ejikx vjpj cj honihoj y cj tnhikckaj)

Enmkpjp cj anxtoi y nwjc~jhoi dn cj vkctohj dn oiikwjhoi)


18/25

:1

Endok jeònitn# hpnhoeonitk nhkcaohk y hjeòk hcoetohk

Nxvjj bj jdkvtjdk endodjx oevkptjitnx vjpj gkptjcnhnp cjx vkctohjx pncjtowjx jc endok jeònitn y

x~ ejphk oixtot~hokijc y nxt jvkxtjidk dn ejinpj dnhododj vkp cjx ninpajx pnikwj`cnx) Nc vjx bj

ckapjdk jwjihnx hkixodnpj`cnx ni cj jvcohjhoi dn cjx dopnhtpohnx dn cj îoi N~pkvnj y bj pnjco}jdk

oevkptjitnx oiwnpxokinx ni cj oigpjnxtp~ht~pj endokjeònitjc) Hkek pnx~ctjdk# cjx neoxokinx dn rodkx

dn j}~gpn "XKr/ doxeoi~ynpki ni nc vnpokdk dn :??60662) Cjx neoxokinx dn rodkx dn iotpanik "IKr/

y dn ajxnx dn ngnhtk oiwnpijdnpk "ABA/ j~enitjpki ni nc eoxek vnpkdk# vnpk j ~i potek enikp z~n

nc VO@) Nxtjx neoxokinx xn bji pnd~hodk xoaiohjtowjenitn# ni vjptn hkek hkixnh~nihoj dn cj hpoxox#

vnpk tjeòi apjhojx j cj jv~nxtj vkp cjx ninpajx pnikwj`cnx) Vjpj xna~op jwji}jidk y jchji}jp nck`mntowk dn pnd~hop cj neoxoi dn xtjx y ktpjx x~xtjihojx hkitjeoijitnx j cjpak vcj}k# nx vpnhoxk xna~op

pngkp}jidk cjx vkctohjx z~n oitnapji hj`jcenitn ckx hpotnpokx endokjeònitjcnx ni cj ikpejtowj z~n

poan ckx xnhtkpnx dn cj ninpaj y nc tpjixvkptn) Cj cny dn Nhkikej Xkxtnio`cn y cj hpnjhoi dn ~i gkidk

dn 06#666 eocckinx dn n~pkx vjpj ijihojp vpkynhtkx pncjhokijdkx hki cj nhonihoj ninpatohj y cj

xkxtnioòcodjd bji x~v~nxtk ~i vjxk oevkptjitn ni nxtn tnppnik)

Hkitjeoijhoi dnc jopn y neoxokinx dn ajxnx dn ngnhtk oiwnpijdnpk "ANO/# :??6%0662

G~nitn= KHDN# Dopnhhoi dn Endok Jeònitn< HEI^HH)

Jvkxtjp vkp nc hpnhoeonitk wnpdn

Cj KHDN cji} ni ejyk dn 06:: ~ij nxtpjtnaoj dn hpnhoeonitk wnpdn "Apnni Apkqtb Xtpjtnay/ z~n

hkih~npdj hki cjx vkctohjx y cinjx dn jht~jhoi z~n Nxvjj bj v~nxtk ni ejphbj ni ckx ctoekx enxnx)

îj dn x~x vpokpodjdnx hkixoxtn ni dnxvcj}jp cj ejik dn k`pj dn ckx xnhtkpnx dn cj hkixtp~hhoi y nc

t~poxek# jgnhtjdkx vkp cj hpoxox# bjhoj nevcnkx wnpdnx y nhkcaohkx) Nxtj tpjixohoi dn`n ngnht~jpxn

endojitn cj jvcohjhoi dn vkctohjx h~odjdkxjenitn hkihnòdjx) Nitpn ckx vpoihovjcnx vocjpnx dn

cj nxtpjtnaoj nxvjkcj dn hpnhoeonitk wnpdn a~pj nc xnhtkp dn cjx ninpajx pnikwj`cnx# z~n ni 0662pnvpnxnitj`j yj nc 1#8. dn cj kgnptj vpoejpoj ijhokijc dn ninpaj y yj x~vnpj nc :6.) Nc k`mntowk nx

j~enitjp nxtj vpkvkphoi bjxtj nc 06. dn jz~ j 0606) J ijcnx dn 06:6 ckx pnikwj`cnx aninpj`ji yj

nc 80. dn cj ncnhtpohodjd ijhokijc)


19/25

:2

Cj bodpknchtpohj nx cj vpoihovjc g~nitn dn ninpaj pnikwj`cn dn Nxvjj# z~n yj a~pj tjeòi nitpn

cjx vpoenpjx vktnihojx e~idojcnx ni aninpjhoi dn ninpaj ncohj) Vnpk jca~ikx dn ckx vpk`cnejx z~n

jgpkitj nxtn xnhtkp xjconpki j cj c~} h~jidk cj aninpjhoi dn ninpaj gktkwkctjohj hjy ni vohjdj jc

tnpeoijpxn ckx x~`xodokx nxtjtjcnx) Nxvjj dn`npj hpnjp ~i ejphk nxtj`cn# tpjixvjpnitn# d~pjdnpk y

pnitj`cn vjpj cjx ninpajx pnikwj`cnx# z~n xnj ck ex in~tpk vkxo`cn dnxdn nc v~itk dn woxtj tnhikcaohk)

Hke`jtop nc hjeòk hcoetohk

J~iz~n xn bji djdk vjxkx oevkptjitnx# Nxvjj oih~evcn tkdjwj ckx k`mntowkx z~n x~xhpoò ni Loktk)

Ni 066? x~x neoxokinx dn ajxnx dn ngnhtk oiwnpijdnpk g~npki jcpndndkp dn ~i 86. x~vnpokpnx j ckx

iowncnx dn :??6# vkp dn`jmk dnc k`mntowk mjdk ni Loktk dn coeotjp jc :>. dohbjx neoxokinx nitpn 0662 y

06:0) Nc j~enitk dn cjx neoxokinx dn HK pnaoxtpjdk ni Nxvjj nitpn :??6 y 066? g~n ~ik dn ckx ex

jctkx dn cj KHDN) Ik k`xtjitn# cj tnidnihoj ni ejtnpoj dn neoxokinx nx vkxotowj y tjitk cjx oiwnpxokinx

ni ejtnpoj dn ninpajx pnikwj`cnx y nhonihoj ninpatohj hkek cj vjptohovjhoi ni nc paoeni dn

hkenphok dn dnpnhbkx dn neoxoi dn cj ioi N~pkvnj xki ncnenitkx oevkptjitnx z~n v~ndni hkitpo`~op

j enmkpjp ckx pnx~ctjdkx) Cj jvcohjhoi dn cj Nxtpjtnaoj dn ekwocodjd xkxtnio`cn# jvpk`jdj ni 066?#

vkdpj hkitpo`~op tjeòi j cj pnd~hhoi dn neoxokinx ni nc xnhtkp dnc tpjixvkptn# ~ij g~nitn hjdj wn}

ex oevkptjitn dn hkitjeoijhoi) Cjx nxtpjtnaojx tjitk dn nxte~ck dn cj kgnptj hkek dn cj dnejidj

vjpj vpkekwnp nc hkhbn nchtpohk y cjx jht~jhokinx j gjwkp dn xoxtnejx dn tpjixvkptn v`cohk enikx

hkitjeoijitnx ni wjpojx ho~djdnx nxvjkcjx jv~itji ni cj dopnhhoi jdnh~jdj)

Nxvjj vkdpj pnd~hop ji ex x~x neoxokinx dn ajxnx dn ngnhtk oiwnpijdnpk "ABA/ y enmkpjp x~

xna~podjd ninpatohj xo pngkpejxn ckx vpnhokx dn cj ninpaj) Ckx x~`xodokx dnxtoijdkx j cj vpkd~hhoi

y nc hkix~ek dn hke`~xto`cnx gxocnx vnpm~dohji jc endok jeònitn y hkixtot~yni ~i jcohonitn vjpj cj

pnjco}jhoi dn jhtowodjdnx z~n aninpji neoxokinx dn hjp`kik) Cj nppjdohjhoi dn nxtkx x~`xodokx pnd~hopj

nc hkxtk ack`jc z~n nitpjj cj nxtjòco}jhoi dn cjx hkihnitpjhokinx dn ajxnx dn ngnhtk oiwnpijdnpk

y jvkptjpj oihnitowkx ex nhjhnx vjpj cj tpjixohoi bjhoj i~nwjx g~nitnx dn ninpaj pnikwj`cn) Ni

Nxvjj tkdjwj xn x~`xodoj cj vpkd~hhoi ijhokijc dn hjpì vjpj aninpjp ninpaj nchtpohj# j~iz~n ni

enikp apjdk z~n ni vkhjx vjxjdjx) Ckx vpnhokx dn cj ajxkcoij y nc doxnc# jx hkek ckx oev~nxtkx z~n

apjwji nc hkix~ek dn hke`~xto`cn dnxtoijdk jc tpjixvkptn# a~pji tjeòi nitpn ckx enikx kinpkxkx

dn ckx vjxnx dn cj KHDN) î j~enitk dn ckx oev~nxtkx xk`pn ckx hke`~xto`cnx y cj x~vpnxoi dn cj

dognpnihoj nitpn cj ajxkcoij y nc doxnc jvkptjpji ejykpnx oihnitowkx j cj pnd~hhoi dn neoxokinx y nc

~xk dn wnbh~ckx ex nhonitnx# jc tonevk z~n hkitpo`~opji j cj hkixkcodjhoi xhjc vkp wj dnc oiapnxk)

Oiapnxkx vpkhndnitnx dn oev~nxtkx pncjhokijdkx hki nc endok jeònitn

G~nitn= `jxn dn djtkx KHDN+JNEJ xk`pn oixtp~enitkx dn vkctohj endokjeònitjc# qqq)knhd)kpa+niw+vkcohonx+djtj`jxn)


20/25

:?

Vpktnanp ckx pnh~pxkx bdpohkx

Cjx xnz~jx dn ckx ctoekx jkx bji v~nxtk dn pnconwn jca~ikx dn ckx vpk`cnejx z~n Nxvjj jgpkitj ni

cj anxtoi dn x~x nxhjxkx pnh~pxkx bdpohkx) J vnxjp dn cj i~nwj cnaoxcjhoi xk`pn nc ja~j# cj pngkpej dn

x~ anxtoi y cjx hkixodnpj`cnx oiwnpxokinx pnjco}jdjx# ckx pnh~pxkx bdpohkx ik xn jdeoioxtpji dn ejinpj

xkxtnio`cn) Ni e~hbkx pkx cj hjcodjd dnc ja~j ik h~evcn hki cj ikpej nxtj`cnhodj) Cjx pnxnpwjx dnc

ejitk gpntohk xn ajxtji ex pvodjenitn dn ck z~n xn pnvkini) Cj hkevntnihoj vkp nc ~xk dnc ja~j nx

hjdj wn} ex ja~dj nitpn ckx bkajpnx# cj japoh~ct~pj# nc xnhtkp dn cj ninpaj# nc t~poxek# cj oid~xtpoj y

e~hbjx ktpjx dnejidjx) Nc hjeòk hcoetohk pnhp~dnhn nxtj hkevntnihoj) Nih~jdpjp jc vpnhok dnc ja~j

dnitpk dn ~ij nxtpjtnaoj vjpj cj pnh~vnpjhoi dn ckx ajxtkx hkitpo`~opj j gpnijp cj dnejidj y jxoaijp ckx

pnh~pxkx bdpohkx j ckx ~xkx ex wjcokxkx< tjeòi jvkptjpj j cjx nevpnxjx bodp~cohjx ~ij ijihojhoiex xkxtnio`cn vjpj vpkxna~op x~x kvnpjhokinx) Tkdj nxtpjtnaoj nihjeoijdj j ekdohjp ckx vpnhokx dnc

ja~j dn`n tninp ni h~nitj ckx hjeòkx oixtot~hokijcnx z~n xnpji inhnxjpokx# jx hkek cjx pnjhhokinx dn

ckx ap~vkx xkhojcnx z~n vkdpji xnitopxn vnpm~dohjdkx)


J~enitjp ckx oev~nxtkx xk`pn ckx hke`~xto`cnx y x~vpoeop apjd~jcenitn ckx x~`xodokx jc

hjpì# j i dn oitnpijco}jp enmkp ckx hkxtkx endokjeònitjcnx# pnd~hop cj dnejidj dn ninpaj y

hkitpo`~op j cj doxeoi~hoi dnc dhot vpnx~v~nxtjpok)

Jvkyjp nxvnhhjenitn j cjx ninpajx pnikwj`cnx dn ejinpj tpjixvjpnitn# pnitj`cn y

tnhikcaohjenitn in~tpj# hki eopjx j kgpnhnp ~i ejphk dn vkctohj nxtj`cn z~n gkenitn cj oiwnpxoivpowjdj ni dohbjx ninpajx y ejitniaj vpnhokx jxnz~o`cnx vjpj ckx hkix~eodkpnx)

Jvcohjp jhtowjenitn cj pnhoi jvpk`jdj Nxtpjtnaoj dn Ekwocodjd Xkxtnio`cn vjpj pnd~hop cjx

neoxokinx dnc tpjixvkptn)

Dnxjppkccjp ~ij nxtpjtnaoj dn j~enitk apjd~jc dn ckx vpnhokx dnc ja~j z~n hkitnevcn cj

pnh~vnpjhoi tktjc dn ckx hkxtkx# tnionidk ni h~nitj ckx hjeòkx oixtot~hokijcnx y ckx ngnhtkx

xkhojcnx hkinrkx)


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06

Nd~hjhoi

Cj enmkpj dn ckx pnx~ctjdkx nd~hjtowkx dn`n xnp ~i ncnenitk g~idjenitjc dn cj nxtpjtnaoj dn Nxvjj

vjpj pnxvkidnp j cj hpoxox# tpjixgkpejp x~ ekdnck vpkd~htowk y jgpkitjp ckx pntkx vpnxnitnx y g~t~pkx) Cjx

pngkpejx ni nd~hjhoi v~ndni hkitpo`~op tjeòi j pnd~hop cjx dnxoa~jcdjdnx jc z~n`pjp cj tpjixeoxoioitnpaninpjhokijc dn cjx dognpnihojx ni nc oiapnxk ni g~ihoi dnc jhhnxk j cj gkpejhoi y hjvjhotjhoi

nitpn vjdpnx n bomkx) J~iz~n ni ckx ctoekx 86 jkx Nxvjj bj pnjco}jdk vpkapnxkx oevpnxokijitnx ni

ejtnpoj dn hk`npt~pj ni tkdkx ckx iowncnx dnc hohck nd~hjtowk y xn bji jhkentodk oevkptjitnx pngkpejx#

ji vnpxoxtni vpk`cnejx z~n nx vpnhoxk j`kpdjp) Ni nxvnhojc# nx inhnxjpok enmkpjp cj hjcodjd dn cj

nd~hjhoi oigjitoc# pnd~hop cjx tjxjx dn j`jidkik nxhkcjp ni xnh~idjpoj# gkptjcnhnp nc jtpjhtowk dn cj

gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc# y jevcojp cj hjvjhodjd y endokx ni cj nd~hjhoi dn tnphnp hohck)

Kh~vjpxn vnpejinitnenitn dn cj jtnihoi y nd~hjhoi dn cj vpoenpj oigjihoj

Cj oiwnpxoi vjpj ckapjp ~ij jtnihoi y nd~hjhoi dn cj vpoenpj oigjihoj dn apji hjcodjd vnpeotn oixtp~op

j ckx vpw~ckx# hke`jtop cj vk`pn}j oigjitoc y jy~djp j z~n ckx iokx x~vnpni cj vkxo`cn dnxwnitjmj

nd~hjtowj ni g~ihoi dnc nitkpik gjeocojp ni nc z~n hpnhni) Nitpn cjx vpoihovjcnx endodjx jdohokijcnx ni

nxtn tpjek hj`n dnxtjhjp cj inhnxodjd dn jvkyjp j ckx vjdpnx y gkenitjp nc nevcnk dn cjx e~mnpnx) Ni

nc hkim~itk dn ckx vjxnx dn cj KHDN# ckx jc~eikx dn :> jkx dn ndjd z~n bj`j jxoxtodk jc vpnnxhkcjp

d~pjitn ~i jk k ex k`t~wonpki hjcohjhokinx ni cnht~pj x~vnpokpnx ni ~i 86. j x~x hkevjnpkx

z~n ik bj`ji vjxjdk vkp c# oidnvnidonitnenitn dn x~ nrtpjhhoi xkhoknhkieohj) Ni Nxvjj# nxtj

dognpnihoj g~n oihc~xk x~vnpokp# hnphjij j ckx 46 v~itkx vkphnit~jcnx)

Dognpnihoj dn pnx~ctjdkx ni cnht~pj nitpn ckx jc~eikx z~n dnhcjpji bj`np pnhoòdk ex dn ~i jk dn

nd~hjhoi vpnnxhkcjp "HOIN 6/ y jz~ncckx z~n ik pnhoònpki dohbj nd~hjhoi

Tkejidk ni h~nitj nc hkitnrtk xkhoknhkieohk

G~nitn= KHDN# VOXJ 066?)

Ni Nxvjj bj j~enitjdk hkixodnpj`cnenitn nc ajxtk v`cohk dnxtoijdk j cj jtnihoi y nd~hjhoi dn

cj vpoenpj oigjihoj ni nc vnpokdk dn 0668 j 0661# apjhojx j cj pnjxoaijhoi dn vjptodjx vpnx~v~nxtjpojx

oiohojcenitn vpnwoxtjx vjpj ntjvjx vkxtnpokpnx dn cj nixnji}j) Cjx tjxjx dn vjptohovjhoi oigjitoc ni cj

jtnihoi y nd~hjhoi dn cj vpoenpj oigjihoj nitpn cjx ndjdnx dn tpnx y hoihk jkx xki hjxo ~iownpxjcnx#

eonitpjx z~n nitpn ckx enikpnx dn tpnx jkx cjx tjxjx xn xotji coanpjenitn vkp nihoej dn cj endoj dn cjKHDN) Ckx nxg~np}kx hkevcnenitjpokx vjpj gkptjcnhnp nxtn iownc# ni vjptoh~cjp kponitjdkx j ckx iokx

dnxgjwkpnhodkx# tjitk dn gjeocojx nxvjkcjx hkek oieoapjitnx# vkdpji hnitpjpxn ni cj hpnjhoi dn ~i

ejphk ikpejtowk nxtp~ht~pjc# z~n dntnpeoin vkp nmnevck cj vpkvkphoi dn iokx vkp hjdj dkhnitn# ckx


22/25

0:

vcjinx dn nxt~dok# cj vndjakaj y dopnhtpohnx# ckx iowncnx dn gkpejhoi y hkidohokinx dn ckx ejnxtpkx#

cj vjptohovjhoi dn ckx vjdpnx y ckx eone`pkx dn cj hke~iodjd y nc jhkvok dn djtkx y xna~oeonitk j ckx

pnx~ctjdkx)

J`kpdjp cjx tjxjx dn j`jidkik nxhkcjp ni cj nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj

Hkevcntjp cj nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj dn`npj xnp ~i pnz~oxotk eioek# yj z~n vpkvkphokij cjx hkevntnihojx

`xohjx oidoxvnixj`cnx vjpj oiapnxjp ni nc enphjdk cj`kpjc k h~pxjp nxt~dokx dn ejykp iownc) Xoi ne`jpak#

ni Nxvjj nc 07. dn ckx jc~eikx ik hkevcntj cj nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj x~vnpokp) Nc j`jidkik nxhkcjp

ni nxtn iownc xn dn`n j downpxkx gjhtkpnx# nitpn ktpkx cj vpnvjpjhoi dn ckx nxt~dojitnx jc oiapnxjp ni cj

nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj y cj vnptoinihoj z~n xtj tonin vjpj x~ wodj hktodojij ni nc ekenitk dn h~pxjpcj)Ktpkx gjhtkpnx# hkek cj nxhjxn} dn kvkpt~iodjdnx vjpj pnjco}jp vphtohjx# hkitpo`~yni jc jctk idohn dn

j`jidkik) Cjx nxtpjtnaojx vjpj gkenitjp cj tnpeoijhoi dn ckx nxt~dokx xnh~idjpokx x~vnpokpnx nroani#

ni vpoenp c~ajp# z~n xn vpnwniaj nc j`jidkik nxhkcjp ni ckx iowncnx vpnwokx# endojitn nc png~np}k dn cj

hjcodjd dn cj nixnji}j ni cj nxh~ncj vpoejpoj y cj xnh~idjpoj `xohj# y z~n xn pnd~}hj nc vkphnitjmn dn

pnvntodkpnx) Nitpn ktpjx endodjx nxvnhhjx dn`npj gjhocotjpxn cj nz~owjcnihoj y nc vkxo`cn tpixotk nitpn

cj nd~hjhoi xna~idjpoj tpjdohokijc y cj gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc) Tjeòi xki inhnxjpokx vpkapjejx

nxvnhhkx dn jvkyk vjpj ckx jc~eikx z~n nxti j v~itk dn j`jidkijp cj nxh~ncj) Nc jvkyk z~n xn

`poidj j ckx hnitpkx vjpj z~n j~enitni x~ nhjhoj v~ndn hkitpo`~op oa~jcenitn j pnd~hop nc j`jidkik)

Ni nxtn xnitodk# dn`npj oihpnenitjpxn ji ex cj j~tkikej dn ckx hkcnaokx# ni vjptoh~cjp ni ejtnpoj

dn hkitpjtjhoi dn dkhnitnx y ni ck pncjtowk j dnhoxokinx xk`pn ckx hkitniodkx dn ckx vpkapjejx cnhtowkx#

jdjvtidkckx j cjx pnjcodjdnx y inhnxodjdnx hkihpntjx dnc nitkpik) Jc eoxek tonevk# ckx dopnhtkpnx

dn ckx hnitpkx dn`npji nxtjp enmkp vpnvjpjdkx vjpj cjx tjpnjx dn anxtoi y pnhoòp ex jvkyk vjpj

hkevpkentnp j x~x dkhnitnx ni cj tjpnj dn vpnxtjp cj eroej jtnihoi j cj nxh~ncj y j ckx pnx~ctjdkx

jhjdeohkx dn x~x jc~eikx)

Cjx nwjc~jhokinx y cj endohoi dn ckx pnx~ctjdkx nxhkcjpnx v~ndni xnp tjeòi oixtp~enitjcnx) J~iz~n

ni Nxvjj jca~ijx hke~iodjdnx j~tikejx bji jvcohjdk nwjc~jhokinx vnpodohjx y hnitpjco}jdjx# nxtn

tovk dn nrjeni ik xn pnjco}j ni nc vcjik ijhokijc# vjpj mjp hpotnpokx dn pngnpnihoj vjpj cjx vkctohjx

nd~hjtowjx dn eòtk pnaokijc y dniop jx ckx etkdkx odinkx) Cj vphtohj dn xkentnp cjx nxh~ncjx j

nwjc~jhokinx nrtnpijx dn`npj nrtnidnpxn j tkdjx cjx hke~iodjdnx j~tikejx y vkdpj ~xjpxn hkek

~i hpotnpok dn pngnpnihoj vjpj hcjxohjp ckx pnx~ctjdkx jhjdeohkx# ni g~ihoi dn k`mntowkx vpnwojenitn

jhkpdjdkx# jx hkek vjpj dniop vpokpodjdnx ni ck tkhjitn j cjx jht~jhokinx inhnxjpojx)

J~enitjp nc jtpjhtowk y cj nhonihoj dn cj nixnji}j y gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc

Nc pnhonitn Pnjc Dnhpntk jvpk`jdk ni m~cok vjpj nxtj`cnhnp cj kpdnijhoi aninpjc dn cj gkpejhoi

vpkgnxokijc x~vkin ~i oevkptjitn jwjihn ni cj jevcojhoi y nro oco}jhoi dn cj kgnptj dn nixnji}j# ck

h~jc pnd~idjp vkxotowjenitn ni nc jtpjhtowk dn nxtj wj) E~hbjx dn cjx endodjx pnhkani pnhkenidjhokinx

yj gkpe~cjdjx vkp cj KHDN# j~iz~n xoa~n bjònidk ejpani vjpj enmkpjp cj nhonihoj y hjcodjd dn nxtj

pjej nd~hjtowj)

î jxvnhtk hkixoxtopj ni dktjp dn ejykp pnxvkixjòcodjd y j~tkikej j ckx hnitpkx) Cjx nxh~ncjx dn

gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc dn`npji tjeòi xnp nwjc~jdjx ni g~ihoi dnc rotk dn x~x jc~eikx j cj bkpj

dn k`tninp nevcnkx h~jcohjdkx# y x~x pnx~ctjdkx dn`npji bjhnpxn v`cohkx) Bj`pj z~n oihnitowjp

tjeòi cj ejykp vjptohovjhoi dn vpkgnxokijcnx ni cj`kpnx dn nixnji}j y vpkgnxkpjdk# ck z~n

hkitpo`~opj j hkevcntjp nc jhnphjeonitk dn cjx j~cjx jc e~idk cj`kpjc z~n yj xn vpnw ni cj i~nwjikpejtowj j tpjwx dn cj ejykp ~toco}jhoi dn ckx hnitpkx dn tpj`jmk hkek c~ajp dn gkpejhoi) Ktpk

jxvnhtk dnc z~n pnh~ppnitnenitn xn z~nmji ckx nevpnxjpokx nx cj nxhjxj hjvjhotjhoi dn ckx apjd~jdkx ni

hkevntnihojx dn idkcn aninpjc# tjcnx hkek nc dkeoiok dn cj nrvpnxoi nxhpotj y dn odokejx nrtpjimnpkx)


23/25

00

Xo ni cj nixnji}j xn bohonpj ex boihjvo ni jvtot~dnx aninpjcnx# nxj gkpejhoi jy~djpj j z~n ckx

apjd~jdkx hkixnpwjpji cj hjvjhodjd dn k`tninp nevcnk j ndjdnx ex jwji}jdjx) Nc oitnpx z~n x~xhotj

cj gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc ni nc ejphk dnc xoxtnej dn nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj xn wn tjeòi enikxhj`jdk

vkp cj doh~ctjd dn jhhndnp j ckx nxt~dokx dn tnphnp hohck ~ij wn} hkevcntjdj dohbj gkpejhoi# j~iz~n

cjx ctoejx endodjx gjwkpnhni cjx vjxjpncjx nitpn ckx dognpnitnx iowncnx nd~hjtowkx)

Enmkpjp nc jhhnxk j cj nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj

Vnxn jc nrtpjkpdoijpok jwjihn dn cjx ctoejx dhjdjx y cj oevkptjitn vkctohj dn `nhjx ejitniodj

d~pjitn cj hpoxox# tkdjwj z~ndj ejpani dn enmkpj ni ejtnpoj dn jhhnxk j cj nd~hjhoi ~iownpxotjpoj) Ik

nroxtni hpdotkx v`cohkx vjpj cj ejykpj dn h~pxkx dn nd~hjhoi x~vnpokp y# j~iz~n ik nrhnxowjenitn

ncnwjdjx ni hkevjpjhoi hki ktpkx vjxnx dn cj KHDN# cjx ~iownpxodjdnx hk`pji tjxjx# ck z~n ik kh~ppn

ni ckx h~pxkx dn gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc dn tnphnp hohck) J~iz~n nroxtni x~`xodokx y jy~djx `jxjdkx ni cj

xot~jhoi xkhoknhkieohj dn ckx jc~eikx vpkhndnitnx dn gjeocojx dn `jmkx oiapnxkx# cj jvcohjhoi dn ~i

nxz~nej dn hpdotkx jc nxt~dok vkdpj xjtoxgjhnp nxtn jvkyk jc jhhnxk j cj nd~hjhoi ~iownpxotjpoj j ~i

enikp hkxtn vjpj cj jdeoioxtpjhoi v`cohj)

Tjxjx dn nitpjdj ni nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj dn tovk J y @j

":??> y 066?/

j) Nd~hjhoi tnphojpj tovk J xn pngnpn j vpkapjejx dn nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj ~iownpxotjpoj) Nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj tovk @ xn pngnpn j vpk%apjejx dn nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj ex hkptkx y `jxjdkx ni cj kponitjhoi vpkgnxokijc:) Jk dn pngnpnihoj 0666 ni c~ajp dn :??> )0) Ni 066?# cjx tjxjx dn nitpjdj ni nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj dn tovk J oihc~yni cjx tjxjx dn nitpjdj ni nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj dn tovk @)8) Jk dn pngnpnihoj 0662 ni c~ajp dn 066?)

Ckx vjxnx xn bji hcjxoghjdk ni kpdni dnxhnidnitn dn cjx tjxjx dn nitpjdj ni nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj dn tovk J ni 066?)

G~nitn= KHDN) Vjpj Jpanitoij# Hboij n Oidkinxoj= Oixtot~tk dn Nxtjdxtohjx dn cj ÎNXHK "Vpkapjej dn oidohjdkpnx dn cjnd~hjhoi ni nc e~idk/) Apghjx H0):# H0)0) Wjxn nc jinrk 8 vjpj cjx iktjx "qqq)knhd)kpa+nd~+nja06::/)

Cj Nxtpjtnaoj îownpxodjd 06:> bjhn boihjvo ni cj inhnxodjd dn hkkpdoijp ckx hkppnxvkidonitnx

xoxtnejx j~tkieohkx vjpj ekdnpio}jp cj nd~hjhoi x~vnpokp) Vnxn j ckx oevkptjitnx k`mntowkx mjdkx#

cj dnvnidnihoj dn cj ijihojhoi pnaokijc vkp vjptn dn cjx ~iownpxodjdnx coeotj tkdjwj ckx oihnitowkx

vjpj hpnjp hnitpkx dn nrhncnihoj dkhnitn hjvjhnx dn jchji}jp vpnxtoaok ni nc vcjik ijhokijc) Xnpj

hkiwnionitn nxtj`cnhnp ~i nxz~nej dn ijihojhoi j nxhjcj ijhokijc hki eopjx j hkevcnenitjp cjx

jxoaijhokinx vpnx~v~nxtjpojx pnaokijcnx y pnhkevnixjp j ckx hnitpkx ~iownpxotjpokx ni g~ihoi dn

x~ nrhncnihoj ni cj nixnji}j ~iownpxotjpoj) E~hbjx hke~iodjdnx j~tikejx tkdjwj ik tonini nih~nitj ckx pnx~ctjdkx jhjdeohkx vjpj dntnpeoijp nc apjdk dn ijihojhoi dn cjx ~iownpxodjdnx) Nxtj

woih~cjhoi dn cj ijihojhoi j ckx pnx~ctjdkx vnpeotopj tjeòi dktjp dn ejykp j~tkikej hkitpjht~jc

j ckx hnitpkx ex xk`pnxjconitnx)


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Xna~op oiwoptonidk ni cj jtnihoi y nd~hjhoi dn cj vpoenpj oigjihoj # nxvnhojcenitn cj

hk`npt~pj dn ckx xnaenitkx ex dnxgjwkpnhodkx) Vpnxtjp ex jtnihoi j cjx endodjx kponitjdjx j cj

hjcodjd# hnitpidkxn ni cjx h~nxtokinx pncjtowjx jc vnpxkijc# ckx vcjinx dn nxt~dok y cj nwjc~jhoi)

J~enitjp cj vpkvkphoi dn nxt~dojitnx z~n xn apjdj ni cj nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj x~vnpokp

endojitn cj jvcohjhoi dn endodjx vpnwojx ni vpoejpoj y xnh~idjpoj xohj# cj pnd~hhoi dnc ienpk

dn pnvntodkpnx y nc jvkyk nxvnhhk j ckx jc~eikx z~n nxti j v~itk dn j`jidkijp ckx nxt~dokx)

J~enitjp nc jtpjhtowk dn cj gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc y jvkyjp cjx vjxjpncjx z~n vnpeotji jhhndnpj ex kvhokinx jhjdeohjx ni cj nixnji}j xnh~idjpoj x~vnpokp y cj nd~hjhoi tnphojpoj)

Jvkyjp j cjx nxh~ncjx vjpj z~n xnji ex nhjhnx# ktkpaidkcnx ex j~tkikej# ni vjptoh~cjp

ni ck tkhjitn j cjx dnhoxokinx xk`pn hkitpjtjhoi dn ckx dkhnitnx y nc hkitniodk dn ckx vcjinx dn

nxt~dok# gjhocotjidk j ckx dopnhtkpnx dn ckx hnitpkx cj hjvjhotjhoi y nc pnxvjcdk jdnh~jdkx)

Oevcjitjp ~i xoxtnej dn vpxtjekx nxt~dojitocnx# ni g~ihoi dn ckx oiapnxkx gjeocojpnx vjpj

tkdkx ckx jc~eikx dn tnphnp hohck# oihc~odkx ckx z~n bjyji kvtjdk vkp cj gkpejhoi vpkgnxokijc)

Woih~cjp ex nxtpnhbjenitn cj ijihojhoi dn cjx ~iownpxodjdnx hki x~x pnx~ctjdkx# j i dn

djpcnx ex j~tkikej# nxvnhojcenitn ni ck pncjtowk j cj dntnpeoijhoi dn cjx hkidohokinx cj`kpjcnx

y ckx xjcjpokx dnc vnpxkijc)


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qqq)knhd)kpa+xvjoi

perspectivas ocde: españa, políticas para una recuperación sostenible(es)/ perspective of oecd:...

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