namibia: nama, haiǁom, damara !xuun...damara • genetically very different from other...
TRANSCRIPT
Namibia: Nama, Haiǁom, Damara
!XuunHimba & Herero
KHOE
Khoekhoe Kalahari Khoe
Nama-Damara Haiǁom
Güldemann 2014: 26
Himba & Herero:
linguistically and culturally closely related Bantu pastoralists
Hai||om (o)
Nama (⊠)
Pickrell et al. 2012
KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU”
Damara (✹)
mtDNA composition
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Hai||om Nama DamaraL0d/L0k other
Barbieri et al. 2014
Y-chromosome composition
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Hai||om Nama DamaraA/B2b other
Barbieri et al. in prep
Autosomal ancestry composition
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Hai||om Nama Damara"Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"
Pickrell et al. 2012
East African links (Y-chromosome and autosomes)
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
Hai||om Nama DamaraY-chrom E1b1b LP -14010C
Barbieri et al. in prep, Macholdt et al. 2014
Nama
• no genetic differences between subgroups (Topnaar or others)
• up to 30% European gene flow in paternal line ~140 years BP
• clear links to East Africa • female-biased intermarriage with indigenous
populations, close relationship to Haiǁom
Damara
• genetically very different from other “Khoisan” populations
• ~75% clearly Bantu-associated Y-chromosome haplogroups, some European admixture in paternal line
• striking relationship with Himba and Herero probably Damara maternal admixture into Himba and Herero
Pickrell et al. 2012
KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU” DAMARA
HIMBA & HERERO
MDS based on mtDNA sequences
Barbieri et al. 2014stress = 0.08
High frequency of shared mtDNA haplogroup
green = Damarared = Hereroorange = Himba
Barbieri et al. 2014b
MDS based on Y-chromosomal sequences
(stress = 0.08)
KX’A
JU ǂ’Amkoe
North(Angolan !Xuun)
North-Central(N. Namibian !Xuun)
Central(Grootfontein!Xuun)
Ju|’hoan(North, South)
Güldemann 2014: 26
Hai||om (o)
Pickrell et al. 2012
KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU”
!Xuun (△)
Ju|’hoan
!Xuun
Barbieri et al. 2014, in prep.; Pickrell et al. 2012
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
mtDNA Y-chrom autosomes"Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"
!Xuun
• closely related to linguistically related Ju|’hoan• but some difference due to admixture (mainly
in paternal line)• 24% Y-chromosome lineages of clear Bantu
origin