Miles Lewisthe evolution of the timber frame

Entramado en Madera, Su Evolución

Universidad de ChileNovember 2007

Troy VI, c1800-1200 BC; Hattusas, c 1250 BC; Altintepe; PersepolisBase plan: Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1967), p 35

1 Troy

2 Hattusas3 Altintepe

4 Persepolis

pillared hallsRecintos sobre Pilares

Building C, Troy VI (c1800-1200 BC)with central timber columns / con columnas al centro

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24

Hattusas: remains of building D,Restos del Edificio D

Büyükkale, c 1250 BC: view & planVista y planta

Miles LewisAkurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 300

building D, Büyükkale, Hattusas, C13th

plan of surviving foundationsplanta de fundaciones aún existentes

reconstruction plan with columns Planta reconstruida con columnas

reconstructed interior viewReconstrucción de vista interior

Kurt Bittel, A Guide to Bogazköy (Ankara, no date), p 27

presumedcross-heads

Urartu Temple at Altintepe, Turkey, C8th, reconstruction by M Akok / reconstrucción por M. Akok

Temizer, Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, p 122

Persepolis: aerial viewStierlin, Monuments de l'Antiquité, no page

PersepolisPlan / planta

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 219

Persepolisconstruction of a column

from the Treasury /

Construcción de una Columna del Tesoro

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 221

Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis, reconstructed viewSalón de las Cien Columnas, Persépolis, vista reconstruida

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, pl 186

PersepolisHall of the Hundred Columns, reconstruction of a column

double-headed bull capital / reconstrucción de una columna con capitel de doble cabeza de toro

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 222Middle Eastern Studies, no 27

House Mill, Bromley-by-Bow,Newham, London, 1776

C A Hewett, English Historic Carpentry(London 1980), p 255

industrial timberConstruction / Construcción

Industrial en Madera

square posts /Columnas de Sección cuadrada

chamfer-stopped arrises / aristas chanfleadas

spreaders /barras

beams (later barrups) /vigas

Portarlington Flour Mill, Australia, by Andrew McWilliams, 1857detail of chamfer-stopped post,spreader & beam (later wedges)

Detalle de poste con capitelchanfleado, barra y viga (cuñas

posteriores)

Miles Lewis 1987

scarfed and braced joints, USA, 1859Uniones en ángulo y de machi-hembrado

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (Philadelphia 1859), plate 13

general framing for a heavy barn /Entramado general para un granero

W A Radford, Framing: a Practical Manual (Chicago 1909), p 240

a pioneering example of the ‘shed’ principle Ejemplo pionero del principio “shed”

the Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company's cotton mill near Bombayby William Fairbairn, and Sons, before 1863: sections

William Fairbairn, Mills and Mill-Work (4th ed, London 1878 [?c 1860]), pl XV

Dennys Lascelles woolStores, Geelong, Australia

Jacob Pitman's section &roof plan / corte y planta de techo

modern view of the show floorVista actual del área de exhibición

Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4,from Melbourne University Archives

Miles Lewis 1984

Dalgety Wool Stores, Gheringhap Street & Western Beach, Geelong: the 1901 portionMiles Lewis 1985

Dalgety Store, 1901 building, show floor,showing cross-heads, trussed beams (barrups) and a sawtooth roof

mostrando capiteles, cerchas y techo en forma de serruchoSelenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives

the Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, 1850-1the roofing system, showing queen post barrups

Complejo de Techumbre, mostrando vigas maestrasBrino, Crystal Palace, p 43

trussed beams(barrups)Cerchas

G L Sutcliffe [ed], The Modern Carpenter Joiner and Cabinet-Maker(8

vols, London 1903), IV, pp 396, 387

C F Mitchell, Building Construction and Drawing (5th ed, London 1900), p 87

No 8 wharf Warehouse, Walsh Bay, Sydney:detail of roof framing

Detalle del entramado de techoBalint, Warehouse and Woolstores, p 73

Sunshine Harvester Works, Devonshire Road, Sunshine: view in 1906Science Museum of Victoria

Sunshine Harvester Works, details of trussed beam and droppersDetalles de cerchas y elementos intermedios

Miles Lewis 1987

Class C housing, Sewell, Chile, showing timber pillars and

cross-headsMostrando pilares del entramado y capiteles

ICOMOS recommendations on Sewell, April 2006

square timber pillars

cross-heads

angle braces

earthfast constructionConstrucción con elementos

hincados en suelo

Neolithic buildings in EuropeEdificios neolíticos en Europa

Palisades / Empalizadas

stave churches / Iglesias en base a duelas

huts in / cabañas en Africa, Bangladesh, Gilbert Islands, South China Sea &c

the forested areas of Northern EuropeÁreas boscosas del norte de Europa

Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562

palisade construction,

DenmarkConstrucción de Empalizadas en

Dinamarca

Gorm Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindingsværk

(Copenhagen 1984), p 19

early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, SwedenEdificio antiguo en base a duelas

MUAS 5,284

reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of Köln-Lindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC

Reconstrucción de una casa alargada típica

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309

palisade construction earthfast post & wattle construction

reconstruction of a Neolithic house at Haldon, England

Crossley, Timber Building in England, p 75

house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BCsectional perspective reconstruction by Price & Schwarz

(earthfast post and wattle construction)Corte en perspectiva reconstruido

Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82

House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawingFrank Sear

Takayuka hut, Kyushu

South China Sea, AD 200

J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault

(Toronto 1972), p 11

Hut / cabaña in the South Camerouns, AfricaMUAS 12,068

initiates' hut, Gilbert Islands, Pacific

Ocean

John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p

126

construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara

a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara

evolution of the box frame

the mortice & tenon / caja y espigathe ground sill / sobrecimiento

the brace / abrazaderafachwerkbau

half timbering / media madera

earthfast versus ground sill constructionConstrucción empotrada vs de solera de asiento

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology,vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320

the failure of an unbraced frame: the need for triangulationLa falla de un marco no arriostrado: la necesidad de triangulación

the mortice & tenon jointUnión de caja y espiga

Glastonbury, England, c 200 BCoverlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one

presumably for a corner post

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320

interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,

of the Roman periodframing and wattling in

trenches

E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,of the Roman period

framing and wattling in trenches

E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

decay

DECAY

excavation of a structure at Valkenburg,Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates

Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21

reconstruction of a structure at

Valkenburg, with framing

and wattling on sole plates

Jope, Studies in Building History, p

21

the rediscovery of the ground sillconjectural reconstruction of a Saxon Hall, say 10th century

El redescubrimiento del sobrecimiento,reconstrucción supuesta de un salón Sajón, s.X

MUAS 15,858

sulehaus frameDenmark

Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindingsværk, p

199

building frame, (supposedlyNoah’s ark)

from the Bedford Hours, early C15th

Sistema de entramado(supuestamente del Arca de Noé),

extraido de Bedford Hours

Donald Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe (Oxford 1983), p 145

English box frame house, cutaway view Entramado inglés de una casa, vista interior

MUAS 10,207

masonryplinth

box frame

jetty(or corbel)

second box frame

English half-timbered box frameshalf-timbered house in Hildersham,

Cambridgeshire; House in Winchester, C16th; Speke Hall,

LancashireEjemplos de entramado en media

madera

MUAS 8,381, 637, 10,949

Compound farmstead/ Conjunto rural from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg, C16th-18th, now in the Bokrijk Museum

Marc Laenen, no 94

Granary/ graneroBokrijk

MuseumBelgium

Marc Laenenno 71

French half timbered pigeon houses/Palomares en media madera francès

Midi-Pyrénées region; border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments

Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region (Albi 1994), pp 11, 25

English box frame house, cutaway viewVista interior entramado

inglès

MUAS 10,207

eighteenth century timber framing and nineteenth century trussed partitionEntramado y cerchas siglo 18 y 19

Francis Price, The British Carpenter (London 1753), plate CR S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231

the roles of the brace and the stud in a box frameEl rol de la abrazadera y el pilar en el sistema de

entramado de cajón

the frame is like a truss, and the diagonals are important members el marco escomo una cercha, y las diagonales son elementos importantes

the studs merely fill in the panels in between Los pie derechos son elementos intermedios en los paneles

the diagonals are at least as large as the studs, often much largerLas diagonales son al menos del mismo largo que los pie derechos, casi

siempre más largos

where a diagonal meets a stud, the diagonal is continuous and the stud is cutEn el encuentro entre un pie derecho y una diagonal, la diagonal es continua y

el pie derecho es el que se corta

English barn design, 1781Diseño de granero inglés

William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory; containing the Best Methods of Framing Timber Buildings

... with the Plan and Sections of a Barn (London 1781),plates i & iid

timber barn, 1807Granero en madera

Robert Lugar, The Country Gentleman's Architect (London 1807), plate 20

'Barwon Bank', Riversdale Road, Chilwell (Geelong),by T R Yabsley, 1852-3: detail of hall partition wall / detalle del tabique

Miles Lewis 1981

Australasian Steam NavigationCo, 5 Hickson Road, Sydney,

by W W Wardell, 1883:details of a partitionon the upper floor

Detalle del tabique en el piso superior

Miles Lewis 1991

'Glenown', Glenmaggie, Victoria, c 1871Miles Lewis 1994

'Glenown', view of rear wall / vista del muro traseroMiles Lewis 1994

'Glenown', top corner joint in the rear wall, showing the square corner stud and the housingof the brace, compared with a butting joint on display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia

Miles Lewis 1994 & 1992

'Glenown', the bracing of the rear wall, and the base,showing stud and brace descending below floor level

Miles Lewis 1994

house at the Bokrijk Museum, BelgiumMarc Laenen, no 59

'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size,

with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776

Elevación de dos cabañas pequeñas, con frontones de

ladrillo

Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776),

facing p 263

house at the Bokrijk Museum

'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776

Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263

St Mary's Church, Chicago, 1833 Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a

New Traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345

balloon frame of a 1½ storey house, USA, c 1845-1859

sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]

puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100]corner posts undefined

ribbon x x 1 or 6 x 1[100 x 25 or 150 x 25]

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5

Bell’s balloon frame house

sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x

100]

Kent’s studd-worke

cottagesstuds 3 x 5 [77 x 125]

puncheons 5 X 6 [235.

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5

Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property

balloon frame of a two storey house, USA, c 1845-1859

sills 3 X 10 [75 X 250]

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5

Bell’s balloon frame 1½ storey house

sill 8 x 8 [200 x 200]

stud 2 x 4 in[50 x 100]

puncheon 4 x 4[100 x 100]

ribbon 4 x 1 [100 x 100] or 6 x 1 [150 x 25]

? corner post unspecified

characteristics of the US balloon framefrom Europe

Características europeas existentesen el Balloon-frame de USA

close studding / pie derechos próximos entre sí

the horizontal girt / el trabe horizontal

new industrial characteristicsnuevas características industriales

smaller sizes of timber / dimensiones menores de la maderastandardised sizes of timber / piezas estandarizadas

simplified timber joints / uniones simplificadasextensive use of nails / abundante uso de clavos

I.C.S. Reference Library, 'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in [vol 14] Carpentry Joinery

Stair Building &c (Scranton [Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72

balloon frame, USA

factors responsible for the balloon frame in the USA

Factores de la aparición del Balloon Frame en USA.

high cost of labour / altos costos de mano de obramakes complicated joints and shapes impractical

efficient sawmills / aserraderos eficientesmake smaller and standardised timber sizes more

economic than larger and more varied ones

cheap cut and wire nails / clavos a bajo costomake nailed joints cheaper than traditional ones

the social acceptability of timber / aceptación de la construcción en madera

makes two storey timber houses common

details of an American balloon frame(simplified joints and skew nailing)

R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), pp 90, 91

the American balloon frame& Haddon’s illustration of

the Australian stud frame, 1908

G E Woodward, Woodward's Country Homes, 1869reproduced in Sigfried Giedion, Space,

Time and Architecture: the Growth of a NewTradition (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345

Robert Haddon, Australian Archi-tecture(Melbourne, no date [1908]), p 327