libro zaculeu com. y lenguaje 1er. sem

8/20/2019 Libro Zaculeu Com. y Lenguaje 1er. Sem

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2/341


3/341

>³ Dêsknf - Arupf SjnuhluWrk`lr sl`lstrl - KALT

Nf`uiknjnkþi

y Hliaujcl

;


4/341

Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ;Wrk`lr sl`lstrl

Tlslrvjbfs tfbfs hfs blrlnmfs. Zulbj rkaurfsj`litl prfmkdkbj hj rlprfbunnkþi tftjh f pjrnkjhbl lstl `jtlrkjh lbunjtkvf, pfr nujhquklr `lbkf f prfnlbk`klitf, ski hj jutfrkzjnkþi blh Kistktutf

Aujtl`jhtlnf bl Lbunjnkþi Tjbkfoþiknj, KALT. ^laói jrtànuhf 24 bl hj Nfistktunkþi Wfhàtknj blAujtl`jhj qul sl rlolrl j hj jutfràj.

© Kistktutf Aujtl`jhtlnf bl Lbunjnkþi Tjbkfoþiknj, KALT.Ls uij fdrj prfbunkbj pfr lh Blpjrtj`litf bl Tlbjnnkþi y Bkslúf, pjrj lh

Kistktutf Aujtl`jhtlnf bl Lbunjnkþi Tjbkfoþiknj, KALT.

:: jvlikbj :=-2


5/341K

Àibknl

Àibknl ............................................................................................................................................................................................. K

¡Dklivlikbj y dklivlikbf! .................................................................................................................................................. :

^l`jij :Frjnkfils uik`l`drls .............................................................................................................................. :>

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

@kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... :2 Lh lsplcf bl Hkbj ^jh ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... :<Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ....................................................................................................................................................... :1Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Hjs hlylibjs, pjrtl bl iulstrj kblitkbjb ......................................................................... :=Lh `uibf blh hliaujcl

:. Frjnkfils uik`l`drls ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... :; :.: Kitlrclnnkfils ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 47 :.4 Frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 4: :.> Frjnkfils uik`l`drls nfi lh vlrdf mjdlr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 44@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 Hj tkhbl li hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 4>Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 ¶Zuë ls ui rlorêi6 .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 42Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 4<

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............... 47 Rfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb ................................................................................................................................................................ >:Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... >>Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Nf`lr y nlhldrjr .................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............... >2Lh `uibf blh hliaujcl

:. Frjnkfils nf`pulstjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... >< 4. Nhjsknjnkþi bl hj frjnkþi nf`pulstj .................................................................................................................. >? 4.: Frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. >? 4.4 Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. >1@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 Hj tkhbl li pjhjdrjs arjvls .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. >;Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 Oknmj bl nf`litjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 27Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 2:Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............... 2:Jutfnfitrfh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 24Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 22


6/341KKKALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

^l`jij >Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs ............................................................................................................................... 2<

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Akfnfibj Dlhhk ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 2?

Blsjyuif bl bf`kiaf ....................................................................................................................................................... 21

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 2;Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 ¡Jprfvlnml su tkl`pf hkdrl! ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...............

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ....................................................................................................................................................... ?<Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Bjr jitls bl qul ifs pkbji ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ??

Lh `uibf blh hliaujcl

:. Frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. ?1

4. Nhjsls bl frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ?=

4.: Frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs sustjitkvjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... ?=

4.4 Frjnkfils sudfrbkijs jbcltkvjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 17

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 \sf bl hj nf`j ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 1:

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 \sf blh tër`kif "bl qul" ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 14

Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 1>

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 1>Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 12

^l`jij <Frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs jbvlrdkjhls .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 11

Hj jvliturj bl hllr \IL^NF .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 1= Bàj Kitlrijnkfijh bl hj Hliauj @jtlrij .................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 1;


7/341KKKNf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ Àibknl

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =:Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Bkvlrskbjb bl kbkf`js li Aujtl`jhj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... =4


:. Frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs jbvlrdkjhls .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =>

:.: Nhjsls bl frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs jbvlrdkjhls ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ =2

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 \sf bl `jyósnuhjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =1

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 \sfs y ifr`js bl hfs jbvlrdkfs bl huajr .................... ..................... ..................... ....... ==Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =;

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =;

Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... ;7

^l`jij ?Lh pêrrjof .......................................................................................................................................................................... ;>

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Bkij Olriêiblz ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ;2

Wfr quë lsnrkdf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ;

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 ¶Nuêibf l`phljr ̀ kiósnuhj kiknkjh6 .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :72

Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :7<

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :7

Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Lh pjplh bl hj `uclr aujtl`jhtlnj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... ::2


:. Nhjsls bl pêrrjof ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ ::<

:.: Wêrrjof ijrrjtkvf3 Nfitjr mkstfrkjs .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ............ ::<

:.4 Wêrrjof blsnrkptkvf3 Wkitjr nfi pjhjdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ::?

:.> Wêrrjof lxpfsktkvf3 kiofr`jr y lxphknjr kbljs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... ::1

:.2 Wêrrjof jrau`litjtkvf3 Lxprlsjr fpkikfils ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... ::=

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 @jrnjbfrls blh bksnursf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ::;


8/341K_KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Ahfsjrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. :47Tlsu`li ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. :47Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... :4:Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :42

^l`jij =Tlpjsf3 sl`jijs : j 1 ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... :4<

¶Nþ`f slrê hj pruldj bl lvjhujnkþi6 .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... :4?Hj jvliturj bl hllr3 Hj rjbkf pjrj ikúfs, uij lsnulhj ski pjrlbls .................. ..................... ..................... ........... :41Dkfarjoàj3 @knmlh Blhfr`l ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :4=Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... :4;Lh `uibf blh hliaujcl Frjnkfils uik`l`drls ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :>: Frjnkfils nf`pulstjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :>> Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :>< Frjnkfils sudfrbkijbjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :>1 Frjnkþi sudfrbkijbj jbvlrdkjh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... :>; Lh pêrrjof .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... :2: Nhjsls bl pêrrjofs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ :2>@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj Tlahjs bl jnlitujnkþi y usf bl hj tkhbl .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. :2< \sf bl hj nf`j ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... :2? \sf bl `jyósnuhjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ :21 ¶Nuêibf l`phljr ̀ kiósnuhj kiknkjh6 ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... :2=Frklitjnkþi sfdrl hj pruldj pjrnkjh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... :


9/341_Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ Àibknl

^l`jij :7Hktlrjturj `lbklvjh ........................................................................................................................................... :?1

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Lh @kf Nkb nj`kif blh blstklrrf ...................................................................................................................................... :?=

Bfúj Rrumjij .................. ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :17

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :1:Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Wjhjdrjs pjrj lxprlsjr slitk`klitfs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... :14

Lh ùibf bl hj hktlrjturj

:. Hktlrjturj ̀ lbklvjh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :1>

:.: Njrjntlràstknjs bl hj hktlrjturj ̀ lbklvjh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... :1>

:.4 Rl`js bl hj hktlrjturj ̀ lbklvjh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :1>

:.> Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :12

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 \sf bl hj "v" ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... :1=

Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :1;

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :1;

Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... :=7Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................................................................................................................................................................. :=4

^l`jij ::Ijrrjtkvj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .......................................................................................... :=>

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Bfi Zukcftl y hfs `fhkifs bl vklitf ............................................................................................................................. :=2

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :=1

Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Hj j`kstjb y lh rlspltf ̀ utuf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ :==

Lh ùibf bl hj hktlrjturj :. Ijrrjtkvj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :=;

:.: Njrjntlràstknjs bl hj ijrrjtkvj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... :=;

:.4 Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :=;

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 Wjhjdrjs mf`þofijs nfi "d" y "v" .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... :;>

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 Lh rltrjtf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... :;2

Ahfsjrkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :;<

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :;<

Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... :;?

Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................................................................................................................................................................. :;=

^l`jij :4Wflsàj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .................................................................................................. :;;

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Wflsàj bl Ajrnkhjsf bl hj _laj y bl ^ji Cuji bl hj Nruz .................... ..................... ...................... ..................... 477

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 47>

Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Hj rkqulzj lstëtknj blh kbkf`j .................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ........... 472


10/341_KKALT ∔ Sjnuhlu


:. Wflsàj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 47< :.: Njrjntlràstknjs bl hj pflsàj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 47< :.4 Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 47<@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 Wjhjdrjs mf`þofijs nfi "n" y "s" .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 47;Wrjntkqul hfs rlnursfs hktlrjrkfs3 Lpàtltf, pfhksàibltfi y jsàibltfi .................... ..................... ..................... ... 4:7

Ahfsjrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 4::Tlsu`li ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 4::Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 4:4Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................................................................................................................................................................. 4:2

^l`jij :> Rljtrf blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 4:<

Hj jvliturj bl hllr Hj vkbj ls sulúf ................................................................................................................................................................... 4:? \i hlntfr l`plblrikbf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 4:1

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 4:;Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Rfbjs y tfbfs ijnl`fs hkdrls .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 447Lh `uibf bl hj hktlrjturj :. Rljtrf blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 44: :.: Njrjntlràstknjs blh tljtrf blh ^kahf bl Frf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 44: :.4 Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 44:@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj3 \sf nfrrlntf blh pjrëitlsks ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 44<Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 Oknmj bl hlnturj .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 44?Ahfsjrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 441Tlsu`li ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 441

Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 44=Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................................................................................................................................................................. 4>7

^l`jij :2 Rljtrf lurfplf blh skahf ]_KK .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 4>:

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Tf`lf y Cuhkltj ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4>4Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 4><Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Hj dlhhlzj bl hjs fdrjs nhêsknjs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 4>?Lh `uibf bl hj hktlrjturj

:. Rljtrf lurfplf blh skahf ]_KK ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 4>1 :.: Njrjntlràstknjs blh tljtrf lurfplf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4>1 :.4 Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 4>=Wrjntkqul hfs rlnursfs hktlrjrkfs3 Hj `ltêofrj y hj mkpërdfhl ................... ..................... ..................... .................. 42:Ahfsjrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 424Tlsu`li ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 424Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 42>

Wrjntkqul li hj rlb .................................................................................................................................................................. 42?


11/341_KKNf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ Àibknl

^l`jij :<Alilrjnkþi blh ;= y Alilrjnkþi blh 41 .................... ..................... ..................... .......... 421

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Jdrkh ofrlnàj .......................................................................................................................................................................... 42=

Tf`jinl sfiê`duhf .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

Hfs êrdfhls `ulrli bl pkl ................................................................................................................................................ 4?2

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 4?1

Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls3 Liorlitl`fs hjs bknuhtjbls .................................................................................................. 4?=


:. Rljtrf lspjúfh blh skahf ]] .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4?;

:.: Jutfrls y fdrjs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 417

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb3 Aukfi pjrj uij brj`jtkzjnkþi ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 41>

Tlsu`li .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 412

Jutfnfitrfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 41<

^l`jij :1Tlpjsf3 sl`jijs ; j :? ........................................................................................................................ 41;

¶Nþ`f slrê hj pruldj bl lvjhujnkþi6 .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 4=7

Hj jvliturj bl hllr3 Lsnrktf j `jif ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 4=:

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 4=>


Hktlrjturj arlnfhjtkij ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ....... 4=


12/341_KKKKALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Hktlrjturj ̀ lbklvjh ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4=1

Ijrrjtkvj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 4=;

Wflsàj blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 4;:

Rljtrf blh ^kahf bl Frf lspjúfh .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ........ 4;>

Rljtrf lurfplf blh skahf ]_KK .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 4;<

Alilrjnkþi blh ;= y Alilrjnkþi blh 41 .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... .............. 4;1

Rljtrf lspjúfh blh skahf ]] .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 4;;@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >7: Hj tkhbl bkjnràtknj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. >7: \sf bl hj hltrj "v" .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. >7: Wjhjdrjs mf`þofijs nfi "d" y "v" .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... >7: Wjhjdrjs mf`þofijs nfi "n" y "s" ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... >7: \sf nfrrlntf blh pjrëitlsks .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ >7:

\sf bl hj hltrjs "y" „ "hh" ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. >7:

Frklitjnkþi sfdrl hj pruldj pjrnkjh .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >74

Nhjvls ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. >7>

Dkdhkfarjoàj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. >41


13/341:Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ¡Dklivlikbj y dklivlikbf!

¡Dklivlikbj y dklivlikbf!

Lh nursf bl Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl blh arupf Sjnuhlu (tlrnlr arjbf blh nknhf dêsknf)

nf`phltj lh prfnlsf bl jprlibkzjcl bl hfs arjbfs jitlrkfrls (Zukrkauê y \tjthêi) y hl

prlpjrj pjrj blslivfhvlrsl bl ̀ lcfr ̀ jilrj li sus lstubkfs skauklitls. Rlil`fs trlkitj

y nujtrf sl`jijs pfr blhjitl pjrj nf`pjrtkr y blsjrrfhhjr hjs nf`pltlinkjs ̀ jrnjbjs pfr

lh Nurrànuhf Ijnkfijh Djsl (NID) y qul rlspfibli j lstj nf`pltlinkj suplrkfr3

Blsjrrfhhl hj mjdkhkbjb pjrj jrau`litjr, lxprlsjr l kitlrprltjr

plisj`klitfs, slitk`klitfs y mlnmfs, li su nfùiknjnkþi frjh

y lsnrktj, qul hl ojnkhktji rlhjnkfijrsl jblnujbj`litl nfi hjs

bl`ês plrsfijs.

Wlrf jitls bl litrjr jh bltjhhl bl hjs nf`pltlinkjs pjrj lstl nursf, lnml`fs uij `krjbjj hj pfrtjbj blh hkdrf. ¡Kiknkl`fs!

Hj k`jali bl hj pfrtjbj sl jsl`lcj j iulstrf phjiltj, hj Rklrrj. Iulstrf prfpþsktf ls

qul lstl hkdrf hl prfvlj bl tfbjs hjs mlrrj`klitjs, pjrj qul ustlb sl sklitj pjrtl bl lstl

ùibf qul sl mj bjbf li hhj`jr ùibf ahfdjh, qul njbj bàj ls `ês nlrnjif arjnkjs j

kitlrilt.

Lstl plqulúf uikvlrsf kinhuyl k`êalils qul mjnli

jhuskþi j hjs nf`pltlinkjs. ̂ fi kivktjnkfils j trjdjcjr

nfi iulstrjs mlrrj`klitjs bl nfùiknjnkþi.

Li hj pjrtl nlitrjh jpjrlnl ui hkdrf jdklr-

tf y uij phu`j qul rlprlslitji hj hktlrj-

turj, lh jrtl bl hj pjhjdrj. Li lstl nursf,

ifs jnlrnjrl`fs j hfs jutfrls y sus fdrjs

bl bkstkitjs ëpfnjs y huajrls.

Ftrj k`jali bkstkitkvj ls hj blh arupf bl

plrsfijs5 nfi lhhf qulrl`fs rlsjhtjr hj

k`pfrtjinkj bl hj plrsfij, blh arupf y bl

hj nfùikbjb pfrqul vkvk`fs li sfnklbjb

y ilnlsktj`fs nfùiknjrifs.


14/3414KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

¶Nþ`f jhnjizjrê lsj nf`pltlinkj nfùiknjtkvj6

Ifs liofnjrl`fs li slks nf`pltlinkjs lsplnànjs. Wjrj sjdlr sk hjs mj jhnjizjibf, lh Nurrànuhf

Ijnkfijh Djsl prfpfil kibknjbfrls bl hfarf. Lstfs kibknjbfrls f nrktlrkfs sfi nf`f ui tlr-

`þ`ltrf qul `kbl su blsl`plúf li njbj nf`pltlinkj. Krl`fs jvjizjibf pjsf j pjsf. _jyj

cêibfsl quë slnnkfils blh hkdrf mjnli pfskdhl qul ustlb blsjrrfhhl njbj nf`pltlinkj qulprlslitj`fs j nfitkiujnkþi.

Nf`pltlinkj bl arjbf Kibknjbfr bl hfarf ^lnnkþi blh hkdrf

:. \tkhkzj hfs jprlibkzjcls

prlvkfs nf`f ouibj-

`litf bl sus jrau`li-

tfs jh lxprlsjr kbljs y

l`fnkfils.

:.: Jphknj lh jutfjiêhksks y lh slitkbf

nràtknf jh nfùiknjr sus kbljs y

l`fnkfils.

:.4 \tkhkzj hj plrsujskþi jh pjrtknkpjr

li jntkvkbjbls bl bksnuskþi

arupjh.

:.> \tkhkzj jrau`litjnkþi jslrtkvj

y jblnujbj li hjs rlhjnkfils

bl lqukbjb bl aëilrf, ltikj y

sfnkjh.

Hj jvliturj

bl hllr

Nrlnklibf

li vjhfrls

4. \tkhkzj nþbkafs alstujhls

l knfifarênfs li

bkolrlitls lvlitfs

nfùiknjtkvfs.

4.: Kitlrprltj alstfs, jbl`jils y

ftrfs lhl`litfs bl hj nfùik-

njnkþi frjh.

4.4 Nf`pjrj hfs nþbkafs alstujhls l

knfifarênfs bl su nuhturj nfi

hfs bl ftrjs nuhturjs.

4.> \tkhkzj hj nfùiknjnkþi alstujh,

frjh, lsnrktj l knfifarênj li

jntkvkbjbls bl hj vkbj nftkbkjij.

Lxprëslsl

nfi nhjrkbjb

>. Hll, nfi slitkbf nràtknf,

tlxtfs ouinkfijhls

f hktlrjrkfs y l`ktl

cuknkfs djsêibfsl li sus

nrktlrkfs.

>.: Jphknj lstrjtlakjs nfaiktkvjs y

lstrjtlakjs `ltjnfaiktkvjs bl

nf`prliskþi hlntfrj.

>.4 Wrjntknj mjdkhkbjbls hlntfrjs qul

hl plr`ktl hllr nfi ukblz y lxjn-

tktub.>.> Lstjdhlnl hj bkolrlinkj litrl hfs

usfs kistru`litjh f hktlrjrkf blh

hliaujcl y su njpjnkbjb lxprlskvj.

Hj jvliturj

bl hllr

Lh ùibf bl

hj hktlrjturj


15/341>Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ¡Dklivlikbj y dklivlikbf!

Nf`pltlinkj bl arjbf Kibknjbfr bl hfarf ^lnnkþi blh hkdrf

2. Tlbjntj tlxtfs li hfs

qul lstêi prlslitls hj

jblnujnkþi, nfmlrlinkj

y nfmlskþi, bl jnulrbf

nfi hjs bkstkitjs kitli-

nkfils nfùiknjtkvjs y

slaói hjs ifr`js blh

kbkf`j.

2.: Tlbjntj pêrrjofs nfmlrlitls l mk-

hjbfs litrl sà, j pjrtkr bl uij kblj

prkinkpjh y nhêusuhjs bl lihjnl.

2.4 Jphknj ifr`js bl frtfarjoàj hktl-

rjh, puitujh, y jnlitujh prfpkjs

blh lspjúfh.

2.> Jphknj lh jiêhksks hkiaøàstknf dj-

sêibfsl li hjs njrjntlràstknjs sf-

nkjhls y nuhturjhls bl hjs bkvlrsjs

vjrkjitls bl su kbkf`j ̀ jtlrif y

bl ftrfs kbkf`js blh pjàs.

Lxprëslsl

nfi nhjrkbjb

@lcfrl su

frtfarjoàj

Lh ùibf

blh hliaujcl

Hj jvliturj

bl hllr


16/341


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21/341


22/341:7KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Hkdrf, nhjsl rjbkjh y nàrnuhf bl lstubkf

¡^u lqukpf bl trjdjcf!

Lh hkdrf, nfi slr uij dulij mlrrj`klitj, if hf ls tfbf. Wjrj qul ustlb jhnjinl lh ikvlh bl

nf`pltlinkj blsljbf, iulstrf skstl`j pfil j su bkspfsknkþi3 lh hkdrf, hj nhjsl rjbkjh y hj

kivktjnkþi j pjrtknkpjr li ui nàrnuhf bl lstubkf.

• Hj nhjsl rjbkjh tklil nf`f ouinkþi prkinkpjh

lxphknjr y ojnkhktjr hj nf`prliskþi bl hfs tl`js

trjtjbfs li lh hkdrf.

Wulbl lsnunmjr hj nhjsl rjbkjh li uij l`ksfrj

bl su hfnjhkbjb, blsnjrajrhjs li iulstrj pê-

akij www.kalr.lbu.at f jbqukrkrhjs li NB li hj

nffrbkijnkþi rlakfijh.

• Lh nàrnuhf bl lstubkf ls lh huajrpjrj nf`pjrtkr y jprliblr cuitfs.

Jprfvlnml lstfs rlnursfs y jpþylsl li plrsfijs bl su nf`uikbjb pjrj rlsfhvlr sus bubjs.

• Lh hkdrf nu`phl nujtrf ouinkfils3

j. Rlxtf, li lh qul linulitrj hj kiofr`jnkþi y lh

blsjrrfhhf bl hfs nfitlikbfs j lstubkjr.

d. Wkzjrrþi, pjrj qul burjitl hj nhjsl rjbkjh

sudrjyl kbljs k`pfrtjitls f rljhknl bkstkitjs

jntkvkbjbls.

n. Nujblrif bl trjdjcf, nfi lclrnknkfs pjrj prjn-

tknjr hf jprlibkbf.

b. Mlrrj`klitj bl jutflvjhujnkþi, nujibf rl-

sulhvl su jutfnfitrfh njbj sl`jij.


23/341::Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ¡Dklivlikbj y dklivlikbf!

Iulstrj `ltfbfhfaàj pjsf j pjsf

Wjrj ojnkhktjr su jprlibkzjcl y jprfvlnmjr `ês y `lcfr lh lstubkf njbj sl`jij, skaj lstfs

pjsfs. ¡If sl sjhtl ikiauif!

Hlj lh nfitlikbf bl hj sl`jij

Hllr lh nfitlikbf ifs plr`ktl tlilr uij kblj alilrjh blh tl`j3 quë sj-

dl`fs, nfi quë hf rlhjnkfij`fs, ltn. Lstl prk`lr nfitjntf tj`dkëi ifs

mjrê njlr li hj nulitj blh lsoulrzf j rljhkzjr pjrj jprliblr hf iulvf y ifs

pfibrê ‘li fibj‐ pjrj hj nhjsl rjbkjh.

:

Lsnunml hj nhjsl rjbkjhNfi hfs < slitkbfs

Hj nhjsl rjbkjh ls iulstrj `jlstrj. Bl jmà qul lh prfarj`j sl hhj`l "Lh

@jlstrf li Njsj". Hjs `jlstrjs y `jlstrfs hfnutfrls lxphknji lh nfitlik-

bf, prfpfili lclrnknkfs y ftrfs lcl`phfs pjrj j`phkjr lh tl`j.

4

Blspuës bl hj nhjsl rjbkjh, su trjdjcf plrsfijh Lstubkf y jutfnfitrfh

Okijhkzjbj hj nhjsl rjbkjh ls lh `f`litf bl su trjdjcf plrsfijh. Bkstrkduyj

su tkl`pf3 ls `lcfr ui pfnf njbj bàj, qul tfbf hj vàsplrj.

>

Nfisuhtl sus bubjs\i lstubkjitl kitlhkalitl sjdl nuêibf plbkr jyubj

Nfisuhtl hfs tl`js qul if hl mji qulbjbf nhjrfs li ftrfs hkdrfs, li kitlr-

ilt, nfi oj`khkjrls f j`kafs. ^laurf qul linfitrjrê plrsfijs bkspulstjs

j jyubjrhl.

2

Wjrtknkpl li ui nàrnuhf bl lstubkf

Jprliblr cuitfsWþiajsl bl jnulrbf nfi ftrfs lstubkjitls y frajiknli ui nàrnuhf bl lstu-

bkf. ^fhknktli hj jyubj bl jhauij plrsfij vfhuitjrkj bl hj nf`uikbjb. Lsf

hls jyubjrê j rlsfhvlr bubjs y rlofrzjr hf jprlibkbf. Jbl`ês, tlibrêi hj

fpfrtuikbjb bl kitlrnj`dkjr jprlibkzjcls, kbljs y slitk`klitfs.

Tlnulrbl qul skl`prl pulbl jnubkr j su tutfr jskaijbf.



¶Nþ`f jprfvlnmjr `lcfr su lstubkf6

• Dusqul ui huajr nþ`fbf y nfi dulij khu`kijnkþi. Ls k`pfrtjitl qul sl

jhlcl blh rukbf y bl hjs bkstrjnnkfils.

• Lhkcj ui mfrjrkf pjrj trjdjcjr y lstubkjr. Hj nfistjinkj y hj bksnkphkij sfi

sus `lcfrls nf`pjúlrjs bl lstubkf.

• Hlj nfi jtlinkþi hjs kistrunnkfils bl hfs lclrnknkfs jitls bl rlsfhvlrhfs.

• Nfisuhtl sus bubjs nfi ftrjs plrsfijs bl su nf`uikbjb qul pulbji

jyubjrhl.


25/341:>Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

:

Frjnkfils uik`l`drls

¶Zuë linfitrjrê lstj sl`jij6

Lh lsplcf bl Hkbj ^jh, bl @kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs (orja`litf jbjptjbf)

Frjnkfils uik`l`drls

Hj tkhbl li hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs

¶Zuë ls ui rlorêi6

Lstj sl`jij hfarjrê3

Tljhkzjr prlbknnkfils sfdrl hj hlnturj jpfyêibfsl li lh tàtuhf y hjs khustrjnkfils.

Kitlrlsjrsl y vjhfrjr hjs hlylibjs bl su nf`uikbjb.

Kblitkoknjr y utkhkzjr frjnkfils uik`l`drls.

Rkhbjr nfrrlntj`litl pjhjdrjs jaubjs.

Kitlrprltjr lh `lisjcl bl hfs rlorjils.



Hj jvliturj bl hllr

@kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs(:=;; „ :;12)

@kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs ls uif bl hfs aujtl`jhtlnfs `ês uikvlrsjhls blh skahf]]. ̂ l linulitrj litrl hfs ouibjbfrls bl hj \ikvlrskbjb Wfpuhjr bl Aujtl`jhj.^l arjbuþ li Blrlnmf nfi hj tlsks tktuhjbj Lh prfdhl`j sfnkjh blh kibkf. Li :;?1rlnkdkþ lh Wrl`kf Ifdlh bl Hktlrjturj.

L`plzþ su njrrlrj hktlrjrkj nfi hj fdrj li vlrsf tktuhjbj Wflsàj3 ^kli bl jhfi-brj, plrf ls `ês nfifnkbf pfr su fdrj li prfsj li hj qul prlbf`kij lh nj-rêntlr sfnkjh.

Li su fdrj Hlylibjs bl Aujtl`jhj lsnrkdl hfs nulitfs y hjs hlylibjs qul blikúf mjdàj fàbf nfitjr li hjs tklrrjs bl Djcj _lrjpjz bfibl vkvkþ sus prk`lrfs

júfs, li `lbkf blh `uibf kibàalij.

Lsnrkdkþ3

• Hlylibjs bl Aujtl`jhj (:;>7)

• Lh slúfr Wrlskblitl (:;2?)

• Mf`drls bl `jàz (:;2;)

• Lh pjpj vlrbl (:;


27/341:<Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

Lh lsplcf bl Hkbj ^jh(orja`litf jbjptjbf)

Tljhkzjr prlbknnkf-

ils jitls bl hllr3

Wrlblnkr ls jiuinkjrjhaf qul vj jsunlblr. Jitls blkiknkjr hj hlnturj,mjaj prlbknnkfilssfdrl quë trjtjrê

cêibfsl li lh tàtuhfy li hj khustrjnkþi.Wrlaóitlsl3

¶Zuë kblj `lsuaklrli lh tàtuhf yhjs khustrjnkfils6

¶Bl quë nrlf qultrjtjrê hj hlnturj6

* Wlrolntjitl3 mf`drl lhlakbf pjrj pjrtknkpjr li hj prkinkpjh nlhldrjnkþi rlhkakfsj blh puldhf.Bldl vlstkr ui trjcl qul slaói hj nrllinkj ls `êaknf.

: mjnkijbf3 j`fitfijbf, jnuùhjbf.4 phlikhuikf3 huij hhlij.

‒¶[ quë bldf mjnlr6

‒Mkcj, bfr`kr nfi lh vlstkbf bl "Wlrolntjitl"* djstjitls ifnmls, pjrjqul hf blcls k`prlaijbf bl tu `jakj, nujibf uif bulr`l sl vulhvl`êaknf, y qul jsà jh pfiërslhf ëh pjrj hj oklstj, sklitj lh linjitj`kli-tf, y tl dusqul, y yj if pulbj vkvkr ski vlrtl.

Hkbj ^jh sl quksf jajrrjr blh jkrl. ^l hl oul hj njdlzj. Jprltþ hj `jifli lh rlspjhbf bl uij skhhj, nfi hj ftrj `jif sl jpfyþ li hj `lsj, yui sfhhfzf nlrrjbf hl hhlaþ j hfs hjdkfs.

‒^à, pfrqul hj ̀ jakj nfiskstl li lstf f nfiskstl li jqulhhf, plrf skl`prlnfiskstl li jhaf, y li lstl njsf, nfiskstl li vlstkr bl "Wlrolntjitl" y

vlrsl li ui lsplcf bl nulrpf litlrf.

Lstrlhhjs njsk iêuorjajs li hj nhjrkbjb bl hj huij, êrdfhls bl nfhfr vlr-bfsf fsnurf, nfrrjhls fhfrfsfs j hlnml y j slrlif, `fitfils bl mlifmjnkijbf: li lh nj`pf, `ês j`jrkhhf j hj huz blh phlikhuikf4. Hj tjrblsl mjdàj qulbjbf ùnmf. ^l mjdàj kbf jokhjibf mjstj if slr skif uirlohlcf nfrtjitl custf bfibl lh nklhf yj lrj lstrlhhjbf. [ li lsl okhf nfr-tjitl, jzuhjbf, rfckzf, rfsj, vlrbl, vkfhltj bl hj tjrbl, tliàj Hkbj ^jh hfsfcfs okcfs, plisjibf li qul sl hhlajdj lh phjzf bl blvfhvlr lh vlstkbf.

‒@jújij óhtk`f bàj qul tl hf blcf ‒hl jbvkrtkþ Cfcþi‒, puls sk if slhf hhlvf j tkl`pf, hf lnmj`fs j plrblr tfbf...

‒^à, sà, if tliaj nukbjbf, `jújij sl hf litrlaf, mfy `l vlf li lhlsplcf...

‒Li lh lsplcf bl tus sulúfs slrê, mkcktj, pfrqul if vlf bþibl...


28/341:?KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

> hlitlculhjs3 nàrnuhfs plqulúfs bl `ltjh u ftrf `jtlrkjh drkhhjitl, qul sl nfsli li hfs vlstkbfsnf`f jbfrif.

Lh okhf hu`kifsf bl hj tjrbl hl qulbþ j Hkbj ^jh li hjs pupkhjs, nf`f hjrlibkcj bl ui k`pfskdhl, nf`f uij rlibkcj pfr bfibl pfbàj jsf`jrsljh nklhf.

Hkbj ^jh hjvjdj sus trjstfs, plisjibf, ru`kjibf hf qul mjdàj k`jak-ijbf orlitl j hj óhtk`j rlibkcj bl hj tjrbl. Lh lsphlibfr bl hj huij ifplr`ktàj plisjr qul lrj bl ifnml. ^fhf pjrlnàj qul lh bàj sl mjdàjliorkjbf, plrf qul slauàj kaujh.

‒If qulbj hlcfs ‒sl bkcf bjibf ofr`j vlrdjh j su plisj`klitf‒ yls ui jaujcl dkli arjibl, njsk uij hjauiltj.

If sl qulbþ `unmf tkl`pf li su nujrtf. Mjdàj qul lstjr bl rlarlsfjh j`jilnlr y litrlajr lh trjcl `êaknf jh nklaf, pjrj qul hf hhlvjrj jnjsj bl hfs Jhvkzurls..., ¡jm!, plrf jitls tliàj qul vërslhf lhhj li uiarji lsplcf, hj `jakj tklil sus nfibknkfils…

Jh prkinkpkf, lh nj`pf jdklrtf hj sfdrlnfakþ. Wlrf hulaf oul oj`khkjrkzjibfhfs fcfs nfi hjs jrdfhlbjs, hjs pklbrjs, hjs sf`drjs.

Ruvf `klbf, `klbf bl slr uij vkskþi bl oulaf, uij jitfrnmj bl hli-tlculhjs> li hhj`js, ui rlaulrf bl jbfrifs, bl nmkspjs bl jauj qulkitlarjràji uij sfhj pklbrj prlnkfsj nfi ofr`j mu`jij, jh hhlajr yjsf`jrsl jh hjaf vlstkbj nfi lh trjcl qul hunkràj Olhkpktf Jhvkzurls li hjoklstj.

If mjdàj vklitf. Huij y jauj. Hkbj ^jh sl jrrk`þ j ui êrdfh qul bfr`àjhhfrjibf, `js jh puitf sl jhlcþ mfrrfrkzjbj, tjh vlz lrj bl `jh jaølrfjsf`jrsl jh lsplcf cuitf j ui êrdfh qul hhfrjdj bfr`kbf.

Bl ui hjbf j ftrf bl hj phjyj oul dusnjibf sktkf pjrj vlrsl bl nulrpf

litlrf. If hfarjdj su k`jali nf`phltj. Bl nulrpf litlrf. ^fhf qulsudklrj j uij bl hjs jhtjs pklbrjs bl hj ftrj frkhhj.

[j lstjdj, yj lstjdj sfdrl uij rfnj bl djsjhtf nfitl`phêibfsl li lhjauj. ¶Zuë `lcfr lsplcf6


29/341:1Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj

J. Hf qul litlibkþ blh tlxtf3 ikvlh hktlrjh

¶Jnlrtþ li sus prlbknnkfils6 Wjrj vlrkoknjrhf, rlspfibj njbj prlauitj sfdrl hj hlnturj bl lstjsl`jij.

:. ¶Nuêh lrj hj kitlinkþi bl Hkbj ^jh bl pfilrsl lh vlstkbf bl "Wlrolntjitl"6

4. ¶Bþibl sl vlràj Hkbj ^jh nfi lh trjcl `êaknf6

D. Hf qul blbucf bl hj hlnturj3 ikvlh kiolrlinkjh

Bë ui pjsf `ês li hj hlnturj. Kitlrprltl jhauifs orja`litfs blh rlhjtf Lh lsplcf bl Hkbj ^jh. Hljnjbj uif y rlhhlil lh nàrnuhf bl hj fpnkþi qul lxphkqul `lcfr lh skaikoknjbf blh tlxtf.

:.‒^à, sà, if tliaj nukbjbf, `jújij sl hf litrlaf, mfy `l vlf li lh lsplcf...‒Li lh lsplcf bl tus sulúfs slrê, mkcktj, pfrqul if vlf bþibl...

Hkbj ^jh sfújdj nfi nf`prjrsl ui lsplcf.

Jhhà if sl vlàj ikiaói lsplcf.

Lh lsplcf sl mjdàj rftf.

4.Lh lsphlibfr bl hj huij if plr`ktàj plisjr qul lrj bl ifnml. ^fhf pjrlnàjqul lh bàj sl mjdàj liorkjbf, plrf qul slauàj kaujh.

^l linlibklrfi hjs hunls y mjdàj nhjrkbjb.

Hj huij drkhhjdj tjitf qul pjrlnàj bl bàj.

Lrj bl bàj, plrf djcþ hj tl`plrjturj.

>.‒If qulbj hlcfs ‒sl bkcf bjibf ofr`j vlrdjh j su plisj`klitf‒ y ls uijaujcl dkli arjibl, njsk uij hjauiltj.

Hkbj ^jh lsnrkdkþ su plisj`klitf.

Lrj ui ru`fr bl vfnls hlcjijs.

Lhhj sl lxprlsþ bl vkvj vfz.2.

Jh prkinkpkf, lh nj`pf jdklrtf hj sfdrlnfakþ. Wlrf hulaf oul oj`khkjrkzjibf hfsfcfs nfi hjs jrdfhlbjs, hjs pklbrjs, hjs sf`drjs.

Hkbj ^jh skitkþ `klbf jh hhlajr jh nj`pf.

Lhhj sl jnfstu`drþ j vkvkr li lh nj`pf.

Lhhj sl slitàj slaurj jh vlr lh huajr.


30/341:=KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

N. ^u plisj`klitf3 ikvlh nràtknf

¶Nþ`f nrll qul tlr`kij hj mkstfrkj bl Hkbj ^jh6 Wfiaj j trjdjcjr su nrljtkvkbjb, kivlitl y lsnrkdjui okijh pjrj lstl rlhjtf.

Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls

Hjs hlylibjs, pjrtl bl iulstrj kblitkbjbLi njbj puldhf linfitrj`fs hlylibjs qul sl mji kbf ofr`jibf j pjrtkr blui mlnmf rljh, yj hlcjif, jh qul sl hl mji jújbkbf bltjhhls kivlitjbfs, pjrjmjnlrhf `ês l`fnkfijitl y `êaknf. @unmjs bl lhhjs sl mji trjis`ktkbf blofr`j frjh mjstj qul jhaukli hjs mj lsnrktf. Hjs hlylibjs ofr`ji pjrtl bl hjkblitkbjb bl hfs puldhfs, pfr lsf bldl`fs vjhfrjrhjs nf`f jhaf qul ifs jyu-bj j litliblrifs `lcfr.

Aujtl`jhj nulitj nfi `unmjs hlylibjs, tjh vlz rlnulrbl jhauij qul hl mjirlhjtjbf sus jdulhfs, qul mj lsnunmjbf li rluikfils y olstlcfs f qul mj hlàbfli jhaói hkdrf.

Tlolxkfil y jntól

Tljhknl lstl lclrnknkf li su nàrnuhf bl lstubkf. Frajiànlisl li lqukpfs y nulitliuij hlylibj li ofr`j brj`jtkzjbj. ^kaji lstfs pjsfs3

:. Blspuës bl lsnfalr uij hlylibj, hëjihj li vfz jhtj li lh lqukpf.

4. Njbj kitlarjitl lsnfal ui plrsfijcl y uif/j slrê lh ijrrjbfr/j.

>. Lisjyli uij slinkhhj brj`jtkzjnkþi.

2. Wrlsëitlihj j sus nf`pjúlrfs y nf`pjúlrjs.


31/341:;Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :


\ik`l`drl skaiknjui sfhf `kl`drf.

:. Frjnkfils uik`l`drls \i sfhf `kl`drf

@kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs, lh jutfr bl Lh lsplcf bl Hkbj ^jh, sl vjhl bl frjnkfils pjrjijrrjr lstj hlylibj.

Wjrj nf`uiknjr iulstrjs kbljs y plisj`klitfs, utkhkzj`fs bkstkitjs pjhjdrjs quljarupj`fs li ofr`j bl frjnkfils. Oàclsl li lstl orja`litf.

‒If qulbj hlcfs ‒sl bkcf bjibf ofr`j vlrdjh j su plisj`klitf‒y ls ui jaujcl dkli arjibl, njsk uij hjauiltj.

Hkbj ^jh, hj prftjafikstj bl hj hlnturj, lsnfal pjhjdrjs pjrj lxprlsjr su pli-sj`klitf y ofr`j frjnkfils nfi lsjs pjhjdrjs. \ij frjnkþi ls ui arupf blpjhjdrjs nfi slitkbf nf`phltf. Hlj`fs ftrjs frjnkfils bl hj hlylibj bl mfy.

Hkbj ^jh hjvjdj sus trjstfs. If mjdàj vklitf.

Tlnfrbl`fs qul, pfr su lstrunturj, hj frjnkþi pulbl slr sk`phl y nf`pulstj.J su vlz, hjs frjnkfils sk`phls pulbli slr dk`l`drls nujibf sl pulbli bkvk-bkr li sucltf y prlbknjbf, y uik`l`drls nujibf if sl pulbli bkvkbkr.

Hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls ofr`ji ui sfhf dhfqul y if sl pulbli bkvkbkr lisucltf y prlbknjbf, plrf tklili ui slitkbf nf`phltf.

Hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls pulbli slr3 kitlrclnnkfils, frjnkfils qul lxprlsji

oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj y frjnkfils qul l`phlji lh vlrdf mjdlr .

Li rlsu`li, hj frjnkþi uik`l`drl lstê ofr`jbj pfr ui sfhf `kl`drf, pulblmjdlr uij f vjrkjs pjhjdrjs, plrf ofr`ji uij sfhj lxprlskþi, nf`f li hfs lcl`-phfs jitlrkfrls.

Li hjs pêakijs skauklitls hjs lstubkjrl`fs nfi `ês bltjhhl.

Oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj Jifnmlnl prfitf.

Hhfvlrê.

_lrdf mjdlr Mjdàj njhfr.

Mudf kiuibjnkfils.

Kitlrclnnkfils

Lxprlskfils bl jb`krjnkþi3 ¡Nuêitj dlhhlzj!

Lxprlskfils k`plrjtkvjs3 ¡Jhtf!

^jhubfs3 ¡Dulifs bàjs!



Lclrnknkf :

Hlj lh orja`litf y linklrrl li ui nàrnuhf hj kitlrclnnkþi qul linulitrl.

Mjdàj qul lstjr bl rlarlsf jh j`jilnlr y litrlajr lh trjcl `êaknf jh nklaf,pjrj qul hf hhlvjrj j njsj bl hfs Jhvkzurls..., ¡jm!, plrf jitls tliàj qul vërslhflhhj li ui arji lsplcf.

Tlspfibj3 ¶Zuë nhjsl bl frjnkþi ls hj pjhjdrj qul mj nkrnuhjbf6

:.: KitlrclnnkfilsMl`fs vkstf nþ`f lsnfal`fs pjhjdrjs pjrj lxprlsjr kbljs f plisj`klitfs.Wuls dkli, li lstl jpjrtjbf lstubkjrl`fs hjs kitlrclnnkfils, uij nhjsl bl frjnkþiuik`l`drl.

Hjs kitlrclnnkfils sfi pjhjdrjs f arupfs bl pjhjdrjs kivjrkjdhls, qul lxprl-

sji lstjbfs bl êik`f, slitk`klitfs f l`fnkfils, nf`f jhlaràj, trkstlzj, bfhfr,lifcf, ltn.

Tlnulrbl qul kivjrkjdhl quklrl blnkr qul if vjràj bl ofr`j, ls blnkr, skl`prl sllxprlsji li lh `ks`f aëilrf y ió`lrf.

\ij pjrtknuhjrkbjb bl hjs kitlrclnnkfils ls qul skl`prl sl lsnrkdli litrl skaifsbl jb`krjnkþi y tklili slitkbf nf`phltf, pfr lsf sfi frjnkfils.

¡Olhkz Ijvkbjb! ¡Jbkþs! ¡Ik `fbf! ¡Limfrjdulij!

_lj`fs nþ`f sl ofr`ji hjs kitlrclnnkfils qul nf`pfili frjnkfils uik`l`drls.

Nfi sfikbfs li ofr`j bl pjhjdrjs

¡Jm! ¡Lm! ¡Fm! ¡\m! ¡\o! ¡Muy! ¡Mjhj! ¡Jy! ¡Djm! ¡Cj!

Nfi sustjitkvfs, jbcltkvfs y jbvlrdkfs litrl skaifs bl jb`krjnkþi

¡Drjvf! ¡Oulrj! ¡[j! ¡_jyj! ¡@uy dkli! ¡If!

Nfi lxprlskfils blh hliaujcl pfpuhjr

¡Wónmknj! ¡Màcfhl! ¡_krali ^jitàsk`j! ¡Jy, Bkfs! ¡Zuë pkhjs!

Nfi lxprlskfils bl sjhubf

¡Mfhj! ¡Dulijs tjrbls! ¡Jbkþs! ¡Dklivlikbfs!


33/3414:Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

Lclrnknkf 4

J. Wrjntkqul nfi frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj. Nf`phltl njbj frjnkþi nfi lh

vlrdf li lh tkl`pf qul sl kibknj. Tlnulrbl qul hfs vlrdfs k`plrsfijhls sfhf sl nficuaji li hjtlrnlrj plrsfij blh skiauhjr. Oàclsl li lh lcl`phf.

7. Wrltërktf kiblokikbf3 Bl rlplitl jifnmlnkþ .

:. Outurf k`plrolntf3 Jquà iuinj .

4. Wrltërktf kiblokikbf3 Jylr tfbj hj tjrbl.

>. Wrlslitl3 Li vlrjif sfhljbf.

D. Jmfrj nf`phltl njbj frjnkþi nfi lh vlrdf slr f lstjr nficuajbf slaói nfrrlspfibj. Rklil uilcl`phf.

7. Ls tl`prjif pjrj kr jh pjrqul.

:. Rfbjvàj iudhjbf.

4. Wrfitf bl ifnml.

>. [j `lbkfbàj.

:.4 Frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs bl hjijturjhlzj

Nujibf hj Rklrrj tkl`dhj usj`fs lxprlskfils nf`f3 "lstê tl`dhjibf" f "tkl`dhjoulrtl". Lstjs frjnkfils sl rllrli j ui oliþ`lif bl hj ijturjhlzj.

Hjs frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj sfi uik`l`drls. ̂ lofr`ji nfi vlrdfs k`plrsfijhls y sfhf sl nficuaji li hj tlrnlrj plrsfij blhskiauhjr.

Jitljylr hhfvkþ tfbj hj tjrbl.

Li `jrzf j`jilnl tl`prjif.

‒¶Wfbl`fs linfitrjr ui prfif`drl li ouinkþi bl sucltf pjrj lstjs frjnkfils6

‒If. If pfbl`fs blnkr3 "ëh hhfvkþ" f "lhhj j`jilnl". If mjy sucltf, pfr nfisk-auklitl sfi frjnkfils uik`l`drls, pfrqul ofr`ji ui sfhf dhfqul.

Ftrfs vlrdfs k`plrsfijhls sfi3 fsnurlnlr, jifnmlnlr, arjikzjr, trfijr f ilvjr .

Rj`dkëi ofr`j`fs frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs ijturjhls nfi hfs vlrdfsslr f lstjr . Hfs utkhkzj`fs li tlrnlrj plrsfij blh skiauhjr, nf`f ofr`j k`plr-sfijh. Hj frjnkþi if tklil sucltf, pfr hf tjitf ls uij frjnkþi uik`l`drl.

[j ls bl bàj.

Mfy lstê iudhjbf.

ilvjr

jifnmlnlr

trfijr

j`jilnlr



:.> Frjnkfils uik`l`drls nfi lh vlrdf mjdlr Lh vlrdf mjdlr alilrjh`litl sl utkhkzj nf`f vlrdf juxkhkjr li hjs ofr`js nf`-pulstjs bl hfs vlrdfs.

Lh sjstrl mjdrê tlr`kijbf lh vlstkbf.

Ftrjs vlnls utkhkzj`fs mjdlr nf`f vlrdf prkinkpjh, plrf litfinls sfhf sl nfi- cuaj li tlrnlrj plrsfij blh skiauhjr, li nujhquklrj bl hfs tkl`pfs y `fbfs.

[j if mjy litrjbjs.

Jifnml mudf ui tl`dhfr.

Mjdrê uij olstj.

If mjdàj ijbkl.

Li lstjs frjnkfils if pfbl`fs prlauitjrhl jh vlrdf qukëi rljhkzj hj jnnkþi, pfrlsf if pfbl`fs bkvkbkrhjs li sucltf y prlbknjbf, sfi frjnkfils uik`l`drls.

Lclrnknkf >

Tlnulrbl qul hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls if sl pulbli bkvkbkr li sucltf y prlbknjbf. Hlj njbj frjnkþiofr`jbj nfi lh vlrdf mjdlr y sudrjyl sfhj`litl hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls. Mjy ui lcl`phf.

7. If mjdàj vklitf.

:. Lh bàj sl mjdàj liorkjbf.

4. If mjdàj bksorjz `ês vkstfsf qul lh blh "Wlrolntjitl".

>. Mjdàj bfr`kbf skltl ifnmls nfi lh trjcl.

2. Mudf ui lsnrktfr hhj`jbf @kaulh Êialh Jsturkjs.


35/3414>Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj

Lclrnknkf 2

J. Hlj hj hkstj bl pjhjdrjs jaubjs y jújbj hj tkhbl li hjs qul hj ilnlsktji. Lh lclrnknkf 7 ls ui lcl`phf. nfrjz þi jbl`js tlhlvkskfi sfh

pkifh vlkitktrls nfhkdrk sjhkf

lbjb sjxfofi rls nf`lcli

Tlspfibj3 ¶Wfr quë if sl tkhbj hj pjhjdrj rls sk tlr`kij li "s"6

D. Hlj njbj frjnkþi. Hulaf, sudrjyl hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs y jújbj hj tkhbl nujibf slj ilnlsjrkf.Rklil ui lcl`phf.

7. ^u `j`ê hl rlajhþ uij nruz bl nfrjh.

:. Nf`prjrl uij tkrj bl pji orjinls.

4. \ij bl njh y ftrj bl jrlij y hj fdrj sjhbrj dulij.

>. Rklils rjzfi, jquk mjnl njhfr.

2. Jibrls kiknkf hj nfivlrsjnkfi.

Hj tkhbl li hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs^k nukbj`fs iulstrj lsnrkturj, nukbj`fs iulstrf kbkf`j. Hj frtfarjoàj ifs li-

slúj j lsnrkdkr nfrrlntj`litl. Tlpjsl`fs hjs rlahjs bl jnlitujnkþi.

Tlnulrbl qul hjs pjhjdrjs, slaói su jnlitf, sl nhjsknji li jaubjs, arjvls y

lsbrócuhjs. Lstj sl`jij rlpjsjrl`fs hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs.

Hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs sfi hjs qul sl jnlitóji li hj óhtk`j sàhjdj.

njoë sjh nfrj zþi rlvës bfr ̀ kr

Rfbjs sfi jaubjs, plrf sfhf jhauijs sl tkhbji. _lj`fs quë bknl hj rlahj bljnlitujnkþi frtfarênj.

• ^l tkhbji hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs qul tlr`kiji li vfnjh, "i" f "s".

Drlibj vkvl li ^fhfhê.

Lstl djhþi ls bl rlahj`litf.

Aukbf ls mfhjibës.

Tlnulrbl, hfs`fifsàhjdfs nf`f3ol, pji, `ls... if sltkhbji.Wlrf sà sl tkhbji hfs mf`þofifspjrj bkstkiaukr hjsbkstkitjs ouinkfilsblitrf bl hjfrjnkþi, nf`ftó (prfif`drl) y tu (jbcltkvf pfslskvf)3Ró tklils tu dfhltf.



Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb

Li :


37/3414<Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

Ahfsjrkfmjnkijbf3 j`fitfijbf, jnu`uhjbf.

hlitlculhjs3 nàrnuhfs plqulúfs bl `ltjh u ftrf `jtlrkjh drkhhjitl, qul sl nfsli li hfs vlstkbfs nf`fjbfrif.

phlikhuikf3 huij hhlij.

Lsnrkdj uij frjnkþi nfi njbj pjhjdrj blh ahfsjrkf. Hl bj`fs uifs lcl`phfs.

mjnkijbf3 Hfs lsnrktfrkfs lstjdji mjnkijbfs jh ofibf bl hj nhjsl.

hlitlculhjs3 Lstrliþ ui vlstkbf dfrbjbf nfi hlitlculhjs.

phlikhuikf3 Lh bàj ? mjdrê phlikhuikf.

Tlsu`li

:. Hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls ofr`ji ui sfhf dhfqul y if sl pulbli bkvkbkr li sucltf y prlbknjbf,plrf tklili slitkbf nf`phltf.

¡@unmjs arjnkjs!

Wjrj su lstubkf, jarupj`fs hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls li3 kitlrclnnkfils, oliþ`lifs bl hj ijtu-rjhlzj y vlrdf mjdlr .

:.: Kitlrclnnkfils3 sfi pjhjdrjs f arupfs bl pjhjdrjs kivjrkjdhls, qul lxprlsji lstjbfs blêik`f, slitk`klitfs f l`fnkfils y tklili slitkbf nf`phltf.

¡Oulrj! ¡Dkli! ¡Jy Bkfs!

:.4 Frjnkfils qul lxprlsji oliþ`lifs bl hj ijturjhlzj3 sl ofr`ji nfi vlrdfs k`plrsfijhlsy sfhf sl nficuaji li tlrnlrj plrsfij blh skiauhjr.

Hhulvl nfi ajijs. Rrfiþ oulrtl jitls bl hhfvlr.

:.> Frjnkfils uik`l`drls nfi lh vlrdf mjdlr 3 sl utkhkzj lh vlrdf mjdlr li ofr`j k`plrsfijh,li tlrnlrj plrsfij blh skiauhjr, li nujhquklrj bl hfs tkl`pfs y `fbfs.

Mjy plsnjbf orlsnf. Mjdàj `fcjrrjs orktjs.


38/3414?KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Jutfnfitrfh

Jntkvkbjb :. Bl`ulstrl hf jprlibkbf.

J. Hlj njbj liuinkjbf y lsnrkdj li hj hàilj bl hj blrlnmj quë nhjsl bl frjnkþi uik`l`drl sl lxprlsj.

Auàlsl pfr lh lcl`phf.

7. ¡Wfr oki!

:. Lrj bl ifnml.

4. Hhfvkþ y trfiþ tfbj hj tjrbl.

>. ¡Jhþ!

2. Mjdàj `unmf rukbf.


39/34141Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij :

¡@unmf!

¡Jy, Bkfs `àf!

Mjdàj uij vlz...

Jntkvkbjb 4. Wklisl y jphkqul hf qul jprlibkþ.

J. Bkstkiaj hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls y prjntkqul nfi lhhjs. Wrk`lrf, hlj lh orja`litf y sudrjyl hjsfrjnkfils uik`l`drls. Hl jyubj`fs nfi lh lcl`phf.

‒¡Mfhj! Mjnl `unmf oràf.‒¡Nhjrf! Lstj`fs li kivklrif.‒Rl ml trjàbf ui rlajhf.‒¡@unmjs arjnkjs!‒Ls ui hkdrf bl hlylibjs. Mjy `ês bl vlkitl.‒_fy j hllrhjs tfbjs. Jmfrj jifnmlnl tl`prjif y `l austj hllr cuitf jh oulaf.‒¡Jbkþs!‒Ifs vlrl`fs.

D. Jmfrj, lsnràdjhjs bldjcf y nj`dkl njbj uij pfr ftrj frjnkþi uik`l`drl blh `ks`f skaikoknjbf.

Hl bj`fs ui lcl`phf.7.

:.

4.

>.

2.

. ‒¶Nþ`f sulhl kiknkjr ui nulitf kiojitkh6 ‒

2. ‒¶Nrlls li lspjitfs6 ‒


40/3414=KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Jntkvkbjb >. Blsjrrfhhl iulvjs mjdkhkbjbls.

Tlorêi vklcf iuinj `klitl. Bknli qul hfs rlorjils sfi hj sjdkburàj blh puldhf. _jhl hj plij nfifnlrhfs ysjdlr kitlrprltjrhfs. ¶Nuêitf sjdl ustlb6 Tlhhlil hj tjdhj slaói nfivliaj3

• Nf`phltjibf lh rlorêi.

• Lsnrkdklibf su kitlrprltjnkþi.

Tlvksl su jprlibkzjcl

@jrqul nfi ui nmlqul hj njskhhj qul `lcfr kibkqul su rlibk`klitf. hfarjbfli

prfnlsfif

hfarjbf

B l s p u ë s b l l s t u b k j r . . .

Tljhkzf prlbknnkfils sfdrl hj hlnturj jpfyêibf`l li lh tàtuhf y hjs

khustrjnkfils.@l kitlrlsf y vjhfrf hjs hlylibjs bl `k nf`uikbjb.

Kblitkoknf y utkhkzf hjs frjnkfils uik`l`drls.

Rkhbf nfrrlntj`litl hjs pjhjdrjs jaubjs.

Kitlrprltf lh `lisjcl bl hfs rlorjils.

Tlorêi @lisjcl

J Bkfs rfajibf y nfi lh `jzf bjibf. Mjy qul jntujr, jbl`ês bl rlzjr.

J qukli `jbruaj, Bkfs hl jyubj.

Li dfnj nlrrjbj, J vlnls ls `lcfr njhhjrsl.

J ràf rlvulhtf,

Djrrkaj hhlij, \ij vlz sjnkjbf lh jpltktf, ifs slitk`fssjtksolnmfs y olhknls.

Bl tjh pjhf,


41/3414;Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

4

Frjnkfils nf`pulstjs

¶Zuë linfitrjrê lstj sl`jij6

Rfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb, bl Hjurj Lsqukvlh (orja`litf jbjptjbf)

Frjnkfils nf`pulstjs3 yuxtjpulstjs y nffrbkijbjs

Hj tkhbl li pjhjdrjs arjvls

Oknmj bl nf`litjrkf

Lstj sl`jij hfarjrê3

Tljhkzjr prlbknnkfils li ui tlxtf j pjrtkr blh tàtuhf y hjs khustrjnkfils.

Kblitkoknjr vjhfrls qul sl vkvli li hjs trjbknkfils aujtl`jhtlnjs.

Bkstkiaukr y l`phljr frjnkfils nf`pulstjs3 yuxtjpulstjs y nffrbkijbjs.

Rkhbjr nfrrlntj`litl hjs pjhjdrjs arjvls.

Lhjdfrjr uij oknmj bl nf`litjrkf.


42/341>7KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Hj jvliturj bl hllr

* JDD[3 sfi hjs skahjs bl J`lrknji Dffeslhhlr Dffe fo tml [ljr.

Hjurj Lsqukvlh

(:;7 hliaujs y tuvf tjitfëxktf qul oul hhlvjbj jh nkil. Hj prfpkj jutfrj lsnrkdkþ lh aukþi bl hj plhànuhj.

Hjurj Lsqukvlh rlnkdkþ lh Wrl`kf Jddy * (Hkdrf blh Júf bl hfs Hkdrlrfs J`lrknj-

ifs) li :;;2, nfivkrtkëibfsl li hj prk`lrj lsnrktfrj lxtrjiclrj qul mj rlnkdkbflstl prl`kf.

Mj lsnrktf3

• Nf`f jauj pjrj nmfnfhjtl (:;=;)

• Hj hly blh j`fr (:;;)

¶Bl quë trjtj hj hlnturj6

Hj hlnturj bl lstj sl`jij ifs nulitj uij rlnltj bl nfnkij,

plrf if lstê tf`jbj bl ui hkdrf bl nfnkij skif bl hj

ifvlhj Nf`f jauj pjrj nmfnfhjtl, bl Hjurj Lsqukvlh.

Li lstj orja`litf j hj vlz qul hj jutfrj kibknj lh ̀ fbf blmjnlr hjs tfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb, prlslitj hfs plrsfijcls bl hj

mkstfrkj y vj ijrrjibf ui ijnk`klitf, li `lbkf bl nfibk-

`litfs y slnrltfs nuhkijrkfs.

R fr tjs bl Ijvkbjb

Mfy hllrl`fs...


43/341>:Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

Rfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb(orja`litf jbjptjbf)

Tljhkzjr

prlbknnkfils

jitls bl hllr3

Jitls bl nf`lizjr

hj hlnturj, oàclsl li lh

tàtuhf y hjs khustrjnkf-

ils y rlspfibj lstjprlauitj3

¶Bl quë nrll qul

trjtjrê6

: tlhlrj3 pji qul sl usj pjrj mjnlr tfrtjs, ui dfnjbkhhf tàpknf `lxknjif.

KIATLBKLIRL^3

: hjtj bl sjrbkijs

° hkdrj bl nmfrkzf

: nldfhhj

frëajif

: hjtj bl nmkhls slrrjifs

:7 tlhlrjs:

@jilrj bl mjnlrsl3

Mjy qul tlilr nukbjbf bl orlàr lh nmfrkzf pjrj hjs tfrtjs j oulaf `uyhlitf, pjrj qul bl lstj `jilrj qulbl dkli nfnkbf, plrf ski bfrjrsl

lxnlskvj`litl. Li nujitf lstê hkstf sl rltkrj blh oulaf y sl hl kinfr-

pfrji hjs sjrbkijs, j hjs qul nfi jitlrkfrkbjb sl hjs mj blspfcjbf blh

lsqulhltf. Ls ilnlsjrkf, tj`dkëi, rjspjr nfi ui nunmkhhf hjs `jinmjs

ilarjs qul tklili sfdrl hj pklh. Cuitf nfi hjs sjrbkijs sl `lznhji

hj nldfhhj, hfs nmkhls pknjbfs y lh frëajif `fhkbf. ^l blcj rlpfsjr hj

prlpjrjnkþi, jitls bl rlhhlijr hjs tfrtjs.

Hj nldfhhj tklil qul lstjr okij`litl pknjbj. Hls suaklrf pfilrsl ui

plqulúf trfzf bl nldfhhj li hj `fhhlrj j oki bl lvktjr lh `fhlstf hjark-

`lf qul sl prfbunl nujibf uif hj lstê nfrtjibf. Hf `jhf bl hhfrjr

nujibf uif pknj hj nldfhhj if ls lh sk`phl mlnmf bl hhfrjr, skif qul j

vlnls uif l`pklzj, nf`f qukli bknl, sl pknj, y yj if pulbl pjrjr.

If së sk j ustlbls hls mj pjsjbf plrf j `à hj `lrj vlrbjb sà. Kiokikbjb

bl vlnls. @j`ê blnàj qul lrj pfrqul yf sfy kaujh bl sliskdhl j hj

nldfhhj qul Rktj, `k tàj jdulhj.



Bknli qul Rktj lrj tji sliskdhl qul blsbl qul lstjdj li lh vklitrl bl

`k dksjdulhj hhfrjdj y hhfrjdj nujibf lstj pknjdj nldfhhj5 su hhjitf lrj

tji oulrtl qul Ijnmj, hj nfnkilrj bl hj njsj, qul lrj `lbkf sfrbj, hf

lsnunmjdj ski lsofrzjrsl. \i bàj hfs sfhhfzfs oulrfi tji oulrtls qul

prfvfnjrfi qul lh pjrtf sl jblhjitjrj. [ ski qul `k dksjdulhj pubkl-

rj blnkr ik pàf, Rktj jrrkdþ j lstl ùibf prl`jturj`litl, sfdrl hj`lsj bl hj nfnkij, litrl hfs fhfrls bl uij sfpj bl okblfs qul lstjdj

nfnkijibf, hfs blh tf`khhf, lh hjurlh, lh nkhjitrf, lh bl hj hlnml mlrvkbj,

lh bl hfs jcfs y, pfr supulstf, lh bl hj nldfhhj. Nf`f sl k`jakijrêi,

hj nfisjdkbj ijhajbj if oul ilnlsjrkj, puls Rktj ijnkþ hhfrjibf bl

jitl`jif. Nfitjdj Ijnmj qul Rktj oul hktlrjh`litl l`pucjbj j lstl

ùibf pfr ui tfrrlitl k`prlskfijitl bl hêark`js qul sl blsdfrbjrfi

sfdrl hj `lsj y lh pksf bl hj nfnkij.

Li hj tjrbl, yj nujibf lh sustf mjdàj pjsjbf y lh jauj, arjnkjs jh lolntf

bl hfs rjyfs blh sfh, sl mjdàj lvjpfrjbf, Ijnmj djrrkþ lh rlskbuf bl hjs

hêark`js qul mjdàj qulbjbf sfdrl hj djhbfsj4 rfcj qul nudràj lh pksf.

Nfi lstj sjh rlhhliþ ui nfstjh bl nkinf ekhfs. Lstl lxtrjúf ijnk`klitf

bltlr`kiþ lh mlnmf bl qul Rktj skitklrj ui ki`lisf j`fr pfr hj nfnkij

y qul hj ̀ jyfr pjrtl bl su vkbj hj pjsjrj li lhhj, prêntknj`litl blsbl

qul ijnkþ, puls nujibf nfitjdj nfi bfs bàjs bl lbjb, su pjbrl, f

slj `k dksjdulhf, ùrkþ bl ui kiojrtf. J `k dksjdulhj, bl hj k`prlskþi,

sl hl oul hj hlnml. Ijnmj, qul sl hjs sjdàj tfbjs rlsplntf j hj nfnkij

sl forlnkþ mjnlrsl njraf bl hj jhk`litjnkþi bl Rktj.

Bl prlolrlinkj hjs tlhlrjs bldli slr mfriljbjs li njsj. Wlrf sk if sl

pulbl, hf `ês nfivliklitl ls linjrajr j hj pjijblràj uijs tlhlrjsplqulújs, puls hjs arjibls if ouinkfiji jblnujbj`litl pjrj lstj

rlnltj. Blspuës bl rlhhlijrhjs sl `ltli bklz `kiutfs jh mfrif y sl

skrvli njhklitls. Hf kbljh ls blcjrhjs jh slrlif tfbj uij ifnml livulh-

tjs li uij tlhj, pjrj qul lh pji sl k`prlail nfi hj arjsj blh nmfrkzf.

Hjurj Lsqukvlh

4 djhbfsj3 hjbrkhhf if, bl ofr`j alilrjh`litl nujbrjiauhjr, qul sl usj pjrj nudrkr sulhfs.


45/341>>Nfùiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

nfi tkl`pf

ùy blspjnkf

jitls bl tkl`pf

k`ktjr lh sfikbf bl ui pfhhf

if blnkr ijbj

slr pkjbfsj

Nf`prliskþi bl hlnturj

J. Hf qul litlibkþ blh tlxtf3 ikvlh hktlrjh

Jslaórlsl bl qul nf`prlibkþ hjs pjhjdrjs bl hj hlnturj. Tlhhlil lh nàrnuhf bl hj fpnkþi qul nf`-

phltj nfrrlntj`litl njbj liuinkjbf.

:. Rktj jrrkdþ j lstl ùibf prl`jturj`litl.

Wrl`jturj`litl ls hf `ks`f qul blnkr…

4. Rktj ijnkþ hhfrjibf bl jitl`jif.

Bl jitl`jif skaikoknj…

>. ^ki qul `k jdulhj pubklrj blnkr ik pàf.

Blnkr ik pàf ls hf `ks`f qul…

D. Hf qul blbucf bl hj hlnturj3 ikvlh kiolrlinkjh

:. ¶Nuêhls oulrfi sus prlbknnkfils jitls bl kiknkjr hj hlnturj6 ¶^l nu`phkþ hf qul ustlb plisþ6

ûdrjyl hj fpnkþi qul kibknj bl quë trjtj hj hlnturj.

• \ij nlhldrjnkþi bl Ijvkbjb

• Hj mkstfrkj bl trls nfnkilrjs

• \ij rlnltj bl nfnkij

4. Frblil hj slnulinkj bl hjs jnnkfils blh tlxtf skauklitl. Hëjhf y lsnrkdj hjs frjnkfils li lh

frbli nfrrlntf. Hl jyubj`fs nfi hj prk`lrj.

Li nujitf lstê hkstf sl rltkrj blh oulaf y sl hl kinfrpfrji hjs sjrbkijs. Wrk`lrf sl

oràl lh nmfrkzf j oulaf ùy hlitf. ^l blcj rlpfsjr hj prlpjrjnkþi, jitls bl rlhhlijr

hjs tfrtjs. Cuitf nfi hjs sjrbkijs sl `lznhji hj nldfhhj, hfs nmkhls pknjbfs y lh

frëajif `fhkbf.

Wrk`lrf sl oràl lh nmfrkzf j oulaf ùy hlitf.

pfr jblhjitjbf

pfstlrkfr`litl

j nfitkiujnkþi



Nrlnklibf li vjhfrls

N. ^u plisj`klitf3 ikvlh nràtknf

:. Mjdhl`fs bl nfnkij. Ml`fs hlàbf uij rlnltj bl tfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb. ¶Zuë phjtf prlpjrj su

oj`khkj li Ijvkbjb6 Lxphkqul hj rlnltj bl uij nf`kbj ijvkblúj. Lsnrkdj hfs kiarlbklitls y hj

`jilrj bl mjnlrhj.

4. Hj hlnturj ifs forlnl ui trunf pjrj lvktjr lh hjark̀ lf jh nfrtjr nldfhhj. ¶Nfifnl ustlb ftrfs6

Lsnràdjhfs.

Nf`lr y nlhldrjr

Li Jhtj _lrjpjz prlpjrji lh djtkbf, uij dldkbj mlnmj j djsl bl njnjf. Hfnf`pjrtli nf`f sà`dfhf bl j`kstjb li hj nlrl`fikj blh Wjjd'jie , olstkvk-

bjb rlhkakfsj blh puldhf q'lqnmk', blbknjbj jh sjitf pjtrfif.

Lh nmkhjtl ls ui jtfh dhjinf, mlnmf bl `jàz jh qul sl jarlaj njnjf. Li Tjdk-ijh, Djcj _lrjpjz, lh puldhf jnmk' nlhldrj lh @kërnfhls blh nmkhjtl, blbknjbfjh `jàz, sà`dfhf bl vkbj y nulrpf blh puldhf `jyj, y nf`f jarjblnk`kli-

tf jh ^fh qul bj lilraàj j hjs plrsfijs y j hj ijturjhlzj.

Tllxkfil y jntól:. ¶Zuë vjhfrls nfiskblrj qul vkvli hfs puldhfs q'lqnmk' y jnmk' li hjs ols-

tkvkbjbls qul nlhldrji6

4. ¶Nfifnl ftrf phjtf qul ofr`l pjrtl bl hjs trjbknkfils bl hfs puldhfs bl

Aujtl`jhj6 Lsnrkdj nuêh ls y quë vjhfrls sl rlohlcji li hj nlhldrjnkþi.


47/341><Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4


:. Frjnkfils nf`pulstjs Nujibf sl uili hjs frjnkfils

Hj sl`jij jitlrkfr rlnfrbêdj`fs qul hj frjnkþi pulbl slr sk`phl y nf`pulstj.Lstj sl`jij kiknkjrl`fs lh lstubkf bl hj frjnkþi nf`pulstj.

Hj frjnkþi nf`pulstj ls hj qul nfistj bl bfs f `ês frjnkfils sk`phls, qul

sl rlhjnkfiji litrl sà. Jhauijs vji slpjrjbjs pfr nf`js y ftrjs sl uili pfr

nficuinkfils.

‒¶Nþ`f hj rlnfifnl`fs6

‒Hj rlnfifnl`fs pfrqul lstê ofr`jbj pfr bfs f `ês prlbknjbfs, pfr hf tjitf

tklil bfs f `ês vlrdfs nficuajbfs.

Hlj`fs ui lcl`phf. Ml`fs kblitknjbf njbj frjnkþi nfi hj hltrj F, lh sucltf

nfi hj hltrj ^ y lh prlbknjbf nfi hj hltrj W.

Rktj djtàj hfs mulvfs `klitrjs Ijnmj rf`pàj hfs njsnjrfils.^

:W

:W

4

F: F4

^4

ilxf

Wfbl`fs jokr`jr qul lstl lcl`phf ls uij frjnkþi nf`pulstj pfrqul3

• Rklil bfs frjnkfils sk`phls qul lstêi uikbjs pfr hj nficuinkþi `klitrjs.

• Njbj frjnkþi sk`phl tklil prlbknjbf. Ls blnkr, tklil slitkbf nf`phltf.

• Lh prlbknjbf bl njbj frjnkþi sk`phl nfitklil ui vlrdf nficuajbf3 djtàj y rf`pàj.

Lclrnknkf :

¶Wfbràj bkstkiaukr litrl frjnkfils sk`phls y nf`pulstjs6 Hlj njbj frjnkþi y rlhhlil lh nàrnuhf sfhf bl

hjs qul slji frjnkfils nf`pulstjs. Rklil ui lcl`phf.

Hfs kiarlbklitls sl `lznhji y hj `jsj sl djtl. Lhhjs mfriljrêi ui pjstlh.

Rktj sjnjdj jauj blh pfzf y Tfsjurj trjàj hj hlúj.

Lsl bàj ik sl dfrbjdj ik sl nfsàj rfpj.

^l pfili hfs burjzifs jh oulaf nfi ui pfnf bl jauj.

Hj nf`kbj lstê hkstj, plrf ojhtji hjs tfrtkhhjs.


48/341>?KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

Lclrnknkf 4

J. Rrjdjcl nfi frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs. Hlj hjs frjnkfils y slpêrlhjs nfi nf`js. Rklil ui lcl`phf.

7. @l rlajhjrfi ui tlhëofif nlhuhjr , pfbrë hhj`jrtl njbj sl`jij.

:. Lstubkj`fs lh skstl`j sfhjr hj Rklrrj ls ui phjiltj hj Huij ls ui sjtëhktl.

4. ^l oràl lh tf`jtl y hj nldfhhj sl jarlaj hj dlrliclij li trfzfs sl nulnl tfbf hlitj`litl.

>. \ij jinkjij sudkþ jh jutfdós @jrtj hl nlbkþ su jsklitf.

D. ¡J prjntknjr nfi rlorjils! Nf`phltl njbj rlorêi nfi uij frjnkþi yuxtjpulstj. Rklil ui lcl`phf.

7. Bfibl litrj lh sfh, if litrj lh bfntfr.

:. Nj`jrþi qul sl bulr`l,

4. Jauj qul if mjs bl dldlr,

>. Zukli dkli tl quklrl,

4. Nhjskoknjnkþi bl hj frjnkþi nf`pulstjHj frjnkfils nf`pulstjs sl nhjsknji li3 yuxtjpulstjs, nffrbkijbjs y sudfrbk-

ijbjs.

4.: Frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs

[uxtjpfilr skaiknj pfilr uij nfsj cuitf j ftrj. Hjs frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjssfi uij slrkl bl frjnkfils sk`phls, qul vji uijs j nfitkiujnkþi bl hjs ftrjs,

slpjrjbjs pfr uij nf`j f ui puitf y nf`j. ^l rlhjnkfiji litrl sà pfr lh ska-

iknjbf bl hf lxprlsjbf.

Hlj`fs nfi jtlinkþi lstl lcl`phf.

Oràj hfs nmfrkzfs , pkqul hj nldfhhj ̀ uy ij , jújbj lh nmkhl y lh frëajif.W

:W

4W

>

F:

F4

F>

Hj frjnkþi nf`pulstj blh lcl`phf tklil trls frjnkfils sk`phls, slpjrjbjs pfrnf`js, qul sl rlhjnkfiji litrl sà pfrqul ofr`ji pjrtl bl uij rlnltj bl nfnkij.

^fi frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs.

Ftrf lcl`phf ls3

Mfy tlr`kijrfi hjs nhjsls 5 `jújij ifs litrlajrêi hjs njhknjnkfils.

Hjs frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs sfi ùy nfùils li hfs rlorjils.

J bfibl oulrls , mjz hf qul vklrls.

Zukli ùnmf jdjrnj , pfnf jprkltj.


49/341>1Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

4.4 Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs

Nffrbkijr skaiknj nf`pfilr y frblijr vjrkjs nfsjs litrl sà. Hjs frjnkfilsnffrbkijbjs sfi frjnkfils sk`phls qul sl rlhjnkfiji litrl sà ̀ lbkjitl nficui-

nkfils, ofr`jibf jsà uij frjnkþi nf`pulstj pfr nffrbkijnkþi.

^l `ltli bklz `kiutfs jh mfrif y sl skrvli njhklitls.W

:W

4

F:

F4

^fi bfs frjnkfils sk`phls uikbjs pfr hj nficuinkþi "y", qul sl rlhjnkfiji litrl

sà pfrqul hjs bfs sl rllrli j hjs tlhlrjs bl hj rlnltj. ^fi frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs.

Hjs frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs, slaói lh tkpf bl nficuinkþi qul hjs uil, sl nhjsknji

li3 nfpuhjtkvjs, bksyuitkvjs, jbvlrsjtkvjs, bkstrkdutkvjs y lxphknjtkvjs. J nfitkiuj-

nkþi lstubkjrl`fs hjs bfs prk`lrjs.

j. Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs nfpuhjtkvjs

Hjs frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs nfpuhjtkvjs lstêi uikbjs pfr nficuinkfils nfpu-hjtkvjs3 y , l , ik.

^Lh jcf ls ui nfibk`litf y tklil prfpklbjbls nurjtkvjs.

W:

W:

F:

F4

Hlj`fs ftrfs lcl`phfs3

Hj slnrltjrkj rlbjntþ lh jntj l k`prk`kþ bfs nfpkjs.

If sl prlslitþ ik sl lxnusþ.

Lclrnknkf >J. Wrjntkqul nfi frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs nfpuhjtkvjs. ^udrjyl njbj frjnkþi sk`phl y rfbll nfi uij

hàilj hj nficuinkþi qul hjs uil. Auàlsl pfr lh lcl`phf.

7. Ijnà li ̂ jitj Tfsj y vkvf li Cjhjpj.

:. If pubk`fs mjnlr hjs litrlvkstjs ik tlr`kij`fs lh kiofr`l.

4. ^jibrj ls `jlstrj l Ksjdlh lstubkj liolr`lràj.

>. Ikiauij bl hjs jutfrkbjbls hhlaþ j hj rluikþi ik livkjrfi rlprlslitjitls.

D. ^kaj nfi hfs rlorjils. Nf`phltl njbj rlorêi nfi uij frjnkþi nffrbkijbj nfpuhjtkvj. Rklil ui

lcl`phf.

7. Hj pjhjdrj ls phjtj y lh skhlinkf ls frf.

:. Mjz lh dkli

4. Bk`l nfi qukëi jibjs

>. Lh mf`drl prfpfil


50/341>=KALT ∔ Sjnuhlu

d. Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs bksyuitkvjs

Hj pjhjdrj bksyuitkvj skaiknj jhtlrijtkvj litrl bfs pfskdkhkbjbls pfr uij bl hjsnujhls mjy qul fptjr. Hjs frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs bksyuitkvjs lstêi uikbjs pfr

uij nficuinkþi bksyuitkvj3 f, u. Lxprlsji bfs kbljs qul if sl pulbli rljhkzjr

jh `ks`f tkl`pf.

Wfr lcl`phf3

W:

^:

^4

W:

F:

F4

[f krë li jutfdós f Cfral `l hhlvjrê li su njrrf.

Nf`f blnàj`fs uij bksyuinkþi ls uij jhtlrijtkvj3 f vkjcf li jutfdós f li lh

njrrf bl Cfral, if pulbf mjnlr hjs bfs nfsjs j hj vlz5 pfr lsf, hjs frjnkfils ji-

tlrkfrls sfi bksyuitkvjs.

Hlj`fs `ês lcl`phfs.

Lh j`fr if sl pklisj, sl sklitl f if sl sklitl. ¶Rl qulbjrês njhhjbf f rlnhj`jrês tu blrlnmf6

Djcl`fs lh vfhu`li u fkrêi hj `ósknj mjstj li hj njhhl.

Lclrnknkf 2

J. Tlnulrbl qul hj nficuinkþi "u" sl l`phlj nujibf hj pjhjdrj skauklitl l`pklzj pfr "f". Lsnrkdj hj

nficuinkþi jblnujbj li hjs frjnkfils bksyuitkvjs skauklitls. Oàclsl li lh lcl`phf.

7. Njitl`fs uij njinkþi rlnktl`fs ui pfl`j.

:. ¶Rl skrvf njoë prloklrls ui rlorlsnf6

4. Rklili `unmf `klbf fnuhtji jhaf.

>. ¶Hhlvjrês lstjs dftjs prloklrls hfs zjpjtfs6

2. Nfnkijrë tj`jhls prlpjrjrë uijs linmkhjbjs.

D. Nf`phltl njbj frjnkþi bksyuitkvj. Lhkcj lh vlrdf jblnujbf blh rlnujbrf. Mjy ui lcl`phf.

blcjr prllrls qulbjrsl kisnrkdkr lsnunmjr

7. Rl austj lstl suëtlr f prloklrls jquëh.

:. ¶_klils

4. Hf tf`js

>. ¶Hllrês lh plrkþbknf

2. ¶Lstubkjrês nf`putjnkþi

f


51/341>;Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

@lcfrl su frtfarjoàj

Hj tkhbl li pjhjdrjs arjvls

Tlnulrbl qul hjs pjhjdrjs arjvls sfi hjs qul hhlvji lh jnlitf li hj plióhtk-

`j sàhjdj. Hlj li vfz jhtj hjs pjhjdrjs skauklitls.

êhdu` Njr ̀ li hê pkz `ji zjij êr dfh `jr tls

Rfbjs hhlvji lh jnlitf (hj oulrzj bl hj vfz) li hj plióhtk`j sàhjdj, plrf uijs sl

tkhbji y ftrjs if. Tlpjsl`fs hj rlahj bl jnlitujnkþi frtfarênj3

• ^l tkhbji hjs pjhjdrjs arjvls qul tlr`kiji li nfisfijitl qul if slj

"i" f "s".

Rktj jújbkþ lh j zónjr j hj `jsj.

Hjs pjhjdrjs sudrjyjbjs sfi arjvls. Jzónjr sl tkhbj pfrqul tlr`kij li nfisf-ijitl qul if ls "i" f "s". Rktj y `jsj if sl tkhbji pfrqul tlr`kiji li vfnjh.

Jmfrj oàclsl li lstjs pjhjdrjs3

frtfarjoà j arój slàs`f njà bj

Rfbjs lhhjs tklili ui mkjtf, qul ls lh linulitrf bl bfs vfnjhls qul sl prfiui-

nkji li sàhjdjs slpjrjbjs, y tfbjs lhhjs sl tkhbji. Hjs pjhjdrjs arjvls sl tkhbji

nujibf mjy mkjtf.

Lclrnknkf <J. Hlj hj hkstj bl pjhjdrjs jaubjs y jújbj hj tkhbl li hjs qul hj ilnlsktji. Rklil ui lcl`phf.

nêhkz Nlsjr pflskj trldfh

bfhjr ojnkh huils Wlrlz

nldfhhj cfvli alfarjj nfnkij

Tlspfibj3 ¶Wfr quë if sl tkhbj hj pjhjdrj huils6

D. Hlj njbj frjnkþi y sudrjyl hjs pjhjdrjs arjvls. Jújbj hj tkhbl nujibf slj ilnlsjrkf. Auàlsl pfr

lh lcl`phf.

7. Þsnjr rlhhliþ nfi hêpkz hj oknmj bl nf`litjrkf.

:. Nrkstfdjh, Mlntfr y _kntfr lstubkjrêi liolr`lrkj.

4. Hj rlnltj bl yunj nfi jzunjr ls ojnkh bl rljhkzjr.

>. Hj aruj sl hhlvþ lh jutf`fvkh jvlrkjbf.



Oknmj bl nf`litjrkf

Jprlibk`fs li lh arupf \tjthêi qul hj nmj bl nf`litjrkf ls uij tjrcltj

`lbkj njrtj li hj qul sl lsnrkdl hj kiofr`jnkþi y cuknkfs u fpkikfils sfdrl hjhlnturj bl ui tlxtf. Kinhuyl3

• Ràtuhf

• Jutfr

• Rl`j prkinkpjh. ¶Bl quë trjtj hj hlnturj6

• Ijrrjbfr. Nulitj lh rlhjtf y pulbl slr ijrrjbfr li prk`lrj plrsfij f

ijrrjbfr li tlrnlrj plrsfij.

• Wlrsfijcls. Tljhkzji hj jnnkþi. Wulbli slr prkinkpjh f slnuibjrkfs.

• Nf`litjrkf. Lxprlsj fpkikfils l kbljs jnlrnj bl hf hlàbf.

Hlj`fs hfs bjtfs qul nfitklil hj nmj bl nf`litjrkf bl hj hlnturj bl lstjsl`jij.

Ràtuhf3 Rfrtjs bl Ijvkbjb

Jutfrj3 Hjurj Lsqukvlh

Rl`j prkinkpjh3 Hj rlnltj bl hjs tfrtjs

Wlrsfijcls prkinkpjhls3 Rktj y Ijnmj

Lclrnknkf ?Jmfrj hl tfnj j ustlb. Nf`phltl hj nmj jitlrkfr nfi su nf`litjrkf. Wulbl aukjrsl pfr lstjs prl -auitjs3 ¶Zuë fpkij sfdrl hj hlnturj6 ¶Hl mj austjbf6 ¶Wfr quë6 Nukbl hj rlbjnnkþi y hj frtfarjoàj blsu lsnrktf.

Nf`litjrkf3

Lxprëslsl nfi nhjrkbjb


53/3412:Nf`uiknjnkþi y Hliaujcl ∔ ^l`jij 4

Tlsu`li

Ahfsjrkfdjhbfsj3 hjbrkhhf if, bl ofr`j alilrjh`litl nujbrjiauhjr, qul sl usj pjrj nudrkr sulhfs.

tlhlrjs3 pji qul sl usj pjrj mjnlr tfrtjs, ui dfnjbkhhf tàpknf `lxknjif.

\ij jijhfaàj ls hj rlhjnkþi bl sl`lcjizj f bl pjrlnkbf litrl bfs fdcltfs bkstkitfs. Tlsulhvj jij-hfaàjs nfi hjs pjhjdrjs blh ahfsjrkf. Hj prk`lrj frjnkþi skl`prl bj hj pkstj bl nþ`f nf`phltjr hjslauibj.

:. Rkitl ls j pkiturj, nf`f djhbfsj ls j

4. @jizjij ls j orutj, nf`f tlhlrj ls j

:. Hj frjnkþi nf`pulstj ls hj qul nfistj bl bfs f ̀ ês frjnkfils sk`phls, qul sl rlhjnkfiji litrl

sà. Jhauijs vji slpjrjbjs pfr nf`js y ftrjs sl uili pfr nficuinkfils.

4. Nhjskonjnkþi3

4.: Frjnkfils yuxtjpulstjs3 sfi uij slrkl bl frjnkfils sk`phls, slpjrjbjs pfr uij nf`j f ui

puitf y nf`j.

Dusnþ hjs hhjvls bl hj pulrtj , quktþ hfs njibjbfs , sjhkþ jh pjtkf.W

:W

4W

>

F:

F4

F4

4.4 Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs3 sfi frjnkfils sk`phls qul sl uili ̀ lbkjitl nficuinkfils.

• Frjnkfils nffrbkijbjs nfpuhjtkvjs3 uikbjs pfr hjs nficuinkfils nfpuhjtkvjs3 y , l , ik.F

:F

4

@l jnlrquë j hj v

libro zaculeu com. y lenguaje 1er. sem

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