84

maia sigua

es aris scena ramdenime wlis win gadaRebuli morigi sentimentaluri melodramidan, ro-melsac gamosvlis dRidan milionobiT axalgazrda mayurebeli hyavda. mocartis musika fil-mis avtorebs SemTxveviT ar SeurCeviaT. es musika aerTianebs sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebs da maT Soris arian ara mxolod klasikuri musikis mcodne da moyvarulebi, aramed isini, vinc es musika sadRac SemTxveviT moismina, magaliTad, romelime filmSi, satelevizio reklamaSi, mo-biluris „ringtonad“ an, iqneb, koncertze... erTi sityviT – yvelgan.

mocarti, albaT, pirvelia im kompozitorTa Soris, romlis saxelsac imdeni legenda ax-lavs, rom zogjer realoba ifareba da saTuo xdeba, romlis cxovrebac da sikvdilic mravali Semoqmedis STagonebis wyarod qceula. misi saxelis irgvliv dRemde ar ileva sensaciebis moy-

manqanaSi orni sxedan. erTi – daxvewili, ganaTlebuli axalgazrdaa maRali sazogadoebi-dan, meore – sasacilo gogona, romelsac ucnaurad Cacma uyvars da universitetSi arasodes us-wavlia. isini koncertidan brundebian. pirvelisTvis es erT-erTi iseTi saRamoa, rogoric xSi-rad hqonia, meoresTvis aseTi ram cxovrebaSi pirvelad moxda. koncerti didi xania dasrulda, musikiT mogvrili STabeWdileba ki imdenad didia, rom Sin dabruneba arc erTs unda. musika, ro-melic iq Sesrulda, mocartisaa.

musika

volfgang amadeus

mocarti legendebs miRma

„adamianTa modgmis gamo sasowarkveTas ver mivecemiT, Tu gavixsenebT, rom mocartic adamiani iyo~.

albert ainStaini

magram yvela pikanturi detali, intriga da legenda fermkrTaldeba da daviwyebas eZleva, roca mocartis musika ismis. Tu gverds avuvliT mis yvelaze cnobil Sedev-rebs, 600-ze meti nawarmoebidan romelimes, SedarebiT naklebad cnobils movusmenT da mocartis Tanamedrove cnobil kompozi-torTa musikas SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom isi-ni TiTqos Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs. wamiT SeiZleba gaCndes eWvi – iqneb sxvebisgan mar-Tlac ar gamoirCeva da usamarTlod da ga-daWarbebiT aris gandidebuli, magram es eW-vi maleve gaqreba. rogorc ar unda hgavdes

varulTa jari, romlebic cdiloben samya-ros morigi axali „aRmoCenis“ Sesaxeb amcnon da imaSic ki Seitanon eWvi, namdvilad imsa-xurebda Tu ara mocarti geniosis wodebas.

msoflios uyvars vunderkindebi, aRta-cebiT Sescqeris maT, anebivrebs, aRmerTebs. magram dro gadis, vunderkindebi izrdebian da metwilad horizontidanac qrebian. sao-cari bavSvebi Cveulebriv mozrdilebad iq-cevian, xSirad – fsiqologiuri probleme-biT, radgan mdgomareobis aseTi mkveTri cvla rTuli gadasatania. Zalian cotaa vun-derkindi, vinc didobaSic gaiyola bavSvo-bis saocari SesaZleblobebi, da TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi, vinc bavSvobis miRwevebs ga-daaWarba da kacobriobis istoriaSi didi Semoqmedis saxeli daimkvidra. TiTqmis, radgan aseTia volfgang amadeus mocarti, romlis saswauli asakis zrdasTan erTad iz-rdeboda da dRemde cocxlobs.

saocari bavSvi

saocari bavSvi 1756 wlis 27 ianvars avst-riis qalaq zalcburgSi daibada. saxelad iohanes qrizostomus volfgang gotlibi daarqves. naTlobisas gotlibi misi berZnu-li sinonimiT – TeofilusiT Seicvala, rad-

sxvebs, rac ar unda naklebad cnobili nawar-moebi JRerdes, mocartis amocnoba rTuli mainc ar aris, Tqven mas, ubralod, igrZnobT ucnauri, eniT auwereli naTebiT, romelic yovelTvis axlavs. esaa, albaT, is, rasac RvTaebriv naperwkals, genias uwodeben. „Se-uZlebelia aixsnas iseTi fenomeni, rogoric mocartia“, – dawera iohan volfgang fon goeTem, Tavad geniosma, romelic mudam swo-red fenomenTa axsnas cdilobda.

Salzburg

iohan volfgang fon goeTe(1749-1832)

iohanes qrizostomusi, igive ioane oqropiria (qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi didi mama) – mo-carti im dRes daibada, roca ioane oqropiris konstantinopolSi gadasveneba aRiniSneba.

85

volfgang amadeus mocarti

mama, leopold mocarti, Tavis drois sakmaod cnobili musikis maswavlebeli iyo da Tan zalcburgis arqiepiskoposTan mevi-olined muSaobda. mocartebis mravalric-xovani Svilebidan mxolod ori gadarCa – volfgangi da misi ufrosi da – maria-ana, romelsac nanerls eZaxdnen. orive bavSvi gansakuTrebuli musikaluri niWiT gamoir-Ceoda. amboben, rom nanerls zustad iseTive monacemebi hqonda, rogoric volfgangs; eW-vic arsebobs, rom mocartis zogierTi na-warmoebi sinamdvileSi nanerlis dawerilia. Tumca misi musikaluri cxovreba bavSvobas-Tan erTad mxolod imitom dasrulda, rom gogona iyo.

gan ase erqva mis naTlias, pergmaiers. berZ-nuli Teofilusis nacvlad, pergmaieri met-wilad sakuTari saxelis laTinizebul ver-sias – amadeuss iyenebda. aqedan SemorCa mo-cartis ramdenime saxelidan yvelaze cnobi-li: amade, amadei, amadeo an amadeusi – po-ligloti mocarti maT saWiroebisda mixed-viT iyenebda xolme.

ganaTlebas Svilebs mama aZlevda. gamoc-dili pedagogi maleve mixvda, ra saocar niW-Tan hqonda saqme, amitom sakuTar Tavze ai-Ro ara marto bavSvebis swavleba, aramed pa-tara volfgangis karieris dagegmvac. ad-reuli asakidanve biWi araerT instrument-ze ukravda virtuozulad, mReroda da imp-rovizirebda. sakuTari damokidebuleba

mocartis bavSvoba

hqonda sxvadasxva tipis musikis da sxvadasx-va instrumentis mimarT. magaliTad, cnobi-lia, rom sayviris xmis gagonebisas fers kar-gavda da panikis Seteva emarTeboda, sakmao xani dasWirda mis tembrTan Sesagueblad. pirveli nawarmoebi man xuTi wlis asakSi da-wera.

leopold mocarti SvilebTan erTad

leopold mocarti (1719-1787)

86

musika

maria-ana mocarti (1751-1829)

aq ukve SegviZlia naTeli movfinoT pir-vel legendas. roca vsaubrobT virtuozul Sesrulebaze, ar unda warmovidginoT pata-ra biWuna, romelic ise ukravs, rogorc dRevandeli cnobili pianistebi. es ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom mocartis Semdeg virtuozobis cneba ukideganod ga-farTovda da meorec, instruments, romel-zec mocarti ukravda da dRes mis saxl-mu-zeumSi, zalcburgSia daculi, klaviSebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba hqonda, vid-re Tanamedrove roials aqvs. patara mocar-ti namdvilad iyo saocari virtuozi, oR-ond – XVIII saukunis standartebiT. xolo rac Seexeba mis improvizaciis unars, misive datovebuli nawarmoebebiT Tu vimsjelebT, nebismier droSi Znelad Tu gautoldeba vinme.

eqvsi wlis roca gaxda amadeusi, mama mo-cartma seriozulad mohkida xeli Svilebis ganaTlebas da momaval karieras. daiwyo di-di, damqancveli turneebi, romlebic wlo-biT grZeldeboda da imdroindeli evropis TiTqmis yvela qveynis umniSvnelovanes qa-laqs moicavda. ase rom, volfgangma da na-nerlma bavSvoba umetesad etlSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, sxvadasxva sce-naze dakvraSi gaatares. isini ukravdnen um-aRlesi evropuli aristokratiis, mefeebis, imperatorebis, maTi ojaxebis, sxvadasxva erovnebis inteleqtualebis, moazrovnee-bis, musikosebis winaSe. jer kidev am gamosv-lebisas daiwyo mocartis legenda – misi Se-uzRudavi SesaZleblobebi mis „amqveyniu-robas“ seriozul eWvqveS ayenebda. mayure-beli nair-nair triuks igonebda mis gamo-sacdelad, darbazidan karnaxobdnen Temebs, romlebzec biWuna iqve asrulebda improvi-zaciebs.

es ar yofila raime metismetad rTuli, seriozuli da arabavSvuri. es aris lamazi, miamiti, swored bavSvuri musika. bolo ga-mokvlevebiT, mocartis pirveli nawarmoe-bia andante do maJorSi, magram didixans am-ad miCneuli iyo patara, advili, lamazi, Tumca profesionalurad srulyofili me-nueti sol maJorSi. mas xSirad ukraven bav-Svebi swored im asakSi, ra asakSic iyo avto-ri misi dawerisas.

amgvari mogzaurobebis gamo da-Zma mo-cartebi dros umetesad gzaSi an ufroseb-Tan urTierTobaSi atarebdnen. TiTqmis arasodes uTamaSiaT bavSvebTan da es Tavise-burad aisaxa patara volfgangis ideebzec. Semonaxulia ori saintereso cnoba: naner-lis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, volfgangma ga-moigona warmosaxviTi „zurgis samefo“, ro-

mocartis saxl-muzeumi zalcburgSi

87

volfgang amadeus mocarti

meore mxriv, aseTi mogzaurobebisas pa-tara mocartma, rogorc musikosma, didi da seriozuli gamocdileba miiRo. londonSi yofnisas gaicno iohan sebastian baxis Svi-li, iohan qristiani, romelic musikaluri klasicizmis saTaveeebTan mdgar erT-erT umniSvnelovanes figuradaa miCneuli. iqve, 8 wlis asakSi, dawera Tavisi pirveli simfo-niac. mogvianebiT, mocarti Tavad gaxda mu-sikaluri klasicizmis, e.w. venis klasiciz-mis, mTavari warmomadgeneli iozef haidn-Tan da ludvig van beThovenTan erTad da simfoniis Janris CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana.

melsac orive marTavda. samefo mxolod bav-SvebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da Tavisi saidum-lo enac hqonda. aq mcxovrebi yvela bavSvi bednieri iyo da imas akeTebda, rac surda, ufrosebs ki iq araferi esaqmebodaT. sxva wyaroebi ki gadmogvcemen, rom adreul asakSi kompoziciaSi didi miRwevebis miuxe-davad, mocarts surda misi pirveli opera, romelsac dawerda, aucileblad zalcbur-gSi dadgmuliyo da masSi monawileoba mxo-lod mis tol bavSvebs da mozardebs mieRoT.

88

nanerli volgfangis pirvel simfoniaze muSaobas ase igonebda: „londonSi, sadac ma-ma Zalian avad gaxda, fortepianosTan mika-reba gvekrZaleboda. amitom TavSesaqcevad, [volfgangma] gadawyvita, simfonia daewera yvela instrumentisTvis, sayvirisa da tim-panebisTvisac, me ki unda gadamewera. roca werda da me asls vakeTebdi, miTxra: Semaxse-ne, valtornebsac mivce rame dasakravado~.

dRes miCneulia, rom 13-15 wlis mocar-tis musikaluri codna da gamocdileba nam-dvili eqspertisas utoldeboda. is ukve iyo araerTi didi nawarmoebis, maT Soris, saope-ros, avtori. am JanrSi 14 wlisam moipova Ta-visi erT-erTi udidesi gamarjveba:

oriode wlis Semdeg, bavSvobis dasru-lebasTan erTad, dasrulda xangrZlivi mog-zaurobebis periodic, romelmac mocarte-bis ojaxi, yvelaferTan erTad, finansura-dac moaZliera. isini qalaqis centrSi, e.w. „tancmaisteris saxlSi“ gadasaxldnen. ase rom, zalcburgSi Tu moxvdebiT, mocartis ori saxl-muzeumis monaxulebas SeZlebT.

saqme isaa, rom XVIII saukunis evropul musikalur cxovrebaSi erTpirovnulad ba-tonobdnen musikosebi operis samSoblo-dan – italiidan. italieli da musikosi, faq-tobrivad, sinonimebi gaxda, xolo italiel-ma musikosebma sakmaod Seaviwroves sxva ev-ropeli kolegebi umniSvnelovanes musika-lur Tanamdebobebze. ise, rom Tu romelime mefes, princs an aristokrats Tavis karze mTavari musikosi – kapelmaisteri sWirde-boda, Tundac saSualod niWier italiels bevrad meti Sansi hqonda, vidre Zalian niWi-er adgilobrivs. da am dros milanSi iwereba da idgmeba avstrieli Tineijeris opera „miTridate, pontos mefe“. warmateba imde-nad didia, rom 14 wlis avtori romis papis „oqros dezebis“ ordenis kavaleri da bo-loniis filarmoniuli akademiis wevri xde-ba.

iohan sebastian baxi (1685-1750)

iohan qristian baxi(1735-1782)

musika

iozef haidni(1732-1809)

ludvig van beThoveni(1770-1827)

brwyinvale ganaTlebis, uzarmazari ga-mocdilebisa da genialuri monacemebis Ser-wymam ganapiroba, rom 17-18 wlis asakidan mo-cartis nawarmoebebi ara marto yovelmxriv srulyofili iyo, aramed damkvidrebul standartebs scdeboda kidec. magram cxov-reba ise aRar anebivrebda, rogorc bavSvo-baSi. provinciuli zalcburgi mocarts ver sTavazobda misi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis samsaxurs. amasTan, 21 wlisas 18 wlis momRe-rali aloizia veberi Seuyvarda. sabolood, gogonam mas ar TanaugrZno. mocarti pariz-Si gaemgzavra imediT, rom karg samsaxurs ip-ovida – mas xom yvelgan icnobdnen, maT So-ris, evropis kulturul dedaqalaqSic, da Semdeg, ojaxTan erTad, sacxovrebladac ga-davidoda. kargad icoda ra iqauri msmene-lis gemovneba, dawera Tavisi cnobili „pari-zuli“ simfonia. magram parizma mocarts kargi veraferi SesTavaza, piriqiT, simfoni-is warmatebis miuxedavad, misTvis ver gamoi-naxa iseTi samsaxuri, rogorsac, Tavadve ic-oda, rom imsaxurebda. danazogi gamoilia da am dros didi ubedureba daatyda Tavs – am-qveynad yvelaze Zvirfasi adamiani – deda gardaecvala. mocartma sikvdilze daiwyo fiqri. mis musikaSi gamoCnda axali, muqi tonebi da ferebi, dramatuli, qromatuli JReradobebi. sastik cxovrebas SeeCexa. gai-zarda.

Tavisufali, Cveulebrivi, genia-luri, legendaruli

Sesaferisi samsaxuri arc italiaSi aR-moCnda da sabolood, mocarts mosawyen zalcburgSi mouxda dabruneba.

mSobliuri qalaqi eviwroeboda. sul cota xnis win sruliad evropis musikaluri saocreba axla patara qalaqis arqiepisko-posis karis musikosi gaxda da 23 wlisas kvlav mama akontrolebda. axali arqiepis-koposi, ieronimus koloredo, metismetad mkacri saeklesio wesebis mimdevari gamod-ga, yvelasgan morCilebas moiTxovda, saero musika saerTod ar ainteresebda da ar api-rebda, mis samsaxurSi myofi ori musikosi didi xniT gaeSva samogzaurod. mamis survi-lisa da mcdelobebis miuxedavad, mocarti koloredos verafriT Seegua. guli brwyin-vale, musikaluri, ganaTlebuli da libera-luri venisken miuwevda. araerTi konfliq-turi situaciis Semdeg mocartma sabolo-od datova arqiepiskoposis kari, zalcbur-gi, mama; dedaqalaqis gzas daadga da erT-er-Ti pirveli Tavisufali kompozitori gax-da, dRes rom ̀ frilansers~ eZaxian. es ki imas niSnavda, rom mudmivad aravisTvis muSaob-da, Sesabamisad, arc mudmivi Semosavali hqonda. venaSi gadasvliT mocartma Tavis-ufleba moipova da sazrunavi moimata.

opera „miTridate, pontos mefe“

89

volfgang amadeus mocarti

aloizia veberi (1760-1839)

mocartis deda ana maria mocarti

(1720-1778)

amave periodSi, iziarebda ra Zmobisa da urTierTgagebis ideas, mocarti frimaso-nebs SeuerTda. im periodSi frimasonoba ar miiCneoda raRac mistikur, sazarel, gama-nadgurebel fenomenad, rogorc dRes bevri miiCnevs saqarTveloSi. es sakmaod Ria, met-wilad kulturul-saganmanaTleblo daj-gufebas ufro hgavda, vidre raime saidum-lo religiur gaerTianebas. daaxloebiT, mecnierebaTa akademiasaviT an literatu-ruli, musikaluri, Teatraluri wresaviT iyo, sadac imdroindeli venis saukeTeso in-teleqtualebi iyridnen Tavs.

iq bednieri iyo. vena msoflioSi sauke-Teso adgilad miaCnda. maleve gaiCina megob-rebi, dauaxlovda musikaluri wreebis war-momadgenlebs, maT Soris – kvartetebisa da simfoniebis mamad wodebul iozef haidns. ramdenime TveSi imperatoris keTilganwyo-bis mosapoveblad dawera Tavisi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebi – zingSpili „serali-dan gataceba“.

venaSi mocarts mfarveli ar hyolia. ab-soluturad yvela musikalur Tu yofiT saqmes TviTon agvarebda imediT, rom erT dResac moipovebda im didebas, popularo-bas da simdidres, romelsac, Rrmad iyo dar-wmunebuli, imsaxurebda. kompozitorobas-Tan da SemsruleblobasTan erTad, sakuTa-ri Tavis prodiuseric unda yofiliyo da pi-ar-menejeric. rTulad warmosadgenia misi

cxovrebis saqmiani, metismetad amqveyniuri, materialisturi mxare, magram ubrwyinva-lesi musikaluri ideebis patrons da av-tors sxva gza ar hqonda. sxvanairad es idee-bi ver gacocxldeboda, xolo maTi gacocx-leba avtorisTvisve iyo mniSvnelovani. ase, umetesad pragmatuli miznebiT iwereboda absoluturi Sedevrebi, romlebic msmenels dRemde ajadoebs. ase daiwera misi araamq-veyniurad mSvenieri safortepiano koncer-tebi (gansakuTrebiT, N21, N2NN 3), simfoniebi, operebi...

ieronimus koloredo (1732-1812) da axalgazrda mocarti

90

musika

mocarti da frimasonebi

konstance veberi(1762-1842)

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba kargad gaTvlili qorwineba iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase fiqrobda mama mocarti. magram Svilma siyvaruliT daqor-wineba amjobina. 26 wlis asakSi aloizia vebe-ris umcrosi da, aseve momRerali konstance veberi SeirTo colad da mamis risxva daim-saxura. wyvili zalcburgSic ki Cavida leo-poldis gulis mosalbobad, magram amaod. amis Semdeg volfgangi mSobliur qalaqSi aRarasdros dabrunebula.

venaSi araerTi adgilia, sadac mocarti sxvadasxva dros cxovrobda, magram yvelaze cnobili maT Soris aris „figarohausi“ – „figaros saxli“. aq kompozitorma Tavisi Semoqmedebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawar-moebebi Seqmna. aq modioda venis klasiciz-mis uxucesi warmomadgeneli, „simfoniebisa da kvartetebis mama“ iozef haidni, aq estum-ra misi udidesi Tayvanismcemeli, venis kla-sicizmis bolo, mesame, giganti – sruliad axalgazrda ludvig van beThoveni. gadmo-cemebis mixedviT, mocarti da beThoveni pi-rispir ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs, pirvelma meoris dakvras sxva oTaxidan usmina da Tqva, rom es axalgazrda kaci male mTel sam-yaros aalaparakebda. mocartisgan, romel-mac yvelaze kargad icoda sakuTari niWis fasi da masStabi da arasodes gamoirCeoda TavmdablobiTa da mokrZalebiT, es, SesaZ-loa, udidesi komplimenti iyo, romelic ko-legis mimarT gamouTqvams. swored ise, ro-gorc didma haidnma erTxel uTxra leo-

pold mocarts: RvTis winaSe, patiosani ka-cis sityvas gaZlevT, Tqveni Svili yvelaze didi kompozitoria maT Soris, visac pira-dad vicnob an viszec msmeniao.

haidni, mocarti, beThoveni – es sameuli XVIII saukunis musikis umTavres stils da mi-marTulebas gansazRvravs. klasicizmma mu-sikaSi instrumentuli musikis mTavari formebis: simfoniis, instrumentuli kon-

91

volfgang amadeus mocarti

„figaros qorwin

eba“ – libreto

opera `don jovani~

certis, simebiani kvartetis, sonatis Janre-bis da maTi Taviseburebebis saboloo dad-gena da Camoyalibeba SeZlo. am sameulSi mo-carti yvelaze klasikuri klasicistia. is, rac haidnma daiwyo, man srulyo, beThovenma ki axal safexurze gadaiyvana da pirveli na-bijebi gadadga axal mimdinareobaSi – ro-mantizmSi.

musikaluri klasicizmi sxva stilebs Soris gansakuTrebuli gawonasworebiT, logikurobiT, simetriulobiT, samyaro-sadmi metwilad harmoniuli damokidebule-biT gamoirCeva. masSi dabalansebulia subi-eqturi emociuroba da idealurad logi-kurad, gonivrulad agebuli formebi. ami-tomac uwodes XIX saukuneSi am stilsa da mimdinareobas klasicizmi – raRac idealu-ri, sanimuSo da misabaZi. Tumca, es venis kla-sicizmis Zalian zogadi daxasiaTebaa. kom-pozitorTa sameulidan TiToeuls uamravi individualuri maxasiaTebeli aqvs.

mocartis nawarmoebebSi idealurs miax-loebuli proporciuloba asimetriuli de-talebisgan Sedgeba, sinaTles wamSi Crdili cvlis da, piriqiT, mxne qmediTobas – gulSi-Camwvdomi lirika. mocarts miznad ar dausa-

im yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebebis didi nawili, romlebmac mocarti mocartad aq-cia, 1780-ian wlebSi „figarohausSi“ daiwe-ra. maT Soris iyo e.w. „italiuri trilogia“: operebi „figaros qorwineba“, „ase iqceva yvela qali“ da „don jovani“ – operaTa ope-ra, rogorc gustav malerma uwoda. dRes-dReobiT italielebs uyvarT mtkiceba, rom es sami Sedevri bevrs dakargavda, mocarts italieli libretisti – lorenco da ponte rom ar hyoloda. ar vici, ramdenad bevrs da-kargavda mocartis musika, magram am mtkice-baSi simarTlis wili namdvilad aris. da pon-te mocartisTvis brwyinvale partniori ga-

modga. am operebis cocxal, namdvil, mravalmxriv personaJebs ukve Zali-

xavs raimes reformireba, Zvel tradiciebs mSvenivrad egueboda da mainc, uamravi siax-le danerga, romelmac tradiciuli sruli-ad aratradiciulad, unikaluri gziT war-moaCina. misi SemoqmedebiTi individualobi-sa da gansxvavebuli talantis Sedegad war-moqmnili es Tavisebureba mocartiviT srulyofilad sxva arc erT kompozitors ar axasiaTebs.

kostiumebis eskizebioperisTvis

„ase iqceva yvela qali“

92

musika

lorenco da ponte (1749-1838)

joakino rosini (1792-1868)

antonio salieri(1750-1825)

praRis Teatri

volfgang amadeus mocarti

93

an cota aqvT saerTo wina periodebis seriozuli operebis odnav „brtyel“ xasiaTebTan. aq naC-venebia adamianebi yvela nakliT da RirsebiT. mocartma da Semdeg rosinim aqcies personaJi fi-garo moxerxebuli, maxvilgonieri tipis sinonimad, romelic yovelTvis poulobs gamosavals; da, albaT, ar gavazviadebT, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom ara didma servantesma an molierma, ara bairon-ma, aramed swored mocartma aqcia uzneo, garyvnili meqalTane don xuani/don Juani udidesi simpaTiis gamomwvev personaJad, miuxedavad (da pontes mier libretoSi daundoblad warmoCe-nili) misi naklovanebebisa. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli sami opera mocarts praRis Teatrma SeukveTa, iqve Tavad idiriJora mocartma maTi warmatebuli premierebi. dRes praRis Teatri erTaderTi gadarCenili Senobaa, sadac mocarts fexi daudgams, Tavisi nawarmoebebi Se-usrulebia da romelmac drosa da omebs gauZlo.

venaSi cxovreba mwvervalisken triumfalur svlas ar hgavda – dabrkolebebiT, aRmarT-daRmarTebiT iyo savse. xSirad, garemoebebTan erTad, es arastabiluroba mocartis xasiaTi-Tac iyo gamowveuli da ojaxuri mdgomareobiTac. bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad, man ver moipo-va imperatoris karze sanatreli Tanamdeboba, is „gadamTiel“ italiels, Zalian niWier da Sro-mismoyvare, magram ara genios kompozitors – antonio salieris ekava. es swored is salieria, romelsac gangebam dascina da sayovelTaod cnobili ara Tavisi musikiT, aramed mocartis mo-wamvlis legendiT gaxda: erT-erTi yvelaze Savbneli da usamarTlo legendiT, radgan kvleve-

biT TiTqmis asi procentiT dasturdeba, rom araviTari mowamvla ar yofila, moaruli Worebidan erT-erTi ki le-

gendad momdevno saukuneebSi aqcies sensa-ciebis moyvarulma presam, aleqsandr

puSkinma, piter Seferma da miloS formanma Tavisi oskarosani

„amadeusiT“.

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antonio salierim Tavisi maRali posti mZime, Tavdauzogavi SromiT moipova da misi fasi kargad icoda. amitom niWier axalgazrdebs, visac ar SeeZloT musikis gakveTilebis safasuris gadaxda, salieri ufasod amecadinebda. aseT moswavleebs Soris iyvnen ludvig van beThoveni, franc Suberti da mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg – mocartis Svilic, romelzec salierim ganacxa-da, momavalSi es biWuna Tavis genialur mamas gautoldebao.

scena operidan `jadosnuri fleita~,Teatri la skala

mocartis Sesaxeb legendebis umetesoba mis sikvdilzea. mowamvlasTan erTad sxva aTobiT mizezi saxeldeba, misi sicocxlis ase adre Sewyvetis asaxsnelad. esaa masonebis SurisZieba (radgan miiCneva, rom „jadosnur fleitaSi“ mocartma masonebis saidumlo ritualebi scenaze gamoitana), eWviani qmrisa (romlis colTanac TiTqos mocarts sasiyvarulo urTierToba akav-Sirebda) Tu gabrazebuli damkveTis SurisZieba da sxva uamravi fantastikuri Tu realobasTan miaxloebuli versia. eqimebsac aqvT sakuTari varaudebi da samedicino naSromebic ki – isini mocartis sxvadasxva avadmyofobis SesaZlo simptomebs misi portretebis mixedviT da werilo-biT dokumentebze dayrdnobiT ikvleven. yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, mocartis sikv-dilis mizezi iyo mwvave edema, romelic streptokokurma infeqciam gamoiwvia. oRond, es roman-tikosebisTvis metismetad prozauli da mosawyeni mizezia araamqveyniuri geniosis udroo aR-sasrulis asaxsnelad. Tanac es diagnozic, sxvaTa msgavsad, jerjerobiT mxolod varaudia, radgan jerac daudgenelia, namdvilad miagnes Tu ara mocartis saflavs. misi naTesavebis saf-lavebis xelSeuxebloba didi xania darRveulia da amitom zalcburgis mocarteumSi, wminda markozis sasaflaoze daculi mocartis savaraudo Tavis qalis dnm-is analiziT SeuZlebelia utyuari monacemebis miReba.

venaSi mocarts ori pirobiTi saflavi aqvs. pirveli, rogorc aRvniSneT, wminda markozis (sent-marqsis) SedarebiT momcro sasaflaozea, sadac kompozitori 1791 wlis dekemberSi dakr-Zales. saflavSi, mis garda, kidev xuTi ucnobi ganisvenebda. saflavis zusti adgilmdebareoba dRemde ucnobia, savaraudo adgilas ki dgas monumenti, romelic gamosaxavs gadatexil svets mgloviare, Tavdaxrili angelozebiT. meore pirobiTi saflavi – monumenti qalis mwuxare fi-guriT, romelsac xelSi „rekviemis“ gragnili uWiravs, venis centralur sasaflaozea da erTg-var samkuTxeds qmnis beThovenisa da Subertis saflavebTan erTad.

musika

„ra saWiroa mTeli es kvleva-Zieba?“ – Facebook-is erT-erT fan-jgufSi aseTi komentaric da-wera mocartis musikis moyvarulma: „Cven gvaqvs umTavresi, rac mocartma datova – misi musika. danarCeni – ubralod xmauria“.

ratom mocarti?

legendebi mocartis sikvdilze, maT Soris imaze, gonebis dakargvamde rogor Ri-Rinebda da iwerda dasartyamebis partias misi ukanaskneli Sedevris – „rekviemis“ yve-

laze Tavzardamcemad tragikuli nomridan Lacrimosa („Tvalcremliani“), konstance mo-cartis gavrcelebulia. volfgangis gardacvalebidan maleve konstance colad gahyva da-

niel diplomat georg nikolaus fon nisens da ukarnaxa mogonebebi, romlis mixedviTac am ukanasknelma mocartis uTvalavTagan erT-erTi pirveli biografiuli naSromi dawera. droTa

ganmavlobaSi mecnierebma daadgines, rom am naSromSi moyvanili faqtebis arcTu mcire raode-noba konstancem sagangebod gaayalba, raTa kompozitoris biografiisaTvis ufro meti iduma-leba da mimzidveloba, sakuTari salarosTvis ki meti Semosavali Seematebina. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos konstance mocart-nisenis is didi Sromac, rac man Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis man-Zilze mocartis saxelisa da Semoqmedebis popularizaciisTvis gaswia.

ra dawera? rogor dawera?

kidev erTi saintereso Temaa mocartis nawarmoebebis raodenoba da maT Seqm-naze daxarjuli dro. arsebobs mosazreba, rom am moculobis SemoqmedebiT memk-vidreobaze ara muSaobisa da Seqmnis, aramed mxolod gadawerisTvis adamianis normaluri cxovrebis 70 weli mainc aris saWiro. arada, mocarti 35 wlis asakSi gardaicvala da 600-ze meti nawarmoebi datova. daaxloebiTi suraTis Sesaqm-nelad warmovidginoT, rom mocartma dawera:

dRes arsebuli monacemebiT, 22 opera, rogorc seriozuli, dramatuli opera-seriebi, ise mxiaruli, sasacilo opera-bufebi italiur enaze, komi-kuri operis germanuli nairsaxeoba – zingSpilebi. TiToeuli maTganis

xangrZlivoba 30 wuTidan 2.5 saaTamde meryeobs.

50-ze meti simfonia. maT Soris danomrilia 41, xolo danarCenebi cnobilia, rogorc „simfoniuri nawarmoebebi“ nomris gareSe. garda amisa, arse-bobs ramdenime nawarmoebi, romelTa avtori rom mocartia, bolomde dadgenili ar aris. TiToeu-li simfoniis daaxloebiT xangrZlivobad 20-35 wuTi SegviZlia aviRoT.

27 safortepiano koncerti (msxvili samnawiliani cikli solo fortepiano-

sa da orkestrisaTvis), aseve kon-certebi sxvadasxva instrumen-

tisTvis. xangrZlivoba – igi-ve, rac simfoniebis.

miiCneva, rom mocarti universaluri kompozitoria. es ras niSnavs? imas, rom Tavis dros ar-sebul yvela JanrSi Sedevrebi aqvs dawerili da imas, rom mis musikas siamovnebiT usmens dedami-wis nebismier wertilSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva asakisa da gemovnebis adamianTa didi nawili, maT Soris, iseTebic, romelTac klasikur musikaze warmodgena ara aqvT da arasodes mousmeniaT. arsebobs samecniero Teoria „mocartis efeqtze“, romelic amtkicebs, rom misi musika goneb-riv SesaZleblobebs aumjobesebs. imasac amboben, rom mocartis musikis mosmenis Semdeg Sesru-lebul IQ-testSi adamianebs ufro maRali maCveneblebi aqvT, vidre Cveulebriv pirobebSi Ses-rulebisas. am Teorias mravali momxre hyavs da romc ar hyavdes, es musika ubralod aravis to-vebs gulgrils, miuxedavad asakisa, erovnebisa, kanis ferisa, ganaTlebisa da gemovnebisa.

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volfgang amadeus mocarti

amas mivumatoT divertismentebi (umete-sad sacekvao, gasarTobi saorkestro piese-bis cikli), mesebi (liturgiuli xasiaTis da daniSnulebis cikluri nawarmoebebi), mesa-brevisebi (mokle mesebi) da uamravi sxvada-sxva sasuliero Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis nawarmoebi, genialuri „rekviemis“ nawili, simebiani kvartetebi, sxvadasxva Semadgen-lobis ansamblebi, kantatebi, sonatebi sxva-dasxva instrumentisTvis, solo sakoncer-to ariebi, gundebi, simRerebi – es arasruli siaa da am nawarmoebebis xangrZlivobac sxvadasxvaa.

SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, ra dro das-Wirdeboda am yvelafris Seqmnas, damuSave-bas, daxvewas da Caweras? amas davumatoT is-ic, rom mocarti TviTon iyo aqtiuri Sems-rulebeli da Tavisi nawarmoebebis premie-rebsac bavSvobidanve umetesad Tavadve di-riJorobda. es niSnavs, rom repeticiebze sakmao dros atarebda, sakmaod bevrs swav-lobda: kompozicias im droisTvis cnobil sxvadasxva maestrosTan eufleboda, bavS-vobidanve araerT instrumentze ukravda da gardatexis asakamde vokalSic mecadineob-da, mSobliuri germanulis garda, kidev sam enaze laparakobda da werda, kargad icnob-da literaturas da, rogorc amboben, sakma-od Zlieri iyo maTematikaSi. amas daumateT isic, rom mozrdil asakSi hyavda araerTi moswavle, cota dros ar xarjavda drosta-rebaSi, daxvewil restornebSi sadilobasa da biliardis TamaSSi. plus – xSiri mogzau-robebi erTi qveynidan meoreSi, yoveldRiu-ri cxovrebis rutina, werilebi, vizitebi, audienciebis lodini didkacebis mosacde-lebSi, wveulebebi... warmogidgeniaT, ra co-taa amisTvis 35 weli?

96

mecnierebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, ge-nialuri monacemebis garda, kompoziciis ra meTodebs flobda mocarti, rom amdeni mo-aswro. arsebobs legenda, rom is pirdapir TeTrad werda, Canawerebs da eskizebs ar ak-eTebda, magram am legendas safuZveli ar aqvs, radgan arsebobs mocartis eskizebis rveulebi, sadac sxvadasxva nawarmoebis mTavari musikaluri Temebi da motivebia Ca-mowerili. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom sa-idumlo cifrirebuli banis teqnikaSia, rac niSnavs imas, rom kompozitori wers melodi-ur xazs, xolo TanxlebaSi uTiTebs harmoni-is ZiriTad tons – bans, akords ki Sesabamisi cifriT wers, romlis wakiTxvac musikalu-rad ganaTlebul nebismier adamians SeuZ-lia. cifri SesaZloa gadamwerma gaSifros an Semsrulebelma dakvrisas improvizacias mimarTos da miTiTebuli cifris qveS nagu-lisxmevi harmonia sul sxvadasxva gziT da-ukras. es teqnika barokos periodSi Zalian iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan maSin kompozi-torebi imavdroulad Semsrulebel-impro-vizatorebic iyvnen. improvizacias, anu na-warmoebis zepir, spontanur Seqmna-Sesru-lebas, barokos musikaSi uzarmazari adgili ekava. mocartic, bavSvobisa da Tineijero-bis wlebSi, roca saSemsruleblo turebiT mTel evropas wlobiT uvlida, Tavisi gamos-vlebis did dros umetesad swored improvi-zacias uTmobda.

mocartis xelnaweri `rekviemi~

musika

eniT auwereli musika

aqamde ar miTqvams yvelaze mTavari: Ta-vad musika – rogoria igi? ratom aris gasa-gebi da sasiamovno adamianTaTvis msoflios nebismier wertilSi?

musikis sityvebiT aRwera, zogadad, rTulia, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli. zustad Sesa-feris sityvebs verasodes poulob da yvela maTganze fiqrob, „ara, es is ar aris“. mocar-tis musikaze saubaric rTuli da SeuZlebe-lia. arsebuli stereotipebis mixedviT, ro-melTa damkvidrebasac didwilad miloS formanis film „amadeuss“ unda „vumadlo-deT“ – mocarti udardeli, Tavqariani eqs-centrikosi iyo da musikasac umetesad msu-buqs, naTels da mxiaruls werda. harmoniu-loba, sinaTle da maJori namdvilad bevria mocartTan, magram aranakleb mniSvnelova-nia misi meore mxare – Rrma sevda, gulis-gamgmiravi dramatizmi da tragizmi da am yvelafergamovlili ganwmenda, kaTarzisi da gasxivosneba. kompozitori minorul to-nalobebs xSirad ar mimarTavs, magram roca mimarTavs, samyaro TiTqos sunTqvas wyvets da Cerdeba. aseTia misi absoluturad genia-luri operis – „don jovanis“ uvertiuris dasawyisi an rekviemis Dies Irae („risxvis dRe“), roca smeniT „xedavT“ rogor dgeba Tmebi yalyze an rogor iyineba ZarRvebSi sisxli; an 23-e safortepiano koncertis me-ore nawili, sadac mSvidi, magram uRrmesi ka-eSniT savse Txrobaa, romlis Sinaarsic sav-sebiT gasagebia, magram sityvebiT verasodes moyvebiT; an yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili sol minoruli simfonia N40, romlis „Sinaa-rsic“ yvela Cvengans sakuTari gvaqvs, rad-gan mocarts masze araviTari miniSneba ar dautovebia, an moteti Ave Verum Corpus, Ta-visi ucnaurad sevdiani maJoriT, romelic, vfiqrobT, uzustesad asaxavs musikaSi im mdgomareobas, rasac berZeni filosofosi aristotele uwodebda kaTarsiss – uaryo-fiTi emociebisagan ganwmendas. mocartis sibnele arasodesaa ubralod erTi Savi fe-

ra moxdeba? – pirveli mosmenis efeqts gameoreba arasodes Seasustebs. piriqiT, yoveli Semdgomi mosmenisas efeqti gaZli-erdeba, sul ufro gasagebi da axlobeli da, amave dros, sul ufro Rrma da amoucnobi gaxdeba. da mixvdebiT: yvelaze mniSnvnelo-vani, rac misi xanmokle, saocari cxovrebi-dan darCa, musikaa – Cemi, Tqveni, yvelasi!

ris. is swored yvela arsebuli feris Tav-moyraa, riTac Savi feri iqmneba. da mocar-tis sinaTlec arasodesaa mzis sxivebiT mTlianad gakaSkaSebuli – iq yovelTvis ar-is Crdili. universaluri kidev amitoma- caa – ra ganwyobilebaze myofmac ar unda mo-usminoT, yovelTvis yvelaferze gipasu-xebT.

da mainc, es is ar aris.… Tavad unda gamos-cadoT.

kadrebi filmidan `amadeusi~

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volfgang amadeus mocarti