Nombre ______________________ Fecha______________________Spanish 2 Unidad 3 Etapa 21. el equipo team2. ganar to win3. el gol goal4. jugar (u-->ue) to play (a game)5. el partido game, sports match6. la tienda de deportes sports store7. andar en patineta to skateboard8. el baloncesto basketball9. el béisbol baseball10. esquiar to ski11. el fútbol soccer12. el fútbol americano American football13. el hockey hockey14. levantar pesas to lift weights15. el surfing surfing16. el tenis tennis17. el voleibol volleyball18. el bate bat19. la bola ball20. la casca helmet21. la gorra baseball cap22. el guante glove23. los patines skates24. la patineta skateboard25. la pelota baseball26. la raqueta racket27. al aire libre outdoors28. el campo field29. la cancha court30. el estadio stadium31. la piscina swimming pool32. sobre hielo on ice33. preferir (e-->ie) to prefer34. querer (e-->ie) to want35. saber to know (facts, info, or how to)36. más de more than (a number)37. más... que more...than38. mayor older

39. mejor better40. menor younger41. menos de less than (a number)42. menos...que less...than43. peor worse44. tan...como as...(adjective or adverb) ... as45. tanto como as much (noun) as46. cerrar (e-->ie) to close47. empezar (e-->ie) to begin48. entender (e-->ie) to understand49. favorito(a) favorite50. loco(a) crazy51. merendar (e-->ie) to have a snack52. peligroso(a) dangerous53. pensar (e-->ie) to think54. perder (e-->ie) to lose

 

Spanish 2 Unidad 3 Etapa 2

Talking About Playing a Sport or Game with jugar

The forms of jugar are unique.  In some of them the u changes to ue.  When you use jugar with the name of a sport, use jugar + a + sport: Juego al béisbol.

JUGAR - to play a sport or game  I play = juego We play = jugamos

You (fam.) play = juegas You (fam.pl.) play = jugáisHe,she,it,You (formal) play =

juega They, you (pl.) play = juegan

Stem-Changing Verbs (E --> IE)

When you learn one of these "stem-changing verbs" the change is indicated in parentheses after the verb.  For example:  cerrar (ie) - to close.  In stem-changing verbs it is always the next-to-last syllable that changes, but only when the STRESS falls on that syllable.  For example with cerrar, yo cIErro, but nosotros cerrAmos.  These are sometimes called "boot" verbs, because when you look at the conjugation chart, the forms that have a spelling change would look like a boot if you drew a line around them:

CERRAR - to close  I close = cierro We close = cerramos

You (fam.) close = cierras You (fam.pl.) close = cerráisHe,she,it,You (formal) close =

cierra They, you (pl.) close = cierran

Stem-Changing (e-->ie) Verbs in This Lesson:

cerrar to closeempezar to beginentender to understandmerendar to have a snackperder to losepreferir to preferquerer to want

pensarto think, to plan (to plan when followed by an infinitive)

Saying What You Know with saber You already know how to say "I know (a person or place):" Conozco a (person).  Saber is used when you want to say "I know (facts, information or how to...)."  Like conocer, it has an irregular yo form.

SABER - to know (facts, info, how to)  

I know = sé We know = sabemosYou (fam.) know = sabes You (fam.pl.) know = sabéis

He,she,it,You (formal) know(s) = sabe They, you (pl.) know = saben

Using Two Verbs Together To say that someone knows how to do something, use saber + infinitive:  Yo sé patinar - I know how to skate.   Notice that when two verbs are used together, the first verb is conjugated and the second is in its infinitive form.  Usually this is obvious from the English meaning of "to...." as in the sentence "I want to eat. =  Yo quiero comer."

Using "a" for Action When Using Two Verbs Together Another useful thing to remember about using two verbs together is that a conjugated verb that involves an "action" will usually have the word "a" between it and the infinitive.   Verbs that don't involve an "action" (such as "I know" or "I plan") do not.  Usually these NOT verbs involve something "inside your head."

ACTION No ACTION

I'm going to play = Voy a jugar I'm planning to play = Pienso jugar

I'm beginning to play = Empiezo a jugar I want to play = Quiero jugarI'm coming to play = vengo a

jugar I prefer to play = prefiero jugar

I'm teaching to play = enseño a jugar I know how to play = sé jugar

I'm preparing to play = preparo a jugar I can play = Puedo jugar

Phrases for Making Comparisons There are several phrases for making comparisons.

MORE THAN LESS THAN AS...AS (EQUAL)

más + adjective + que more tall than = más alto que

menos + adjective + que

less tall than = menos alto que

tan + adjective + como as tall as = tan alto como

más + de + number more than 50 = más de 50

menos + de + number less than 50 = menos de 50  

más  + noun + que... There are more boys than girls =

Hay más chicos que chicas

menos  + noun + que...

There are less boys than girls = Hay menos chicos que chicas

tantos + noun + como + noun

There are as many boys as girls = Hay tantos chicos como chicas

IRREGULAR IRREGULAR tanto  + como + noun I like soccer as much as baseball=

older = mayor

better = mejor

younger = menor

worse = peorMe gusta futbol tanto como beisbol

Spanish 2 Unidad 3 Etapa 31. ¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather like?2. Está nublado It's cloudy3. Hace buen tiempo It's good weather4. Hace calor It's hot5. Hace fresco It's cool6. Hace frío It's cold7. Hace mal tiempo It's bad weather8. Hace sol It's sunny9. Hace viento It's windy10. Hay sol It's sunny (there is sun)11. Hay viento I'ts windy (there is wind)12. las estaciones seasons13. el invierno winter14. el otoño fall, autumn15. la primavera spring16. el verano summer17. tener calor to be hot ("to have heat")18. tener cuidado to be careful ("to have care")19. tener frío to be cold ("to have cold")20. tener miedo to be afraid ("to have fear")21. tener prisa to be in a hurry22. tener razón to be right23. tener sueño to be sleepy24. tener suerte to be lucky25. tener ganas de...(+

infinitive verb) to feel like...

26. creer to think, to believe27. Creo que sí/no I think so/I don't think so28. el abrigo coat, overcoat29. la bufanda scarf30. el gorro cap31. el impermeable raincoat32. los shorts shorts33. el traje de baño bathing suit34. con rayas striped

35. de cuadros plaid, checked36. el bronceador suntan lotion37. las gafas de sol sunglasses38. el paraguas umbrella39. sacar fotos to take pictures40. tomar el sol to sunbathe41. el bosque forest42. el desierto desert43. el lago lake44. el mar sea45. la montaña mountain46. la playa beach47. el río river48. el árbol tree49. la flor flower50. la planta plant

 

Spanish 2 Unidad 3 Etapa 3 Describing the Weather

A. To talk about the weather in Spanish, we often use the verb hacer:

Hace (mucho) calor It's (very) hotHace (mucho) fresco It's (very) coolHace (mucho) frío It's (very) coldHace (mucho) sol It's (very) sunnyHace (mucho) viento It's (very) windyHace (muy) buen tiempo It's (very) nice weatherHace (muy) mal tiempo It's (very) bad weather

B. When you talk about the sun or the wind, you can also use hay:

Hay sol y hay viento = It's sunny and it's windy

C. To talk about raining and snowing, use the verbs llover (o-->ue) - to rain and nevar (e --> ie) - to snow:  Llueve mucho en el oeste del estado de Washington.  Nieva mucho en la montaña Rainier.

D. To say that it's cloudy, use the expression está nublado.  (TRIVIA QUESTION:  Why is it está nublado and not es nublado?  See the answer at the bottom of the page.)

Special Expressions Using tener

You have already learned that someone is hungry or thirsty and to tell a person's age using the verb tener.  It is also used in many other "idiomatic expressions."

I'm hungry = Tengo hambreI'm thirsty = Tengo sed

I'm 16 years old = Tengo 16 añosI'm hot = Tengo calor

I'm careful = Tengo cuidadoI'm cold = Tengo frío

I'm afraid = Tengo miedoI'm in a hurry = Tengo prisa

I'm right = Tengo razónI'm sleepy = Tengo sueñoI'm lucky = Tengo suerte

I feel like dancing = Tengo ganas de bailar

Direct Object PronounsA "direct object" is a word that receives the action of a verb directly.  (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes.)   An "indirect object" is a word that indirectly receives the action of a verb.  (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes for us" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes and then indirectly to us, because we end up wearing them!)  Right now we are concerned only with direct objects.

A direct object answers the questions "Whom?" or "What?" as in "Whom do you see?" or "What did you buy?"   Nouns used as direct objects can be replaced by direct object pronouns:

SINGULAR PLURALme = me us = nos

you (fam.) = te you (fam. pl.) = oshim, it, you (formal)(Masculine)=

lo them, you (pl) (Masculine) = los

her, it, you (formal) Feminine) = la them, you (pl) (Feminine) = las

The direct object noun is placed after the conjugated verb, but a direct object pronoun is placed before the conjugated verb OR after the infinitive if there is one:    Yo compro la blusa.   Yo la compro.  Yo la voy a comprar/Yo voy a comprarla.

Saying What is Happening 'Right Now':   Present ProgressiveThe Present Progressive is the equivalent of using -ing in English when you want to talk about what is happening "right now."   ("We can't play baseball right now.  It's raining!")   The Present Progressive is a two-part construction, using the present indicative tense of estar + the present participle of a verb.  To form the present participle, drop the infinitive ending of the verb and add -ando for -AR verbs and -iendo for -ER/-IR verbs.  When the stem of an -ER/IR verb ends in a vowel, the spelling of -iendo changes to -yendo. (leer - leyendo, oir - oyendo, creer - creyendo)

-AR Verbs like MIRAR

I'm watching = Estoy mirando We're watching = Estamos mirando

You (fam.) are watching - Estás mirando

You (fam. pl.) are watching = Estáis mirando

He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) watching = está mirando

They, you (pl.) are watching = están mirando

 

-ER Verbs like COMERI'm eating = Estoy comiendo We're eating = Estamos comiendoYou (fam.) are eating - Estás

comiendoYou (fam. pl.) are eating = Estáis

comiendoHe, she, it, You (formal) is (are)

eating = está comiendoThey, you (pl.) are eating = están

comiendo

 

-IR Verbs like ESCRIBIR

I'm writing = Estoy escribiendo We're writing = Estamos escribiendo

You (fam.) are writing - Estás escribiendo

You (fam. pl.) are writing = Estáis escribiendo

He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) writing = está escribiendo

They, you (pl.) are writing = están escribiendo

ANSWER TO THE TRIVIA QUESTION:  It's está nublado because estar is used for temporary conditions.   Even in Washington state cloudy skies are only temporary!

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 1

1. el aeropuerto airport2. el banco bank3. la carnicería butcher's shop4. el centro center, downtown5. el centro comercial shopping center6. el correo post office7. la estación de autobuses bus station8. la farmacia pharmacy, drugstore9. el hotel hotel10. la iglesia church11. la joyería jewelry store12. la librería book store13. la panadería bread bakery14. la papelería stationery store15. la pastelería pastry shop16. la plaza town square17. la tienda de música y

videos music and video store

18. la zapatería shoe store19. la avenida avenue20. la calle street21. el camino road22. la dirección direction, address23. a pie on foot24. el autobús bus25. el avión airplane26. el barco ship27. el carro car28. el metro subway29. la moto(cicleta) motorcycle30. el taxi taxi, cab31. el tren train32. Perdona(e), ¿cómo llego

a...? Pardon, how do I get to...?

33. ¿Puedes (Puede usted) decirme dónde queda...? Could you tell me where...is?

34. ¿Queda lejos? Is it far?35. acá / aquí here  (over here, around here / here)

36. allá / allí there (over there, around there / there)

37. ¡Cómo no! Of course

38. Lo siento... I'm sorry...39. cerca (de) near (to)40. cruzar to cross41. la cuadra city block42. delante (de) in front (of)43. a la derecha (de) to the right (of)44. derecho straight ahead45. desde from46. detrás (de) behind47. doblar to turn48. enfrente (de) facing, across from49. entre between50. la esquina corner51. hasta until, as far as52. a la izquierda (de) to the left (of)53. al lado (de) beside, next to54. lejos (de) far (from)55. quedar (en) to be (in a specific place, to agree on)56. la cosa thing57. decir to say, to tell58. manejar to drive59. el mapa map60. por for, by, around61. salir to go out, to leave62. viajar to travel63. el viaje trip

 

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 1

The Verb decir - to say, to tell Decir is an irregular verb, with many spelling changes.  Note that decir que (que has no accent mark) means to say that (Digo que mi novia es más bonita - I say that my girlfriend is prettier.)

DECIR - to say, to tell  I say = Digo We say = decimos

You (fam.) say = dices You (fam.pl.) say = decísHe, she, you (formal) say(s) =

dice They, you (pl.) say = dicen

Using Prepositional Phrases to Express LocationWhen you talk about where things are located use prepositions.   Use de when the preposition is followed by a specific location.

cerca (de) near (to)delante (de) in front (of)

a la derecha (de) to the right (0f)detrás (de) behind

enfrente (de) facing, across (from)entre between

a la izquierda (de) to the left (of)al lado (de) beside, next to, to the side (of)lejos (de) far (from)

Regular Affirmative tú Commands To tell a person to do something, use an affirmative command.   Tú commands are used with family and friends (anyone you would speak to as "tú").  The regular affirmative tú command is the same as the él/ella form of the Present Indicative Tense:  ¡Habla!  You could also think of it as being the same as the tú form, but without the "s."

Walk! = ¡Camina!    Eat! = ¡Come!    Open! = ¡Abre!

If you use an affirmative command with a direct object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command:    ¡Abre la puerta  -->  ¡Abrela!

If needed, add an accent mark when you attach a pronoun in order retain the original stress.  (Remember that if not marked with an accent, a word that ends in a vowel or the consonants n or s is stressed on the next-to-last syllable.)  ¡Escribe!  ¡Escríbelo!

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 2 Click here to go back to Spanish 1

1. el anillo ring2. el arete earring3. el collar necklace4. las joyas jewelry5. el oro gold6. la plata silver7. la pulsera bracelet8. el casete cassette9. el disco compacto compact disc (CD)10. el radio radio11. el radiocasete radio-tape player12. el video video13. la videograbadora VCR14. el videojuego video game15. la artesanía handicraft16. los artículos de cuero leather goods17. la bolsa handbag18. las botas boots19. la cartera wallet20. la cerámica ceramics21. el cinturón belt22. la jarra pitcher (to hold liquids)23. la olla pot24. el plato plate25. ¿Cuánto cuesta(n) How much does it (they) cost?26. ¡Es muy caro! It's very expensive!27. Le dejo...en... I'll give ... to you for ...28. Le puedo ofrecer... I can offer you...29. ¿Me deja ver... May I see...?30. regatear to bargain31. dar to give32. el regalo gift33. barato(a) cheap, inexpensive34. la calidad quality35. cambiar to change, to exchange36. caro(a) expensive37. demasiado(a) too much38. el mercado market39. perfecto(a) perfect40. el cambio change, money exchange

41. el dinero money42. el dólar dollar43. el efectivo cash44. pagar to pay45. el precio price46. la tarjeta de crédito credit card47. juntos together48. para for, in order to49. almorzar (o-->ue) to eat lunch50. contar (o-->ue) to count, to tell or retell51. costar (o-->ue) to cost52. devolver (o-->ue) to return an item53. dormir (o-->ue) to sleep54. encontrar (o-->ue) to find, to meet55. poder (o-->ue) to be able to, can56. recordar (o-->ue) to remember57. volver (o-->ue) to return

 

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 2Stem-Changing Verbs (o --> ue)

Remember "boot" verbs like pensar, where the spelling in the stem alternates between e and ie?  There is also a group of verbs in which the spelling alternates between o and ue.

ALMORZAR (o--> ue) - to eat lunch  

I eat lunch = Almuerzo We eat lunch = Almorzamos

You (fam.) eat lunch = Almuerzas You (fam.pl.) eat lunch = Almorzáis

He, she, you (formal) eat(s) lunch = Almuerza

They, you (pl.) eat lunch = Almuerzan

Other (o--> ue) verbs in this unit are:  devolver - to return an item, encontrar - to find, to meet,  recordar - to remember, poder - to be able to, can, volver - to return, to go back

Indirect Object Pronouns A "direct object" is a word that receives the action of a verb directly.  (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes.)   An "indirect object" is a word that indirectly receives the action of a verb.  (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes for us" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes and then indirectly to us, because we end up wearing them!)  You have already learned about direct object pronouns.  In this unit you learn how to use indirect object pronouns.

An indirect object tells "to whom/what" or "for whom/what" an action is performed.  Notice that indirect object pronouns use the same words as direct object pronouns, except for le and les.  (Trivia question:  What are the direct object pronoun equivalents of  le and les?  See the answer at the bottom of the page)

Indirect Object Pronouns  (to/for) me = me (to/for) us = nos

(to/for) you (fam.) = te (to/for) you (fam.pl.) = os(to/for) him, her, you (formal) =

le (to/for) them, you (pl.) = les

An indirect object pronoun can replace or accompany an indirect object noun.

Accompanies Replaces

Rosa le compra una olla a su madre.

Rosa buys her mother a pot.Rosa le compra una olla.

Rosa buys her a pot.

Since the pronouns le and les can refer to different indirect objects (him, her, you) they are often accompanied by a + name, noun, or pronoun in order to clarify the meaning:    Yo le compro flores=I buy her flowers.  Yo le compro flores a mi novia=  I buy my girlfriend flowers (and not that other girl-big trouble if the meaning is not clear!)

To add emphasis, you can add the phrase a + pronoun to a sentence that uses an indirect object pronoun:    A mi me compro un carro rojo = I'm buying myself a red car.

Placement of Indirect Object PronounsHow do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence?  They work just like direct object pronouns.

The indirect object pronoun is placed before the conjugated verb OR after the infinitive if there is one:    Yo me compro la blusa.     Yo voy a comprarme la blusa/Yo me voy a comprar la blusa. If there are both an indirect and a direct object pronoun, the indirect object pronoun goes first.  Yo me la compro.  Yo voy a comprármela/ Yo me la voy a comprar.

 TRIVIA QUESTION ANSWER:  The direct object equivalents of le are lo or la and the equivalents of les are los or las.

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 3

1. ¿Me ayuda a pedir? Could you help me to order?2. ¿Me trae...? Could you bring me...?3. el menú menu4. pedir (e-->i) to ask for, to order, to request5. Quisiera... I would like6. el (la) mesero(a) waiter (waitress)7. el restaurante restaurant8. servir (e-->i) to serve9. traer to bring10. la cuchara spoon11. el cuchillo knife12. la taza cup13. el tenedor fork14. riquísimo very tasty, very rich15. ¿Cuánto es? How much is it?16. ¿Cuánto le doy de

propina? How much do I tip?

17. la cuenta bill, check18. La cuenta, por favor The check please19. Es aparte Separate checks20. ¿Está incluido(a)...? Is...included?21. la propina tip22. Fui.../Fuiste... I went.../you went...23. caliente hot, warm24. delicioso(a) delicious25. dulce sweet26. picante spicy27. rico(a) tasty, rich28. vegetariano(a) vegetarian29. el arroz rice30. el azúcar sugar31. el bistec steak32. la carne meat33. la enchilada enchilada34. la ensalada salad35. la lechuga lettuce36. el pan bread37. el pollo chicken38. el queso cheese39. la salsa salsa, sauce

40. la sopa soup41. la bebida beverage, drink42. el café coffee43. la limonada lemonade44. el té tea45. el flan caramel custard dessert46. el pan dulce sweet roll47. el pastel cake48. el postre dessert49. algo something50. alguien someone, somebody51. alguno(a) some52. desayunar to have breakfast53. el desayuno breakfast54. la lengua language55. listo(a) ready56. nada nothing57. nadie no one, nobody58. ninguno(a) none, not any59. poner to put60. poner la mesa to set the table61. el pueblo town, village62. sin without63. tampoco neither, either64. todavía still, yet

 

Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 3

Using gustar to Talk About Things (nouns) You LikeYou've already learned how to say you like to do something: Indirect Object Pronoun+gustar+infinitive verb    Me gusta patinar

To say someone likes a thing or things (noun), use the same construction, but remember that the thing one likes is the subject of the sentence ("French fries please me") and so control the conjugation of the verb gustar: Me gustan las papas fritas.  If the thing you like is singular, use the singular form of the verb -  Me gusta la salsa.  But if the thing you like is plural, use gustan.

Affirmative and Negative Words When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word:

AFFIRMATIVE WORDS NEGATIVE WORDSalgo - something nada - nothing

alguien - someone nadie - no onealgún/alguno(a) - some ningún/ninguno(a) - none, not any

siempre - always nunca - nevertambién - also tampoco - neither, either

Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.  Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before a masculine singular noun.  La chica quiere algún postre, (postre is a masculine singular noun) pero el chico no quiere ningúno. (the word postre is omitted, so the form remains ninguno).

When a verb is preceded by no, words that follow it must also be negative.  A double negative is required in Spanish when no comes before the verb: No quiero nada - I don't want anything (I not want nothing).  However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before the verb, a second negative is not needed:  Nadie quiere postre.  Las chicas nunca comen postre.

Stem-changing Verbs (e-->i) You have already learned about verbs that have a spelling change in the stem from e to ie, or from o to ue.   These (e-->i) verbs change in a similar pattern:

Verbs like pedir (e-->i)  I order = Pido We order = pedimos

You (fam.) order = pides You (fam.pl.) order = pedísHe, she, you(formal) order(s) = pide They, you (pl.) order = pidenVerbs like pedir in this lesson are:    servir - to serve, repetir - to repeat, seguir - to follow or to continue  (seguir changes its spelling because of Spanish spelling rules:  The yo form drops the "u" because he sound "go" is spelled sigo.  the other forms retain the "u" because the sounds "geh" and "gui" (as in "guitar) are spelled with a "u": sigues, sigue, seguimos, siguen.

Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 11. acostarse (o-->ue) to go to bed2. afeitarse to shave oneself3. despertarse (e-->ie) to wake up4. dormirse (o-->ue) to fall asleep5. ducharse to take a shower6. lavarse to wash oneself7. lavarse la cabeza to wash one's hair8. lavarse los dientes to brush one's teeth9. levantarse to get up10. maquillarse to put on makeup11. peinarse to comb one's hair12. ponerse la ropa to get dressed13. secarse to dry oneself14. el cepillo (de dientes) toothbrush15. el champú shampoo16. el espejo mirror17. el jabón soap18. la pasta de dientes toothpaste19. el peine comb20. el secador de pelo hair dryer21. la toalla towel22. la boca mouth23. el brazo arm24. la cabeza head25. la cara face26. el cuerpo body27. el diente tooth28. el estómago stomach29. la mano hand30. la nariz nose31. la oreja ear32. el pie foot33. la pierna leg34. hacer la cama to make the bed35. lavar los platos to wash the dishes36. limpiar el cuarto to clean the room37. limpio(a) clean38. los quehaceres chores39. quitar la mesa to clear the table

40. sucio(a) dirty41. la cama bed42. el despertador alarm clock43. duro(a) hard, tough44. irse to leave, to go away45. la manta blanket46. ponerse (ropa) to put on (clothes)

 Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 1

Describing Actions That Involve Oneself:   Reflexive Verbs

To describe people doing things for or to themselves, use reflexive verbs.  Examples of reflexive verbs are brushing one's teeth or combing one's hair.  Reflexive verbs are used with a reflexive pronoun to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.  When a reflexive verb is conjugated, the reflexive pronouns go before the verb.   For example, with the verb lavarse - to wash oneself

yo me lavo la cara nosotros nos lavamos las carastú te lavas la cara vosotros os lavais las caras

él, ella, Ud. se lava cara ellos, Uds. se lavan las caras

Notice that the people say they wash themselves "the face" and not "my face" or "your face," etc.  This is because reflexive pronouns already include the concept of possession.

When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated verb, there are two options for where to place the reflexive pronoun.  It can go either before the conjugated verb or after (and attached to) the infinitive:

Before the Conjugated Verb After the InfinitiveMe quiero lavar la cara Quiero lavarme la cara

Some verbs have different meanings when used reflexively:

Non-reflexive Reflexivedormir - to sleep dormirse - to fall asleep

ir - to go irse - to leave, to go awayponer - to put ponerse - to put on (clothes)

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

Remember how to form regular affirmative tú commands?  You use the present indicative tense tú form, but drop off the "s":  ¡Habla!   ¡Come!  ¡Abre!  Some verbs have irregular affirmative tú command forms:

Infinitive Affirmative tú commanddecir dihacer haz

ir veponer ponsalir salser sé

tener tenvenir ven

Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative tú command, you attach the pronoun to the end of the command:  ¡Hazlo ahora!

Negative Tú Commands

When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative command.  Negative commands are formed by starting with the yo form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the appropriate ending:

Infinitive Yo form Present Tense Negative Tú Command

hablar hablo ¡No hables!comer como ¡No comas!venir vengo ¡No vengas!

Notice that the vowel in the ending changes to the "opposite" of that of the infinitive.  An -AR verb's vowel changes from "a" to "e" and -ER/IR verbs change from "e" or "i" to "a."

There are a few irregular negative tú command verbs:

Infinitive (yo form) Negative Tú Commanddar (doy) ¡No des!

estar (estoy) ¡No estés!ir (voy) ¡No vayas!

ser (soy) ¡No seas!

With negative tú commands, pronouns are always placed before the verb

Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 21. cuidadosamente carefully2. cuidadoso(a) careful3. deber should, ought to

4. especial special5. epecialmente especially6. facilmente easily7. felizmente happily8. frecuente frequent9. frecuentemente frequently, often10. lentamente slowly11. lento(a) slow12. normal normal13. rapidamente quickly, rapidly14. rápido(a) quick, fast15. recientemente recently, lately16. tranquilamente calmly17. el baño bathroom18. la cocina kitchen19. el comedor dining room20. la habitación bedroom21. el jardín garden22. la pared wall23. la puerta door24. la sala living room25. el suelo floor26. la ventana window27. el armario closet28. la lámpara lamp29. la mesa table30. los muebles furniture31. la silla chair32. el sillón armchair33. el sofá sofa, couch34. el televisor TV set35. barrer el suelo to sweep the floor36. mover (o-->ue) los

muebles to move the furniture

37. ordenar (las flores, los libros) to arrange (the flowers, the books)

38. pasar la aspiradora to vacuum39. planchar la ropa to iron (the clothes)40. quitar el polvo to dust41. sacar la basura to take out the trash42. abierto(a) open

43. cerrado(a) closed44. la llave key45. olvidar to forget46. si if47. las aceitunas olives48. los calamares squid49. el chorizo sausage50. el jamón ham51. las tapas appetizers52. la tortilla española potato omelet53. la fiesta party54. la invitación invitation55. sorpender to surprise56. la sorpresa surprise

 

Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 2

Using Pronouns with the Present Progressive

Remember how you use the present progressive to describe actions in progress?  When you use pronouns with the present participle, you can put them in one of two places:

Before the Conjugated estar After the Present Participlelo estoy esperando estoy esperándolo

Remember that when you attach pronouns to the end of a verb form, you may have to add an accent mark in order to retain the original stress of the verb (as in the example above).

Some verbs you know have irregular present participle forms:

  Verb InfinitiveIrregular Present

Participle

When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel,

change the -iendo to -yendo

leer

oir

traer

leyendo

oyendo

trayendoe-->i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the

stem of the present participle

pedir servir

pidiendo sirviendo

Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem

decir

dormir

venir

diciendo

durmiendo

viniendo

Using the Verb deber to Say What You Should or Ought to Do:

Use the conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb:

Yo debo barrer el suelo Nosotros debemos ir a escuelaTú debes estudiar Vosotros debéis comer

Él, ella, Ud.  debe venir Ellos, ustedes deben hablar

Using Adverbs That End in -mente

To describe how something is done, use an adverb.  Many adverbs in Spanish are made by changing an existing adjective and adding the ending -mente, which is the equivalent of adding -ly in English.

  Adjective AdverbWhen an adjective ends in e, l, or z,

simply add -mente to the end

reciente recientemente

  frecuente frecuentemente  fácil fácilmente  normal normalmente  especial especialmente  feliz felizmente

For adjectives with -o or -a endings, add -

mente to the feminine form

cuidadoso(a) cuidadosamente

  rápido(a) rápidamente  lento(a) lentamente  tranquilo(a) tranquilamente

When you use two adverbs, drop the -mente from the first one:

Ella entra en la clase lenta y tranquilamente.

Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 3

1. apagar la luz to turn off the light2. ¡Cállate! Be quiet!3. ¿A Cuánto está(n)? How much is (are)...?4. el aceite oil5. la carne de res beef6. la cebolla onion7. el cereal cereal8. la crema cream9. la galleta cookie, cracker10. la harina flour11. el helado ice cream12. el huevo egg13. la leche milk14. la mantequilla butter15. la pasta pasta16. la patata potato17. el pescado fish18. la pimienta pepper19. el puerco pork20. la sal salt21. la salchicha sausage22. el tomate tomato23. la verdura vegetable24. el yogur yogurt25. la zanahoria carrot26. el zumo juice27. la botella bottle28. la lata can29. el paquete package30. cuarto(a) quarter31. la docena dozen32. el gramo gram33. el kilo kilogram34. el litro liter35. medio(a) half36. el pedazo piece37. doscientos(as) two hundred38. trescientos(as) three hundred39. cuatrocientos(as) four hundred40. quinientos(as) five hundred

41. seiscientos(as) six hundred42. setecientos(as) seven hundred43. ochocientos(as) eight hundred44. novecientos(as) nine hundred45. mil one thousand46. un millón one million47. anoche last night48. anteayer day before yesterday49. el año pasado last year50. ayer yesterday51. el mes pasado last month52. la semana pasada last week53. la estrella star54. sabroso(a) tasty55. cocinar to cook56. el congelador freezer57. la estufa stove58. el frigorífico refrigerator59. el horno oven60. el lavaplatos dishwasher61. el microondas microwave

Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 3Talking About Extremes:   Superlatives

When you want to say that something has the most or least of a certain quality, use a superlative.  The most common way to make an superlative in Spanish is to add the words más or menos to the word that describes the quality.

The Most... The Least...el más famoso

el chico  más famosoel menos famoso

el chico menos famosolos más cómicos

los hombres  más comicoslos menos  cómicos

los hombres menos cómicosla  más bonita

la chica más bonitala menos bonita

la chica menos bonitalas  más feas

las  blusas más feaslas menos feas

las blusas menos feasWhen you refer to an idea or

concept, which has no gender, use the neuter article lo:

Lo más increíbleLo menos creíble

Remember that these irregular froms are used when referring to the best, worst, oldest and youngest:

el mejor, el peor, el mayor, el menor

Talk About the Past Using Regular -AR Preterite Verbs

The preterite tense tells what happened or what you did.  it is used when the action described has already been completed.   Regular preterite verbs, like present indicative tense verbs, are formed by adding tense endings to the stem:

  -AR Verbsyo hablétú hablaste

él, ella, usted hablónosotros(as) hablamosvosotros(as) hablasteis

ellos, ellas, ustedes hablaron

Be sure to include accent marks where necessary, as they are important to the meaning and to avoid

confusion with other verb tense forms.!Preterite Tense Verbs and Spelling Rules

The sounds "kay" and "gay" are spelled "que" and "gue" in Spanish.  Therefore when you spell the preterite yo form of -AR verbs (that have an

"eh" sounding ending) you must watch your spelling.  Also verbs whose stem ends in the letter "z " change the "z" to a "c" before the letter "e":

   

sacar yo saquéjugar yo jugué

almorzar almorcé

Some verbs like this are: buscar, practicar, tocar, llegar, pagar, empezar, comenzar

Irregular Preterite Verbs ir , ser , hacer , dar , and ver

These irregular verbs do not follow the regular ending pattern.   Sometimes the stem of the verb changes a little bit, and sometimes it changes a lot.  There are several other irregular preterite verbs you will learn later that are like hacer, and they all have the same ending pattern as hacer.

ir-to go ser-to be hacer-to do dar-to give ver-to seefui fui hice di vi

fuiste fuiste hiciste diste vistefue fue hizo dio vio

fuimos fuimos hicimos dimos vimosfuisteis fuisteis hicisteis disteis visteisfueron fueron hicieron dieron vieron

No, it's not a mistake.  Ir and ser do have the same preterite forms!  Use context to tell the difference between the two.

Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 11. ancho(a) wide2. antiguo(a) old, ancient3. el edificio building, edifice4. enorme huge, enormous5. estrecho(a) narrow6. formal formal7. informal informal8. lujoso(a) luxurious

9. moderno(a) modern10. ordinario(a) ordinary11. sencillo(a) simple12. tradicional traditional13. el (la) arquitecto(a) architect14. la arquitectura architecture15. el (la) bombero(a) firefighter16. el (la) cartero(a) mail carrier17. la cámara camera18. la compañía company19. el (la) contador(a) accountant20. el (la) editor(a) editor21. el (la) fotógrafo(a) photographer22. el (la) gerente manager23. el (la) escritor(a) writer24. la grabadora tape recorder25. el hombre de negocios businessman26. la mujer de negocios business woman27. el (la) operador(a) operator28. el (la) periodista journalist29. la profesión profession30. el (la) recepcionista receptionist31. el (la) secretario(a) secretary32. el (la) taxista taxi driver33. Vamos a... Let's...34. la contaminación del aire air pollution35. decidir to decide36. estar de acuerdo to agree, to be in agreement37. el (la) ganador(a) winner38. ofrecer to offer39. el tráfico traffic

Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 1

Talking About the Past:   The Preterite of -er and -ir Verbs

Notice that -er and -ir verb endings are the same in the preterite:

Comer:  Yo comí Vivir:  Yo viví

Comer:  Nosotros comimos Vivir: Nosotros vivimos

Comer:  Tú comiste Vivir:  Tú viviste

Comer:  Vosotros comisteis Vivir:   Vosotros vivisteis

Comer:  Él, ella, Ud. comió Vivir:   Él, ella, Ud. vivió

Comer:  Ellos, Uds. comieron Vivir:  Ellos, Uds. vivieron

Preterite Verbs with a Spelling Change and Irregular Verbs in the Preterite:   hacer, ir, ser