otros destinos nº 25 sur de la india

7/22/2019 otros destinos nº 25 Sur de la India

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Bõa`rd :0 Z`vcstn hcoctnk h` vcne`s y gdtdorngáns s`ptc`ajr` h` :9>= >.09$

]ur h` kn Cbhcn Bnbenbouh Mdmfcb Fdo`bnllnkAubbnr Nknppuzfn Mfdwnrn Wnrlnkn

Lnbynluanrc Anhurnc Xrcmfy Xnbedr` Anankknpurna

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Z`vcstn hcoctnk orntuctn

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Yrdfcjchn kn r`prdhummcýb,yhcstrcjumcýb tnbtd hcoctnk mdadcapr`sn tdtnk d pnrmcnk scb knnutdrcznmcýb `xpr`sn h`su nutdr.

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s`ptc`ajr` h` :9>= - >.09 $

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>87 luajnldbna

>77 anankknpurna

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]ur h` kn Cbhcn



]ur h` kn CbhcnMdb `k r`mdrrchd pdr `k mdapkèd h` tàpkds hÀnankknpurna, t`racbnads `stds r`pdrtne`s sdjr` `k sur

h` kn Cbhcn `b hds `stnhds mdad sdb kds h` L`rnkn y `k XnackBnhu, qu` mdapk`tnb kds dgr`mchds `b `k bõa`rd : h` bu`strnr`vcstn, hdbh` r`mdrrcads kds `stnhds h` Anfnrnstrn yLnrbntnln. Kuonr`s tnb hcspnr`s Mdmfcb, d Aubbnr, d knsmntnrntns h` Fdo`bnllnk `b Xnack Bnhu, y kdscapr`scdbnbt`s tàpkds h` Anhurnc d Xnbedr`, y dtrnsmcuhnh`s bd tnb mdbdmchns p`rd bd pdr `kkd a`bdscapdrtnbt`s `b munbtd n kn capdrtnbmcn nrquct`mtýbcmn h` sus

tàpkds. Mcuhnh`s y pdjknmcdb`s hdbh` fàds r`snktnhd kdans capdrtnbt` pnrn ubn vcsctn pnrn quc`b`s h`s``b mdbdm`r`stn pnrt` h` kn Cbhcn.

@k sur h` kn Cbhcn mdad qu`hn r`ènhd `b `stns pnocbnssdjr`snk` pdr kn r`kcocdschnh y sdb sus tàpkds kdsadbua`btds ans sdjr`snkc`bt`s h` kn zdbn. @s ubn zdbn anspdjr` qu` kn h`k bdrt` y auy hcg`r`bt` nk Znenstnb. Y`rd kdqu` bd pdhàds dkvchnr `s qu` Cbhcn `b tdhd su mdbeubtd `sub pnás `xm`pmcdbnk y õbcmd pdrqu` mnhn zdbn mnhn pu`jkd `shcg`r`bt` y bd sdkd su vcsctn `s pnrn mdbtàpknr `xm`k`bt`spnknmcds adbua`btds d tàpkds. Kn cbhcn tnajcãb s`mdapdb` h` kn gdran h` vchn tnb p`mukcnr h` sus fnjctnbt`s.



]nj`s qu` pu`h`sh`smnronr kn r`vcstn `b

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pr`mcd h` kn h`smnron `s h` >.09$

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Kn h`smnron `b phg y kn v`rscýb mdapk`tn tc`b` ub pr`mcd h` >,09$ sch`s`ns h`smnronrkn puksn N^PC

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nutdrcznmcýb `xpr`sn h`su nutdr.










Yknyn Ldvnkna



Jrcfnhcsfwnrn

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X`apkdNcrnvnt`sfvnrn

Hnrnsurna



X`apkdLncknsnbntfn

Lnbmfcpurna



Lrcsbnis Jutt`r JnkkAnfnjnkcpurna



Sn mnacbd fnmcn Mdmfc `b `k `stnhdh` L`rnkn y n sdkd ubds :0 la h`

Aysdr` s` `bmu`btrn `k pdjknhd h`Bnbenbouh nõb `b `k `stnhd h`k Lnrbntnln.]` trntn h` ub tàpkd qu` s` `bmu`btrn ndrckkns h`k rád Lnpckn (Lnjcbc) mdbsnornhd n]fcvn. Bnbenbouh `s tnajcãb mdbdmchd

mdad "Hnlsfcbn Lnsfc" (sur h` Lnsfonr).

Nquá s` m`k`jrn kn k`y`bhn h`k BãmtnrM`k`stcnk hdbh` s` mu`btn kn fcstdrcn h`Narctn (bãmtnr h` kn vchn), munbhd kdsH`vns (hcds`s) y kds Nsurns (hàdbcds), `bsu jõsqu`hn mdaõb pdr `k bãmtnr h` kncbadrtnkchnh ubc`rdb sus `sgu`rzds y ]fcvnj`jcý `k v`b`bd pnrn cap`hcr qu` kdshàdbcds gu`rnb cbadrtnk`s pnrn scàpr`.@stn m`ràdbcn s` m`k`jrn hds háns nbt`sh` kn kubn bu`vn y mnhn a`s `b kn kubnkk`bn.

Dtrn k`y`bhn mu`btn qu` kds H`vns y kdsnsurns gu`rdb r`mdap`bsnhds pdr uba`hcmd hcvcbd kknanhd Hfnbvnbtnrc qu`snkcý gu`rn h`k r`cbd m`k`stcnk y kk`vnjn `bub jdt` `k bãmtnr. @btdbm`s Wcsbõ `kprdt`mtdr, cbt`rvcbd nk h`smujrcr qu``stnjnb j`jc`bhd h` `k p`rd kkòd tnrh`,

pu`s yn fnjánb mdbsuachd kn actnh h` knpdrmcýb y prdm`hcý pnrn h`strucrkds. Y`rdkds hàdbcds prdtòchds pdr `k bãmtnr h` kncbadrtnkchnh tdanrdb kn gdran h` Znfumdb mnj`zn h` s`rpc`bt` y mu`rpd fuanbd,L`tu mnj`zn fuanbn y mu`rpd h`s`rpc`bt`, `kkds munbhd s` acrnb sdajr`nbkds pknb`tns, kn kubn y `k ]dk kns pdscmcdb`sh`k adhd qu` mnusnb kds `mkcps`s. Znfu `s`k adhd nsm`bh`bt` y L`tu `k h`sm`bh`bt`.

nb nbouh@b `stn

pdjknmcýb s`m`k`jrn `k g`stcvnkhdbh` kds hcds`sy kds hàdbcdskumfnb pdr `k

bãmtnr h` kn

cbadrtnkchnh



@stn pdjknmcýb qu` s` `bmu`btrn n:= lckýa`trds h` Aysdr` y n >7= h`

Jnbonkdr`, s` pu`h` kkònr `b mdmf , tr`b dnvcýb. @b mdmf` pdr kn mnrr`t`rn `stntnk >?qu` vn n Aysdr`.

Ydr tr`b5@s ubn auy ju`bn dpmcýb yn qu` Bnbenbouhtc`b` ubn `stnmcýb h` tr`b mdb ubn napkcnkáb`n h` mnkcjr` (`k nbmfd h` ván `stîbhnrsòuchd pdr G`rrdmnrrck`s h` kn Cbhcn) qu`s` `xtc`bh` h`sh` Aysdr` n Bnbenbouh.Aysdr` `s ub kuonr capdrtnbt` `stî jc`bmdaubcmnhd pdr g`rrdmnrrck mdb kns

prcbmcpnk`s mcuhnh`s h` kn Cbhcn y pdr kdtnbtd, kds pnsne`rds pu`h`b pnrnr `b Aysdr`y tdanr dtrd tr`b pnrn kkònr n Bnbenbouh.

Ydr `k ncr`5@k n`rdpu`rtd aîs m`rmnbd `s `k h`Jnbonkdr`. Nkt`rbntcvna`bt`, s` pu`hùtckcznr kds n`rdpu`rtds `b Mdcajntdr` dMnkcmut pnrn kkònr n Bnbenbouh. Kn mcuhnh

h` Aysdr` `stn tdanbhd jnstnbt`r`k`vnbmcn y s` `stn mdbstruy`bhd ubn`rdpu`rtd mdb kd qu` kn kkònhn nBnbenbouh s`rî ans mdrtn



nbenbouh fn schd ub m`btrd h` muktd n ]fcvn capdrtnbt` h`sh` tcàpds cbaàdrcnk`s. @ktàpkd `s ubn ornb `strumturn mdapkèn `b `k `stckd Hrnvchnb, y pnr`m` fnj`r schdmdbstruchd drcocbnka`bt` pdr kds Onbons (d Mfdkns) hdbh` s` gu` fnmc`bhd n trnvãs h`kds scokds fnstn `k >399, pdr kds Fdysnkns, ròkns Wcenynbnonrn, Ynkònrs y dtrds. Gu`r`bdvnhd pdr Lrcsfbnrnen _dh`ynr CCC y kn nkturn h` su odpurna gu` mdbstruchn `b>680. @s ubd h` kds anydr`s tàpkds h` Lnrbntnln, mdb =60 pc`s h` knrod y >79 pc`s h`nbmfd.

Kn mcuhnh `s gnadsn pdr `k `bdra` tàpkd h`hcmnhd nk s`þdr ]fcvn, mdbdmchd mdadBnbeubh`sfwnrn. @st` bdajr` s` kd hcd `k ornb Xcppu suktîb qu` p`rt`b`mán n kdsodj`rbnbt`s Onbon qu` `stuvc`rdb `b `stn pnrt` h` kn Cbhcn `b `k scokd bdv`bd. @st`suktîb t`bcn ubn ornb g` `b ]fcvn. S `stî `smrctd `b kn fcstdrcn h`k tàpkd qu` su `k`gnbt`gnvdrctd t`bcn ubn `bg`ra`hnh `b ub ded y gu` murnhd pdr nhacbcstrnmcýb h` noun

j`bh`mchn `b `k tàpkd, y `b nornh`mcac`btd n `kkd hcd nk tàpkd ub Kcbon h` enh` mdbub mdkknr h` `sa`rnkhn . @st` Kcbon mdbdmchd mdad `k Wnchyn Bnbeubh`sfwnrn, s` hcm`pdr nqu`kkds qu` tc`b`b g` `b `k, qu` `s ub snbnhdr pnrn sus mr`y`bt`s, y s` pu`h` v`rnõb fdy nhdrnhdr`s fnmc`bhd Pruku ]`v`, ubn prîmtcmn rctunk, h`spuãs h` tdanr ub jnþd`b `k rád Lnpckn.

X a kd



Hdhhn Entfr` y Mfclln Entfr`!"# %&#'()*&# +&*,-,"#"#

Hds v`m`s mnhn nþd ack`s h` h`vdtds s` r`õb`b `b`k gnadsd G`stcvnk h` kds mnrrds kdmnka`bt`

mdbdmchd mdad `k Hdhhn Entfr` y Mfclln Entfr`. @b

mcbmd mnrrds s`pnrnhds kk`vnb n sus hcds`s ubd pnrn knHcdsn Ynrvntfc, dtrd pnrn ]rclnbt`sfwnrn, pnrn `k HcdsOnb`sf y pnrn ]ujrnanbyn y Mfnbhcl`sfwnrn qu` `bubn ornb puen trnhcmcdbnk pdr kn anþnbn auy tàprnbdtcrnb h` kds mnrrds tnkknhds `b anh`rn vcèn, pdr knsmnkk`s h` kn mcuhnh.

@stds mnrrds scajdkcznb n sus Hcds`s y `b mnhn ubd h``kkds kk`vnb knjrnhns kns k`y`bhns qu` s` m`k`jrnb. @s h`

ub ornb g`rvdr y kkònb n ack`s h` tdhns pnrt`s h` knCbhcn pnrn m`k`jrnr kds g`stcvnk`s. @stds g`stcvnk`s s`m`k`jrnb ubd h` `kkds `btr` kds a`s`s h` anrzd y njrck y`k sòubhd `btr` bdvcàjr` y hcmcàjr`



Kds capdb`bt`s mnrrds sdb tcrnhds pdr ack`s h` h`vdtds `b ubnpuen `btr` `kkds `b fdbdr h` sus hcds`s. Cbmkusd `k`gnbt`s s`usnb hnhd kn hcmuktnh pnrn adv`rkds.



Bnbenbouh qu` `s mdbdmchn mdad kn J`bnrãs h`k sur.Sn qu` `k rád Lnpckn `s utckcznhd pdr kds `k`s pnrn

snbtcmnrs` `b `k. @s eustd jnenbhd `k tàpkd `b kcb`n r`mtnhdbh` s` `bmu`btrn `k rád nkká `b kds ontfs s` v` n kds `k`smdad s` jnþnb r`znb y s` ns`nb fdbdrnbhd y snbtcmnbhd nkrád.

Mdb `k ans `strcmtd s`btchd `spcrctunk fnm`b h`k ns`d ubnm`ràdbcn r`kcocdsn, hnbhd nknjnbzns nk rád pdr s`r purd yqu` `k noun k`s s`n j`b`mcdsn. Mdb `kkd hàu`strnb knornb fuackhnh qu` tc`b`b pnrn mnhn ubd h` kds 8`kà`btds, qu` mdb su nhdrnmcýb hcnrcn àpk`nb y `vdmnb.

Kn Cbhcn bd `s r`kcocdsn `s `spcrctunk, pdr `sd pu`h`bmdbvcvcr tdhns kns r`kcocdb`s scb bcboõb `bgr`btnac`btd,`kkds sdb kcjr`s `b su `k`mmcýb yn qu` kn `spcrctunkchnh bd

r`prca`. Kns r`kcocdb`s sc, `k ausukaîb `k ]fcc sdb ans`strcmtds `b sus mr``bmcns p`rd kn anydrán h`k pu`jkd Cbhcdbd nhdrn ans qu` n sus hcds`s, y nm`ptnb tdhds kds hcds`sv`bonb h` hdbh` v`bonb y s`nb h` hdbh` s`nb, nhàns`kkds mr``b qu` munbtd ans Hcds`s ans tc`b`b pnrn sdkcmctnrsus p`tcmcdb`s.

n nrnbns ` u r



M`rmn Bnbenbouh fny ubn mdbu`bmcn h` kds ráds - Lnpckn y Oubhku. @stnmdbu`bmcn s` kknan "Ynrnsfurnan Lsf`trn". ]` hcm` qu` `s nquá

Ynrnsfurnan fnján nrr`p`btchd pdr `k p`mnhd h` h`mnpctnr n su anhr`.Fny ub t`apkd Ynrnsfurnan mdbstruchd `b `k `stckd Aysdr`, `k snbtunrcdtc`b` ub áhdkd h` ]`þdr Ynrnsfurnan y ãk `s nhdrnhd nquá. @st` kuonrmu`btn mdb snbtunrcds h` Anrutfc y ub t`apkd Jnsnv`sfvnrn bu`vnmdbstrummcýb



do`bnllnkFdo`bnllnk `s ub p`qu`þd pu`jkd `b `k rád Lnv`ry m`rmn h` Hfnranpurc `b`k Xnack Bnhu. Z`mcj` su bdajr` h` kns pnknjrns lnbbnhn, 'Fdo`' qu`

scobcmn ']adl`' y 'lnk "qu` scobcmn" pc`hrns "y h` nfá `k tãracbd scobcmnhdFdo`bnllnk' Zdmns Fua`nbt`s. @s` nsp`mtd nfuanhd `b kns rdmn s` mr`n pdr kngu`rzn h`k noun. @st` pu`jkd rcj`r`þd `stî sctunhd n ubds >09 lckýa`trds h` knmcuhnh a`trdpdkctnbn h` Jnbonkdr` y s` `bmu`btrn `b kns grdbt`rns h` kds hds`stnhds h` Xnack Bnhu y Lnrbntnln.

@s ub kuonr pnrn hcsgrutnr h` kns `sp`mtnmuknr`s mntnrntns, yn qu` sdjr` tdhdkkònbhd h`sh` ub kuonr tnb s`md mdad `k Xnack Bnhu d h`sh` Lnrbntnln, np`t`màumfáscad v`r ub kuonr mdb tnbtn noun. @s ub kuonr qu` `s auy gr`mu`btnhd pdr `kturcsad bnmcdbnk, h`jchd n qu` tc`b` gnan pdr ubds ansne`s rèuv`b`m`hdr`s mdbnm`ct`s y fc`rjns `sp`mcnk`s h` kn zdbn, `stds ansnecstns qu` k`s kknanb kdsankcsflnrnbs, qu` mdb nm`ct`s, pdkvd y `k mdbdmcac`btd h` kds mntdrm` pubtds h`kansne` `b `k mu`rpd fuanbd< nsc`btnb n sus mkc`bt`s `b kdsns h` kn rdmn y k`s hnb`k ansne`. H`spuãs h` kd munk sus mkc`bt`s h`j`b s`r rònhds, `stnbhd quc`tdsh`jned h` kns mnsmnhns h`k noun. Nhàns `s ub kuonr h` muktd, pu`s fny kn k`y`bhn

h` qu` sus nouns sdb acknordsns y `stn kk`bd h` p`ròrcbds h` tdhd `k pnás pnrnmurnrs`, y mdad `b tdhd kuonr hdbh` `xcst`b ‛nouns acknordsns‑ t` fnm`b pnonrcbmkusd pdr mruznr ub pu`bt` y sc kk`vns mîanrn h` gdtds nõb ans.

Kns mntnrntns h`k rád Lnv`rc

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k kkònr m`rmn h` kns mntnrntns s` djs`rvnbubds t`bh`r`t`s hdbh` v`bh`b mdachn,p`smnhds grctds nhdjnhds mdb pcac`btn rdenpcmnbt` pnrn `stýanods pr`pnrnhds, kdsansnecstns s` `bmu`btrnb n kd knrod h`kmnacbd qu` kk`vn fnmcn `k pu`bt` h`sh`hdbh` s` djs`rvnb aèdr kns mntnrntns.

@k rád, nquá ntrnvc`sn ub vnkk` s`kvîtcmd,pnrtc`bhd ubn y dtrn v`z kns rdmns, `btr`p`qu`þns cskns mdb kds îrjdk`s `k`vnhds,gu`rn s` mujr` sdkna`bt` munbhd `k rád`stî `b mr`mchn mdb kns kkuvcns h`k adbzýb.Kn o`bt` su`k` mruznr kns nouns `b ubdsjnrmds mcrmuknr`s h` m`stn mujc`rtds `b pc`kh` jõgnkd d pkîstcmd. @stds jnrmds bd sdb

tnb hãjck`s mdad pu`h` pnr`m`r y fnmàumfds nþds qu` s` usnb. @k kuonr `spr`mcdsd y fn vnkchd kn p`bn qu`hnrs` scbmda`r y fnm`r :99 la pnrn vcsctnrkd, p`rd`s qu` nhàns f` hcsgrutnhd aumfáscad

mdb `k vcne`s pu`s `k mnacbd `s h` ubpncsne` h` ornb j`kk`zn, `btr` mdmdt`rds,pnka`rns y vnkk`s v`rh`s, nhàns h` fnj`rpr`s`bmcnhd `b Bnbenbouh `k g`stcvnk h`]fcvn.

Y`rd Fdo`bnllnk dgr`m` aumfd aîs n kds

turcstns. Ynrn nqu`kkds qu` k`s oustn ubpdmd h` nv`bturn, pu`h` dptnr pdr bnhnr `b`k nrrdyd m`rmn h` kns mntnrntns, qu` bd `stnb gîmck mdad pnr`m` y sýkd h`j` s`reuzonhd pdr kds bnhnhdr`s `xp`rtds. D ubdpu`h` cr pnrn knrons mnacbntns n kd knrodh` kns mdkcbns A`knocrc qu` bd sýkd s`rîubn `xp`rc`bmcn àdmcdbnbt` `b `k ncr`gr`smd h`k jdsqu`, scbd qu` tnajcãb

dgr`m`b capr`scdbnbt`s vcstns h` kn`xuj`rnbt` vò`tnmcýb y kn j`kk`zn h`kkuonr. @s nhàns ub kuonr qu` npnr`m` `baumfns h` kns p`kámukns h` Jdkkywddh



N p`snr h` sus nouns jrnvns,`b kn mntnrntn. @k rád Lnv`rc

`b Fdo`bnllnk `s mdad ub knod y s`pu`h` bnvònr mdb ubns `xtrnþnsjnrmns kknanhns Mdrnmk`s sdb jnrmds

m`stn mcrmuknr`s `sp`mcnk`s qu` s`mujr`b mdb fdens h` pkîstcmd pnrn`vctnr qu` `k noun qu` `btr` pdr knpnrt` cbg`rcdr.

Kkònr n ub nmu`rhd mdb `k jnrqu`rdy hcsgrutnr h` ub pns`d h`spuãs h`rònt`nr. Nubqu` npnr`btà`bt`p`qu`þn, `stns m`stns jnrmds

pu`h`b kk`vnr fnstn 6 p`rsdbns. sc s`quc`r` t`b`r kn `xp`rc`bmcn h`bnvònr `b `stns m`stns, tnajcãb`stîb `b Bnbenbouh, nkká bd `s tnbturástcmd y su pr`mcd `s ans`mdbýacmd.

Aue`r`s pr`pnrnbhd p`smnhdsgrctds nhdjnhd mdb pcac`btn rden

pcmnbt`, pkntd trnhcmcdbnk h` knzdbn.



Pb vcne` `b mdmf` r`mdrrc`bhd kn Cbhcn hn pnrnaumfd munbhd vns h` pu`jkd `b pu`jkd

ntrnv`snbhd `stnhds, `s pdscjk` `bmdbtrnrs` mdbp`rsdbns y kuonr`s qu` pnrn ub dmmch`btnk r`suktnbcbsýkctds. Ynrn kkònr n Fdo`bnllnk `b `k `stnhd h`Xnack Bnhu, `s pdscjk` fnm`rkd h`sh` kn mcuhnh h`Hfnranpurc,qu` s` `bmu`btrn n ubds 09 lckýa`trds. N`stn mcuhnh s` kkòn pdr tr`b d pdr mnrr`t`rn h`sh`Jnbonkdr`. Y`rd a` `bmdbtrnjn `b `k `stnhd h`Lnrbntnln `b Aysdr` n ubds ::6 la h` Fdo`bnllnk,hnhd qu` bu`strd h`stcbd `rn `k `stnhd h` L`rnkn,fnmcn kn mcuhnh h` Ldmfy, `stnjn `b aèdr sctunmcýbkkònr h` `stî anb`rn fnmcn Fdo`bnllnk. Ynrnpdst`rcdra`bt` kkònr fnstn Ldmfy.

Nõb nsá ::6 la `b kn Cbhcn h`jchd nk `stnhd h` susmnrr`t`rns `s pãscad `stn hcstnbmcn s` mdbvc`rt`b `b 7fdrns h` r`mdrrchd. Mdad hcod qu` `stnjn `b `k `stnhd

h` Lnrbntnln y Fdo`bnllnk s` `bmu`btrn `b `k XnackBnhu, s` tc`b` qu` pnonr kn snkchn y `btrnhn h` ub`stnhd nk dtrd hds v`m`s p`rd mknrd `k nfdrrd `blckýa`trds y onsdkcbn `rn sup`rcdr. Nsá qu` tuv` qu`snkcr h` Lnrbntnln y pnonr pdr `btrnr `b `k, `b kn Cbhcnmnhn v`z qu` ntrnvc`snb ub `stnhd kds v`fámukds fnb h`snmnr kn vnkch`z pnrn pdh`r mcrmuknr pdr `k. S bd tdhdskds v`fámukds pu`h`b, fnb h` t`b`r nhàns ubp`racsd turástcmd `sp`mcnk.

S sc t`bod qu` nmdbsènr, h`sh` kuòd kn aèdranb`rn h` r`mdrr`r `st` pnás bd `s dtrd qu` `b mdmf`,d sc bd `s pdscjk` `b tr`b. Z`mdrr`rkd `b mdmf` supdb`mdbdm`r kuonr`s qu` bd s` `bmu`btrn `b bcboubn rutnturástcmn.

@s r`mdrr`r pdjknhd y pu`jkdshdbh` s` pu`h`b pr`s`bmcnrmdstuajr`s õbcmns v`r kn gdranh` vchn qu` kk`vnb `b kdsp`qu`þds pu`jkds y nkh`ns,pdrqu` sc kn Cbhcn kknan knnt`bmcýb munbhd s` vcsctnbmcuhnh`s h` ub tnanþd a`hcd,vcsc tnr pu`jkds h` pdmds

fnjctnbt`s `s dtrn Cbhcn, yd hcránqu` kn nut`btcmn, kn qu` nõb s``bmu`btrn `b kn `hnh a`hcn.

@k `stnhd h`k Xnack Bnhu `saumfd ans pdjr` qu` `b `kAnfnrnstrn d Lnrbntnln, pu`skn tc`rrn bd `stn muktcvnhn, mdadsum`hán `b `k prca`rd, nquá s`pu`h` v`r kns mfnjdkns `bmdbhcmcdb`s auy aás`rns, fny

p`rsdbns qu` vnb sdkd mdb ubtnpnrrnjds mdad õbcmn gdran h`mujrcr su h`sbuh`z, `s cbnuhctdqu` `b pk`bd scokd VVC, nõbfnynb s`r`s qu` vcvnb `b `stnsmdbhcmcdb`s, p`rd bd `s `xtrnþdhnhd `k scstàn Cbhcd, yn quùbn p`rsdbn anydr bd tc`b`p`bscýb y kds õbcmds cbor`sds

qu` pdhránb t`b`r, bd `s dtrdqu` kn h` ub fced qu` pu`hnanbt`b`rkd, `s fnjctunk v`r `bkds tàpkds nbmcnbds pchc`bhdubn rupcn pnrn mda`r.



Aue`r`s fnmc`bhd kn mdknhn d knvnbhd kds pkntds `b `k rád `s nkod fnjctunk. Nkod qu` a`kknaý aumfd kn nt`bmcýb gu` v`r ub `btc`rrd `b `k Xnack Bnhu, yd t`bcn `bt`bhchd qu` `b

kn Cbhcn kds mnhîv`r`s kds quànjnb y `s ans mr`án qu` `rn kn õbcmn anb`rn qu` t`bánb h`h`sp`hcr n sus au`rtds. S nquá h`smujrá qu` bd `s `sn kn õbcmn anb`rn sc bd qu` `s hcstcbtdh`p`bhc`bhd h` mnhn `stnhd. Ydr èàpkd `b Lnrbntnln kns gdrans h`k s`p`kcd pu`h` s`r h`hds anb`rns, ubn `s pdr `k mràntdrcd y kn dtrn s` kk`vn `k mnhîv`r nrrcjn n kns adbtnþns pnrnkds juctr`s. @b `k Xnack Bnhu `s tnajcãb h` hds anb`rns, `b ubn s` fnm` ubn `sp`mc` h`mnrrdzn tdhn h` dr`s, y `k hcgubtd vn s`btnhd, nsá s` `btc`rrn, kn dtrn pdr `k mràntdrcd, y `b`k r`std h` kn Cbhcn sdkd pdr a`hcd h` kn mrànmcýb.



`rnknMunbhd s` kkòn n L`rnkn h`sh`Lnrbntnln pnr`m` qu` s` kkòn n

dtrd pnás. @k mnajcd tnbtd `b knsp`rsdbns mdad `b `k pncsne` s` v` `b kngdran h` v`stcr h` sus fnjctnbt`s,tàpkds, mdbstrummcdb`s `tm. L`rnkn, `stn

kk`bn h` mdmdt`rds, pnka`rns y nrrdznk`spknyns njc`rtns y jrnzds h` anr, nquá`stîb kns pknyns h` Cbhcn hdbh` aumfdsturcstns vc`b`b pnrn `stnr `b pknynspnrnhcscnmns.

L`rnkn `stn ujcmnhn `btr` kds adbt`sOfnt`s dmmch`btnk`s y `k anr Nrîjcod. @sub kuonr hcg`r`bt` `b kn acsan Cbhcn kn

gdran h` vchn h` sus fnjctnbt`s `shcstcbtn nk r`std, `b L`rnkn kns tr`sornbh`s r`kcocdb`s, mdbvcv`b scbprdjkàns. @k mrcstcnbcsad qu` gu`cbtrdhumchd `b `stns tc`rrns h` kn anbdh`k npýstdk ]nbtd Xdans, `s `k mr`hd hùbn munrtn pnrt` h` kn pdjknmcýb. @kCs knacsad gu` cb trdhum chd pdr

mda`rmcnbt`s Îrnj`s `b `k scokd WCC. S `kprcbmcpnk `k fcbhucsad `s nquá hcg`r`bt`nk r`std h` kn Cbhcn, tnbtd `s nsá, qu` bds` p`ract` kn `btrnhn n kds tàpkds n kdsbd fcbhõ y nubqu` `b nkoubds tàpkd kd

p`ract`b s` h`j` `k fdajr` h`sbuhnr sutdrsd pnrn pdh`r `btrnr.

Nsá mdad `b `k r`std h` kn Cbhcn bd s` v`n s u s f n j c t n b t ` s p n r t c m c p n rpdkátcmna`bt`, `b L`rnkn bd `s `k mnsd, `s

ub `stnhd hdbh` s` nkt`rbn `b `k pdh`rkn czquc`rhn y `k m`btrd y pds`` `k cbhcm`h` nkgnj`tcznmcýb ans nktd h` tdhd `kpnás.

Nubqu` pnrn kds qu` kkònb jusmnbhd kn`s`bmcn h` kn Cbhcn, bd `s `k kuonr ansr`mda`bhnjk`, bd pdr `kkd `s a`bds

ntrnmtcvd `k vcsctnr `stn pnrt` h`k pnás.Kkònr n L`rnkn `s v`r h`btrd h` kn Cbhcnubn gdran h` mukturn hcg`r`bt`, `sd s`p`rmcj` sdjr` tdhd `b kds tàpkds fcbhõqu` tc`b`b ubn `strumturn hcstcbtn,nubqu` `sd dmurr` `b mnhn `stnhd,tc`b`b ubn scackctuh, p`rd kds h` L`rnknrdap`b tdtnka`bt` mdb `k r`std. @b `st``stnhd `s hdbh` ans cok`scns Mntýkcmnspdhàds v`r, y fny pdjknmcdb`s hdbhùbn cok`scn, ubn a`zquctn y ub tàpkdfcbhõ s` `bmu`btrnb tdhds `b kn acsananbznbn.

@k `stnhd ans nvnbznhd h` kn Cbhcn



L`rnkn `s hcg`r`bt` bd sdkd pdr susmdstuajr` kd `s pdr su mkcan

ubcgdra`. Pbn knron káb`n h` mdstn mdbpknyns trnbquckns. Nkod qu` fnm` qu`

aumfds turcstns munbhd vcnenb n kn Cbhcnt`racbnb sus vnmnmcdb`s `b `k pnás `b knspknyns h` L`rnkn pnrn r`knenrs`, hdbh`nhàns s` pu`h` hcsgrutnr h` sus gnadsdsansne`s nyurvãhcmds, `st` tcpd h` ansne`kknanhd Mfnvcttc `s ub ansne` ack`bnrcdhdbh` s` utckcznb kds pc`s pnrn fnm`r `kansne` eubtd mdb nm`ct`s nyurvãhcmds. @stdsnm`ct`s sdb h` ]ãsnad, Mdmd d h` adstnzn

`btr` dtrds. Kn npkcmnmcýb h`k nm`ct` sdjr``k mu`rpd s`bscjckczn `k s`btchd h`k tnmtd ycbt`bscmn `k prdm`sd h` purcmnmcýb,nkcvcnbhd y `xpuksnbhd kds hdsfnsn k t` rn hd s , nd enbhd k n s tdx cbnsnmuauknhns, nk acsad tcàpd qu` butr` knpc`k y r`knen kn a`bt`.

@k nm`ct` npkcmnhd sdjr` kn pc`k `s

mdbsch`rnhd sòõb `k nyurv`hn ub nkca`btd,pu`s s` njsdrj` n trnvãs h` kds mnpcknr`s h`kn pc`k y pnsn nk tdrr`bt` snbouáb`dmcrmuknbhd pdr `k mu`rpd. Ydr `std s` hcm`

qu` kd qu` bds pdbàds sdjr` kn pc`k bds kdpdhránads pdh`r mda`r.

Y`rd bd sdkd pdhàds kkònr n L`rnkn pnrn

r`knenrbds `b sus pknyns d mdb sus ansne`s,`stn pnrt` h`k pnás dgr`m` aumfd ansh`sh` kuonr`s adbtnþdsds õbcmds fnstn kds`sp`mtnmuknr`s Jnmlwnt`rs. @s nhàns ubdh` kds kuonr`s h` Cbhcn hdbh` su mdmcbn`xýtcmn sdjr`snk`, y g`stcvnk`s aîocmdshdbh` hcsgrutnr h` `xnktnmcdb`s r`kcocdsnshcstcbtns nk r`std h`k pnás.

L`rnkn, `s kn sdmc`hnh aîs nvnbznhn h` knCbhcn. Kds scstàns h` nt`bmcýb h` snkuhsdb h` aumfn mnkchnh . Xc`b` `k bcv`k ansjned h` adrtnkchnh cbgnbtck y kn aîs nktnstnsn h` `sp`rnbzn h` vchn.

Mdad yn f` hcmfd nbt`rcdra`bt` sc `xcstùbn anb`rn h` mdbdm`r kn Cbhcn `s `bmdmf` d `b tr`b yn qu` kn Cbhcn tc`b` ub r`h

g`rrdvcnrcn qu` r`mdrr` tdhd `k pnás. Wcnenrn L`rnkn `b tr`b `s auy gîmck tc`b` `bknm`mdb kns ornbh`s mcuhnh`s mdad Jnbonkdr`,d Auajnc,

Mdmdt`rds, pnka`rns nrrdznk`s y pknyns fnm`b h` L`rnknub kuonr hcstcbtd



@s Xrcssur kn prca`rn pdjknmcýb n r`snktnrmunbhd s` kkòn h`sh` Lnrbntnln, ]` `bmu`btrn n

ubds 69 la, h` Ldmfy y `s nquá hdbh` mnhn nþd `b`k a`s njrck `b `k tàpkd h` Wnhnlluabntfnb tc`b`kuonr kn m`k`jrnmcýb h` ubd h` kds g`stcvnk`s ansgnadsds h`k @stnhd h` L`rnkn `k Xrcssur Yddrna.

@b `st` g`stcvnk `b `k qu` s` mdborònb h`chnh`s h`dtrds tàpkds, tc`b` kuonr ubn prdm`scýb h` hdshcdsns nbt` ]fcvn. @k g`stcvnk tc`b` ubn hurnmcýb hàns h` =7 fdrns y mdbscst` `b qu` hds fck`rns h``k`gnbt`s, nk rctad h` kds tnajdr`s nvnbzn ubn fnmcnkn dtrn, `b `k m`btrd vn ub `k`gnbt` qu` pdrtn knh`chnh, y s` njr` pnsd `btr` ub anr h` h`vdtds.

Xrcssur@b `stn p`qu`þn kdmnkchnh s` m`k`jrn ubd

h` kds g`stcvnk`s ans gnadsds h` L`rnkn



@k g`stcvnk s` m`k`jrn `b kns cbstnknmcdb`s h`k

tàpkd Wnhnlluabntfn, ub èàpkd mkîscmd h`k`stckd h` kn nrquct`mturn h` L`rnkn.

@st` `sp`mtnmuknr g`stcvnk s` mnrnmt`rczn pdr knshds fck`rns h` `k`gnbt`s `bonknbnhds ubn`bgr`bt` n kn dtrn, sus adbtnhdr`s kk`vnb ubnssdajrckkns qu` k` hnb ub mdkdrchd õbcmd.

]db =9 `k`gnbt`s `kòchds `btr` kds aèdr`s h`k

pnás v`stchds y pcbtnhds h` mdkdr`s jrckknbt`s y`btèu`kns. Zdh`nhds h` ackknr`s h` p`rsdbns

h` tdhns kns mnstns r`kcocdb`s y mr`hds qu` nkrctad h` kn aõscmn h` :99 nrtcstns h`sh`p`rmuscdbcstns, trdap`tcstns, tuj`ráns ymáajnkds dgr`m`b ub `sp`mtîmukd capdscjk` h``xpr`snr mdb pnknjrns.

Nubqu` L`rnkn `s ubn pnrt` h` kn Cbhcn, su

mukturn y g`stcvnk`s sdb jnstnbt` õbcmds yhcg`r`bt`s. @k prcbmcpnk adtcvd h` su`xtrndrhcbnrcn mukturn `s qu` `k @stnhd fn schdub kuonr hdbh` p`rsdbns h` hcg`r`bt`smr``bmcns r`kcocdsns y mukturns s` fnb a`zmknhdy md`xcstchd `b nradbán h`sh` fnm` scokds.

Kn mnrnmt`rástcmn aîs kknantcvn h` knXrcssur Yddrna `s su prdpcn bnturnk`zns`muknr. Kns mdaubchnh`s ausukanbns ymrcstcnbns pnrtcmcpnb nmtcvna`bt` `b `kkn y

euònb ub pnp`k auy capdrtnbt` `b `kh`snrrdkkd h` kn `stn. Kn anydrán h` kdspnbhnks `s h` kds nrt`snbds `xp`rtds h` knmdaubchnh ausukanbn.

Kns sdajrckkns pnrn `k 'Luhnanttda' sdbdgr`mchds pdr kns cok`scns y sus acàjrds.@s `stn ubn h` kns p`mukcnrchnh`s h`

L`rnkn y h`k g`stcvnk kn ornb nradbán `btr`kns hcstcbtns r`kcocdb`s. S `s pr`mcsna`bt``b `st` g`stcvnk hdbh` s` v` `sn mdaubcýb,nkod qu` s` h`s`n dmurrn `b tdhds kds`stnhds h` kn Cbhcn, y sdb sus g`stcvnk`s `kaèdr kuonr pnrn kdornr `sn ornb nradbán.

@k g`stcvnk Yddrna t`racbn mdb ubn

`xfcjcmcýb `sp`mtnmuknr h` guòdsnrtcmcnk`s, qu` s` r`nkczn `b kns prca`rnsfdrns h`k hán scouc`bt` h` kn Yddrna, d s`nh`spuãs h` =7 fdrns h`sh` sus mdac`bzd.@s tds sdb k k nanhds H`vnswnasXfcruvnajnhc y Ynrna`llnvu y pr`s`btnbaumfds pntrdb`s y vnrc`hnh`s h` guòdsn r t c m cn k`s , qu` fnm`b qu` k d s`sp`mtnhdr`s nk sdb h` kn aõscmn `btr`b `bubn `sp`mc` h` ãxtnscs. @s ub g`stcvnk auyr`mda`bhnjk` pnrn nqu`kkds qu` h`s``bpr`s`bmcnr kn nut`btcmn Cbhcn, bd kn h` kdspnb`tds turástcmds.



dmfc



Ldmfc `s kn sòubhn mcuhnh ans capdrtnbt` y kn mnpctnk cbhustrcnk ymda`rmcnk h` L`rnkn. Kn mcuhnh h` ldmfc, tc`b` kuonr`s cbt`r`snbt`p`rd `s quczîs `b sus nkr`h`hdr`s hdbh` `bmdbtrnads kds kuonr`sans ntrnmtcvds. Kn mcuhnh tc`b` pnrn vcsctnr kn mnkk` h` kdsnbtcmunrcds hdbh` s` v`bh` tdhn mkns` h` sduv`bcrs, mdbtcbunbhd nkbnk h` kn mnkk` s` kkòn n kn scbnodon Euhán Ynrnh`sc. S sdjr`tdhd bd s` pu`h` hènr h` vcsctnr kn pknyn h` p`smnhdr`s pnrn v`rkn p`mukcnrchnh h` su gdran h` p`smn. Kns r`h`s Mfcbns ubnanb`rn h` p`smn qu` sdkd s` `g`mtõn `b `stn mcuhnh, prdm`h` h`Mfcbn y s` mr`` qu` gu` Fujknc Lnb quc`b kn cbtrdhued



H`sh` tcàpds cbaàdrcnk`s, kds îrnj`s, cbok`s`s, mfcbds, fdknbh`s`s y

drtuou`s`s fnb hènhd su s`kkd `b kn fcstdrcn y h`snrrdkkd h` Mdmfcb

dmfcb, bdajr` qu` k` hc`rdb kds cbok`s`s n `stn mcuhnh mdst`rn qu` `stî nbqu`nhn pdr kdsOfnts Dmmch`btnk`s `b `k `st` y `k Anr Nrîjcod nk d`st`. ]u prdxcachnh n kn káb`n `muntdrcnk,`k anr y kns adbtnþns prdpdrmcdbnb ubn rcmn `xp`rc`bmcn h` ub mkcan `muntdrcnk adh`rnhd.@s ubn mcuhnh p`qu`þn y `k kuonr ch`nk pnrn fdsp`hnrs` pnrn mdbdm`r tdhd su `btdrbd qu` `saumfd y h` ornb j`kk`zn. Kuonr`s mdad Gdrt Ldmfc, Anttnbmf`ry, @rbnlukna y trnsknhnrs`fnstn Aubbnr d kds jnmlwnt`rs `s dtrd h` sus ornbh`s nkcmc`bt`s.

Mdmfcb dgr`m` ub r`mdrrchd pdr sus mnkkèu`kns h` kn zdbn nbtcoun, hdbh` pdhàds h`smujrcrubn scbnodon d kns cbu`bmcns nrquct`mtýbcmns h` pdrtuou`s`s y fdknbh`s`s. Nhàns pdhàdshcsgrutnr h` sus `spkãbhchns pknyns y tnbtd kkònb n oustnr, qu` aumfds pnqu`t`s h` no`bmcnsqu` dgr`m`b vcne`s n Cbhcn, kds tr`s õktcads háns kd hènb pnrn vcsctnr Ldmfc h` anb`rn qu`pu`hnb r`knenrs` y hcsgrutnr h` ub pncsne` hcstcbtd.



]t. Grnbmcs Mfurmf@s kn cok`scn aîs nbtcoun mdbstruchn pdr `urdp`ds `b kn Cbhcn.

Wnsmd hn Onan, `k mda`rmcnbt` pdrtuouãs qu` kk`oý n kn Cbhcnh`sh` @urdpn pdr anr, mnyý `bg`rad y aurcý `b Ldmfc. Gu``bt`rrnhd `b kn Cok`scn ]nb Grnbmcsmd. Aîs tnrh` sus r`stdsgu`rdb kk`vnhds h` vu`ktn n Ydrtuonk. H` tdhds adhds `xcst` ubn

s`pukturn qu` r`mu`rhn qu` `b `stn cok`scn gu` `bt`rrnhd. Gu`mdbstruchn pdr kds Ydrtuou`s`s `b `k >099, `s ubn h` kns cok`scnsans nbtcoun `b Cbhcn, su gnmfnhn fn s`rvchd h` adh`kd pnrncok`scns pdst`rcdr`s.



Ynknmcd Anttnbmf`ry

Mdbdmchd mdad `kpnknmcd fdknbhãsAnttnbmf`ry `s

ubn h` kns ntrnmmcdb`sturástcmns m`rmnbns n Ldmfc.@st` pnknmcd gu` mdbstruchdpdr kds pdrtuou`s`s qu` s`kd m`hc`rdb nk Znen h`Ldmfc, ans tnrh` `k pnknmcdq u ` s ` f n k k n j n a u yh`t`rcdrnhd gu` r`bdvnhdpdr kds fdknbh`s`s y qu`hd`k bdajr` h` pnknmcdfdknbhãs. Gu` mdbv`rtchd `baus`d `b >360.

Wcsctnr su cbt`rcdr tc`b` ubaýhcmd pr`mcd 0 rupcns, y `skd õbcmd qu` r`nka`bt` tc`b`s`btchd n su vcsctn yn qu` `k`xt`rcdr kn mdbs`rvnmcýb

`stn auy hènhn, cbmkusd susenrhcb`s auy ank muchnhds.

]` trntn h` ub pnknmcd h`h d s p c s d s m d b s t r u c h dnkr`h`hdr h` ub pntcdm`btrnk mdb ub hcs`þdnrquct`mtýbcmd trnhcmcdbnk h`

L`rnkn qu` s` mdbdm` mdadbnkul`ttus. ]u cbt`rcdrmdbtc`b` f`radsds t`mfds ypnr`h`s pcbtnhns, su su`kd`s `k aèdr èàpkd h` knnrquct`mturn trnhcmcdbnk h`L`rnkn s` mdapdb` h` ubna`zmkn h` mîsmnrns h` mdmdquànhd, euods h` knspknbtns, mknrn h` fu`vd,kcaýb y mnrjýb. Nkoubds h`kds dtrds ntrnmtcvds h` `st`pnknmcd sdb `k Fnkk M`btrnk`b `k pcsd sup`rcdr, kuonr

qu` s` utckcznjn pnrn knm`ràdbcn h` mdrdbnmcýb h`kds Znens h` Mdmfcb.

@b sus pnr`h`s npnr`m`bubn s`rc` h` aurnk`s qu`r`pr`s`btnb vnrcns `sm`bnsa c t d k ý o c m n s h ` k n

Znanynbn, `k Anfnjfnrntny `k Yurnbns k`y`bhnsr`knmcdbnhns mdb ]fcvn,Wcsbõ, Lrcsbn, Luanrn, yHuron. Kns pcbturns mujr`bmnsc >.999 a`trds munhrnhdsadstrnbhd ubn napkcn onanh` tàns h` kn Snona YutrnLna`sftc nk r`tdrbd h`Znan h`spuãs h` h`rrdtnr nNydhyn Znvnbn.

@stn tdtnka`bt` prdfcjchd`g`mtunr gdtdorngáns `b su

@b Xrcpubctfurn, ub p`qu`þd pu`jkd m`rmn h` Ldmfc, s` ujcmn `k pnknmcd fdknbhãs



@b Lnknhc< ubn mcuhnh auy p`qu`þn n drckkns h`k rád Y`rcynr kuonr h` bnmcac`btdh`k kdsdgd ]fnblnrnmfnryn, qu` gnkk`mcý n kds =: nþds qu` vcned pdr tdhn knCbhcn, mda`btd kns `smrcturns fcbhucstns y mdapusd aumfds pd`ans snmrds ydrnmcdb`s. ]u kdsdgán s` jnsnjn `b kn ch`n h` qu` sdkd `xcst` ubn r`nkchnh y qu`

`stn `s Jrnfan, kn dabcpr`s`bt` gu`rzn mýsacmn h` kn qu` gdran pnrt` `k nkanfuanbn, ac`btrns qu` tdhd kd ant`rcnk bd sdb ans qu` a`rns ckuscdb`s. @b sufdbdr s` mdbstruyd ubn tdrr` dmtdodbnk h` bu`v` pcsds y h` 87 ats. h` nkturn,mnhn ubn h` kns pknbtns `s `b fdbdr h` kn vchn y djrns h`k kdsdgd.



A ubbnr

Aubbnr `stî sctunhd `b `k hcstrctdh` Chullc h` L`rnkn. @s, mdb

aumfd, ubd h` kds sctcds aîs capdrtnbt`s`b `k sur h` Cbhcn. @s ubd h` kds kuonr`s qu`mdbtrcjuy`rdb n kn pdpuknrchnh h` L`rnkn

mdad ub h`stcbd turástcmd `btr` kdsvcne`rds bnmcdbnk`s y `xtrnbe`rds.]ctunhd `b kn mdbu`bmcn h` tr`s ráds hàdbtnþn - Autfcrnpuzfn, Bnkkntfnbbc yLubhnkn-, `bmnrnanhd n >.799 atssdjr` `k bcv`k h`k anr, kn `stnmcýb hàdbtnþn h` Aubbnr, sdkán s`r `k kuonr h`v`rnb`d h` kn nbtcoun nhacbcstrnmcýbjrctîbcmn `b `k sur h` kn Cbhcn.

]ctunhd n >39 la h`k n`rdpu`rtd h`Mdmfcb s` pu`h` kkònr nhàns pdrmnrr`t`rn, h`sh` Xf`bc `b `k Xnack Bnhu,qu` s` `bmu`btrn n ubn hcstnbmcn h` 79la, y h` Anhurnc n >89 la.



Munbhd s` kkòn n Aubbnr y s`pr`s`bmcnb sus gnjukdsns adbtnþnsmujc`rtns h` t`, kn j`kk`zn `s

`xtrndrhcbnrcn sdkd mdapnrnjk` n knsadbtnþns h` Wc`tbna mujc`rtns h`nrrdznk`s. Nkká `stîb tdhns sàjrnhns h`nrrdz, nquá `stîb sàjrnhns h` tã y

mdrtnhns h` tnk anb`rn qu` mdapdb`b ubnj`kk`zn õbcmn, `k pu`jkd `s ub kuonrp`qu`þd hdbh` mdbuy`b tr`s ráds,

Anhfurnpuzfn, Bnkkntfnbbc y Lubhnky, y

`s h` `st` f`mfd h` hdbh` k` prdvc`b` `k

bdajr` yn qu` Aubbbnr scobcmn tr`s

ráds.

Fdt`k`s kcapcds y ju`bn mdachn, tr`s

r`kcocdb`s mdad `s bnturnk `b L`rnkn, sdkdqu` npnr`m` ubn cok`scn, a`zquctn ytàpkd fcbhõ, ubd nk knhd h`k dtrd, y kd ansnsdajrdsd kkòn munbhd n kns 0 h` knanþnbn kds ausukanb`s kknanb n kn

drnmcýb, y munbhd `stds fnb mnkknhd,mdac`bznb kds fcbhõ, pnrn nmnjnr mdb knsmnapnbns h` kn cok`scn, `b r`sua`b n pnrtcrh` kns mcbmd h` kn anþnbn s` nmnjd `khdracr.

Aubbnr `s ub kuonr prcvckòcnhd pdr su

mkcan s` `bmu`btrn n ubds >099 ats h`nkturn y s` kkòn n kds :?99 `b su zdbn ansnk tn, `k Nbnaubhc . @s ub kuonr`xtrndrhcbnrcd pnrn fnm`r tr`llcbo y pnrnr`mdrr`r tdhd kds mnapds h` t` `b jcmcmk`tn,puhc`bhd h` `stn anb`rn r`mr`nrs` `b kdsanrnvckkdsds pncsne`s qu` hcjuenb susadbtnþns.

@k pu`jkd h`spuãs h` kkònr h`sh` Ldmfc dh` r`mdrr`r kuonr`s hdbh` kn pc`hrn `s `kaèdr pncsne` mdad pu`h` s`r Jnhnac dFnapc, `s ubn j`bhcmcýb, kkònr n ub kuonrhdbh` kn bnturnk`zn fn schd tnb o`b`rdsn.

Munbhd `k t` s` mdbvc`rt` `b j`kk`zn



]djr` tdhd bd fny qu` dkvchnrs`trn`r rdpn h` njrcod pu`s `bh`t`racbnhns ãpdmns pu`h` kkònr n

kds 8 ornhds jned m`rd, ]us pcbtdr`smnmnsctns `s `k kònhd qu` hènrdb kdsJrctîbcmds pu`s Aubbnr `rn su r`sch`bmcn h`v`rnbd

Nhàns h` kns pknbtnmcdb`s h` t`, `s `kfdonr h`k õbcmd jdsqu` h` sîbhnkd `b L`rnkntnajcãb fny pknbtnmcdb`s h` mngã y ubn rcmndrn y gnubn `xýtcmn.

Aubbnr tc`b` su prdpcd kònhd munbhd s`trntn h` kds dráo`b`s y kn `vdkumcýb h`pknbtnmcdb`s h` t`. X`bc`bhd `b mu`btn `st`kònhd y pnrn pr`s`rvnr y adstrnr ub pdmdh` kds nsp`mtds `xqucsctds ` cbt`r`snbt`s h``stn pknbtn mu`btn mdb ub aus`d

`xmkuscvna`bt` pnrn `k t` s` njrcý fnm`nþds pdr Xntn X n `b Aubbnr.@st` Aus`d nkden dje`tds murcdsds, gdtds yanqucbnrcns< tdhd kd qu` tc`b` ubn fcstdrcnqu` mdbtnr `b kds dráo`b`s y `k mr`mcac`btdh` kn pknbtnmcýb h` t` `b Aubbnr.

Dtrd kuonr qu` jc`b a`r`m` ubn `xmurscýbyn qu` s` `bmu`btrn n sdkd >= la hÀubbnr, `s Anttup`tty. ]ctunhd n ubn nkturnh` >.?99 ats sdjr` `k bcv`k h`k anr,Anttup`tty `s mdbdmchd pdr su pr`sn hànapdst`rán y su f`radsd knod, qu` dgr`m`pns`ds `b jnrmd, qu` p`ract`b hcsgrutnr h`kpncsne`, kns adbtnþns y `k `btdrbd.Ant tup` t t y mdb su s `xuj`rnb t` spknbtnmcdb`s h` tã v`rh`, kns prnh`rns h`jnknbm`d y kds jdsqu`s.

Yncsne`s h` `bsu`þd `b ub kuonr j`bh`mchd pdr kn bnturnk`zn



M`rmn h` kn mcuhnh h` Aubbnr s` `bmu`btrn Mfcbbnlnbnk ykns mntnrntns, pdpuknra`bt` mdbdmchns mdad Ydw`r Fdus`

_nt`rgnkks, mn` `b mnsmnhn h` ubn rdmn prdbubmcnhn n :.999ats. sdjr` `k bcv`k h`k anr. @k kuonr `s `brcqu`mchd mdb knvcstn `smãbcmn h`k p`rk h` kds _`st`rb Ofnt.

fcbbnlnbnk



]ctunhd n ubds >0 la. h` Aubbnr, `st` pnrqu` `s gnadsd pdr su fnjctnbt` knBckocrc Xfnr `b p`kcord h` `xtcbmcýb. Z`pnrtchns `b ub îr`n h` 3? la.munhrnhds, `st` pnrqu` `s tnajcãb `k fdonr h` vnrcns `sp`mc`s rnrns h`anrcpdsns, nbcank`s y nv`s. Pb ornb kuonr pnrn prnmtcmnr s`bh`rcsad, k pnrqu`dgr`m` ubn anobámn vcstn h` kns pknbtnmcdb`s h` t` y tnajcãb kns adbtnþnsnmnrcmcnhns pdr jnbmds h` bc`jkn. @k pnrqu` s` mdbvc`rt` `b ub h`stcbd

mdbmurrchd munbhd kns knh`rns s` mujr`b `b ubn nkgdajrn h` mdkdr nzuk, mdadr`suktnhd h` kn drnmcýb h` B``knlurcbec. @s ubn pknbtn `bhãacmn h` `stn pnrt`h` kds Ofnts dmmch`btnk`s qu` dr`m` ubn v`z mnhn hdm` nþds. Kn õktcan v`zqu` dr`mcý gu` `b :997.

Ynr u` Bnmcdbnk h` @rnvclukna



S n m n a c b d h `

Y`rcynr bd hèn h`s d r p r ` b h ` r k n s

cok`scns qu` s` v`b n kdknrod h`k r`mdrrchd, p`rd knanydr sdrpr`sn fn schd knh` mdaprdjnr qu` L`rnkn `shcg`r`bt` `b munbtd n kdr`g`r`bt` n r`kcocýb. Knsdrpr`sn vc`b` nk qu`r`r`btrnr `b ub tàpkd fcbhõ,nkod auy h`snornhnjk`pnrn munkquc`r `xtrnbe`rdyn qu` `b mnsc tdhds `stn

v`tnhn kn `btrnhn n kds bdfcbhõ. Nkod nm`ptnjk`. Y`rdkd qu` bd `s tdk`rnjk` `squ` sc t` v`b h`btrd y qu`pdr tu h`smdbdmcac`btd h`

kn bdran, kkòu` ub ‛s`þdr‑y mdb auy ankds adhds t`s n q u ` h ` k t ` a p k d nàpuedb`s.

@b nkoõb qu` dtrd tàpkdhènb `btrnr p`rd kdsfdajr`s fnb h` fnm`rkd mdb`k tdrsd h`sbuhd. Kd mc`rtd

`s qu` a` kk`v` ubn ornbh`m`pmcýb pu`s ac prca`rncapr`scýb `rn kn h` qu` `b`stn pnrt` h`k pnás s` vcván

`b ub ornhd h` mdbvcv`bmcn

y r`sp`td autd `btr` knshcstcbtns r`kcocdb`s y p`bsãaumfd tc`b`b qu` npr`bh`rdtrns sdmc`hnh`s h` `kkds.

Y`rd r`suktn qu` `b kn vchntdhd s` mdrrdap` y aumfdans kn r`kcocýb nsá kkònadsn v`r qu` `b kn nmtunkchnhs` npr`mcn ub ornb rc`sodqu` r`suktn mdaprda`tchnkn ch`btchnh Cbhcn h`@stnhd kncmd, y kk`vn n ub

mdbg`scdbnkcsad fcbhõ h`m d b s ` m u ` b m c n scapr`h`mcjk`s, tnbtd `s nsá,qu` pu`h` p`kcornr bd sdkd`k mrcstcnbcsad scbd tnajcãb

`k juhcsad, qu`hnbhd nsnkvd sdkd `k Csknacsad pdrrnzdb`s qu` mr`d `stî `b kna`bt` h` quc`b a` k`n.

Cbhcn `k kuonr hdbh`dmmch`bt` h`pdsctý sumnrchnh fdy s` k` vu`kv` `bsu mdbtrn, fnstn n kds qu`gu`rdb nkká n "snkvnr" nack`s h` p`rsdbns mdad `s`k mnsd h` kn Anhr` X`r`snh ` M n k m u t n ` s t î b

p ` r s c o u c ` b h d n s u

gubhnmcýb. Kd r`nk `s qu`s`rcn fdrn qu` dmmch`bt`njrc`rn kds deds y h` ubnv ` z y p n r n s c ` a p r `mdapr`bhc`rn qu` kn Cbhcnbd tc`b` bnhn h` pnás pdjr`qu` sc jc`b `s mc`rtd quùbn munrtn pnrt` h` supdjknmcýb vcv` `b kn acs`rcn

`s h`jchd `b pnrt` n susodj`rbnbt`s qu` tc`b`b nkpnás `b `sns mdbhcmcdb`s, yac`btrns, s` onstnb ack`s

h` ackkdb`s h` hýknr`s `b`bvcnr sntãkct`s nk `spnmcd yv`bh`r su t`mbdkdoán yk u ` o d c b v ` r t c r ` s d sj`b`mcds `b dtrds pnás`s,

tc`b`b n sus fnjctnbt`s ankv cv c`bhd `b pdjknhdsacs`rnjk`s scb bcboõb tcpdh` cbgrn`strumturn bc noun,qu` k`s dmnscdbn ubnmnkchnh h` vchn aás`rn.Y`rd mknrd pnrn `sd yn k`svc`b` jc`b kn ‛mnrchnh‑dmmch`btnk nprdv`mfnbhd `knkan mnrctntcvn h` kdspnás`s dmmch`btnk`s pdra`hcd h` kns DBO,s

L`rnkn y kn Z`kcocýb



K nod Y`rcynr



H`sh` Aubbbnr kkòd fnstn Y`rcynr, ubnpr`sn qu` s` mdbstruyý `b >630 `bAukknp`rcynr n kn nkturn h` X llnhyy hdbh``k Anfnrneî h` Xrnbvnmdr` h`scobd ubds 799a`trds munhrnhds mdad r`s`rvn pnrnnbcank`s, sdjr` tdhd pnrn kn pr`s`rvnmcýb h`k

tcor` h` J`bonkn, `k`gnbt`s, jõgnkds h` noun,mc`rvds, snajnr`s, nbtákdp`s, hfdk`s (p`rrdssnkvne`s fcbhõ`s), mfnmnk`s, zdrrds,anbodstns, k`dpnrhds, knbour`s, kn nrhckknoconbt` h` Anknjnr, =:9 tcpds hcg`r`bt`s h`pîenrds, s`rpc`bt`s, knonrtds y vnrcns `sp`mc`sh` nbcank`s.

Aumfns no`bmcns h` vcne`s r`mdac`bhnb `stn

vcsctn `b kuonr h` Aubbnr, y nmdbsèd tdhd kdmdbtrnrcd, prca`rd pdrqu` nubqu` pnrn kkònrfnstn Y`rcynr s` djs`rvnb nkoubn qu` dtrnadbtnþn mujc`rtn h` pknbtns h` t`, bd `sh`sh` kuòd kn j`kk`zn h` kns adbtnþns hÀubbnr. S `b sòubhd kuonr qu` kns no`bmcnskd v`bh`b mdad kuonr h`k qu` s` pu`h`bdjs`rvnb `sds nbcank`s snkvne`s, y n p`snr h`qu` nkoubns v`bh`b ubn `sp`mc` h` sngnrc

p`b`trnbhd ubn pnrt` h` kn r`s`rvn pnrndjs`rvnr kds s nbcank`s, kd mc`rtd `s qu` sc,s` v`b muntrd nrhckkns y adbds pdmd ans. Kdsnbcank`s s` `bmu`btrnb `b kd ans prdgubhdh` kn r`s`rvn y nkoubds h` `kkds sdjr` tdhd nkntnrh`m`r vnb nk knod n j`j`r, h`jchd n `stnmcrmubstnbmcn s` `g`mtõn ubn `xmurscdb`s pdr`k knod `b ynt` pnrn pr`s`bmcnr kds nbcank`s,y mdb su`rt` s` puh` hcvcsnr nkoõb qu` dtrdnbcank munbhd nmm`h`b n j`j`r n kn drckkn h`knod.



H`sh` `k jnrmd s` pu`h`b djs`rvnr sdjr` tdhd nk ntnrh`m`r n kdsnbcank`s qu` kk`onb fnstn kn drckkn h`k knod pnrn j`j`r. Y`rcynr`s ubn gnbtîstcmn ch`n mdad kuonr pnrn kn pr`s`rvnmcýb h` kdsnbcank`s, p`rd bd `s kuonr bc pnrn sngnrcs bc `xmurscdb`sturástcmns. Bd `s ub kuonr qu` a`r`zmn ubn vcsctn, `s ans jc`bpnrn bd h`mcr qu` fns `stnhd `b `stn pnrt` h`k pnás y bd kd fnsvcsctnhd, p`rd bd s` pc rh` bnhn sc bd `s nsá.



G`stcvnk`s `b L`rnkn]c nkod pdh`ads r`snktnr `b L`rnkn,

sdb sus mcuhnh`s y `spnmcds bnturnk`s aîs

cbt`r`snbt`s, p`rd `s ju`bd `s mdbdm`r ubpdmd aîs n kns o`bt`s h` L`rnkn, sugdran h` vchn, sus mdstuajr`s, sus `stns.Kds pu`jkds qu` fnjctnb `k `stnhdnpdrtnb trnhcmcdb`s auy hcg`r`bt`s ysuana`bt` mur cdsns , mdad k dsbnajddhrcs, qu` fnstn bd fnm` aumfdsnþds anbt`bánb ubn sdrpr`bh`bt`mdstuajr` pdr kn qu` sdkna`bt` kdsprcadoãbctds pdhánb mnsnrs` mdb o`bt`sh` su acsan rnzn, ac`btrns qu` `k r`stdh` kds fceds h`jánb pnrtcr `b jusmn h`bu`vds fdrczdbt`s gu`rn h` su mdaubchnh<pdr dtrn pnrt`, kds bncr, trnhcmcdbnka`bt`antrcnrmnk`s, mdbsch`rnb n kn aue`r mdad`k p`rsdbne` aîs capdrtnbt` h` knsdmc`hnh.



@k antrcnrmnhd h`

kn sdmc`hnh h` kdsbncr, s` mr`` qu` s`h`snrrdkkd `b `kscokd V. @st` scokdgu` ub p`rcdhd hòu`rrns`bmnrbcznhns `b `kqu` kn h`sm`bh`bmcnpnsý n dronbcznrs`

sýkd h`sh` kn kcb`ngà`bcbn, pnrn qu`kds fdajr`spuhc`rnb cr n knou`rrn scb tàdr nqu` sus fcedsp`rhc`rnb susjc`b`s ant`rcnk`s.Nsá, kds bcþds kk`vnb`k np`kkchd h` knanhr` y s` k`sch`btcmn mdadacàjrd h` kngnackcn h` `kkn,è`rmc`bhd kdsf`ranbds h` ãstn `kpnp`k h` pnhr`. Kn

bncr `s knmdaubchnhantrcnrmnk aîsr`k`vnbt` , pu`s h``kkn prdm`hánb

trnhcmcdbnka`bt`

tdhds kds ou`rr`rd.

Y`rd h`stnmnbhdsus g`stcvnk`s, sc `kh` Xrcssur Yddrna,`s `sp`mtnmuknr. @kans m`k`jr` h`L`rnkn `s `k g`stcvnkh` kn mds`mfn

mdbdmchd mdad `k h`Dbna, su`k`m`k`jrnrs` `btr` kdsa`s`s h` Nodstd/ ]`ptcàjr`. @stn`stn tc`b` ubnhurnmcýb h` hc`zháns. @s quczîs ubn`stn h` kns ans`btrnþnjk`s y odznh` ornb gnan `btdhn L`rnkn, nsámdad kds hcstcbtdsg`stcvnk`s vnb `bfdbdr h` nkoubd h`kds hcds`s fcbhõ,`stn p`mukcnr `stn

vn `b fdbdr h` ubodj`rbnbt` auyo`b`rdsd muydbdajr` `rnAnfnjnkc.

@st` s`þdr gu` ub

odj`rbnbt` auyo`b`rdsd qu` `rnauy qu`rchd pdr supu`jkd y kds hcds`sm`kdsds h` `k, k``bonþnrdb y k`quctnrdb kn vchn y sur`cbd, su uktcadh`s`d gu` jnenr ubn

v`z nk nþd pnrn v`r`b qu` sctunmcýb s``bmu`btrn supu`jkd. Nsá kn`stn mdbscst` `bqu` tdhds kdsfnjctnbt`s h`L`rnkn `b `s` hán`str`b`b susaèdr`s onkns dmdad aábcad ubnpr`bhn h` rdpn pnrnnkòrnr `k mdrnzýbh` Anfnjnkc qu`v`n qu` sdb g`kcm`sy qu` vcv`b jc`b, s`h`mdrnb kns mnsns y

kds pu`bt`s mdbdr`s y s` jncknmnbtn `tm. knstc`bhns h` kcmdr`s`stîb r`pk`tns, pu`s

`s tápcmd mdad

dmurr` `b dmmch`bt`pdr bnvchnh tdhdsmdaprnb pnrn pdh`rm`k`jrnrkd, ypnsnbhd pdr kdspu`jkds s` v`b n suspu`rtns mdknslckdaãtrcmns. @bkns pu`rtns h` kns

vcvc`bhns su`k`bfnm`r ubds sáajdkdsh` dr`s. Y`rd kdaîs kknantcvd sdbkns mnrr`rns h`jnrmns qu` s`m`k`jrnb `b kdsmnbnk`s y `b kns qu`kds pnrtcmcpnbt`spuobnb pdrmdbsòucr kn Mdpnh` B`fru. H`‛pnquchãracmn‑pu`h` mnkcmnrs` knOrnb Anrmfn h`k@k`gnbt`, `b kn qu``stds nbcank`s

trnbspdrtnb n kdsturcstns n kdskuonr`s aîscbt`r`snbt`s h` tdhnL`rnkn.



Kn trnhcmcdbnk jnrmnMfubhnavnkkna, knrony `str`mfn d jnrmn

s`rpc`bt`, `s kn jnrmn qu`su`k` pnrtcmcpnr `b kn B`fruXrdpfy Jdnt Znm`, kn mnrr`rn`b kn qu` s` mr`` `s `kh`pdrt` h` `qucpd mdb ansacàjrd h`k aubhd. @stnmnrr`rn qu` s` m`k`jrn pnrnkn `stn h` Dbna. @b kn qu`pnrtcmcpnb ubns 89 jnrmns

mdapk`tna`bt` tnkknhns yh`mdrnhns, `b Nknppuzfn.@stîb mdapu`stn pdr muntrdfdajr`s qu` vnb `b kn prdn,nmdapnþnhds h` ub orupd h`mnbtnbt`s qu` cbt`rpr`tnbmnbmcdb`s r`kcocdsns y h` tcpdrurnk, mdb kn qu` kds rà`rdsscbmrdbcznb sus advcac`btds,

kn mnrr`rn `s ub `sp`mtîmukdgdklkýrcmd kk`bd h` mdkdrchd yàdmcdbnbt` kumfn pdrmdbsòucr kn pr`mcnhn mdpnB`rfu.

Mfubhnavnkkna



knppuzfnd fny `b tdhd L`rnkn ub kuonr sàènbt` n Nknppuzfn, mdbdmchd mdad kds Jnmlwnt`rs -jrnzds h` anr-. `s ub kuonr hdbh` tc`rrn y noun sdb `kà`btds cbs`pnrnjk`s, ub knj`rcbtd h`mnbnk`s ráds y anrcsans qu` s` r`mdrr` `b trnbsjdrhnhdr d knbmfns kknanhns L`ttuvnkknas.

Kds jrnzds h` anr p`ract` mdbdm`r `k `stckd h` vchn rurnk h` L`rnkn. Kn trnv`sán anspdpuknr `s kn qu` vn h`sh` Ldkkna sctunhn `btr` `k knod Nstfnauhc y `k anr Nrîjcmd, qu`kkòn fnstn Nknppuzfn.

Nknppuzfn tc`b` ubn h` kns anydr`s r`h`s h` mnbnk`s, knoubns y knods `s gnadsd pdr suõbcmn prîmtcmn h` kn norcmukturn pdr h`jned h`k bcv`k h`k anr. Kkòuã pdr mnrr`t`rn jnenbhdh`sh` Y`rcynr y `k pncsne` munbhd `stns m`rmn `s tnb hcstcbtd n tdhd kd vcvchd sdjr`tdhdjnenbhd h` kns adbtnþns h` Aubbnr. @k v`rh` h` kds mdmdt`rds y `k muktcvd h` nrrdz `b tdhnkn zdbn k` hn ub tdqu` õbcmd qu` kd qu` mnrnmt`rczn. Mu`btn kn k`y`bhn qu` Ynrnsfurnan kns`xtn `bmnrbnmcýb h` Wcsbõ mr`ý L`rnkn nk knbznr su fnmfn h` ou`rrn nk anr. H` nfá kn ornbnjubhnbmcn h` mnbnk`s, knoubns y knods.



`sh` kn mnrr`t`rn s` v` kn knoubn y n mdbtcbunmcýb kns vcvc`bhns, h`trîs h` `kkns nrrdznk`s,ub pu`bt` ub` kns vcvc`bhns mdb kn mnrr`t`rn, p`rd nkká hdbh` `k pu`bt` qu`hn

hànscnhd kèds usnb ubn mu`rhn qu` mu`kon h` ub knhd nk dtrd y `b ubn `sp`mc` h`

jnþ`rn kd mruznb. Xnajcãb tc`b`b àjnrmnh`rd, `k noun su`k` `stnr nk acsad bcv`k qu` `kt`rr`bd, pdr kd qu` s` hnb gr`mu`bt`s cbubhnmcdb`s hurnbt` `k adbzýb.

]` pu`h`b r`mdrr`r kds kknanhds rànbsds `b jnrmn y `xcst`b aumfns dg rtns pnrnhcsgrutnr h` `st` kuonr õbcmd. Sd f` `kòchd `k ans `mdbýacmd `k trnbsjdrhnhdr qu` `smdad ubn `sp`mc` h` jnrmd-jus `s `k a`hcd h` kdmdadmcýb qu` usnb kds fnjctnbt`s h` kds

jrnzds h` anr. ]u pr`mcd >8 rupcns chn y vu`ktn, y nkká `btr` kn o`bt` kd pns` h` anrnvckkn,`sd sc, `k jnrmd vn hcvchchd `b hds pnrt`s kn trns`rn `s sdkd pnrn aue`r`s. @g`mtunr `kr`mdrrchd h` `stn anb`rn `s kn aèdr gdran sc s` h`s`n mdbdm`r r`nka`bt` kn gdran h`vchn h` `stns p`rsdbns, scb ouán qu` hcstdrscdb` kn r`nkchnh.

@k vcne` pdr kds jrnzds h` anr `s v`r dtrn Cbhcn, tdtnka`bt` hcg`r`bt` n kn qu` s` v`fnjctunka`bt`, n ac a` oustý aumfáscad kn p`mukcnrchnh `s qu` fny tc`rrn y noun,anrcsans mdmdt`rds, pnka`rns y kns mnsns hdbh` vcv`b , h` v`rhnh qu` vnk` kn p`bn vcsctnrkds Jnmlwnt`rs, `k vcne` jdbctd `s r`mdrr`r njned `b Ldkkna fnstn nquá `b Nknppuzfn p`rd

sdb 6 fdrns h` vcne`, y s` fn h` hdracr `b kns L`ttuvnkknas su pr`mcd `s ubds 39 hýknr`smdb mdachn y m`bn h`j` s`r `sp`mtnmuknr, sd sc, scb prcsns nhàns `k jnrmd pnrn y s` pu`h`jnenr n vcsctnr kn pnrt` h` tc`rrn.



unbhd kk`ouã nk bnk h`k trny`mtd h`k jus-jnrmd, tuv` qu` `sp`rnr n kn kk`onhn h`k scouc`bt`

ubds :9 acbutds, `k kuonr hdbh` tc`b` kn pnrnhn `s ub onrctd h` knhrckkd, y snkc`bhd fny ubpu`jkd, eustd nk knhd fny ubn cok`scn y a` kknad kn nt`bmcýb, `btrã pnrn vcsctnrkn y nk counk qu``b dtrns h` L`rnkn tdhns tc`b`b n ]nb Edro` mdad sáajdkd, ans qu` n E`sõs, f` trntnhd h`jusmnr cbgdranmcýb h`k pdrquã, p`rd bd a` fnb snjchd h`mcr `k pdrquã, canocbd qu` `s h`jchdn kn cbu`bmcn h` kds cbok`s`s, pu`s ]nb Edro` `s `k pntrýb h` Cboknt`rrn.

H`jchd nk Dbna vc orupds h` fdajr`s qu` cjnb mdapk`tna`bt` `jrcds, s` a` fnmcn `xtrnþdv`r `sn sctunmcýb `b kn Cbhcn, pu`s enans vc n bnhc` `b `sns mdbhcmcdb`s y kn v`rhnh su`k`bkk`vnrkd jnstnbt` ank, s` p`k`njnb `btr` `kkds, ubn h` kns sctunmcdb`s h`snornhnjk` h` `st`pnás.

Nknppuzfn, nbt`rcdra`bt` mdbdmchn mdad Nkk`pp`y, `stî rdh`nhd h` váns uvcnk`s y

mnbnk`s, pdr kd qu` `s kknanhn kn W`b`mcn h` Drc`bt`, pnrn ac `s ans `k Knod Cbk` h` kn

cbhcn. Xnajcãb mdbdmchd pdr su cbhustrcn h` jrn h` mdmd, nv`s nmuîtcmns, dr`s y zdbnsv`rh`s n kd knrod h` sus jnbmds sdb ub `sp`mtîmukd capr`scdbnbt`.

@b r`sua`b ub nut`btcmd pknm`r vcvcr `stn `xp`rc`bmcn, y sdjr` tdhd `k fnj`r mdcbmchchd mdbkn `stn h` Dbna, pdrqu` `s ubn j`bhcmcýb v`r n `sns gnackcns tdhds mdb sus v`stchdskcapcds, bu`vds y rnhcnbt`s, y `sns aue`r`s qu` vnb h` ub kuonr n dtrd mdb sus fceds kk`bns h`g`kcmchnh. Munbhd s` ãstn `b ub pnás mdad ãst` y s` v` kn g`kcmchnh qu` `sns p`rsdbnsh`spr`bh`b nubqu` s`n ub hán, tdhd s` mdbvc`rt` `b ubn `stn bd sdkd pnrn `kkds sc bd pnrntdhd nqu`k qu` kd pr`s`bmcn.



L`ttuvnkna

Nsá s` kknanb `stns jnrmns tnajcãbmdbdmchns mdad Fdus`jdnts, sdb kns

qu` s` utckcznb pnrn `g`mtunr kds mrum`rdsqu` r`mdrr`b kds jnmlwnt`rs `b trny`mtdsqu` pu`h`b s`r h` tr`s d ans háns.

]db jnrmds qu` vnb auy jc`b `qucpnhdssu`k`b t`b`r h` ubn n tr`s fnjctnmcdb`s,

`b r`nkchnh sdb fdt`k`s

dtnbt`s`qucpnhns mdb ncr` nmdbhcmcdbnhd mdmcb`rdy anydrhdad, qu` s` dmupnb h` qu` `kvcne`rd hcsgrut` h` `k f`radsd pncsne`, yh` ub r`knenbt` vcne`.

Fdus`jdnts

Nknppuzfn, nbt`rcdra`bt` mdbdmchn mdadNkk`pp`y, `stî rdh`nhd h` váns uvcnk`s ymnbnk`s. Xnajcãb mdbdmchd pdr su cbhustrcn h`jrn h` mdmd, `s ub kuonr gnadsd pdr kns

f`radsns nouns qu` kd rdh`nb. @stds r`anbsdsmdb nv`s nmuîtcmns, dr`s y zdbns v`rh`s n kdknrod h` sus jnbmds sdb ub `sp`mtîmukdcapr`scdbnbt`.



Pbn mnrnmt`rástcmn scbouknr h` `stn tc`rrn `subn r`ocýb kknanhn Luttnbnh. Xnajcãbmdbdmchn mdad `k "mu`bmd h` nrrdz h` L`rnkn'.@k f`radsd pncsne` nquá `s ubn rcmn mds`mfn

h` pkîtnbds, þna` y yumn. Luttnbnh s``xtc`bh` pdr ?0 lckýa`trds cbt`rmnknhns `btr``k anr y kns adbtnþns y `s ubd h` kds a`edr`smnbnk`s h` L`rnkn.

]` pu`h` fnm`r ub mrum`rd h` ub hán y ubnbdmf` h`sh` Nknppuzfn n Luanrnlda, hdbh`` pu`h` pr`s`bmcnr nv`s nmuîtcmns - tnbtd`sch`bt`s mdad acorntdrcns-. Kds kcrcds h`

noun, qu` `b kn bdmf` h`skuajrnb mdad kns`str`kkns jrckknbt`s `b `k mc`kd dsmurd. S hdbh`` pu`h` prnmtcmnr kn p`smn. @s ub vcne` pnrn`knenrt` y hcsgrutnr h` pnz.



fdwnrnnkc`bhd h` kds jrnzds h` anr a`hcrced fnmcn Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna,kn mnpctnk h`k `stnhd h` L`rnkn, ya` kknan kn nt`bmcýb ub p`qu`þdpu`jkd h` bdajr` Mfdwnrn qu`s` `bmu`btrn n ubds :9 La. S nubn hcstnbmcn h` ubds 3 la h` knpknyn h` Ldvnkna.

@s ubn jdbctn pknyn p`rd sc pdrnkod a`r`m` kn p`bn nm`rmnrs` nMfdwnrn `s pnrn pr`s`bmcnr mdadvu`kv`b kns h`m`bns h` p`smnhdr`sh` gn`bnr y su p`mukcnr anb`rn h`

r`mdo`r kn p`smn y kns jnrmns,pknsanbhd ubn pdstnk h` ubnj`kk`zn pkîstcmn `xtrndrhcbnrcn.

Xuv` ankn su`rt` y bd pu`h`pr`s`bmcnr `b tdhd su npdo`d `kada`btd h` kn kkònhn yn qu` bdfnjánb snkchd h` p`smn h`jchd nkank `stnhd h` kn anr.

@k Nnzfcankn Xàpkd h` ]fcvn.]ctunhd `bmcan h` ubn mdkcbndgr`m` ubd h` kns aèdr`s kuonr`spnrn snmnr gdtds h` kn pknyn.

N p`snr h` kn j`kk`zn h` sus pknyns kd `sp`mtnmuknr`s v`r n kds p`smnhdr`s mdb sus jnrmns munbhd

snk`b n p`smnr



@s ub p`qu`þd pu`jkd h` p`smnhdr`s mnkk`s auy `str`mfns, hdbh`

tdhns kns tnrh`s h`spuãs h` su edrbnhn h` trnjned, s` k`s v` euonrn mnrtns `b kn pu`rtn h` sus mnsns.



Ldvnkna

@stn kdmnkchnh `rn ub pu`jkdh` p`smnhdr`s, hdbh` kn p`smnkn grutn y kds mdmdt`rds `rn su gdranh` vchn. ]` trnbsgdrad `b ub kuonrh` v`rnb`d, pdr djrn y ornmcn h`Zò`bt Anfnrnbc, `k anfnrneî h`Xrnbvnmdr` munbhd h`mchcý mdbstrucrub mnstckkd fnmcn bnk`s h` kds nþds:9 h` k pnsnhd s c o k d . @s tn

mcrmubstnbmcn ntrned n aumfns h` knsornbh`s gdrtubns @urdp`ns nh`smujrcr ub kuonr hdbh` nkènrs`h`k aubhnbnk ruchd.

Y`rd bd gu` fnstn kn hãmnhn h` kdss`t`btn munbhd kds fcppc`s tdanrdbkns pknyns h` Ldvnkna mdad `kpnrnásd hdbh` hcsgrutnr h` su

‛kcj`rtnh‑. @std trnbsgdrad hànb`rn rnhcmnk `st` p`qu`þd pu`jkdh` p`smnhdr`s `b ubd h` kds h`stcbdsturástcmds ans capdrtnbt` h` L`rnkn.

Bd `s qu` sus pknyns s`nb ubnnut`btcmn j`kk`zn, yn qu` sdb pknynsh` nr`bn bòrn y auy ank muchnhns,

p`rd kd qu` sc `rn ntrny`bt` pnrn`stn mkns` h` turcsad, `rn qu` pdrauy pdmd hcb`rd pdhánb p`ranb`m`r`b sus pknyns tàpdrnhns knrons, bdsdkd pdr kds jneds pr`mcds sc bdnhàns pdr su `xm`k`bt` mkcan.



Ldvnkna `s `k kuonr `smdochd pdr ack`s h` turcstns pnrnh`smnbsnr h`spuãs h` fnj`r r`mdrrchd `k bdrt` `k sur d `kZnenstnb, pnrn r`knenrs` hurnbt` ubds háns nbt`s h` knvu`ktn n su kuonr h` r`sch`bmcn. @btr` mdmdt`rds, pknyn,ansne`s nyurvãhcmd pnrrckkn h` p`smnhds, anrcsmds yknbodstns.



Wnrlnkn N ubn hcstnbmcn h` 09 la nk Bdrt` h`

Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna. @s ub pu`jkd mdst`rd mdb

ub capdrtnbt` m`btrd h` p`ròrcbnmcýb

nrlnkn `s ub pdpuknr pu`jkdm d s t ` r d m ` k ` j r ` p d r s u s

anbnbtcnk`s bnturnk`s h` nounst`rnpãutcmns. Nhàns h` ubkuonr h` p`ròrcbnmcýb pnrn kdsfcbhõ, pu`s sòõb ubn k`y`bhns` hcm` qu` ub snjcd, kknanhdBnrnhn nrrded nk ncr` ub pnþdtèchd mdb mdrt`zn h` îrjdk y `st`gu` n mn`r sdjr` `k kuonr hdbh`nfdrn s` `bmu`btrn Wnrlnkn.H`sh` `btdbm`s pnsý n s`r

mdbdmchn mdad pknyn h` knr`h`bmcýb. S h`sh` `s` hán fn

`stnhd nsdmcnhn mdb `k muktdnbm`strnk. N `stn pknyn su`k`bkkònr pnrn sua`rocr `b sus nounskns m`bczns h` sus au`rtds, `b knpknyn `btr` rctunk`s. @s fnjctunkv`r gnackcns pr`pnrnbhd kdsrctunk`s y r`znbhd `b kn pknyndjs`rvnbhd mdad kns m`bczns h`sus au`rtds s` sua`ro`b `b `knoun.



Enbnrhfnbn ]wnby Xàpkd@st` tàpkd qu` `stn mdbsnornhdn Lrcsfbn s` `bmu`btrn `b pk`bd

m`btrd h` Wnrlnkn, s` mr`` qu` tc`b` ubn

nbtcoû`hnh h` aîs h` :.999 nþds. @st`tàpkd ntrn` n bua`rdsds p`ròrcbds, s`hcm` qu` ubn h` sus mnapnbns gu` hdbnhn`b `k scokd VWCC pdr `k mnpctîb h` ubjnrmd fdknbhãs, h`spuãs h` qu` gu`rnb`smumfnhns sus pkònrcns `b ubntàp`stnh.

Nkod cbsýkctd `b L`rnkn `b ãst` tàpkd s`

p`ract` kn `btrnhn n kds Bd fcbhõ, nkodqu` s` nornh`m` yn qu` h` `stn anb`rn`s pdscjk` v`r `k cbt`rcdr h` ub tàpkd ymdad sus `k`s `xpr`snb sus r`zds ym`ràdbcns n kds hcds`s.



Kds tàpkds `b L`rnkn sdbtdtnka`bt` hcg`r`bt`s h`k r`std h`kpnás, kds t`mfds `b anh`rn vc`b`b

h`sh` `k an`strd, m n r p c b t ` r dY`rubtfnmffnb. Yr`s`btnb t`mfds h` tèns`b p`bhc`bt`s, qu` p`ract`b h`snounrkkuvcn h`k adbzýb. ]u`k`b t`b`r mujc`rtnsmýbcmns mdb fck`rns h` jnkhdsns h` a`tnkd h` t`rrnmdtn.

]us pcknr`s su`k`b s`r h` anh`rn, kdst`mfds s` hcvch`b `b pnb`k`s y s` knjrnbmdb kdtds d h`chnh`s fcbhucstns. @k cbt`rcdrh` kds Lddttnajuknas tc`b`b pcknr`s hành`rn y m`kdsáns `b tr`s h` sus knhdspnrn kn v`btcknmcýb. Kn mujc`rtn `stîhcs`þnhn pnrn prdpdrmcdbnr ubn ju`bn

Xàpkds b L`rnkn ]r` Bnrn nbn Ourõ

N ubds = la h`k tàpkd s` `bmu`btrn `k]r` Bnrnvnrn Ourõ ub adbua`btd `bfdbdr h` ub snbtd y kdsdgd qu` gu` ub

r`gdracstn sdmcnk qu` njdoý pdr ubnmnstn, ubn r`kcocýb y ub sdkd hcds pnrn knfuanbchnh.

@k adbua`btd `s ub m`btrd h`p`ròrcbnmcýb h` sus sòuchdr`s yn qu``b `k `hcmcd s` `bmu`btrn kn tuajn y `kkuonr hdbh` `k ourõ `stnjn ckuacbnhd ymdbscoucý kn snkvnmcýb. @k ]nanhfc (`kkuonr h` h`smnbsd bnk) h`k Ouru ntrn` nack`s h` h`vdtds mnhn nþd hurnbt` kdsháns h` p`ròrcbnmcýb ]cvnocrc hcmcàjr`=9-`b`rd 9>.



Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurnafcruvnbnbtfnpurna kn mnpctnk h` L`rnknmdbdmchn mdad Xrcvnbhrua, gu` kn s`h`h` kn nbtcoun gnackcn r`nk h` Xrnbvnmdr`@k bdajr` s` hcvch` kct`rnka`bt` `b

"Xcru", "Nbnbtfn" "purna", qu` scobcmn"`k pu`jkd h` Hcds Nbnbtfn". ]`mdbvcrtcý `b kn mnpctnk h` Xrnvnbmdr` `b>?09. Mu`btn mdb n`rdpu`rtd y `s ubnj`kkn mcuhnh mdst`rn mdbstruchn sdjr`sc`t` mdkcbns. Kn mcuhnh s` mnrnmt`rcznpdr su t`rr`bd dbhuknhd h` mdkcbnsjnens mdst`rns mdb mnkk`s `str`mfns yscbudsns.

Kn mcuhnh mdbstruchn sdjr` sc`t`mdkcbns, s` fn mdbv`rtchd fdy `b hán `bubn a`trýpdkcs `b `xpnbscýb, p`rd pdr

su`rt` kn mcuhnh nõb mdbs`rvn sunbtcoud `spk`bhdr y `bmnbtd, n p`snr h`kds mnajcds qu` kn mcuhnh `stn`xp`rca`btnbhd , p`rd `s quczîs aumfd

ans trnbquckn qu` mdmfcb pdr èàpkdbd `s tnb mdbdmchn, bc kkònb tnbtdsturcstns `xtrnbe`rds. @b mnajcd tdhd su`btdrbd h` mcuhnh`s mdb pknyns k`gnvdr`m` yn qu` `k nuo` turástcmd vnmr`mc`bhd y `sd r`p`rmut` `b kn mnpctnk,`b adhd h` fdsp`hne` d vcsctnsturástcmns.

Kds kuonr`s ans gnadsd h` vcsctn sdb<kds nkr`h`hdr`s h`k Gu`rt` h`k @st`, ubfctd prdtòchd qu` hntn h` kds hánsfcstdrcmds.



Bn c`r Aus`dk gnadsd ]rc Ynhanbnjfnswnay tàpkd, `k pnknmcdBnvnrntfrc Anbhnpna, hdbh` `k g`stcvnk auscmnk nbunk s`m`k`jrn mdad ubn dgr`bhn n ]nrnswntc kn hcdsn h`knpr`bhczne`, Lutfcrn Ankcln, ub õbcmd y anrnvckkdsd

èàpkd h` kn nrquct`mturn trnhcmcdbnk y `k kuonr h`m`k`jrnmcýb h`k g`stcvnk h` aõscmn nbunk qu` fdbrn nXfcrubnk ]wntfc `k mdapdsctdr, r`y h` Xrnvnbmdr` sdb kdsaèdr`s `btr` kns `strumturns trnhcmcdbnk`s qu` nhdrbnb`k Gdrt `bmknv`. @k Anfntan Onbhfc Zdnh, kn prcbmcpnknrt`rcn h` kn mcuhnh, `stî kk`bn h` anbscdb`strnhcmcdbnk`s qu` prdmknanb kn ornbh`zn h` kds tcàpdspnsnhds y kds `hcmcds nktds adh`rbds qu` hnb t`stcadbcdh` kn rcqu`zn r`mcãb h`smujc`rtn h` kn mcuhnh y ub snjdrh`smnrnhna`bt` mda`rmcnk. J`bh`mchn mdb ub mkcannornhnjk` hurnbt` prîmtcmna`bt` tdhd `k nþd, kn mcuhnhh` Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna jrckkn h`spuãs h` kns kkuvcns h`kadbzýb.



à d bnbt n

b `k cbt`rcdr h`k gu`rt` y n kd knrod h` kn Anfntan Onbhfc rdnh, s` `bmu`btrn `k õbcmdtàpkd h`k `stnhd h` L`rnkn mdb ub odpurna h` sc`t` nkturn, qu` `s prdpcd h` kdstàpkds h` Xnack Bnhu. @k tàpkd gu` mdbstruchd pdr `k r`y Anrtfnbhn Wnran h` knGnackcn Z`nk Xrnvnbmdr` munbhd, `b >?80, mnajcý kn mnpctnk h` Xrnvnbmdr` nXfcruvnbnbtfnpurna mda`bzý n r`cbnr mdad 'Ynhanbnjfn Hnsn', `k sc`rvd y `kr`pr`s`btnbt` h`k hcds `b kn tc`rrn. @k ornb mdapkèd h`k tàpkd, mdb su nkturn"Odpurna" h`mdrnhd mdb tnkkns h`tnkknb f`mfds h` kds hcds`s y kn vchn mdtchcnbn qu`s` r`ènb `b `k `bdra` `stnbqu` h`k tàpkd, `s fdy ub m`btrd h` ntrnmmcýb pnrn kdsh`vdtds, kds turcstns y kds scapk`s murcdsds.

Ynhanbnjfnswnay



Anfntan Onbhfc

rdnh mdb `k odpurna

h`k t`apkd Nbnbtfn

Ynhanbnjfnswnay

nk gdbhd



@k g`stcvnk h` kns aue`r`s

st` g`stcvnk tc`b` kuonr pdr kn kubn kk`bn hànrzd y mdad tdhns kns `stns r`kcocdsn h`Cbhcn, tc`b`b ubn k`y`bhn pnrn `bt`bh`r `kpdrquã kn h` `st` g`stcvnk `s kn scouc`bt`5

Mu`btnb qu` kn hcdsn H`vc qu`rán hnrs` ubjnþd h`trîs h`k tàpkd h` Nttuln, `b knsngu`rns h` kn mcuhnh, y n ubn aue`rausukanbn qu` s` `bmdbtrnjn nkká k` pchcýub pdmd h` nm`ct` nrdaîtcmd, kn aue`r s`hcsmukpý nkònbhd qu` s` k` fnján nmnjnhd,munbhd `b r`nkchnh pds`án ubn nm`ct`rnkk`bn. Y`rd kn sdrpr`sn gu` pnrn kn aue`r

qu` munbhd acrý n kn nm`ct`rn vcd qu` s``bmdbtrnjn vnmán. S `s pdr `s` nmtd qu`tdhns kns aue`r`s h` tdhn r`kcocýb dgr`m`b nkn hcdsn ubn mdmmcýb h` nrrdz mdb a`knzn y`sp`mcns, qu` s` hèn sujcr `b su `jukkcmcýby `sp`rnb qu` r`jns` kn dkkn. @b `sn`ju kkcm cýb quc `r`b scaj dkcz nr knnjubhnbmcn d s`n kn Ydbonkn.

H`sh` `btdbm`s, aue`r`s h` tdhn r`kcocýb ymdbhcmcýb dgr`m`b n kn hcdsn ubn mdmmcýb h`nrrdz mdb a`knzn y `sp`mcns pnr`mchn nknrrdz mdb k`mf` qu` fny qu` hènr sujcr y

snkcrs` h` kn dkkn `b su `jukkcmcýb. Knsaue`r`s pch`b ub gnvdr n kn hcdsn y sc k` `smdbm`hchd nk nþd scouc`bt` pr`pnrnb ubbõa`rd h`t`racbnhd h` pdt`s qu` pu`h`b

cr h`sh` > n >99 d ans.

@k g`stcvnk `s h` ubn ornb j`kk`zn pkîstcmntdhd mdac`bzn mdb kn snkchn h`k sdk, knaõscmn n tdhd vdkua`b fn hnhd `kpcstdk`tnzd h` snkchn. `sp`mtnmuknr knaõscmn su`bn n tdhd vdkua`b kn nv`bchnAnfntan Onbhfc rdnh, mdac`bzn n kk`bnrs`h` aue`r`s n ub knhd y dtrd s`btnhn h`knbt`

h` sus dkkns `k `sp`mtîmukd `s cb`bnrrnjk`.Pb mnacýb r`pnrt` mnkh`rds h` noun, s`pr`pnrnb kn k`þn pnrn `bm`bh`r kds mnkh`rdsy `k fuad kd cbubhn tnbtd qu` bd p`b`trnbkds rnyds sdknr`s. @stn `s kn `stn h` knsaue`r`s h` L`rnkn ubn `stn qu` s` h`j`vcvcr pnrn pdh`r `bt`bh`r mdad `kkns`g`mtõnb ub rctunk pchc`bhd n kn hcdsn H`vcpnrn qu` kn njubhnbmcn kkòu` n tdhds kdss`r`s h`k aubhd y bd fnyn bcboõb s`rfuanbd qu` pns` fnajr` y aumfd a`bdsub bcþd.

Pb hán nbt`s h`k g`stcvnk "pdbonkn" munbhd kn mcuhnh s` kk`bn h` ack`s h` vnscens.M`rmn h` : ackkdb`s h` aue`r`s s` eubtnb `b `st` g stcvnk mdb ub aábcad h` ubnvnscen pdr p`rsdbn y ub aîxcad h` >9>, pdr kd munk s` pu`h` kkònr fnstn kds =

ackkdb`s qu` s` usnb pnrn mdmcbnr y dgr`m`r mdachn `b `k g`stcvnk "pdbonkn".



@b ub pu`std h` v`btn h` vnscens



@btrnhn nk mdapk`ed nrquct`mtýbcmd hdbh` s` `bmu`btrn`k capr`scdbnbt` `hcmcd h`k Bnpc`r Aus`d, `k pnknmcdLutfcrn Ankcln, y `k pnknmcd Lnbnlnlubbu, rdh`nhd h`ub pnrqu` cba`bsd hdbh` kds fnjctnbt`s h` kn mnpctnk

su`k`b pnsnr kds háns g`stcvds n kn sdajrn h` susnrjdk`s.



X`apkd Onb`sfn



Ynknmcd LnbnlnlubbuEubtd nk mdapk`ed hdbh` s` `bmu`btrn `k aus`d Bnpc`r, `stî `kpnknmcd Lnbnlnlubbu kuonr hdbh` kn gnackcn r`nk h` Xrnbvnmdr`r`mcjánb n sus cbvctnhds.

@k Ynknmcd Lnbnlnlubbu `s ubd h` kds õktcads v`stcocds nrquct`mtýbcmds h` kn`rn mdkdbcnk. Mdbstruchd hurnbt` `k r`cbnhd h`k r`y h` Xrnvnbmdr` ]r` AddknbXfcrubnk (>660->3:8), `k pnknmcd scrvcý mdad `k prcbmcpnk kuonr pnrn kdsjnbqu`t`s r`nk`s.

Aîs tnrh` ]wntfc Xfcrubnk, ubd h` kds odj`rbnbt`s aîs pdpuknr`s h`Xrnvnbmdr`, r`stnurý `k pnknmcd y mdbstruyý mnbmfns h` t`bcs `b suscbstnknmcdb`s. Xnajcãb fczd usd h` ãk hurnbt` nþds mdad ub kuonr h` v`rnb`d.

@b su cbt`rcdr s` pu`h` v`r `bdra`s mnbh`knjrds h` mrcstnk y ubn ornbvnrc`hnh h` `xqucsctns pc`zns h` adjckcnrcd r`nk, ub t`stcadbcd h`k kuedsd`stckd h` vchn h` kds r`y`s Xfcrubnk, kds munk`s t`bánb cbmkcbnmcýb pdr kn aõscmny `k nrt`.



Ynknmcd Lutfcrn Ankcln@st` pnknmcd mdbstruchd `b anh`rnqu` `s ubn r`pr`s`btnm cýb`xtrndrhcbnrcn h` kn nrquct`mturn h`

L`rnkn, `s ub pnknmcd mdbstruchd `b `k scokd

VWCCC mdbstruchd pdr `k rneî ]wntfcXfcrubnk Jnknrnan, `stnhcstn, pd`tnaõscmd y r`gdracstn sdmcnk.

H`stnmn kns tnkkns h` anh`rn y `bpnrtcmuknr kds >:: mnjnkkds h` kds nk`rds h`k`hcmcd. Pbn pnrt` h` Lutfcrn Ankcln s`fn mdbv`rtchd `b ub aus`d h`k pnknmcd qu`nkj`ron nkoubds h` kds nmtcvds prdpc`hnh h`kn gnackcn r`nk h` Xrnvnbmdr`. Kn mdk`mmcýbcbmkuy` anbcquá`s Lntfnlnkc, `spèdsj`kons, nrnþns h` mrcstnk, munhrds, nrans,

cbs trua`btds auscmn k`s , au`jk`strnhcmcdbnk`s y dtrds nrt`gnmtds. @b `k knhdh`r`mfd h` kds anbcquá`s s` `bmu`btrnbmubns h` anrk h` vnrcds tnanþds. @k

pnknmcd tc`b` `b `xfcjcmcýb hds trdbdsr`nk`s, ubd h` anrk y kn dtrn h` mrcstnk h`Jdfàcn. @k pnknmcd mu`btn mdb ubn ornbmdk`mmcýb h` `smukturns f`mfns h` aîradkjknbmd. @b kn prca`rn pknbtn s` `bmu`btrnbkns fnjctnmcdb`s qu` ubn v`z scrvcý mdad knsnkn h` nuhc`bmcns, kn jcjkcdt`mn y ubnnkmdjn qu` ]wntfc Xfcrubnk utckcznjn pnrnkn a`hctnmcýb y pnrtcturn h` aumfns h` susmãk`jr`s mdapdscmcdb`s auscmnk`s. @st`kuonr dgr`m` ubn vcstn hcr`mtn h`k odpurnah`k tàpkd Ynhanbnjfnswnay.



Wczfcbena `s ubn p`qu`þn mcuhnhm d s t ` r n m ` r m n h `

Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna. ]` `bmu`btrn n tnbsdkd = la h` kn pknyn h` Ldvnkna, h`sh`muyd gnrd s` pu`h` v`r su a`zquctn.Pktcana`bt` s` fnjkn aumfd h` `stnp`qu`þn mcuhnh h`jchd n qu` mu`btn mdb

ub ornb pu`rtd h` anr, y sus nutdrchnh`s`stîb kumfnbhd pnrn qu` s`n ub kuonrsàènbt` n ]cbonpur, Mdkdajd `tm. Sn qu`s` `bmu`btrn h`btrd h` kn rutncbt`rbnmcdbnk bnvc`rn. Ydr kd tnbtd, s``sp`rn qu` nk a`bds `k 09% h` kds m`rmnh` :9.999 jnrmds qu` pnsnb pdr `k mnbnk h`]u`z (pdr nþd) kkòu`b n `st` ornb pu`rtdh` anr.

Kn fcstdrcn h` Wczfcbena s` ràdbtn n knhcbnstán Ny. Nbt`s h` qu` kds Mf`rns`stnjk`mc`rdb mdad ubn gu`rzn capdrtnbt``b L`rnkn, gu` odj`rbnhn pdr kn hcbnstán h`

Ncdc `b nkoõb ada`btd `btr` `k WCC y `kscokd VC mdb Wczfcbena mdad mnpctnk, gu`snqu`nhn pdr kds Mfdkns.

Gu` ubn mcuhnh auy mda`rmcnk pnrnpdrtuou`s`s y fdknbh`s`s. Kds pdrtuou`s`smdbstruy`rdb ubn cok`scn m`rmn h` kn drckkn

h`k anr, qu` scou` sc`bhd gubmcdbnk y s`mdbdm` mdad kn Wczfcbena Cok`scn Wcèn (knnbtcoun cok`scn h` ]nbtn Anrán). ]``bmu`btrn ujcmnhd `b kn zdbn h`k pu`rtdp`squ`rd Wczfcbena.

Nk njrcod h` kn mdstn h`k Anr Nrîjcod,Wczfcbena tnajcãb `s ub kuonr turástcmdp`rg`mtd. ]` pu`h` k kònr h`sh`

Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna qu` `s `k n`rdpu`rtdaîs m`rmnbd y kn `stnmcýb h` tr`b. Fny ubs`rvcmcd ròuknr h` nutdjus`s h`sh`Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna.

Kn j`kk`zn h` ub pu`rtd

h` p`smnhdr`sWczfcbena



a`zquctn `b fdbdr h`

ubn aue`r snbtnJ`ànpnkky p`rt`b`m` nk hcstrctd h`Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna. @stî sctunhd `b

kn mnrr`t`rn h` kn pknyn qu` kk`vn nYddbtfurn n trnvãs h` Wnkcyntfurn, n ubds 0la nk sur-d`st` h` kn `stnmcýb m`btrnk h`tr`b`s h` Xfcruvnbnbtfnpurna. Kna`zquctn `stî h`hcmnhd n kn aàdrcn h`

J`àn J``vc, ubn aue`r ausukanbnh`vdtn qu` kkòý n L`rnkn h` kn A`mn y s`cbstnký `b `st` kuonr mdb su fced. @s ubcapdrtnbt` kuonr h` muktd pnrn kdsausukanb`s yn qu` s` mr`` qu` pds`òrnbh`s pdh`r`s `spcrctunk`s.

@stn a`zquctn gu` hcs`þnhn y mdbstruchnpdr kds fcbhõ jnsnhd `b `k nrt` fcbhõ y kn

nrquct`mturn. Kns tuajns h` kds tr`sornbh`s hcsmápukds `stîb sctunhds eubtd n kn

a`zquctn, qu` `s `k prca`rd `b kn Cbhcn y`b sòubhd kuonr `b `k aubhd hdbh` s`cbcmcnrdb kns drnmcdb`s Euan. O`bt` h`tdhns kns mkns`s sdmcnk`s vcsctnb `stna`zquctn.

Mfnbhnbnluhn G`stcvnk, `s ub ornb g`stcvnkqu` s` m`k`jrn nquá `b su aàdrcn ntrn` nack`s h` p`ròrcbds scb hcstcbmcýb h` mnstnd mr`hd. Kns `stns mdac`bznb `k hán > h`ka`s h` Fcern Enantfuk Nlfcr (anrzd-njrck)y mdbmkuy`b `k hán >9 h`k acsad a`s.

Kds h`vdtds kk`vnb ubns dkkns h` jnrrd(luhnas) kk`bns h` adb`hns mdaddgr`bhns. @stds jdt`s `stîb mujc`rtns mdbpnstn h` anh`rn h` sîbhnkd (mfnbhnbna).H` nfá `k bdajr` 'Mfnbhnbnluhna'.

J`ànpnkky



Xnack Bnhu `s kn mubn h` knnbtcoun mukturn hrnvchcmn. ]ctunhd

`b kn mdstn h` Mdrdanbh`k, h` knp`bábsukn h`k sur h` Cbhcn rdh`nhn h`

L`rnkn, `b `k d`st`, Lnrbntnln, `b `kbdrd`st`, Nbhfrn Yrnh`sf, `b `k bdrt` y`b kn mdstn `st` pdr `k Ydbhcmf`rry. Knmcuhnh aîs ornbh` y mnpctnk h` XnackBnhu `s Mf`bbnc (nbt`rcdra`bt`mdbdmchn mdad Anhrns).

@b `k mdrnzýb h` kn ròcýb h`smnbsn `kgãrtck vnkk` Lnv`rc, tc`rrn h` nrrdznk`s y

`sp`mtnmuknr`s tàpkds. Nquá s` fnkknMfdknanbhnkna, hdbh` kds r`y`s Mfdkn`rcoc`rdb ane`studsds tàpkds `bXfnbenvur y `b aumfns dtrns pdjknmcdb`smdad Anhurnc y Mfchnajnrnb dAnankknpurna ubn mcuhnh pdrtunrcneubtd n su mnpctnk Mf`bbnc. @kns`btnac`btd grnbmãs h` Ydbhcmf`rry ykds gu`rt`s ` cok`scns jrctîbcmds `bkuonr`s mdad Xcrumfcrnpnkkc r`ènb `kpnsnhd mdkdbcnk.

Aumfns mcuhnh`s kk`vnb `k prèd Xcru,muyd scobcmnhd `s snornhd, y `kkd cbhcmnkn pr`s`bmcn h` ub m`btrd r`kcocdsd.

Kn fcstdrcn h`Xnack mdac`bzn mdb `k`stnjk`mcac`btd h` kds pdh`r`s, Mf`rn,Mfdkn y Ynbhyn. H`sh` a`hcnhds h`kscokd s`xtd fnstn `k bdv`bd kds Mfnkulcnsh ` J n h n a c , k d s Y n k k n y n s h `Lnbmfcpurna, y kds Ynbhyns h` Anhurnc,s` `bgr`btnrdb `b knrons ou`rrns. Y`rdscb àjnrod `b `s` p`rcdhd fujd ubr`bnmcac`btd h`k fcbhucsad y s` nkmnbzd

ub ornb nvnbm` `b kns j`kkns nrt`s. Xuvdsu p`rcdhd ans dr`mc`bt` munbhdnkr`h`hdr h`k 609 kds Mfdkn hdacbnrdbkn ròcýb fnstn kn actnh h` scokd qu` gu`hdacbnhd pdr `k r`cbd fcbhõ h`Wcenynbnonr, hdbh` s` ubcý tdhd `k XnackB n h u p d r u b p ` r c d h d h `nprdxcanhna`bt` =99 nþds.

H`sh` `k scokd VWCC fnstn >387 kn ròcýb`stuvd hdacbnhn pdr kds Cbok`s`s.

nack Bnhu



nkc`bhd h` Xrcvnbhrua fnmcn `kXnack bnhu n 0 la nbt`s h` kkònrn Lnbynluanrc s` `bmu`btrn] u m f c b h r u a , u b n p ` q u ` þ n

pdjknmcýb rdh`nhn h` tàpkds, qu` `stnauy kconhn n kn k`y`bhn h` Luanrc kn hcdsnvcro`b ( ubn `bmnrbnmcýb h` Ynrvntfc), hcm`kn k`y`bhn qu` ]fcvn h`smnbsd nquá,ac`btrns Luanrc kd fczd `b Lnbynluanrch` nfá su bdajr`, yn qu` gu` `k kuonr hdbh`fczd p`bct`bmcn pnrn mnsnrs` mdb ]fcvn.Y`rd bd s` h`spdsnrdb pu`s su h`stcbd `rnp`ranb`m`r vcro`b pnrn snkvnr nk aubhd.

@k tàpkd ]tfnbuanknyn `b ]umfcbhrua`stn mdbsnornhd n kn trcbchnh h`kfcbhucsad. Jrnfan, Wcsbõ y ]fcvn. @b `k s`ckustrnb `pcsdhcds h` kds pdàns ãpcmds.

Ydr kn tnrh` y `k tàpkd s` `bmu`btrnm`rrnhd, kn aèdr fdrn pnrn su vcsctn `s nk

nanb`m`r yn qu` `k tàpkd s` `bmu`btrneubtd n ubn nkj`rmn kuonr h` purcmnmcýbh` kds `k`s y su`k`b tdhns kns anþnbns`g`mtunr sus r`zds nbt`s h` `btrnr nktàpkd.

H`sh` kn nkj`rmn s` hcvcsn sus `bdra`s ykknantcvds odpurna qu` hntnb h` kds scokdsVWCC y VWCCC, `b `k kk`vnb ornjnhds qu`

fnm`b nkuscýb n kds pdàns ãpcmds, ubd h`kd s snbtun rc ds nkj `r on `k kcb on]tfnbuanknyn qu` `s `k sáajdkd h` kds tr`shcds`s Jrnfan, Wcsbõ y ]fcvn. H` nfá `kbdajr` h`k tàpkd.

@s auy capdrtnbt`s v`r `k cbt`rcdr h`ktàpkd yn qu` mu`btn mdb ub mdbeubtd h`pcknr`s auscmnk`s `smukpchds mdb jkdqu`s

õbcmds h` ornbctd. Munbhd s` k` odkp`n,mnhn pcknr àct` ubn bdtn auscmnkhcg`r`bt`.

]



]umfcbhrua @s ub capdrtnbt` m`btrd h` p`ròrcbnmcýb. Pbd h` kds pdmds tàpkds `b`k pnás hdbh` kn Xrcbchnh, Jrnfan, Wcsbõ y ]fcvn sdb nhdrnhds. ]` mr``qu` kn Xrcbchnh npnr`mcý nquá pdr p`tcmcýb h`k snjcd Ntrc, y su `spdsn,nbusnyn. ]umfcbhrua, `s jc`b mdbdmchn pdr su rcqu`zn `smuktýrcmn. ]uodpurna h` >=8 a`trds h` nkturn qu` s` hcvcsn h`sh` knron hcstnbmcn

`s ub r`g`r`bt` pnrn kds p`ròrcbds.



Lnbynluanrc



@k tàpkd qu` kd pr`sch` kn capdb`bt` `stntunh` Xcruvnkkuvnr. @s quczîs kn gdtd ans pdpuknrh` Lnbynluanrc.

M`rmn h`k tàpkd `stn `k Ofnbhc aàdrcnk, ubadbua`btd hdbh` h`smnbsnrdb kns m`bczns hÒnbhfc nbt`s h` qu` gu`rnb sua`rochns. @k

`hcmd `stn hcs`þnhd h` tnk anb`rn qu` mnhnnþd `k hán : h` dmtujr` g`mfn h` su bnmcac`btd,kds rnyds h` sdk mn`b sdjr` `k pubtd `xnmtdhdbh` s` h`pdsctnrdb kns m`bczns.

Kn mcuhnh h`j` su gnan n sus `sp`mtnmuknr`spu`stns h` sdk, hurnbt` tdhd `k nþd turcstns h`tdhd `k pnás y h` gu`rn h` kn Cbhcn sdkd kkònbpnrn pdh`r pr`s`bmcnr su pu`stn h` sdk. Pbnv`z `b kn mcuhnh h`sh` ubn adbtnþn s` hcvcsn kn`stntun h`k pd`tn y `k tàpkd qu` s` `bmu`btrnnjsdkutna`bt` r`pk`tn h` vcsctnbt`s qu` vc`b`b`b mdmf`s, nutdjus`s `tm. @s ubn v`rhnh`rn`stn.



Xcrub`kv`kcN 6? la h` Lnbynluanrc s``bmu`btrn `stn mcuhnh rònhn pdr `k

rád Xnanrpnrnbc, hdbh` su ornb ntrnmtcvd `svcsctnr kds tàpkds h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn yYnrvntfc, tc`b`b hds `bdra`s r`mcbtds

r`mtnbouknr`s qu` s` mdaubcmnb pdr ubnknron onk`rán, bd `stn p`ractchd `g`mtunrgdtdorngáns `b su cbt`rcdr sdkd `b su`xt`rcdr.

Kds Anbhnpna, (nsá s` kknanb kns tdrr`s )`stîb kk`bns h` ourns qu` vnb h`sh`hcds`s n `k`s. Pbn v`z `b su cbt`rcdr su

j`kk`zn `s gnsmcbnbt`, tnbtd ub tàpkdmdad `k dtrd. Auy nanjkà`bt` ubnp`rsdbn qu` `stnjn h` vcocknbt` a` fncbvctnhd n `btrnr n kn pnrt` h` v`b`rnmcýb n]fcvn qu` nhàns `stn prdfcjchd pnrn kdsbd fcbhõ, yd k` h`mán bd, qu` bd sdy fcbhõ,

`k advc`bhd kn mnj`zn mdb ub o`std auymnrnmt`rástcmd h` kn Cbhcn, a` hcm` bdtrnbquckd suj` bd pnsn bnhn. Sd k` r`mu`rhdqu` a` fnb hcmfd qu` bd pdhán `btrnr yqu` bd quc`rd prdjkàns.

A` hcm` yd sdy `k vcocknbt` y r`spdbsnjk`.Bd prdjkàn, `k s` `bmdbtrnjn `b ubtàpkd qu` fny `b `k cbt`rcdr y s` h`jánsujcr ubns `smnkcbntns, a` cbvctn n fnm`rkdy ubn v`z nrrcjn a` hcm` qu` tdqu` ubn h`kns mdkuabns. Mnhn mdkuabn `stnjnrdh`nhn h` muntrds ans p`qu`þns y a`

hcm` qu` tdqu` mdb kds buhckkds h` kds h`hdsubn h` `kkns. A` qu`h` sdrpr`bhchd pu`sàctán ubn bdtn auscmnk, `k s` npnrtd fnmcndtrn qu` `stnjn `bgr`bt` hdbh` yd a``bmdbtrnjn y fczd kd prdpcd.



Bd t`bod pnknjrns pnrn h`smrcjcr kn

àdmcýb tnb cbt`bsn qu` f` p`rmcjchd, pu`spnr`mánb bdtns qu` bnhn t`bánb qu` v`r mdb`st` aubhd. Capr`scdbnbt`. K` hc knsornmcns mdb aumfáscad `btuscnsad y `k bdpnrnjn h` adv`r su mnj`zn sntcsg`mfd ydroukkdsd pdr kd nmdbt`mchd.

@b mnhn ubd h` kds tàpkds tc`b`b ubnonk`rán `b `k t`mfd, kds knt`rnk`s `stîbkk`bd h` ourns `b anh`rn h` Anbantfn `khcds h` nadr, y h` su mdbsdrt` Zntfc. Mdbpds`s chãbtcmns nk kknanhd Lnansutrn,mdad dmurr` `b kds tàpkds `b Lfneurnfd.S bd s` fn h` dkvchnr qu` Lnansutrn kd qu`quc`r` h`mcr `s Hcds h`k Nadr.

Dtrd kuonr n vcsctnr sdb kns mntnrntns h`

Luttnknb, ubn mnsmnhns qu` s` pr`mcpctnh`sh` >?9 a`trds h` nkturn. ]` `bmu`btrnn 03 la h` Xcrub`kv`kc, y `s auy pdpuknr`btr` su pdjknmcýb pdr mr``r qu` sus nounssdb a`hcmcbnk`s.



XfcrupnrnblurnSn kkònbhd n Anhurnc n 7 la. s` `bmu`btrn `stn mcuhnh qu` `sm`k`jr` pdr su tàpkd `b ubn mdkcbn h` ornbctd snornhn,

mdbsch`rnhn ubn h` kns s`cs adrnhns snornhns h` Auruona, `k fced h`]fcvn, gu` `k kuonr hdbh` mdbtrned antrcadbcd mdb H`vnynbc fcen h`Cbhrn. @st` tàpkd `stî `xmnvnhd `b kn rdmn y s` nmm`h` n `k n trnvãsh` ubn s`rc` h` anbhnpna. @k anbhnpna h` kn `btrnhn pr`s`btnpcknr`s tápcmna`bt` bnynln, mdb mnjnkkds y ecb`t`s ynkc, `ksnbmtnsnbmtýrua nkj`ron mcbmd snbtunrcds.



Munbhd kkòuã `rn fdrn h` drnmcdb`s y vc mdad s` mdborònjnb ubn s`rc` h` aue`r`s ytdhns `b `k su`kd s`btnhns mdb ubns knapnrns h` nm`ct` `g`mtunjnb r`zds, è`rmc`bhd ubnpknstcmchnh pr`mcdsn. H`btrd `b ubd h` kds snbtunrcds fnján ub `k`gnbt`, qu` k` `stnjnbknvnbhd y pr`pnrnbhd pnrn qu` puhc`rn hnr kns j`bhcmcdb`s n kds `k`s, ans nh`knbt` ubnnkj`rmn qu` bd t`bcn hànscnhn noun, y nrjdk`s tdhds mdb dje`tds qu` mdkonjnb h`spuãs h`fnj`r `g`mtunhds rctds. @stn `s kn rcqu`zn h` kn Cbhcn h`k ]ur kn h` kds tàpkds hdbh` kn`spcrctunkchnh gdran pnrt` h` sus vchns, btr` rctunk`s, drnmcdb`s y sup`rstcmcdb`s.



nhurnc

Anhurnc. Pbn h` kns ornbh`s

mcuhnh`s h` tàpkds h`k ]ur, nquás` `bmu`btrn `k ans capr`scdbnbt`tàpkd h` Xnack Bnhu, `k Acbnlsfc] u b h n r ` s f v n r n X ` a p k ` , ` s t îmdbsnornhd n ]fcvn y n su mdbsdrt`Ynrvntfc . Nquá `s mdbdmchd mdad]ubhnr`sfvnrn (hcds f`radsd)-. @s ubmdapkèd naurnkknhd `b muyd m`btrd`stîb kds snbtunrcds tc`b` >: odpurna,

qu` s` `k`vnb sdjr` sdkchns jns`s hòrnbctd y `stîb r`mujc`rtns h`h`chnh`s, nbcank`s aát cmds y

adbs t ruds , tdhds `b md kdr`s

kknantcvds.

Kds odpurna h` kns `btrnhns nkmnbznbans h` 09 ats h` nkturn, qu` anrmnbkds pubtds mnrhcbnk`s, kds 6 r`stnbt`ssdb a`bdr`s y hnb nmm`sd n kdssnbtunrcds h` kns h`chnh`s prcbmcpnk`s.@b su cbt`rcdr `bmdbtrnads ubdspcknr`s tnkknhds y ubn nkj`rmn, `b `k

pntcd fny ubn snkn mu`btds. Hdbh` s`sc`btnb tdhds nk ntnrh`m`r nkr`h`hdrh`k mu`btn mu`btds y ãst` k`` d `xpkcmnfcstdrcns h` kds kcjrds snornhds.



Mdbtcbunbhd fnmcn su cbt`rcdr, fnyubds pnsckkds qu` kk`vnb n kds

snbtunrcds yn `b kn acsan `btrnhn npnr`m``k `k`gnbt` qu` pdr ubns adb`hns j`bhcm`n kds `k`s.

Kn gdran qu` utckcznb pnrn hdanr n `stdsnbcank`s `s mru`k ` cbfuanbn, `stds`k`gnbt`s qu` npnr`m`b `b kds tàpkds sdbhdanhds pnrn fnm`r h` adbnouckkds, kds`k`s k`s hnb ubn adb`hn qu` `k nbcankmdo` mdb su trdapn kn h`pdsctn `b ubr`mcpc`bt` y n mdbtcbunmcýb k` pdsn kntrdapn sunvà`bt` `b kn mnj`zn `b s`þnkh` j`bhcmcýb.

@k `k`gnbt` pnrn kds fcbhõ `s ub nbcanksnornhd, pu`s Onb`sfn `k fced h` ]fcvnactnh fuanbd actnh `k`gnbt` `s auyv`b`rnhd `b tdhd `k pnás. @s `k Hcds anspdpuknr s` `bmu`btrn `b tdhns kns pu`rtnsh` kns mnsns, `s `k Hcds h` kds cbcmcds y kdsdjstîmukds. @k pdb` hcmuktnh`s d knsnkknbns. Ynrn qu` munkquc`r tnr`n s`cbt`rruapn d kkòu` n su b. ]c`bhdmdbsch`rnhd snornhd bd s` pu`h`mdapr`bh`r kn snkvnenhn qu` `g`mtõnb pnrnhdanrkds, yn qu` `s h` ubn hur`zn qu` rnynkn mru`khnh. @k nbcank fn h` s`r sda`tchd y

pnrn qu` r`mdbdzmn kn nutdrchnh fuanbn `kfdajr` h`j` adstrnrs` ans jrutd qu` knj`stcn.

Kds `k`gnbt`s sdb mnpnm`s h` npr`bh`rfnstn v`cbtcsc`t` pnknjrns, h`k `stckd h`5

‛k`vnbtnt`‑, ‛sc`btnt`‑, `tm. @s` `s `kdje`tcvd h` su `btr`bnhdr. @b ubn s`scýbtápcmn vnrcns p`rsdbns nranhns mdb pnkds s`sctunrnb nkr`h`hdr h`k `k`gnbt` ntnhd.Gr`bt` n `k s` mdkdmnrî su guturd nad mdbub anbded h` mnþn h` nzõmnr `btr` susjrnzds. Kds fdajr`s nranhds àp`znrnb nàctcr sdbchds auy nouhds y h`snornhnjk`squ` nt`rrdrcznrnb y `bkdqu`m`rîb nk nbcank.

Munbhd su mýk`rn vnyn `b nua`btd ubd kòdkp`nrî `b `k mdstnhd y `k nbcank`bgur`mchd cbt`btnrn hnrs` kn vu`ktn.Np`bns t`bhrî tcàpd h` vdkv`rs` munbhdr`mcjcrî dtrd odkp` `b kn hcr`mmcýb dpu`stn.]`rî nsá sum`scvna`bt` fnstn qu`,anr`nhd, mn`rî `xfnustd nk su`kd. @smunbhd ‛`k nad‑ s` k` nm`rmnrn mdb kn mnþnh` nzõmnr. Nk cbt`btnr mda`rkn `k `k`gnbt`k`vnbtnrî kn trdapn y `k nad k` hcrî‛snkuhn‑. @stn dp`rnmcýb s` r`pct` hurnbtùbds háns, fnstn qu` nk h`mcr ‛snkuhn‑ `k`k`gnbt` k`vnbt` kn trdapn h` anb`rnnutdaîtcmn.



Pb vcne` n kn Cbhcn r`pr`s`btn ubn nv`bturn

gnbtîstcmn, ubn ornb dpdrtubchnh pnrnh`smujrcr ubn mukturn qu` jned aumfdspubtds h` vcstn tc`b` `b ornb mdbsch`rnmcýbkn vchn y `k r`sp`td pnrn kds nbcank`s (kdsvcne`rds vò`tnrcnbds pdr èàpkd bdt`bhrîb bcboõb tcpd h` prdjkàn, `s aîs,pdhrîb hcsgrutnr h` ubn ornb vnrc`hnh h`pkntds tápcmds!).

Y`rd kds turcstns qu` quc`rnb vcnenrcbgdranhds, t`bhrîb tnajcãb qu` t`b`r `bmu`btn ubn s`rc` h` prdjkàîtcmns ynmtcvchnh`s qu` `s b`m`snrcd `vctnr sc bd s`quc`r` gda`btnr kn `xpkdtnmcýb h` kdsnbcank`s.

Nk counk qu` `b dtrds pnás`s nscîtcmds, kds`k`gnbt`s sdb utckcznhds `b ub ornb bõa`rd

h` tnr`ns r`knmcdbnhns mdb `k turcsad y,trns fnj`r schd ‛hda`stcmnhds‑ n trnvãs hùb aãtdhd `xtrànhna`bt` mru`k yvcdk`btd h`bdacbnhd Ynennb (kct`rnka`bt`‛rdap`rk` `k nkan‑), sdb gdrznhds n kk`vnrn mnjd mdapdrtnac`btds nbtc-bnturnk`s y`str`snbt`s.

@s `st` `k mnsd h` kds g`stcvnk`s qu`capkcmnb kn nmtunmcýb h` `k`gnbt`spcbtnhds, hcsgrnznhds y djkconhds n adv`rs``btr` auktctuh`s h` p`rsdbns y gu`rt`sruchds (ubd h` kds aîs mdbdmchds `s `k

Yddrna G`stcvnk h` Hdajcvckc), h` kds

tàpkds hdbh` `stds nbcank`s tc`b`b qu`pnsnr knrons fdrns `bmnh`bnhds, `bmdbhcmcdb`s mkcaîtcmns `xtràns y `b tdtnksdk`hnh, d kds pns`ds `b `k`gnbt`s. Pbn h`kns nmtcvchnh`s aîs pdpuknr`s `btr` kdsturcstns `s h` f`mfd kn sujchn nk gu`rt`Naj`r (Encpur) n kdad h` `k`gnbt`5 `st`mnacbd pu`h` s`r p`rg`mtna`bt` r`mdrrchdn pc` y scb b`m`schnh h` gda`btnr bc `k usd

h` `stds nbcank`s, bc ubn nmtcvchnh qu`mdaprda`t` ornvà`bt` sus h`kcmnhds pc`sd sus mdkuabns, nbmfns p`rd bd nptns pnrnsdpdrtnr aumfd p`sd.

Nubqu` s` trnt` h` ubn nmtcvchnh prdfcjchnh`sh` ub pubtd h` vcstn kònk, scou` sc`bhdjnstnbt` gr`mu`bt` pnrn kds vcne`rds` b m d b t r n r s ` m d b k d s k k n a n h d s

‛`bmnbtnhdr`s h` s`rpc`bt`s‑, qu` pch`bhcb`rd pdr kn nmtunmcýb h` sus nbcank`s.Nbcank`s qu` prdm`h`b h` kn mnzn gurtcvn yqu` `stîb h`snpnr`mc`bhd n mnusn h` knacsan. Ynrn `vctnr adrh`hurns, kds‛`bmnbtnhdr`s‑ su`k`b mdrtnr kds mdkackkdsh` sus s`rpc`bt`s, ntnr sus jdmns d pònrknsh` anb`rn qu` ãstds sdkd pu`hnb snmnr knk`boun, d quctnrk`s kns okîbhukns h` v`b`bdmdb aãtdhds nbtcfcocãbcmds5 `k r`suktnhdtnrh` d tàprnbd, `s kn au`rt` h` kdsnbcank`s pdr cbg`mmcdb`s d cbnbcmcýb.



Fnstn fnm` tnb sdkd ubds nþds, `b kns mnkk`s

h`k pnás `rn pdscjk` `bmdbtrnrs` mdb kdsh`bdacbnhds ‛Dsds jncknrcb`s‑, nbcank`sdjkconhds n ‛jncknr‑ y utckcznhds mdadr`mknad turástcmd. Bdranka`bt` mnpturnhdsh` kn bnturnk`zn munbhd nõb `rnb ubdsds`zbds, s` k`s nrrnbmnjnb hc`bt`s y onrrnsy s` k`s ntrnv`snjn `k fdmcmd d kns aèckknsmdb ubn mu`rhn5 nk tcrnrkns s` djkconjn kdsnbcank`s n adv`rs` pnrn `vctnr `k hdkdr,

hnbhd nsá kn capr`scýb qu` `stuvc`rnbjncknbhd. Ornmcns n kn dronbcznmcýb_ckhkcg`]ds Cbhcn fdy `b hán kn ornbanydrán h` `stds nbcank`s s` r`mup`rnb `bm`btrds h` r`smnt` y qucãb quc`rnmdbdm`rk`s h` aîs m`rmn, pu`h` fnm`rkdvcsctnbhd `k Norn J`nr Z`smu` Gnmckcty.

@k tcor` `s scb huhn dtrd h` kds nbcank`s

sáajdkds h` `st` pnás y nmtunka`bt` s``bmu`btrn `b ornv` p`kcord5 sc fnm` tnb sdkdub scokd kn pdjknmcýb h` tcor`s h`k pnássup`rnjn kds >99.999 èàpknr`s, fdy `bhán qu`hnb a`bds h` >.?99.Kn mdajcbnmcýb h` mnzn gurtcvn, mdbcmtdsmdb kns p`rsdbns, h`strummcýb h`k fîjctntbnturnk ` capnmtd h`k turcsad fn r`suktnhd`b `st` t`rrcjk` mdknpsd5 r`mc`btà`bt` fnfnjchd ub gu`rt` h`jnt` nm`rmn h` knb`m`schnh h` capkà`btnr r`strcmmcdb`spnrn kds turcstns qu` qucsc`rnb vcsctnr knsr`s`rvns h` tcor`s h`k pnás y kds pdscjk`s

`g`mtds mdknt`rnk`s qu` kn p`rhchn h`

turcsad prdvdmnrán tnbtd pnrn kns p`rsdbnsmdad pnrn kds nbcank`s. Nmtunka`bt`, `kOdjc`rbd `xco` ubds mdbtrdk`s y ubnspr`mnumcdb`s auy `strcmtns `b `stns zdbns.Z`suktn `vch`bt` pdr kd tnbtd, kncapdrtnbmcn h` `bmdbtrnr ub tdur dp`rnhdrr`spdbsnjk` `b mnsd h` qu`r`r vcsctnr knsr`s`rvns ‛fdonr‑ h` `stds nbcank`s.

Nhàîs h` `stns cbhcmnmcdb`s, bds oustnránsujrnynr nkoubns h` kns capdrtnbt`sh`mcscdb`s tdanhns pdr `k Odjc`rbd h` knCbhcn `b kn nmtunkchnh y qu` sòurna`bt`r`pr`s`btnb ub adtcvd aîs pnrn vcsctnr`st` anrnvckkdsd pnás5 mdad kn r`mc`bt`prdfcjcmcýb h` mdbstrucr h`kbnrcds n rnázh` kns aumfns pru`jns mc`btámns h`ksugrcac`btd h` `stds nbcank`s `b

mnutcvchnh, d kn h`mcscýb h`k Acbcstrd h`kA`hcd Najc`bt` qu` capch` utckcznr tdrds`b `sp`mtîmukds (`stn capdscmcýb kk`vn `bmnsc tdhd `k pnás nk b h`k enkkclnttu, ub‛h`pdrt`‑ `xtrànhna`bt` mru`k y qu`t`bán mdad prdtnodbcstns nbcank`sodkp`nhds y ntdra`btnhds h` ackanb`rns). S `s h` fnm` tnb sdkd ubds hánskn bdtcmcn qu`, trns prdfcjcr `k usd h`nbcank`s snkvne`s, `k pnás `stî nfdrntrnjnenbhd pnrn v`tnr `k usd h` XDHD] kdsnbcank`s `b kds mcrmds.Ynrn aîs cbgdranmcýb5 www.turcsad-r`spdbsnjk`.mda

http://www.turismo-responsable.com/






@k tàpkd ans `sp`mtnmuknr `s `k Acbnlsfc ]ubhnr`sfvnrn, gu` `rcochd pdr kds prca`rdsYnbhyn `btr` kds scokds WCC-V, y napkcnhd pdst`rcdra`bt` pdr kns hcbnstáns `btr` kds scokdsVCW y VWCCC.

@k ornb mdapkèd dmupn ub `xt`bsd r`mcbtd naurnkknhd y `b su m`btrd s` `bmu`btrnb kds

snbtunrcds h` Acbnlsfc y ]ubhnr`sfvnrn bdajr` mdb `k s` mdbdm` `b `stn pnrt` h`k pnás n]fcvn y su mdbsdrt` Ynrvntfc. Kd ans kknantcvd sdb kds capdb`bt`s >: odpurna qu` s``k`vnb sdjr` sýkchns jns`s h` ornbctds y `stîb r`mujc`rtns pdr h`chnh`s y adbstruds, tdhdspcbtnhds `b mdkdr`s kknantcvds, sdb tàpkds auy hcg`r`bt`s n kds h` L`rnkn d `k Anfnrnstrn.



Kn pnrt` h` kds mdstnhds kknanhns jnstcnk`s `stîb `smukpchns mdb caîo`b`s h` adbstrudsg`rdm`s, mdb mu`rbds y deds snktdb`s qu` fnm`b h` hcds`s ounrhcnb`s.

@s quczîs kds odpurna tdhds pcbtnhds kd qu` ans kknan kn nt`bmcýb sdjr` tdhd pdr su nkturn,muntrd h` `kkds anrmnb kn `btrnhn nk mdapk`ed `b sus pubtds mnrhcbnk`s, y kds h` a`bds

nkturn sdb kn `btrnhn n kds snbtunrcds h` kns h`chnh`s.

Kns ourns qu` npnr`m`b `b kns tdrr`s sdb r`pnrnhns y pcbtnhns mnhn hdm` nþds, sc`bhdmdbsnornhns h` bu`vd nk acsad tc`apd.



Kn mcuhnh h` kds ack tàpkdsN Anhurnc k` kknanb kn mcuhnh h` kds >.999 tàpkds, y

bd `s `xtrnþd yn qu` fny ans h` =9.999 tàpkds `btdhd `k Xnack Bnhu, n `st` `stnhd s` k` hn `k tátukd h`

tc`rrn h` tàpkds.

Mdbstruchds pdr vnrcns hcbnstáns `stds tàpkds kk`vnbubn sàènbzn sup`rmcnk `k ubd nk dtrd y mdapnrt`b kns

acsans mnrnmt`rástcmns gáscmns, `k Odpurna d kn tdrr`

capdb`bt` sdjr` kn `btrnhn, h` kns muntrd hcr`mmcdb`s `kWcanbna qu` `s kn tdrr` sdjr` `k ]nbmtua y kds pnsckkds`spnmcdsds.



M`k`jrnmcýb h` ub mnsnac`btd fcbhõH`btrd h`k tàpkd Acbnlsfc `sf n j c t u n k ` b m d b t r n r s ` m d b

m`k`jrnmcdb`s h` jdhns. S bd `s hcgámcksnj`r hdbh` s` `stn m`k`jrnbhd nkoubn,yn qu` `k sdbchd h` kn aõscmn k`s h`kntn.Kns jdhns pdr kn r`kcocýb fcbhõ `s knubcýb jnsnhn `b kn mdbnbzn snornhn qu`s` vc`b` m`k`jrnbhd `b ubn prnmtcmn

r`kcocdsn h`sh` fnm` ans h` :.999 nþds.

Kn m`ràdbcn ocrn `b tdrbd nk hcdssupràd Jrnfan, ubn m`ràdbcn kk`bnh` sáajdkds y prnmtcmns qu` tc`b`b `kprdpýsctd h` `bs`þnr n kn pnrènk`mmcdb`s pnrn su guturn vchn `b mdaõb. Smdad tnk k`mmcýb h` guturd bd s` h`j`hènr n ub knhd kn r``bmnrbnmcýb y `k

ubcv`rsnkcsad pc`hrn gubhna`btnk h`kfcbhucsad.

Kds tr`s rctunk`s jîscmds h` `stnm`ràdbcn sdb5 `k rctunk "fdan" h`

dgr`bhn nk guòd< `k "pnbcornf`bn", qu`cbhcmn `k vábmukd h` ubcýb h` kds bdvcds<`k rctunk "sntnpnhc", qu` mdbscst` `b knmdbs`mumcýb h` sc`t` vu`ktns qu` h`j`bhnr kds bdvcds nkr`h`hdr h`k guòdsnornhd. Nk mdapk`tnr `stns sc`t` vu`ktns,s` nmdstuajrn nk mnbtd h` anbtrns y k``rnkoubds t`xtds snornhds, pnrn cbvdmnr kns

j`bhcmcdb`s n kn ubcýb h` kn pnrèn.

Kn bdvcn su`k` v`stcr h` rded, mdbaõktcpk`s nhdrbds y jdrhnhds `b fckd h`drd y prdgusna`bt` v`stchn h` edyns ynjnkdrcds. @k bdvcd vcst`, nk counk ubv`stunrcd h` `stn, `b nkodhýb mdbjdrhnhds. @k bdvcd mdad au`strn h`nm`ptnr n kn bdvcn nk r`mcjcrkn ntn ub

mdkknr h` dr`s `b `b mu`kkd h` `kkn.

]` k``b ubds pnsne`s snornhds, yo`b`rnka`bt`, s` cbt`rmnajcnb ubn s`rc`h` nauk`tds.



N mdbtcbunmcýb `k bdvcd,pnrn cbhcmnr `k bu`vd `stnhdh` kn bdvcn, rdmán su p`kd

mdb ub pdkvd h` mdkdr rded,kd qu` cbhcmn qu` `sn aue`ryn `stî mnsnhn. Pbn v`zmnsnhds, kds bdvcds, r`mcj`b

kn "kkuvcn" h` nrrdz mdadsáajdkd h` prdsp`rchnh.H`j`b eurnr muapkcr mdb

tr`s r`okns jîscmns h` knr`kcocýb fcbhõ5 @k Hfnranqu` mdbscst` `b mdbtnr mdbkn pr`s`bmcn h` dtrn p`rsdbn

pnrn `k muapkcac`btd h` sush`j`r`s r`kcocdsds. @kYrnen, muyn bnkchnh `s

t`b`r h`sm`bh`bmcn. @kLrnan, t`b`r ubn pnr`enpnrn djt`b`r `k pknm`rs`xunk.



@k tàpkd `s tnajcãb aumfd aîs qu` ub kuonr h` nhdrnmcýb. @s ub kuonr pnrn knrùbcýb sdmcnk, pnrn kn `humnmcýb, pnrn kn m`k`jrnmcýb bd sdkd h` kns vcmtdrcns h`k

r`y `b jntnkkns mdad `rn nbtcouna`bt`, fdy `b hán `s ub kuonr hdbh` aõscmn, hnbzn,hrnan, r`mcj` `k `stcaukd `sp`rnhd. Kn sdkàbchnh h` kns mnt`hrnk`s ùrdp`ns

mdbtrnstnb mdb `k edkodrcd, k mnkdr y kn `spdbtnb`chnh h` kds tàpkds fcbhõ, nquá h`btrdbd fny prdjkàn pnrn v`bh`r kd qu` mr`nb b`m`snrcd, h`sh` munkquc`r sduv`bcr n kdsnkca`btds pnrn `k muktd, bd fny qu` dkvchnr qu` `b dmmch`bt` tnajcãb s` v`bh`, sdkd qu`kd fnm`b `b `hcmcds mdkcbhnbt`s.

Kds tàpkds sdb tnb capdrtnbt` `b `st` pnás, qu` nkr`h`hdr h` `kkds fnb mr`mchd kdstèchds urjnbds. Ynrn `kkds kds kuonr`s snornhds bd sdb sdkd kds tàpkds, sdb kds ráds knsadbtnþns, knods, mcuhnh`s, jdsqu`s nrjdk`s y fnstn rdmns. @kkds p`rmcj`b qu` tdhd `ssnornhd y kd sc`bt`b `b munkquc`r kuonr. S mdad tdhd kuonr mdbmurrchd qu` mdboròn knanydrán h` kds fnjctnbt`s h` munkquc`r mcuhnh `b `k tnajcãb s` r`õb`b kds pdjr`s `cbhco`bt`s, snbtdb`s y nsm`tns, `b bcboõb kuonr h`k ]ur h` kn Cbhcn f` vcstd tnbtds mdad`b `stn pnrt` h`k pnás. S mknrd mdad `s `k kuonr qu` gr`mu`btnb kds turcstns, `s `k aèdrkuonr pnrn mdbsòucr nkoubn kcadsbn.

@k tàpkd mdad jns` m`btrnk hdbh` ocrnkn vchn h` kn mcuhnh.



nkc`bhd h` Anhurnc mnacbd h` Zna`sfvnrna s` `stnjn m`k`jrnbhd kncbnuournmcýb h` ub tàpkd `b fdbdr h` ]fcvn, kds nktnvdm`s n tdhdvdkua`b mdb mnbmcdb`s r`kcocdsns s` dánb n lckýa`trds h` hcstnbmcn, nsáqu` a` hcrcoá fnmcn `k kuonr pnrn pr`s`bmcnr `k nmdbt`mcac`btd. ]ujchds

nrrcjn `b `k t`mfd ubn anydrán h` fdajr`s tcrn ubn `sp`mc` h` kcquchdpnr`mchd n kn k`mf`. @b `st` rctunk s` h`rrnan k`mf`, of` , noun, hukm` ygrutn `b fdbdr n ]fcvn njned vnb mnbtnbhd pkònrcns, `st` kcquchd jnenpdr ubn `sp`mc` h` mnbnk y n kkònr njned kns aue`r`s kd r`mdoánb yj`jánb.

H`btrd h`k tàpkd fnján ubn nokda`rnmcýb `bdra` y s` fnmcn capdscjk`v`r kn gdran h` v`b`rnr n kds hcds`s n quc`b`s `stî mdbsnornhd `ktàpkd. Y`rd kd sdrpr`bh`bt` `s v`r kn nkòrán mdb qu` fnm`b munkquc`r

nmtd, `s ub pu`jkd nkòr` `b kd `spcrctunk h` `sd bd fny huhn y `s ubpknm`r pr`s`bmcnr nk v`r mdad su Hcds, sus hcds`s sdkd sdb pnrndmnscdbnrk`s g`kcmchnh y `kkds nsá kd cbt`rpr`tnb .

Cbnuournmcýb h` ub tàpkd



b `k trny`mtd h`sh` Anhurnc fnmcn Zna`sfvnrna mdcbmchd mdb ub g`stcvnkhdbh` m`bt`bnr`s h` aue`r`s mdb anm`tns h` pknbtns `b kn mnj`zn s`hcrco`b fnmcn ub rád m`rmnbd mdb ubn ornb nkòrán mdb mîbtcmds ynknjnbzns r`ánb y mnbtnjnb y kk`vnjnb kns anm`tns mdb ubn ornb g` `b sup`ròrcbnmcýb.

@b ub prcbmcpcd, pròubt` y a` h`mánb qu` `st` g stcvnk `rn pnrn p`hcr nkds hcds`s pnrn qu` mdbm`hc`rnb kkuvcn pu`s fnmcn aumfds háns qu` bd

kkdván. S kd mc`rtd `s qu` fnmcn ubn mnkdr fdrrcjk` y kd `xtrndrhcbnrcd `rnqu` nk pnsd h` `stns aue`r`s pnr`mán mdad sc kk vnrnb ubn buj` `bmcanh` sus mnj`zns, pu`s pdr nkká hdbh` pnsnjnb kkdván.

Kn r`nkchnh `s qu` ãst` g`stcvnk s` m`k`jrn mnhn nþd `b tdhd `k `stnhd h`Xnack Bnhu, `b `k a`s Nnhc qu` su`k` s`r `b eukcd d nodstd, tc`b` ubnhurnmcýb h` >9 háns y `b `k prca`r hán s` scàjrnb sàckkns qu` s` kk`vnb`b kns anm`tns fnstn tnbqu`s d ráds m`rmnbds pnrn `b `k >9µ sua`rocrkds.@st` g`stcvnk nhàns h` su j`kk`zn pkîstcmn hdbh` s` v`b n aue`r`s y bcþns

kk`vnbhd kds aukncpnrnc (anm`tns h` pknbtns). @stî h`hcmnhd n ]rc NtfcYnrnsnltfc Naanb pnrn t`b`r ub ju`b nþd h` mds`mfn. y qu` bd gnkt` `knoun.

]rc Ntfc Ynrnsnltfc g`stcvnk h` Nhc Naanb



= la h` kn cskn h` Zna`sfvnrna s` `bmu`btrn ubn mdkcbn hdbh` fny ub Anbhnpnah` hds nkturns qu` hcm` ounrhn kn fu`kkn h`k pc` h` Znan, hdbh` tdhn s`þnk h` vchn s`mdapdb` pdr ub nsm`tn, vnrcds adbds y `k vcocknbt` h`k t`apkd, ub mnrt`k qu` prdfcj`fnm`r gdtds h` kn fu`kkn. @stn fu`kkn s`oõb sus mr``bmcns `s tnb capdrtnbt` mdad pnrn`k aubhd dmmch`btnk pu`hn s`r kn ]njnbn ]nbtn h` Xuráb.

Kn fu`kkn `stî ujcmnhn `b ubn pc`hrn, cbt`bt` fnm`r gdtds h`sh` gu`rn, p`rd `k vcocknbt`s` pusd h`knbt` h` `kkn y bd s` npnrtd fnstn qu` anrmf`.

Onbhnanhnbn

Fckk



Z

n cskn h` Zna`sfvnrna s` `bmu`btrn mdb`mtnhn nk sujmdbtcb`bt` cbhcd a`hcnbt` `k pu`bt`h` Ynajn. ]` nh`btrn `b `k odkgd h` Anbbnr, k `str`mfd mu`rpd h` noun qu` s`pnrn XnackBnhu h` ]rc Knbln. @stn mntnkdonhn mdad kn mcuhnh h` Znan y mdbsch`rnhn snbtn mdad kd`s J`bnrãs, tnbtd `s nsá qu` s` hcm` qu` bd s` pu`h` mdapk`tnr ubn mcuhnh scb kn dtrn yaumfds `k`s trn`b noun h` J`bnrãs pnrn v`rt`rkn `b Zànmfnrnb. @s ub capdrtnbt`

m`btrd h` p`ròrcbnmcýb `b su tàpkd `k Znanbntfnswnby mdbsnornhd n ]fcvn. Ounrhn ubkcbon qu` s` hcm` cbstnký y nhdrý Znan, `k fãrd` h`k Znanynbn. @st` tàpkd `s h` knãpdmn h` kds odj`rbnbt`s Mfdkn h` kds scokds VWC n VWCCC, `k tàpkd `stî rdh`nhd h` ubn`bdra` aurnkkn mdb mcbmd odpurna.



@k `kà`btd ans bdtnjk` h`k tàpkd `s `k]dllttnb Anbhnpna, `s kknanhd h` `stnanb`rn pdr t`b`r gdran h` hnhd. @stn`strumturn rdh`n `k bõmk`d h`k tàpkd

gdran ubn onk`rán mdbtcbun mdb >.:>:mdkuabns, gr`bt` nk tàpkd s` `bmu`btrn knnkj`rmn Nobc Xcrtfn, y hcm`b qu` jnþnrs` `b`kkn quctn tdhds kds p`mnhds. Mnhn nþdtc`b` kuonr `k g`stcvnk h` kn cbstnknmcýb h`kkcbon pdr Znan y ]fcvn.

@st` g`stcvnk mdad tdhds kds h` munkquc`rkuonr h` kn Cbhcn `s pnrn vcvcrkd, pdrqu`

sdkd nsá nkouc`b pu`h` t`b `r kns`bscjckchnh pnrn pdh`r `bt`bh`r knr`kcocdschnh h` `st` pnás. Y`ròrcbds qu`vnb y vc`b`b àpnpnhds `b suhdr h`spuãsh` ub knrod mnacbd y kkònb h`btrd h`ktàpkd mnacbnhd pdr `k pnsckkd h` kns ackmdkuabns.

Kds snm`rhdt`s jrnfanb`s `bonknbnb n

sus h`chnh`s mdb oucrbnkhns h` dr`sjknbmns y bnrnbens, y k`s dgr`m`b k`mf` ygrutns ac`btrns `btdbnb mnbtds. Npnr`m`b`k`gnbt`s `btr` kn jruan h`k cbmc`bsd. Knaõscmn su`bn n tdhd vdkua`b, mdrb`tns,máajnkds y tnajdr`s qu` njr`b pnsd nBnbhc, k tdrd qu` mustdhcn n ]fcvn.Pbd tc`b` kn s`bsnmcýb h` `bmdbtrnrs` `bJ`bnrãs hdbh` m`bt`bnr`s h` p`rsdbns,gnackcns `bt`rns hu`ra`b `b kn mnkk`, ynqu` `kkds bd s` pr`dmupnb sc fny fdt`k`s dp`bscdb`s pnrn hdracr, `kkds vnb nk g`stcvnkn m`k`jrnr `k nmdbt`mcac`btd h` sus hcds`s,

bd k`s pr`dmupn `k nkdenac`btd bc qu` fnbh` mda`r, `b tdhd mnsd kds hcds`sprdv``rîb. S kds v`s `btr` kn ac`rhn h` knmnkk` sdjr` tdhd sc kku`v`, vnmns, mnjrns, y

p`rsdbns tdhds hurac`bhd `b `k acsad`spnmcd ubd s` hn `k mnkdr nk dtrd.

Nk kkònr `k nanb`m`r tdhds vnb fnmcn `kNobc Xcrtfn hdbh` `sp`rnb qu` `k sdk k`sckuacb` pnrn hnrs` `k jnþd qu` k s knv` yk` quct` tdhds sus p`mnhds, @b kn drckkn kdsjrnfanb`s quc`jrnb mdmds mdbtrn `k su`kdpnrn h` `stn anb`rn h`sp`hnznr tdhd

òdásad, kn m`ràdbcn mdbtcbun y r`mu`rhnaumfd n kn h` J`bnrãs munbhd s` pch` pdrkn pnz h`k aubhd mdbvdmnbhd tdhds kds`kà`btds, `b `st` mnsd dgr`m`b dr`s,nkca`btds y noun, `spnrmc`bhd pdkvd h`sîbhnkd.



crumfcrnpnkkccrumfcrnpnkkc (Xrcmfy) mdad kn jnutcznrdb kds Jrctîbcmds, `stîsctunhn `b `k h`ktn h`k rád Lnv`rc, `s kn munrtn mcuhnh ansornbh` h` Xnack Bnhu, sdrpr`bh` `bmdbtrnr cok`scns nkodcbgr`mu`bt` `b `k Xnack Bnhu, h` `kkns sdjr`snk` kn mnt`hrnk h`bu`strn s`þdrn h` Kdurh`s, ubn cok`scn b`doýtcmn qu` s`mdbstruyd `b >689.

H`sh` munkquc`r kuonr h` kn mcuhnh s` v` kn mdkcbn hdbh` s``bmu`btrn Gdrt Zdml, `bmknvnhd `b ub p`þnsmd, `stn gdrtnk`zncb`xpuobnjk` gu` `rcochn pdr kds bnynln h` kn v`mcbn Anhurncqu` fcmc`rdb h` Xcrumfcrnpnkkc su sòubhn mnpctnk.

@k tàpkd `rcochd n ]fcvn `stn `btr` ub p`þnsmd , y ans nrrcjn`b kn mcan fny dtrd p`qu`þd tàpkd `b fdbdr h` Onb`sfn, h`sh``k qu` s` djs`rvn ubn pnbdrîacmn `sp`mtnmuknr h` tdhn kn

mcuhnh y cbmkusd s` v` kn cskn snornhn h` ]rcbrnbona.

Kn sujchn fnmcn `k tàpkd, `s pnr`mchn n ub ván mrumcs, sujc`bhdubns `smnk`rns auy àpcbnhns `b `k trny`mtd s` v`b caîo`b`sh` Lrcsbn, ]fcvn y hàîs h`chnh`s, `b kns acsans `smnk`rns s`fnm` hcgámck kn sujchn h`jchd n kn ornb mdbm`btrnmcýb h` p`rsdbnsh` nvnbznhn `hnh qu` tc`b`b kns `smnk`rns mdad fdonr, `s ubnbdtn tnb trcst` v`r n `stns p`rsdbns `b `stn sctunmcýb qu` pnr`m`qu` `stãb `sp`rnbhd `k hán h` su au`rt`.

Pbn v`z `b kn mcan kn pnbdrîacmn h` kn mcuhnh `s gnbtîstcmn, `sauy r`mda`bhnjk` kk`vnr nkoõb sdajr`rd d odrrn yn qu` `k sdknrrcjn `s auy gu`rt`, y noun.



ûczîs `k cmdbd aîs gnadsd h` `stnjukkcmcdsn mcuhnh `s `k Xàpkd Zdml

Gdrt, ub `sp`mtnmuknr adbua`btd qu` s`nkzn sdjr` ubn rdmn anscvn qu` s` `k`vnnjruptna`bt` h`sh` kn kknburn n kn tdrr` h`

kn mcuhnh vcèn. Gu` ubd h` kds prcbmcpnk`sm`btrds nkr`h`hdr h` kds munk`s kns ou`rrnsh` Mnrbntcm s` kcjrnrdb `b `k scokd VWCCChurnbt` kn kumfn grnbmd-jrctîbcmn pdr knsuprànmán `b Cbhcn.

@st` `bdra` gu`rt` s` `k`vn n 6= a`trdssdjr` k n k k nburn . Pbn gdr tn k`zncb`xpuobnjk` qu` gu` mdbstruchn pdr kdsbnynln r`y`s h` Anhurnc qu` fcmc`rdb h`Xcrumfcrnpnkkc su sòubhn mnpctnk `btr` kdsscokds VWC y VWCC. @stn hcbnstán tnajcãbnapkcnrdb `k tàpkd h` ]fcvn

Kn mcuhnh `s ub prýsp`rd m`btrd mda`rmcnk`b Xnack Bnhu y `s gnadsn pdr kdshcnanbt`s nrtcmcnk`s, mconrrds, t`kns h`

t`knr anbunk, jrnznk`t`s h` mrcstnk yeuou`t`s h` anh`rn y nrmckkn.



Kn mnt`hrnk h` Bu`strn ]`þdrn h` Kdurh`s `s ubn Cok`scn

b`doýtcmn, mdbstruchn pdr kds Jrctîbcmds `b >689, kn ubcv`rschnh h`]nb Edsã qu` s` `bmu`btrn n su knhd `stn ròchn pdr kds E`suctns. @seubtd n kn cok`scn h` E`sõs qu` hntn h` >?77 y kn h` ]nb Eunb h` >6>7kns ans nbtcouns h` kn mcuhnh.

Kn cok`scn s` `bmu`btrn m`rmn h`k tàpkd Zdmlgdrt `s ubn r`pkcmn h` knJnsákcmn h` Kdurh`s `b Grnbmcn. @b su cbt`rcdr sus vchrc`rns r`pr`s`btnbf`mfds jájkcmds. Kds `k`s su`k`b `smrcjcr nk `stckd h` `k aurd h` kns

kna`btnmcdb`s `b E`rusnkãb `smrctds mdb sus p`tcmcdb`s n kn Wcro`b,f`mfd auy pdpuknr yn qu` sòõb mu`btnb sus p`tcmcdb`s sdbmdrr`spdbhchns.

Mnt`hrnk Bu`strn ]`þdrn h` Kdurh`s



@k prcbmcpnk sáajdkd h` kn mcuhnh mu`btnmdb hds tàpkds ubd h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn, `k

dtrd n su fced Onb`sfn, `b kd nktd h` ubngdranmcýb h` rdmn mdkdsnk qu` s` ràdbtn n=.699 ackkdb`s h` nþds.

Pbn sujchn h` =88 pnsds bd sýkd k` kk`vnrîfnstn `k tàpkd Ldck Pmfcpckkncynr h`hcmnhdn Onb`sfn scbd qu` tnajcãb t`bhrî ubnpnbdrîacmn h` kn mcuhnh capr`scdbnbt`.

Nquá `k tàpkd h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn `b kngdran h` Xfnyuanvnr (`k hcds qu` s`mdbvcrtcý `b anhr`). Mu`btn ubn k`y`bhnqu` munbhd ubn cbubhnmcýb capchcý n ubnanhr` nscstcr n ubn fcen `b `k pnrtd. ]fcvnnsuacý su gdran y nscstcý n kn mfcmn `b `kbnmcac`btd.

@k tàpkd h`hcmnhd n sfcvn s` `bmu`btrn na`hcd mnacbd h` kn mcan nkj`ron ub ornbkcbon (ubn prdy`mmcýb h`k prdpcd rdml), ubnmîanrn s`pnrnhn pnrn kn hcdsn Ynrvntfc,ubn snkn h` >99 pcknr`s y ub vcanbnmujc`rtd `b drd. @k Wcanbn `s ubn `sp`mc`h` bnv` vdknhdrn qu` usnjnb kds hcds`sfcbhõ.

@b kn jns` h` kn mnrn sur h` kn mcan h`sh`kn qu` pdhàds djs`rvn kn mcuhnh y s`kkònb n v`r kds tàpkds h` ]rcbrnbona, s``bmu`btrn `k prca`rd h` kds hds tàpkds qu``stîb `xmnvnhds `b kn rdmn. `k cbg`rcdr hntnh`k scokd WCCC, y `k sup`rcdr h`k r`cbnhd h`kornb odj`rbnbt` pnkknvn, Anf`bhrnWnranb. @k tàpkd mdbtc`b` ubn h` knsanrnvckkns h`k nrt` pnkknvn, ub pnb`kOnbonhfnrn mdb r`kc`v`s h` ]fcvn sue`tnbhdub a`mfýb h` su p`kd pnrn r`mcjcr nk rádOnbon `b su h`sm`bsd h` kds mc`kds

dm drt



] r c r n b o n aN 3 la h` Xcrumfcrnpnkkc s` `bmu`btrn

`stn cskn snornhn h` = la h` knrodqu` kds ráds Lnv`rc y Ldkkchna gdranb. @b`k m`btrd s` `bmu`btrn ub mdapkèd h`tàpkds mdbsnornhds n Wcsbõ qu` `s ub ornbm`btrd h` p`ròrcbnmcýb. Pb mdapkèd qu``s `k r`suktnhd h` ubn `vdkumcýb h` muntrdscokds, ]c Anhurnc capr`scdbn pdr sumdapkèd mdb sus >: odpurna, `b `st`mdapkèd sdb :> kds odpurna, (pu`rtns)

mu`btn mdb sc`t` aurnkkns prnlnrn qu`h`b`b sus sc`t` r`mcbtds.

Kns tr`s `xt`rcdr`s `bmc`rrnb vcvc`bhnspnrn adbe`s, nkj`rou`s pnrn p`ròrcbds,

p`qu`þds r`stnurnbt`s y tc`bhns, hdbh` s`

v`bh`b kcjrds r`kcocdsds, `stnapns ydgr`bhns pnrn `k tàpkd. @k r`mcbtd snornhdmdac`bzn n pnrtcr h` kn munrtn prnlnrnpnrt` hdbh` `stî v`tnhn kn `btrnhn n kds bdfcbhõ. S `s `k kuonr hdbh` s` mdbm`btrnb kdssnbtunrcds ans capdrtnbt`s h`k tàpkd.

@b su cbt`rcdr s` `bmu`btrn kns lnkynbnanbhnpna (snkns h` jdhns), sdb ubns

pkntngdrans `k`vnhns `b `k m`btrd , hdbh`s` mdkdmnb caîo`b`s h` kns h`chnh`shurnbt` kn m`ràdbcn h` jdhn y dtrdsg`stcvnk`s, qu` s` su`k`b m`k`jrnr mnhn nþdnbt` ack`s h` `k`s.



Pb mdapkèd r`kcocdsd

mdbsnornhd n WcsbõKds odpurna5 sdb pu`rtns m`ràdbcnk`s, mdbcapdb`bt`s tdrr`s pcrnachnk`s, dmupnb mnhn

ubd h` kds knhds h` kns aurnkknsmdbmãbtrcmns qu` rdh`nb `k mdapkèdsnornhd. Kns tdrr`s fu`mns h` knhrckkd `stîbmujc`rtns h` kknantcvns `smukturns h` y`sd.Kns jýv`hns qu` ràntnb kn mujc`rtnnpnr`m`b mdrdbnhns pdr rànt`s hdrnhds,vcscjk`s h`sh` tdhn kn mcuhnh.

Kds anbhnpna5 sdb snkdb`s h` mdkuabns

qu` n v`m`s nkmnbznb prdpdrmcdb`s n v`m`skknanhns h` kns ack mdkuabns. Yu`h`bnmdadhnr n bua`rdsds vcsctnbt`s qu`nmuh`b n `smumfnr kds s`radb`s,dmdbmc`rtds h` aõscmn mkîscmn.



nrrdzns ]c `xcst` ub dje`td hdbh` `btdhds kds `stnhds h`k sur h` knCbhcn `s pnr`mchd, `st` bd `sdtrd qu` kns mnrrdzns h` kdsg`stcvnk`s. ]db v`fámukdscba`bsds hdbh` sus ru`hnspu`h`b t`b`r hds a`trds h`hcîa`trds y su nkturn kk`onfnstn kds >7 a`trds, su`k`bkk`vnr caîo`b`s h` anh`rn

pcbtnhns qu` r`pr`s`btnb n knshcg`r`bt`s h`chnh`s. Ynrnadv`rkns sdb b`m`snrcdm`bt`bnr`s h` fdajr`s yaumfns v`m`s su`k`b kk`vnrmnjnkkds, d `k`gnbt`s mdadnyuhn, kn anh`rn su`k` crr ` m u j c ` r t n h ` p n b ` k ` s

tnkknhds, pdr su ornb tnanþds` `bmu`btrnb gu`rn h` kdsr`mcbtds r`kcocdsds.

m



fnbenvur d Xnbedr` s` `bmu`btrn n 79 la h` Xrcmfy, `stî sctunhn `b `k gãrtck h`ktnh`k rád Lnv`rc, ubn ròcýb qu` `s npdhnhn `k mu`bmd h` nrrdz h` Xnack Bnhu. @stnmnpctnk gu` hurnbt` ans h` ack nþds kn mnpctnk h` kn ròcýb hurnbt` tr`s hcbnstán,Mfdkn. Bnynln, y Anrnftn.

@b Xnbedr` mu`btn mdb ub tàpkd h` ornbctd qu` fn schd h`mknrnhd pntrcadbcd h`

kn fuanbchnh pdr kn Pb`smd. @k Zdynk Ynknm`, kn cok`scn ]mfwnrtz y `k gu`rt`]fcvnonbon mdad adbua`btds ans h`stnmnhds.

@s ubn h` kns mcuhnh`s capdrtnbt`s `b ubn vcsctn n Xnack Bnhu pdr kn j`kk`zn h`su tàpkd y pdr kn vnrc`hnh y rcqu`zn h` sus trnhcmcdb`s qu` kn fnb mdbv`rtchd `bub r`g`r`bt` mukturnk `s h`sh` aumfd tcàpd mubn h` aõscmds y jncknrcb`s h`hnbzns tápcmns. Mnhn nþd tc`b` kuonr kn m`k`jrnmcýb h` ub nmdbt`mcac`btd qu` `sauy pdpuknr `b kn ròcýb, k g`stcvnk h` hnbzn Bntynbenkc.

]db gnadsns sus pcbturns, pds`` ub `stckd prdpcd qu` surocý hurnbt` `k p`rcdhdanrntfn. ub `stckd qu` s` mnrnmt`rczn pdr `k usd h` mdkdr`s kknantcvds y hànt`rcnk`s h`mdrntcvds mdad `k pnb h` drd y pc`hrns sàcpr`mcdsns. Mdb ubntàîtcmn prcbmcpnka`bt` r`kcocdsn y kn pnk`tn h` mdkdr`s rded, bòrd,nzuk y jknbmdnsá r`pr`s`btnb n mnhn h`chnh `b ub mdkdr h`t`racbnhd. Kns ourns su`k`b s`rrdjustns y h` deds nka`bhrnhds. Nmtunka`bt` kn pcbturn h` Xrnbenvur `s ubd h`kds sduv`bcrs ans jusmnhds pdr kds turcstns.

fnbenvur



b kn sdmc`hnh fcbhõ, ub tàpkd dmupn ubpnp`k m`btrnk sdmcnk y mukturnk, qu`scajdkczn kn cano`b h` ubn adbtnþn, `b `k

qu` fnjctn kn hcvcbchnh, y `k vc`btr` h` ubnanhr` qu` prdhum` kn vchn. Kns adbtnþnssnornhns sdb `sp`mcnka`bt` v`b`rnhnsAdbt` Lncknsn, kn adrnhn h` ]fcvn, y `kkò`bhnrcd adbt` A`ru, `k m`btrd h`kmdsads. Pb tàpkd, hdbh` kds hcds`s vcsctnb`k aubhd h` kds fuanbds, `s knr`pr`s`btnmcýb `b kn tc`rrn h` ubn adbtnþnsnornhn, ub kuonr pnrn qu` kds sc`rvds

mdbdzmnb n sus hcds`s sc`bhd `k m`btrd h`tdhn mr``bmcn.

@b kn pnrt` sup`rcdr h` ub Wcanbn qu` s``k`vn `b gdran h` pcrîach` s` `bmu`btrnubn pc`hrn h` mdpn fàcsgãrcmn gdranbhdubn grdbt`rn `btr` `k aubhd fuanbd y `kaubhd m`k`stcnk. ]` kn mdbdm` mdad]fclfnrn (muajr` h` kn adbtnþn) `b `k sur

h` kn Cbhcn, ac`btrns qu` `b `k bdrt` h` knCbhcn, `k tãracbd ]fclfnrn r``r` n tdhn kntdrr` sdjr` `k snbtunrcd mdad kn pc`hrn h`mdrdbn.

@b kn pnrt` sup`rcdr h` kn Wcanbn h`kXàpkd Jrcfnhcsfwnrn Xnajcãb s``stnjk`m` ub ]fclfnrn adbdkátcmd, qu` s`

pr`sua` qu` p`sn 69 tdb`knhns. @s ub`bcoan, mdad puhc`rdb kk`vnr `snoconbt`smn rdmn h` ornbctd p`snhd n ubnnkturn h` 79a. ]òõb ubn t`drán, h`jánbt`b`r ub nbhnacd mdb ubn p`bhc`bt` h` nka`bds 7 la h` knrod. @st` ]fclfnrn tdankn gdran prdpcmcn h` ub mîkcz dmtdodbnk,qu` `stî mdrdbnhd mdb ub rànt` kknanhd"lnknsf" (dkkn h` noun) qu` `stî f`mfd h`

mdjr` mujc`rtd mdb pnb h` drd. S qu` gu`hdbnhd pdr `k r`y.

@k Onrjfnorcfn (snbtunrcd) `b `k cbt`rcdrh`k Wcanbn qu` scajdkczn `k õt`rd h` knanhr`, h` kn pnknjrn 'Onrjfn, "qu` scobcmnõt`rd. @b `k snbtunrcd h` ub tàpkdh`hcmnhd n ]fcvn, `k Kcbon `s sumdbsnornmcýb, y `st` tc`b` ubn nkturn h` 8

a`trds, `s tnb mdkdsnk qu` s` b`m`sctn ubnbhnacd pnrn rdmcnrkd mdb noun j`bhctn, `s`k ans ornbh` h` tdhn kn Cbhcn. H`jchd n`kkd `k h`najukntdrcd s` mdbstruyd `b hdsbcv`k`s.



@k sòubhd Odpurna `b kn káb`n h` kds mknustrds `s :8 a h` nbmfd y nktd, aîs jned qu` `kprca`r Odpurna, p`rd sus `smukturns sdb aîs ornbh`s, mdb ub pnr h` Hvnrnpnkns (ourns hòunrhcnb`s) `b najds knhds h` kn pu`rtn.

@st` Xàpkd Jrcfnhcsfwnrn h` ornbctd y knhrckkd `s kn djrn aîs ornbh` h`k `stckd h` Hrnvchcnb(bdrt`), `b su ornb `smnkn y h` nktd ornhd h` p`rg`mmcýb, eubtd nk ornb tàpkd `bOnboncldbhnmfdknpurna. @s `k h`snrrdkkd h` kds tàpkds h` pc`hrn `b `k `stckd h`k sur h`Cbhcn, qu` s` cbcmcý `b kds p`qu`þds tàpkds h` Anfnjnkcpurna, y nkmnbzý su muajr` nquá. ]`mdbvcrtcý `b `k adh`kd h` kds tàpkds qu` s` mdbstrucrî `b `k sur h` kn Cbhcn y `k suh`st` h`Nscn hurnbt` kn hcbnstán Mfdkn.

]cb àjnrod, trns `k bnk h` kn hcbnstán Mfdkn `b `k scokd VCCC, `k `stckd h`k tàpkd mnajcnránhrîstcmna`bt`. Kds `bdra`s Wcanbns bd s` mdbstrucránb aîs, `b su kuonr kds r`mcbtds h`k

tàpkd s` napkcnránb, y kds odpurna s` mdbstrucránb `b ubn `smnkn mdkdsnk `b kds muntrdknhds. Kds Odpurna `xt`rcdr`s s` mdbstruy`rdb aîs nktd, y pdhánb nkmnbznr ans h` 79 a. Knr`knmcýb h` nkturn `btr` `k snbtunrcd prcbmcpnk, y sus pu`rtns s` r`vcrtcý mdapk`tna`bt`. H`sh``st` pubtd tnajcãb, `k Xàpkd Jrcfnhcsfwnrn `b Xfnbenvur `s `k aèdr r`pr`s`btnbt` h` knnrquct`mturn drtdhdxn h` cbhcn h`k sur.



rcfnhcsfvnrn tàpkd, `s kn edyn h` kn nrquct`mturn Mfdkn, `stî h`mknrnhd pntrcadbcd h` knfuanbchnh pdr kn Pb`smd y gu` mdapk`tnhn su mdbstrummcýb `b >9>9 h.M, `rcochd pdrZnenrnen Mfdkn C, `b mdbsnornmcýb n ]fcvn `s `k aîxcad `xpdb`bt` h`k pdh`r Mfdkn.

Kn jns` h`k tàpkd `stî mujc`rtn h` cbsmrcpmcdb`s qu` dgr`m`b h`tnkk`s sdjr` knnhacbcstrnmcýb ` cbor`sds h`k tàpkd, y qu` mdbstctuy`b ub vnkcdsd hdmua`btd fcstýrcmdsdjr` kn sdmc`hnh y `k odjc`rbd h` kds Mfdkn.

@k tàpkd dmupn `k m`btrd h` ub pntcd r`mtnbouknr, rdh`nhd h` snbtunrcds s`mubhnrcds. @b `k

nbmd sur h`k pntcd fny ub aus`d nrqu`dkýocmd qu` `xpdb` `btr` dtrns mdsns, gdtdorngáns h`ktàpkd nbt`s h` su r`stnurnmcýb.

@s ubd h` kds hds aîs ornbh`s tàpkds h` kn `rn h` kn hcbnstán Mfdkn eubtd mdb `k X apkdZne`bhrn-Mfdkcsfwnrn mdbstruchn `b kn prýxcan bu`vn mnpctnk Onboncldbhnmfdknpurna, qu`gu` mdbstruchd pdr su sum`sdr Zne`bhrn C. Nqu`kkns mdbstrummcdb`s `rnb prdy`mtds bnmcdbnk`sprdhcocdsds qu` au`strnb kn fòàdbán h`k Cap`rcd Mfdkn `b `k sur h` Cbhcn.

@k îr`n h`k h`ktn `b `k pcvdt` h` Xfnbenvur `rn ub ornb`rd gãrtck h`sh` kn nbtcoû`hnh,

kknanhd `k "enrháb h`k sur h` kn Cbhcn.". Kds r`y`s sum`scvds fcbhõ mdbstruy`rdb ubn ornbmnbtchnh h` tàpkds `b `stn zdbn, kn aîs ornbh` `btr` kns qu` s` `bmu`btrn `k XàpkdJrcfnhcsfwnrn. ]` hcm` qu` `k tàpkd gu` `rcochd `b sýkd sc`t` nþds.



Mdad `s fnjctunk `b tdhd tàpkdmdbsnornhd n ]fcvn. @b kn `btrnhnub capr`scdbnbt` Bnbhc h` 7 a`trds h`knrod y 8 h` nktd y ub p`sd h` ubns :?tdb`knhns `s kn nhacrnmcýb h` tdhd kdsvcsctnbt`s, `stî drc`btnhd fnmcn `k]nbmtnsnbmtýrua. @act` h`st`kkds mdad`k jrdbm`, yn qu` s` fn pukchd mdbornbh`s mnbtchnh`s h` p`trýk`d mnhn hán.

]u cbt`rcdr mdbtc`b` ub kcbon h` muntrda`trds, `k oconbt`smd tnanþd fnm` mdads` v` `b kn gdtdorngán qu` s` b`m`sct` ubnbhnacd pnrn pdh`r rdmcnrkd mdb nounj`bhctn.

@k snbtunrcd h` H`vc, `spdsn h` ]fcvn,gu` mdbstruchd `b ub îboukd r`mtd mdb `k

è` prcbmcpnk `b `k scokd VCCC y `ksnbtunrcd h` ]ujrnfanbyn mdb tnkkns hòrnbctd bd, mdbstruchd `b `k scokd VWCC nkn h`r`mfn h`trîs h` kn Wcanbn.



unbhd `k Xàpkd Jrcfnhcsfwnrn h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn qu`hdt`racbnhd, kds snm`rhdt`s hc`rdb kn vu`ktn pdr tdhd `kcap`rcd Mfdkn `b jusmn h` aue`r`s váro`b`s ounpns y h`ju`bn gnackcn pnrn qu` s` gdranrnb mdad H`vnhnsc`s, muydscobcmnhd `s sc`rvns h` Hcds. H`jánb p`rt`b`m`r nktàpkd y h`hcmnr su vchn n su hcds mdad jncknrcbns hdbh`mnhn hán r`nkcznránb kn m`ràdbcn antrcadbcnk ubn v`znmnjnrnb su `humnmcýb.

Kns mfcmns s`k`mmcdbnhns mdad H`vnhnsc`s qu` `btrnrdb`b `k tàpkd nbt`s h` kn puj`rtnh, h`jánb `btr`t`b`rmnbtnbhd y jncknbhd mnhn bdmf , r`v`r`bmcnbhd n su guturdanrchd.

@b >3=9 s` h`smujrc`rdb ubns pcbturns `b kn pnr`h `b `kWcanbn h`k tàpkd ubns bcbgns m`k`stcnk`s jncknbhd `b `kmc`kd mdb Wcsbõ `k pr`s`rvnhdr h`k ubcv`rsd. @s `k gnadsdjnck` h` "Jfnrntn Bntyna" qu` r`nkcznjnb kns H`vnhnsc`s,r`pr`s`btnhds `b `sns pcbturns aurnk`s auy jc`bmdbs`rvnhds, nfdrn s` jnckn bd sýkd `b kn ròcýb h` Xnack,scbd tnajcãb `b tdhn kn Cbhcn.

@b `k cbt`rcdr h`k tàpkd bd `stn p`ractchn kn `btrnhnpnrn kds bd fcbhõ, p`rd `s pdscjk` vcsctnr `k

snbmtnsnbmtýrua y kns pknbtns sup`rcdr`s sdkcmctnbhd ubp`racsd `b `k acsad tàpkd d `b kn dmcbn h` turcsad.Nubqu` `s auy hcgámck qu` s`n mdbm`hchd.

@b su cbt`rcdr pdhàds v`r ubn ourn h` ]fcvn h` ubdstr`s a`trds h` nktd tnkknhn `b gdran h` Bntnrnen, `k s`þdrh` kn hnbzn, b ubn pds` h` Jfnrntn Bntyna.



Cok`scn ]mfwnrtz stn cok`scn tnajcãb kknanhn h` Mrcstd hntn h`k scokd VWCCC. @s ubkònhd h`k pnsnhd mdkdbcnk, s` `bmu`btrn nk `st` h` kn nkj`rmn]fcvnonbon.Kn gubhý `b >??3 `k acscdb`rd Hnbãs Gr`h`rcl Mfcstcnb]fwnrtz. N su au`rt` `b >?36 `k odj`rbnbt` ckustrnhd anrntfn]`rgdec CC, hdbý nk kuonr ubn `sp`mtnmuknr kdsn h` aîradk. Knkdsn knjrnhn pdr Efdb Gknxanb, s` fn mdkdmnhd `b `k `xtràd

d`st` h` kn cok`scn y r`prdhum` nk adrcjubhd acscdb`rdj`bhcmc`bhd n su ròcd pntrýb rdh`nhd h` acbcstrds h` kn`smu`kn qu` gubhý.@



Zdynk Ynknm`

Mdbstruchd mdad `k fdonr h` kdsodj`rbnbt`s Bnynl, `k Ynknmcd Z`nknmtunka`bt` mdbv`rtchd `b aus`d ymdbdmchd tnajcãb mdad `k Anrntfn Ynknm`s` `bmu`btrn h`btrd h`k mdapkèd h` GdrtWcenybnonrn, qu` sdkán s`r kn r`sch`bmcn h`kds r`y`s Bnynl qu` odj`rbý Xfnbenvur. @sp`rg`mtna`bt` ch`btcmnjk` pdr su tdrr`vcoán h` sc`t` nkturns mdb nrmds qu` yn bdmdbs`rvn `k tàpk`t` qu` ràntnjn knmujc`rtn y ubn scku`tn pnr`mchn n kn h` ubîouckn `b vu`kd, `k pnknmcd gu` mdbstruchd

drcocbnka`bt` pdr kds odj`rbnbt`s bnynlnmdad r`sch`bmcn r`nk, y ans tnrh` sugrcývnrcns r`gdrans jned kds anrntfn.

Pb napkcd pntcd munhrnhd nbt`m`h` nkmdapkèd h`k pnknmcd, `b ubd h` muyds`xtràds s` y`rou` ubn tdrr` pcrnachnkscacknr n kn h` kds tàpkds. @k ZnenrnenAusùa, mu`btn mdb ubn gnjukdsn mdk`mmcýbh` chdkds h` jrdbm` y pc`hrn qu` hntnb h`kds scokds WCC nk VV. H`stnmnb caîo`b`s h`]fcvn. Eubtd nk aus`d s` `bmu`btrn kn]nrnswntc Anfnk Kcjr`rán,qu` mdbstruy`rdbkds odj`rbnbt`s anrntfn. @s ubn h` knsj cj k c d t`mns h` c bv`s t c onm cýb anscapdrtnbt`s h` kn Cbhcn.

Ynr`h`s `b r`kc`v`, y `smukturns `b jrdbm`h` kns H`vnhnsc`s sdb nkoubns h` kns djrnsh` nrt` qu` s` `bmu`btrnb `b `st` anobcmdpnknmcd aus`d.



Cbt`rcdr Zdynk



Ynknm` Aus`d



nrnsurna

ctunhd n 8 la h` Luajnldbna, `stn p`qu`þn mcuhnh ounrhn tr`st`apkds h`k p`rcdhd Mfdkn qu` s` `bmu`btrnb `b r`stnurnmcýb `b:996, canocbd qu` `b :9>= h`j`b h` `stnr tdtnka`bt`r`stnurnhd, yn qu` tdhds kds t`apkds h`k sur `stîb t`bc`bhd aumfnnmtcvchnh turástcmn y kds odjc`rbds mdac`bznb n r`stnurnrkd yn qu``s ubn gu`bt` h` cbor`sds pnrn kns pdjknmcdb`s hdbh` s``bmu`btrnb bmknvnhd.

]



@k qu` puhcads vcsctnr `s `k ans ornbh` `capdrtnbt` `s ub tàpkd mdbsnornhd n]fcvn, qu` `s mdbdmchd mdad Ncrnvnt`sfvnrn,`k s`þdr h` Ncrnvntn. Mu`btnb qu` h`spuãsh` qu` Ncrnvntn - `k `k`gnbt` jknbmd h` Cbhrnhcds h` kds mc`kds - r`mup`rnrn su mdkdr, drýn ]fcvn `b `st` kuonr.

@k tàpkd gu` mdbstruchd pdrNcrnvnt`sfvnrn Znenrnen CC, `k r`y Mfdkn qu``stuvd `b `k trdbd h`sh` >>87 fnstn >>?:

NH @k tàpkd `stî mnsc h`trîs h`k pu`jkdHnrnsurna y `b ub `spkãbhchd ncsknac`btd.@k tàpkd tc`b` muntrd nkturns, mdapu`std

pdr ub snbmtnsnbmtýrua y tr`s snkns, `btr`kns munk`s h`stnmn Znenonajcrn Anbhnpna,mdbm`jchd mdad ub mnrrd h` pc`hrn tcrnhdpdr mnjnkkds `bounkhrnpnhds, mdb Jrnfanmdad nurcon. Kds aurds `xt`rcdr`spr`s`btnb jdbctds zýmnkds y r`kc`v`s h`

aõscmds, jncknrcb`s y nmrýjntns, eubtd mdb`sm`bns h`k Y`rcyn Yrunbna, ub trntnhdXnack sdjr` kds 7= pd`tns snbtds sfncvctns,kds bnynbbnr.

Kds bnynbbnr `rnb h`vdtds h` Wcsbõ y]fcvn r`sp`mtcvna`bt`, pr`hcmnjnb mdbtrn `kscstàn h` mnstns y n gnvdr h` ubn ubcýbp`rsdbnk mdb hcds n trnvãs h`k nadr y h` knh`vdmcýb. ]us `bs`þnbzns tuvc`rdb ubn ornb

nmdochn. Z`mc`btà`bt`, `k tàpkdHnrnsurna fn schd cbmkuchd `b kn kcstn h`Yntrcadbcd h` kn Fuanbchnh pdr knPB@]MD.



uajnldbna

Mcuhnh snornhn àpknznhn `b kn drckknsur h`k rád lnv`rc, N ubds =? la h`

Xfnbenvur. Kn mcuhnh mu`btn mdb ubn

k`y`bhn n kn qu` h`j` su gnan h` snornhn.Mu`btnb qu` kn `mfn h` ]fcvn pukv`rczd knvnscen mýsacmn qu` mdbt`bán `k bãmtnr hcvcbdh` kn mr`nmcýb.

Luajnldbna r`pr`s`btn kds vnkdr`smukturnk`s trnhcmcdbnk`s h`k Xnack. ]` mr``qu` nk jrdtnr `k bãmtnr hcvcbd h` kn vnscen,ãst` kk`bý kn `bdra` nkj`rmn Anfnanfna,

`k m`trd snornhd h` kn mcuhnh sc`bhd `kkuonr hdbh` s` m`k`jrn mnhn >: nþds `k ornbg`stcvnk Anfnanfna. @k prýxcad s`m`k`jrnrn `b :9>7. @st` G`stcvnk s`

prdhum` munbhd `k ]dk `stî `b `k scobdzdhcnmnk h` Nmunrcd (Lfuajfn), Eõpct`rtrnbsctn `b K`d (]cafn) y kn Kubn `stî `b

mdbeubmcýb mdb kn mdbst`knmcýb Anfna. @bo`b`rnk, `stn mdbeubmcýb mdcbmch` mdb ubhán h` kubn kk`bn h`k a`s Xnack h` Ansc(]dknr Lfuajfn a`s), `s h`mcr, yn s`n `b knsòubhn qucbm`bn h` g`jr`rd d kn prca`rnh` anrzd.

S nubqu` kn mcuhnh nhàns h` pdr `kg`stcvnk, `s gnadsn pdr s`r `k prcbmcpnk

m`btrd h` mda`rmcd h` nrt`snbán h` knròcýb, m`k`jr` pdr sus tèchds, edy`rán,jrdbm`s y fdens h` j`t`k h` `xtrndrhcbnrcnmnkchnh.



@k g`stcvnk mdad tdhds kds qu` s`m`k`jrnb `b munkquc`r mcuhnh h`k pnás

`s `sp`mtnmuknr, ãst` s` h`snrrdkkn h` kn

scouc`bt` anb`rn5 hurnbt` `k acsad ack`sh` h`vdtds s` cbtrdhum`b `b kn nkj`rmn pnrnhnrs` ub jnþd rctunk, yn qu` `s `k ada`btd`b qu` kns nouns nkmnbznb su anydr ornhdh` pdh`r purcmnbt`.

Kds h`vdtds mr``b qu` kds bu`v`s rádssnornhds h` kn Cbhcn ( Onbo`s, Snaubn,]nrnswntc, ]nrnyu, Odhnvnrc, Bnbanhn,

Lnv`rc, Ynydlsfcbc, y Lnbynluanrc),tnajcãb s` jnþnb `b kn nkj`rmn pnrnkcapcnr sus nouns h` kds p`mnhds h` knfuanbchnh nmuauknhds `b `kkds.

@k Lnsfcvcsfvnbntfn Xàpkd, qu` nkj`ronub p`qu`þd snbtunrcd drc`btnhd fnmcn `knoun, `stî mdbsnornhd n kds bu`v` ráds

snornhds, p`rsdbcmnhds `b hcdsns. @ksnbtunrcd qu` p`rsdbcmn `k rád Lnv`rcdmupn kn pdscmcýb m`btrnk.

@stn mcuhnh `s ub kuonr qu` mu`btn mdbvnrcds tàpkds, p`rd kd mc`rtd `s qu` sc h`v`rhnh a`r`m` ubn vcsctn `s pnrnpr`s`bmcnr `k g`stcvnk, yn qu` kds tàpkds bdtc`b`b hànscnhn hcg`r`bmcn n kds qu` bds

pdhàds `bmdbtrnr `b kuonr`s m`rmnbdsm d a d X f n b e n v u r d k d s h Ònboncldbhnmfdknpurna, qu` `stds sca`r`m`b ubn vcsctn `b munkquc`r ãpdmn h`knþd.



nboncldbhnmfdknpurna@s `st` ub adh`std pu`jkd qu` s``bmu`btrn n 89 la h` Mfchnajnrnb. @stn

mcuhnh qu` ub hán gu` mnpctnk h` kn hcbnstánmfdkn, `k scobcmnhd h` su `xm`ksd bdajr`scobcmn ‛ Kn mcuhnh h` kds Mfdkn qu` tdanrdb`k Onbo`s‑

@b kn nmtunkchnh sdkd tc b` `k cbt`rãs turástcmdh` vcsctnr su tàpkd ubn r`pkcmn h`kJrcfnh``swnrn h` Xfnbenvur. @st` tàpkd kdmdbstruyý `k àp`rnhdr Zne`bhrn Mfdkn C mdadr`pkcmn nk qu` mdbstruyý su pnhr` `b Xfnbenvur`b mdbaàdrnmcýb h` su vcmtdrcn sdjr` `k r`cbdqu` s` npdynjn `k Onbo`s, h` nfá `k bdajr` h`kn mcuhnh. Xnajcãb `stî h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn y

mdad `k h` Xfnbenvur `s su odpurnacapdb`bt` qu` s` djs`rvn n lckýa`trds h`hcstnbmcn kd qu` ans sdjr`snk`.

@k r`y anobcmd mdanbhnbt` mdad kd gu` supnhr` Znenrnen C, gu` `k prca`r odj`rbnbt`Xnack qu` s` nv`bturd n vcnenr fnmcn `k bdrt`pnrn mdbaàdrnr `k ãxctd h` su mnapnþnsdjr` `k onbo`s. ]òõb ubn cbsmrcpmcýb drh`bý

`btdbm`s n kds odj`rbnbt`s h`rrdtnhds n qu`pdrtnrnb sdjr` sus mnj`zns mîbtnrds h` nounsnornhn h`k Onbo`s pnrn kk`bnr kn nkj`rmnMfdkn-Onbon adbua`btd mdbaàdrntcvd h`su vcmtdrcn.



n anobámn nrquct`mturn h`ktàpkd mu`btn mdb ub fcstdrcmdWcanbna qu` s` `xtc`bh` fnstn knnkturn h` >60 pc`s. Gr`bt` n knhcr`mmcýb `st`, Onbonc LdbhnMfdknpurna njnrmn `smukturns y

tnkkns cbmr`ájk`s. @k snbtunrcd `saîs p`qu`þd qu` `k h` Xfnbenvur.Kds aurds cbg`rcdr`s, mdkuabns ybcmfds npnr`m`b drbna`btnhdsmdb sdrpr`bh`bt`s r`kc`v`s. Pbdh` kds pnb`k`s ans bdtnjk`s `s `kq u ` r ` p r d h u m ` n ] f c v nj`bhcmc`bhd n Mfnbh`sfn, ubh`vdtd, `smukpchd mdb kds rnsods h`

Zne`bhrn C.

Kns `smukturns h` kds hclpnkns(dbm` r`pr`s`btnmcdb`s h` ]fcvn)y h` ]nrnswntc, Lnkynbnsubhnrn yBntnrnen. Kn ourn h` ]fcvn mdadBntnrnen, `k hnbznhdr mýsacmd,scajdkczn `k mcmkd h` `vdkumcýb ytrnbsautnmcýb h` kn bnturnk`zn, y

`xfcj` `b su gdran y `xpr`scýb knan`strán h` kds nrt`snbds Mfdkn.

Xdhd `k tàpkd `stî prdsp`rý mdbrcmns tnkkns qu` sdb `xmkuscvds h`knrt` Mfdkn . Mdbdmchd pdrmdapr`bh`r ub pdmd h` `stckdbdrt`þd, kn `strumturn mdapr`bh`tn kkns cbmrust nhns `b kds

Wcanbna.@k snbtunrcd mdkdsnk tnajcãb s`d m u p n h ` v n r c d s j r d b m ` scapdrtnbt`s h` kn ãpdmn Mfdkn. @b`k pntcd fny ubds `smnkdb`s pnrnnmm`h`r n ub pdzd, qu` s` mr`` s`kk`bnjn mdb noun h`k Onbo`s pnrnkds rctunk`s h` mnhn hán. Fny ub

p`qu`þd aus`d Nrqu`dkýocmdm`rmn h`k tàpkd, hdbh` s``xpdb`b pc`zns mfdkn tnkknhns `bkds ynmcac`btds v`mcbds.



M

fchnajnrna

@b `stn mcuhnh snornhn mu`btnb qu` ]fcvnjncký su hnbzn mýsacmn,

tnbhnvn bntyna, `subn mcuhnh hdbh` fcstdrcn y actdkdoán s`guscdbnrdb pnrn mr`nr ub najc`bt`prdgubhna`bt` r`kcocdsd.

@k m`btrd bùrîkocmd h` kn mcuhnh `s `kBntnrnen Xàpkd, gu` mdbstruchd pdr knhcbnstán mfdkn `b `k scokd CV `b fdbdr n supntrýb ]fcvn `b kn gdran h` Bntnrnen, `ks`þdr h` kn hnbzn. @k tàpkd nkj`ron ubsnbtunrcd auy p`mukcnr mdb gdran h` mnjnþnmdb mujc`rtn hdrnhn, ubn `bdra` nkj`rmn mdbmdkuabns ]fcrnvnonbon y muntrd kknantcvdsodpurna. ]c`bhd `k ans cbt`r`snbt` `k h`k

`st`, qu` pr`s`btn h`tnkk`s `b r`kc`v` h` kds>96 advcac`btds h` anbds y pc`s h`k jjnrnt

bntyna, mdbsch`rnhd mdad `k nut`btcmdanbunk h` hnbzn



]u ornb tàpkd, mdbstruchd pdr sum`scvnshcbnstáns cbhcns `btr` kds scokds V y VWC,`stî h`hcmnhd n ]fcvn Bntnrnen, y s` hcm`qu` `s `k kuonr h` su hnbzn kò`bhnrcn `bpr`s`bmcn h` su mdbsdrt` Ynrvntfc. @b `k

cbt`rcdr h` kds tr`s `bdra`s r`mcbtds h`ksnbtunrcd fny mcbmd snkns prcbmcpnk`s, mnhnubn mdb ubn gubmcýb `sp`mcnk.

@b `k r`mcbtd `xt`rcdr eubtd n kn nkj`rmn]fcvnonbon, `stî kn Znen ]njfn (snkn

r`nk), ub j`kkd `spnmcd h` ack mdkuabns`rcochds pnrn nkj`ronr rctunk`s y g`stcvnk`s.@b `kkn s` mdrdbd `b pr`s`bmcn h` kn

h`chnh, n aumfds r`y`s mfdkn. `b `k r`mcbtdm`btrnk `stî kn snkn kn H`vn ]njfn (snknhcvcbn), hdbh` s` ounrhnb kds jrdbm`s h`ktàpkd y s` r`nkcznb kns gubmcdb`snhacbcstrntcvn. Eubtd n `kkn, kn Bcrctyn

]njfn (snkn h` kn Hnbzn) mu`btn mdb ubnanobcmn mdk`mmcýb h` `smukturns, `btr` knqu` h`stnmn n kn Prhfnvn Xnbhnvn.

@k r`mcbtd cbt`rcdr, qu` mdbstctuy` kn zdbnans snornhn h`k mdapkèd, mdbtc`b` kn

Mfct ]njfn d Mfctnajnkna (snkn h`k

odzd), h` kn qu` kn mcuhnh tdan su

bdajr`. ]` trntn h`k ]nbmtnsnbmtýrua,s`h` h` ubd h` kds mcbmds kcbon `kà`btnk`sh` kcbon.

@k fcbhucsad sdstc`b` qu` `k fdajr` y `kubcv`rsd gu`rdb mr`nhds n pnrtcr h` mcbmd`kà`btds `s`bmcnk`s, ncr`, noun, guòd,tc`rrn, y ãt`r. ]fcvn npnr`m` r`pr`s`btnbhdmdad kn `bmnrbnmcýb h` mnhn ubd h` `kkds`b mcbmd kuonr`s.

@b ]rc Lnknfnstc, Nbhfn Yrnh`sf s` kàu`strn mdad `k ncr`. @b Xcruvnbnclln

tdan kn gdran h`k noun, h` anb`rn qu` `kk c bon h` k s nbm tn snbm tý rua ` s tîpnrmcnka`bt` sua`rochd `b `k noun. @b

Xcruvnbbnanknc, ]fcvn r`pr`s`btn `k guòd,

ac`btrns qu` `b `k @lnajnr`sfvnrnXàpk`, `b Lnbmfcpurna, `k kcbon `stî

`smukpchd `b tc`rrn. S bnka`bt` `bMfchnajnrnb ]fcvn r`pr`s`btn `k ãt`r, `kans snornhd h` kds mcbmd `kà`btds. @s `k`kà`btd dabcpr`s`bt` h` kn `xcst`bmcnfuanbn.

Kn mîanrn cbt`rcdr qu` r`pr`s`btn `k kcbon

h`smnbsn dmuktn trns ubn mdrtcbn bòrn,sáajdkd h` kn cobdrnbmcn, qu` s` r`tcrnõbcmna`bt` hurnbt` kns fdrns h` drnmcýb.@xcst` ub fnkd h` acst`rcd qu` `bvu`kv``st` snbtunrcd n a`buhd h`bdacbnhd `ks`mr`td snornhd h` Mfchnajnrnb. Ydruktcad, kn qucbtn snkn `bgr`bt` h` kn Mfct]njfn `s kn Lnbntn ]njfn (snkn hdrnhn),hdbh` ]fcvn è`mutd supu`stna`bt` su

hnbzn



Odpurna qu` pr`s`btn h`tnkk`s `b r`kc`v` h` kds >96advcac`btds h` anbds y pc`s h`k jjnrnt bntyna,mdbsch`rnhd mdad `k nut`btcmd anbunk h` hnbzn



n mdaubchnh h` snm`rhdt`s `bmnronhn h` pr`s`rvnr kds rctunk`s h`k tàpkd mdbtcbõn kntrnhcmcýb h`sh` fnm` =.999 nþds. ]db mdbdmchds mdad kds hclsfctnrs sdb r`mdbdmchds pdrsus mnj`zns rnpnhns y sus adþds, ng`ctnrs` kn mnj`zn `b kn Cbhcn bd `s ubn mu`stcýb hàdhn scbd ubn `btròn n su Hcds.

]dkd ub fdajr` mnsnhd pu`h` s`r ub hclsfctnrs, yn qu` tdhd fdajr` mnsnhd tc`b` ubnpnrtcmcpnmcýb `b kds cbor`sds h`k tàpkd, kd qu` fnm` qu` `xcstn ubn prnmtcmn pr`mdz h`kantrcadbcd.

Aumfns v`m`s dmurr` qu` ub fdajr` au`r` hènbhd ub fced p`qu`þd y kn gnackcn s`qu`hn scb a`hcds pnrn sujscstcr, `sd kk`vn qu` mns`b nk bcþd pdr pdmn `hnh qu` t`bon y kdhnb h` nktn mdad adbe` `b `k tàpkd

]db ubds `k`s ounrhcnb`s h`k tàpkd y sdjr` tdhd h` kn Lnbntn ]njfn (snkn hdrnhn)hdbh` ]fcvn è`mutd supu`stna`bt` su hnbzn mýsacmn. @k ornhd h` ‛ounrhcnb`s‑ kkònnk `xtràcsad bd hènb qu` `btr` bnhc` qu` bd prdm`s` kn r`kcocýb fcbhõ h`btrd h`kr`mcbtd y cbmkusd s` au`strnb h` gdran vcdk`btn.



nbmfcpurna

stn p`qu`þn mcuhnh tàpkd qu` tnajcãb s` k`mdbdm` mdad Lnbmfc, gu` mnpctnk h`k r`cbdYnkknvn y mdbdmchn mdb `k npdhd h` "Kn Mcuhnhh` kds Ack Xàpkds". Nfdrn `s kn s`h`nhacbcstrntcvn h`k hcstrctd h` Lnbmfcpurna. ]``bmu`btrn n ?: lckýa`trds h` Mf`bbnc, kn mnpctnkh`k `stnhd h` Xnack Bnhu. @k trnbspdrt` pdr

mnrr`t`rn `s `k adhd aîs nmm`scjk` pnrn kkònr nLnbmfcpurna. @k n`rdpu`rtd aîs m`rmnbd `s `kN`rdpu`rtd Cbt`rbnmcdbnk h` Mf`bbnc. @kMf`bonkp`t - Nrnlldbna g`rrdmnrrck pnsn n trnvãsh` kn mcuhnh y fny mdb`xcýb sujurjnbn `btr`Mf`bonkp`t y Nrnlldbna.

Lnbmfcpurna `s mdbsch`rnhn ubn h` kns sc`t`mcuhnh`s snornhns pnrn kds fcbhõ`s h` kn Cbhcn.@b kn ãpdmn h`k r`cbnhd Ynkknvn s` mdbstruy`rdbbua`rdsds tàpkds y s` gubhnrdb ubcv`rschnh`sh` `bs`þnbzn sup`rcdr. @k a`m`bnzod r`nk h` knshcbnstáns pdst`rcdr`s -Mfdkn, Ynbhyn yWcenynbnonr- mdbsdkchý kn r`putnmcýb h` knmcuhnh mdad m`btrd r`kcocdsd y h` mda`rmcd.

Lnbmfcpurna `s ubn mcuhnh snornhn pnrn kds

]fncvctns (h`vdtds h` ]fcvn), y pnrn kdsvncsfbnvctns (sòuchdr`s h` Wcsbõ). Kn mcuhnh`stn hcvchn `b hds zdbns auy hcg`r`bmcnhns, mdbtàpkds sfncvctns nk bdrt` y tàpkds vncsfbnvctnsnk sur.



@b Onbhfc Zdn s` `bmu`btrn `kprcbmcpnk tàpkd qu` `stî mdbsnornhd

n Wcsbõ. @s `k tàpkd Wnrnhnrnen. Knk`y`bhn kdmnk hcm` qu` `k tàpkdmdbaàdrn `k kuonr hdbh` `k ]`þdrJrnfan r`nkczn ub yneþn (snmrcmcd h`guòd) pnrn cbvdmnr kn pr`s`bmcn h` Wcsbõ.û` `b `st` tàpkd pr`sch` nk r`std h`h`chnh`s mdad k s`þdr Wnrnhnrnen.

@btr` kds t`sdrds h`k tàpkd fny ub vnkcdsdmdkknr h` drd, supu`stna`bt` hdbnhd pdrZdj`rtd Mkcv`, ub gubmcdbnrcd h` knmdapnþán h` kn Cbhcns drc`btnk`s `b Gdrt]nb Edro`, qu` mnbsnhd h` kn jurdmrnmcn s``brdký mdad sdkhnhd, pnrtcmcpd `bbua`rdsns jntnkkns, s` `bmnrod ans tnrh`

h` kn nhacbcstrnmcýb h` gdrt ]nb Edro` ypdst`rcdra`bt` s` mdbvcrtcý `b odj`rbnhdrh` J`bonkn, nansd ubn ornb gdrtubn y guàdtcvd h` qu` k` prdm`snrnb pdrmdrrupmcýb y `b >??8 s` sucmchd. @k mdkknr

nhdrbn kn cano`b h`k hcds hurnbt` `kg`stcvnk Onruhn.@k tàpkd tc`b` ubn knron fcstdrcn qu`njnrmn kds p`rcdhds Wcenynbnonrn y Mfdkn.Pbd h` kds hds odpurna nktds tdrr`nhdsnsàènb prdy`mtds Mfdkn h`k scokd VCC yVCCC, ac`btrns qu` `k dtrd `s mnrnmt`rástcmdh`k p`rádhd Wcenynbnonrn scokd VWC. @ksnbtunrcd prcbmcpnk mdbsnorn caîo`b`s h`

jrdbm` h` Wcsbõ, nbqu`nhn pdr susmdbsdrt`s. Nkoubns au`strns h` pcbturnsWcenynbnonrn nõb s` mdbs`rvnb `b knspnr`h`s.

@s ub tàpkd pr`mcdsd p`rd `stn auynjnbhdbnhd, nk kkònr s` v` ub odpurnaa n o b c md y nk `btrnr s` v` kn

ane`studschnh h`k snbtunrcd, qu` `s tdhdknjrnhd `b kn pc`hrn, n kn czquc`rhn s``bmu`btrn kn nkj`rmn, `b `st` tàpkd fny ubm`btrd r`kcocdsd qu` gubhd `k kdsdgd Nhc]fnblnrnmfnryn h`k qu` fny kn tdrr` `bLnknhc `b `k @stnhd h` L`rnkn, qu` gu` `k

Wnrnhnrnen Xàpkd



@lnajnr`sfvnrn

Xàpkd@b Mnr ]tr``t, s` `bmu`btrn `st`tàpkd qu` gu` mdbstruchd pdr

kds pnkknvn. Mdb su ornb anbhnpnah` >7 mdkuabns qu` gu` nþnhchd mdb

pdst`r cdr chnh pdr kds r`y`svcenynbnonr. @s ubd h` kds mcbmdsnbtunrcds pnbmfnkcbon, qu` mdbtc`bùbd h` kds mcbmd kcbon `kà`btnk`smdad yn a`bmcdbnads `b bu`strnh ` s m r c p m c ý b h ` k t ` a p k d h `Mfchnajnrnb, y nkj`ron ub kcbon h`tc`rrn. Mu`btnb qu` kn hcdsnLnanlsfc mr`ý `st` kcbon mdb tc`rrntdanhn h` h`jned h` ub anbod mdadp`bct`bmcn pdr fnj`r adk`stnhd n]fcvn ac`btrns a`hctnjn.

Kds mdrr`hdr`s h`k mdapkèd s``bmu`btrnb r`pk`tds h` kcbon. @b `knbmd d`st` h`k snbtunrcd s` `k`vn `kanbod snornhd, h`k qu` s` hcm` qu`tc`b` ans h` =999 nþds.



n nsnbnt n

XàpkdNk d`st` h` kn pnrnhn h` nutdjus`s s``bmu`btrn `st` anobcmd mdapkèd.@rcochd n prcbmcpcds h`k scokd WCCC pdrZnenscafn, `k uktcad ornb r`y pnkknvn,

`s ub tàpkd mdbsnornhd n ]fcvn qu`npnr`m` rdh`nhd pdr 06 snbtunrcdsans p`qu`þd, mnhn ubd mdb`spkãbhchds r`kc`v`s h` hcv`rsnsr`pr`s`btnmcdb`s h`k hcds.

@k tàpkd `stî mdbstruchd mnsc `b sutdtnkchnh h` pc`hrn nr`bcsmn. @b kdssnbtunrcds s` `bmu`btrn ourns h`

Bnbhc pdr tdhds knhds y `smukturns h`Snkc (k`db`s, sáajdkds h` kn hcbnstánr`nk). Nhàns h` jncknrcbns kns ourns`b r`kc`v` sdb `sp`mtnmuknr`s `b tdhd`k mdapkèd, `s quczîs `k ansmdapk`td.



Lnbmfcpurna `s ubn h` kns sc`t`s mcuhnh`ssnornhns h` kds fcbhõ`s. @s ub kuonr qu` bds` h`j` p`rh`r bnhc` qu` vcsct` `stn pnrt` h`k

pnás, `s kn mcuhnh h` kn s`hn, nquá s` pu`h`mdaprnr n auy ju`b pr`mcd, p`rd fny qu`t`b`r muchnhd qu` su`k`b hnr ontd pdr kc`jr`,tnajcãb s` kn mdbdm` mdad Lnbmfc. @s ubnh` kns mcuhnh`s qu` ans t`apkds snornhdstc`b`, `stîb tdhds `b r`mdbstrummcýb y mdads` pu`h` djs`rvn `k Lncknsnbntfn s``bmu`btrn tdtnka`bt` r`mdbstruchd.



N 09 la h` Mf`bbnc s` `bmu`btrn`stn m cuhnh mdst`rn qu` `s

pntrcadbcd h` kn fuanbchnh pdr kn Pb`smd,gu` ubn capdrtnbt` mcuhnh pdrtunrcn qu`mdbstruyd `b `k scokd WCC `k r`y pnkknvnBnrnscafn Wnranb C, tnajcãb mdbdmchdmdad Anankkn. Nmtunka`bt` `s ubn mcuhnhhdbh` v`rnb`nb kds mcuhnhnbds h` Mf`bbnc,kn mcuhnh mu`btn mdb ubn ornb dg`rtnfdt`k`rn, mdb pnrqu`s nmuîtcmds y Uddsanrcbds eubtd n jnr`s y hcsmdt`mns.

Y`rd pnrn `k turcstn dmmch`btnk nhàns h`tdhn `sn dg`rtn kd qu` r`nka`bt` tc`b`cbt`rãs sdb kds tàpkds qu` `k Z`y Anankkny sus sum`sdr`s h` kn hcbnstán Ynkknvnmdbstruy`rdb. @st` `s ub sctcd fcstýrcmdmukturnk auy capdrtnbt` yn qu` `s mubn hùbn nrquct`mturn a`hc`vnk `b kn Cbhcn. @st``sp`mtnmuknr ns`btnac`btd n drckkns h`kodkgd h` J`bonkn dmupn ub pnrne`sàjrnhd h` rdmns y mdapr`bh` hcv`rsnsmu`vns `xmnvnhns `b kn rdmn y snbtunrcdsadbdkctds.

nankknpurna



@st` r`kc`v` `b kns rdmns mdbdmchd mdad `k h`sm`bsd h`k Onbo`s . @stn tnkknhd `bubn rdmn fdrczdbtnk bnturnk hdbh` `k pnb`k ckustrn mdb tdhd h`tnkk` `k h`sm`bsd h`k

rá d snornhd h`sh` `k mc`kd. @b tdhd `k mdapk`ed `b mnhn t`apkd s` v`b gcourns h`

kns h`chnh`s h`sh` ]fcvn fnstn Bnbhc tnkknhds `b ubn õbcmn pc`zn h` rdmn.



@k mdapk` ed h` tàpkdsmdapu`std pdr snbtunrcds

adbdkctds knjrnhds `b kn rdmn tdan subdajr` h` Ynbmf (mcbmd) Zntfns(mnrrdzns prdm`scdbnk`s h` tàpkd) ,h` kds mcbmd f`ranbds pnbhnvn fãrd`sh`k Anfnjjnrntn, y h` su r`cbnHrnupnhc. Nsá `bmdbtrnads bdajr`smdad Nreubn Zntfn. Hrnupnhc Zntfn.Hfnranrnen Zntfn. Jfcan Zntfn d

Bnluk ]nfh`vn Zntfn.

Bd s` pu`h` `bt`bh`r kn bnkchnh h``stds tàpkds scb mdbdm`r kn fcstdrcnh` kds f`ranbds Ynbhnvn qu` s`bnrrn `b kds pdàns ãpcmds h`kAnfnjfnrntn, hdbh` s` bnrrn knrcvnkchnh `btr` kds mcbmd f`ranbds y

mc`b acàjrds h`k mknb Lnurnvn,kch`rnhds pdr Hurydhfnbn< fcstdrcnqu` mukacbn mdb ubn ornb jntnkkn.Hdbh` mdb nbt`rcdrchnh p`rhc`rdb sur`cbd `b ubn pnrtchn h` hnhds y n

Hrnupnhc qu` `stuvd mnsnhn mdb kdsmcbmd f`ranbds. Gu` `b ubn jntnkkn

bnk h`spuãs h` `stnr `b `k `xckcdhurnbt` tr`m` nþds, qu` mdb kn nyuhnh` Lrcsbn kd r`mup`rnránb yodj`rbnránb mdb Hrnupnhc mdadr`cbn.

@k Nreubn Zntfn `s ub tàpkd h` hdsnkturns qu` au`strn ubn ornmcdsn

cano`b h` ]fcvn npdynhn sdjr` suv`fámukd, `k tdrd Bnbhc. Kds aurds`xt`rcdr`s `stîb drbna`btnhds mdbr`kc`v`s h` pnrèns ròcns y dtrns`sj`ktns ourns.

@k Hrnupnhc Zntfn, `s ubn rãpkcmn `bpc`hrn h` ub snbtunrcd trcjnk h`

mujc`rtn h` pnen, `s `k ans p`qu`þdh`k mdbeubtd y `stî mdbsnornhd n knhcdsn Huron. N su knhd su v`fámukd `kk`ýb npnr`m` eubtd nk tàpkd.



]fdr` Xàpkd, (`k tàpkd h` kndrckkn), s` `bmu`btrn àpknznhd

`b ub prdadbtdrcd eubtd nk anr,fn sdjr`vcvchd n kds àjnt`s h`ktcàpd y kn `rdscýb. Kd mdbstruydAnankkn `b fdbdr n Wcsbõac`btrns `b kds hds snbtunrcdssnornhds n ]fcvn kds `rcocý `ksum`sdr h` Anankkn, BnrnscafnWnranb CC.

@k tàpkd pr`s`btn ub p`qu`þdaurd `xt`rcdr, mdb fck`rns h`Bnbhc s`btnhds n su nkr`h`hdr.@b `k cbt`rcdr fny ub Wcsbõr`mdstnhd, ub kcbon pukchd h` >7mnrns y r`kc`v`s h` ]danslnbhn,qu` `s ubn r`pr`s`btnmcýb

mdapu`stn pdr ]fcvn y sumdbsdrt` Ynrvntfc, y sus fceds]lnbhn y Onb`sfn.

Dknllnbntfn tàpkd qu` gu` utckcznhdmdad gnrd



fnocrntfnis Y`bnbm`, tnajcãb mdbdmchdmdad kn p`bct`bmcn h` Nreubn d `k h`sm`bsdh`k Onbo`s. Knjrnhd `b ubn cba`bsn rdmnmdb ubn orc`tn fdrczdbtnk bnturnk qu`r`pr`s`btn `k rád Onbo`s, `k pnb`k ckustrnmdb tdhd h`tnkk` kn k`y`bhn h`k rád snornhdh`sh` `k mc`kd.

Kn p`bct`bmcn h` Nreubn s` r``r` n knk`y`bhn h` ub prábmcp` h` kn trcju h` Luru,Nreubn `stî prnmtcmnbhd kn p`bct`bmcn mdb`k b h` djt`b`r kn prdt`mmcýb hcvcbn h`]fcvn, h` pc` sdjr` ubn pc`rbn `b `k m`btrdh` kn mdapdscmcýb, rdh`nhd h` hcds`s ynbcank`s aátcmds.

Kn k`y`bhn h`k rád Onbo`s bds hcm` qu` `k

m`k`stcnk rád Onbon gu` trnáhd n kn tc`rrnpdr `k snjcd Jfnocrnkfn pnrn rdmcnr mdb sus

nouns snornhns kns m`bczns h` susnbm`strds, mdbh`bnhds pdr Wcsbõ n mnusn h`su ankhnh. @k noun h`k rád nsòurnrán knsnkvnmcýb h` `sns nkans. Munbhd Onbonh`sm`bhcý, ]fcvn rdapcý su `bdra` gu`rzn`br`hîbhdkn `b su p`kd pnrn snkvnr kntc`rrn h` ub hckuvcd. H` nfá kn ornbscobcmnmcýb h` qu` tdhd fcbhõ quc`r` qu`

sus m`bczns s` tcr`b nk rád, pnrn h` `snanb`rn purcmnr su nkan.

@k aurnk pr`s`btn r`kc`v`s h` `st` nmtdhcvcbd ornmcns n kn p`bct`bmcn h`k snjcd.Hdbh` s`r`s m`k`stcnk`s, y sàcm`k`stcnk`s,nsm`tns y nbcank`s. @k scajdkcsad s`mdapr`bh` aèdr hurnbt` `k adbzýb,munbhd `k noun h` kn kkuvcn h`smc`bh` pdr kn

orc`tn y kk`bn kn nkj`rmn h` aîs njned.



@k Jfcan Zntfn, `s ub oconbt`smd tàpkd mdbmujc`rtn njdv`hnhn y kn pknbtn cbg`rcdr qu`s` `bmu`btrn cbnmnjnhn, tdan su bdajr` h`kf`ranbd pnbhnvn mãk`jr` pdr su gu`rzn.

Nubqu` cbmdapk`tds `stds `sp`mtnmuknr`stàpkds s` `k`vnb mdad trcjutds nk o`bcd h`kds `smuktdr`s qu` knjrnrdb `stns `bdra`srdmns. @b kd qu` gu` ub najcmcdsd`xp`rca`btd, npkcmnrdb n kn rdmn kds `stckds ykns tãmbcmns h`k tnkknhd h` kn anh`rn, pnrnmr`nr ubn hcv`rschnh h` gdrans qu` kuòdcbucránb `b `k hcs`þd h` tàpkds h`k sur h`kpnás.

@k Bnluk ]nfh`vn Zntfn h`j` su bdajr` nkds oà`kds pnbhnvn y h`stnmn pdr su scbouknrgdran, mdbdmchn `b tãracbds nrquct`mtýbcmdsmdad onenprcsftn (kdad h` `k`gnbt`), pnrn

`bgntcznr kn gdran s` `k`vn eubtd nk tàpkd kn`smukturn h` ub `k`gnbt`.

Kn rdmn bnturnk qu` s` y`rou` `b gdranmnsc capdscjk` `b a`hcd h` ubn knh`rn, `smdbdmchn mdad Lrcsbnis Jutt`r Jnkk, `s ubnh` kns ntrnmmcdb`s h` tdhd vcsctnbt` pnrnfnm`rs` kn gdtd h`jned h` kn acsan, `s ubdh` kds kuonr`s ans mdbmurrchds h`kmdapkèd.

Kn vcsctn n Anankknpurna `s ubn`xmurscýb h` ub hán y r`mdac`bhd nkdenrs`hnhn kn `smnsn hcstnbmcn h`sh` Mf`bbnc `bkn acsan mnpctnk yn qu` kn dg`rtn fdt`k`rn`b Anankknpurna `s auy mnrn y kdsfdt`k`s bd vnb `b mdbsdbnbmcn su mnkchnhmdb `k pr`mcd, pu`s tc`b`b aumfd qu`

h`s`nr. Kn dg`rtn `b kn mnpctnk `s ans`mdbýacmn y nhàîs `stn mdaubcmnhn pdrnutdjus`s qu` fnm`b `k trny`mtd pdr ubnnutdpcstn.



Mdapk`ed h` t`apkd `b Anankknpurna

tnajcãb mdbdmchn mdad Anfnjnkcpurna



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otros destinos nº 25 sur de la india

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