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Page 1: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

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Page 2: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

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edicions bellaterra

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La Administración de Doña Violeta Chamorro, 1990-1996

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50?.162( ?.K0?A( 2( NJ.( 1A( 6.1B2(Y2HA/B2( .1( 32( $52YK3.2( !2C0A123S#J21?A(.562(C0/CJ15621C02(C2YK0[R(CA1(32(33.`2?2(?.($/1A3?A($3.7Y>1R(32(3[`0C2(@A3B60C2(5.(K25[(Y>5(.1(32(1.`AC02C0[1(.16/.(?A5(C2J?0733A5R(?05CJ60.1?A(C2/2(2(C2/2(5AK/.(6.Y25(0Y@A/6216.5R(.16/.(3A5(CJ23.5.562K2(1.J6/230\2/(32(@/>C60C2(?.YAC/>60C2(?.(32(k/.1?0C0[1(?.(CJ.17625lS(*1(.56.(5.160?A(6A?A5(3A5(@/.50?.16.5(NJ.(33.`2/A1(23(@A?./(?.57?.(DEE8(6./Y012/A1(@2C621?A(CA1(.3(,-+!R(01C3J5A(.3(@/.50?.16.(QA732IA5R(2J1NJ.(h56.(3A(G0\A(.1(Y.1A/(Y.?0?2(?.K0?A(2(32(@/.50[1(?.r25G01`6A1(@2/2(NJ.(1A(6J40./2(/.32C0A1.5(CA1(3A5(2160`JA5(.1.Y0`A5?.(32(#252(Q321C2S

La Administración de Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo, 1996-2001

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La administración de Enrique Bolaños Geyer, 2001-2006

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El régimen

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Los sandinistas

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Page 69: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

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Los anti-sandinistas

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cS *3(`AK0./1A(521?010562

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El régimen sandinista: La fase radical

*3(,-+!(./2(J12(A/`210\2C0[1(/.4A3JC0A12/02(H(23(AK6.1./(.3(@A?./A@6[R(126J/23Y.16.R(@A/(0Y@J352/(5J(@/A@02(2`.1?2(6/215ZA/Y2?A/2S+2(@3262ZA/Y2(@A3B60C2(521?010562(./2(YJ360Z2Ch60C2R(@./A(325(/.32C0A1.5.16/.(`AK0./1A(H(A@A50C0[1(50.Y@/.(ZJ./A1(6.1525S(*1(J1(010C0A(3A5(5217?0105625(1A(C.?0./A1(H(.5`/0Y0./A1(.3(/.CJ./?A(?.(3A5(?J/A5(2IA5(?.3JCG2(CA16/2(.3(5AYAC05YA(.1(3A5(NJ.(.3(,-+!(@./?0[(2(YJCGA5(C27Y2/2?25S(*562(2C606J?(62YK0h1(ZJ.(?.K0?2(2(5J(015@0/2C0[1(Y2/]0562(H/.30`0A52R(NJ.(3.5(CA1Z./B2(J12([email protected].(?.(k5J@./0A/0?2?(YA/23l(NJ.(24.C.5(3A5(G2CB2(016/2150`.16.5S(*5(4./?2?(62YK0h1(NJ.(.1(A6/25(AC250A71.5(2C6J2K21(CA1(@/[email protected]([email protected].(@A/NJ.(C/.B21(NJ.(5J(40C76A/02(3.5(CA1Z./B2(J12(2J6A/0?2?(01?05CJ60?2S(xJ0\>(@A/NJh(2(32(CA14A7C26A/02(521?010562(5.(5JY[(J12(CA230C0[1(YJ360C3250562(H(@/2`Y>60C2R.3(,-+!(C/.H[(NJ.(1A(./2(1.C.52/0A(AZ/.C./(Y>5(.5@2C0A5(@A3B60CA5u(50K0.1(50.Y@/.(@./Y060[(Y>5(.5@2C0A(2(3A5(A@A506A/.5(?.3(NJ.(?0./A1(3A5-AYA\2S

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+A(Y>5(@/AK3.Y>60CA(?.3(1J.4A(/h`0Y.1R(501(.YK2/`AR(1A(ZJ.(32?.52Z.CC0[1(?.(325(ZJ./\25(@A3B60C25(?.(C2/>C6./(KJ/`Jh5R(10(32(2C6076J?(?.53.23(?.(5J(A@A50C0[1R(501A(.3(010C0A(?.(J12(015J/`.1C02(CA16/27//.4A3JC0A12/02S(*562(A@C0[1(ZJ.(32(2?A@62?2(@A/(J1(5.`Y.16A(?.(3256/A@25( 5AYAC05625( ?.//A62?25( .1( 32( CA14AC26A/02( 015J//.CC0A123( ?.DEFER(NJ.(6AY2/A1(1J.42Y.16.(325(2/Y25(CA16/2(.3(@/AH.C6A(/.4A3J7C0A12/0AS(*1(.562(6.506J/2(.3(G.CGA(?.(NJ.(r25G01`6A1(?0./2(J12(5J57621C023(2HJ?2(2(3A5(015J/`.16.5(./2(@/.4050K3.R([email protected].(?.5@Jh5

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El régimen sandinista: La fase electoral

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b./A(3A5(@321.5(1A(50`J0./A1(32(6/2H.C6A/02(NJ.(3A5(521?0105625G2KB21(@.152?AS(vJKA(.3.Y.16A5(@A50604A5(CAYA(.3(G.CGA(?.(NJ.(.3`AK0./1A(.5C/0K0[(H(2@/AK[(J12(1J.42(#A15606JC0[1(CA1(K256216.5(.3.7Y.16A5(@/A@0A5(?.(325(?.YAC/2C025(30K./23.5(_NJ.(1A(5.(YA?0Z0C[(G25762(DEEiau(5.(CA16.Y@32/A1(H(2@/AK2/A1(.5626J6A5(?.(2J6A1AYB2(YJ3607CJ36J/23.5(@2/2(325(/.`0A1.5(?.(32(#A562($63>160C2(CA1(@/.5.1C02(?.Y01A/B25(h610C25u(H(5.(CA1C0K0[(.3(1J.4A(@A?./(3.`0532604A(_32($52Y7K3.2(!2C0A123a(CAYA(J1(.5@2C0A(@3J/23(?A1?.(5.(0Y@J352K2(32(1J.42015606JC0A1230?2?S(b./A(62YK0h1(GJKA(2CA16.C0Y0.16A5(1.`2604A5R(.16/.3A5(NJ.(?.562C[(32(016.150Z0C2C0[1(?.3(CA1Z30C6A(2/Y2?A(@A/(@2/6.(?.(32#A16/2(H(.3(CA32@5A(.CA1[Y0CAS(-01(?J?2R(.3(.562?A(/J01A5A(?.(32(.CA71AYB2(H(32(016./Y012K3.(`J.//2(CA16/2015J/`.16.(ZJ./A1(3A5(.3.Y.16A5NJ.(CA16.]6J230\2/A1(3A5(CAY0C0A5(NJ.(.3(,-+!(A/`210\[(@2/2(DEE8S

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La oposición anti-sandinista

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Los sandinistas como oposición oficial a largo plazo

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DS *56.(2/6BCJ3A(.5(J12(4./50[1([email protected].(/.4052?2(?.(k%.4A3JC0[1R(Z.Y0105YAR(H21607Z.Y0105YA(.1(!0C2/2`J2lR(NJ.(ZJ.(@JK30C2?A(.1(*30\2K.6G(920./(H(!26G230.(+.7KA1(_.?5SR(T88WR(De lo privado a lo público: 30 años de lucha ciudadana de las muje-res en América LatinaR(*?06A/023(-0`3A(pp"R(9h]0CA(;S,SaS(-.(@JK30C2(2NJB(CA1(.3(@./7Y05A(?.(325(.?06A/25STS +A5(2C60405625(NJ.(HA(0?.160Z0CA(CAYA(k21607Z.Y0105625l(/2/2(4.\(J521(.3(Y05YA6h/Y01A(@2/2(?.5C/0K0/(5J(@/A@0A( 6/2K2^AL(1A/Y23Y.16.(J521(k@/A7Z2Y0302l(A(k@/A740?2lS(-01(.YK2/`AR(5J`0./A(NJ.(.3(6h/Y01A(k21607Z.Y010562l(.5(2?.CJ2?A(@A/(6/.5(/27\A1.5S(b/0Y./AR(325(2C60405625(Z.Y0105625(62YK0h1(.56>1(2(Z24A/(?.(Z2Y03025(_2J1NJ.5.21(Z2Y03025(0`J23062/025a(H(5J(6/2K2^A(.1(CA16/2(?.(32(YA/6230?2?(Y26./123(H(32(40A73.1C02(?AYh560C2(62YK0h1(.5(J12(32KA/(@/A740?2S(-.`J1?AR(3A5(2C60405625(?.(.56.(YA407Y0.16A(1A(5A1([email protected].(CA15./42?A/.5(5AC023.5(?.(32(Y05Y2(Y21./2(NJ.(325(2C607405625( Z.Y0105625( 1A( 5A1( [email protected].( 30K./23.5( 5AC023.5S( *1( 2YKA5( C25A5R( 3A5YA40Y0.16A5(5.(C.16/21(.1(32(@A3B60C2(?.(32(0160Y0?2?(H(32(40?2(CA60?0212S(,0123Y.16.R.3(6h/Y01A(k21607Z.Y010562l(3A(0?.160Z0C2(CAYA(J1(YA40Y0.16A(?.(/.2CC0[1S

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Primera fase

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Segunda fase

+2(5.`J1?2(Z25.(?.(3A5(YA40Y0.16A5(CA01C0?0[(CA1(.3(.1?J/.C0Y0.16A?.(32(@A3B60C2(.562?AJ10?.15.(G2C02(3A5(521?0105625(10C2/2`g.15.5S($3Y.1A5(?.5?.(DEVT(5.(AK5./42/A1(5./0A5(.5ZJ./\A5(@2/2(A/`210\2/R(@276/AC012/(H(.16/.12/(2(J12(ZJ./\2(/.K.3?.(CA1(.3(AK^.604A(?.(?.//AC2/(.3`AK0./1A(?.3(,-+!S($J1NJ.(3A5(#A16/25(_CAYA(.562(ZJ./\2(/.`J32/(5.6./Y01[(?.1AY0121?Aa(1A(@A?B2(?.//A62/(?0/.C62Y.16.(23(*^h/C06A(bA7@J32/(-21?010562R(5B(@A?B2(C2J52/R(H(@A/([email protected](C2J5[R(J1(`/21(5JZ/07Y0.16A(23(@J.K3A(10C2/2`g.15.S(;.(G.CGAR(.562(ZJ.(32(/2\[1(@2/2(32NJ.(5.(@/AH.C6[L(C2560`2/(2(32(@AK32C0[1(C0403(10C2/2`g.15.(@2/2(NJ.(5./.K.32/2(CA16/2(.3(`AK0./1A(/.4A3JC0A12/0A(H(3A(?.//AC2/2S

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Nueva Cobertura Mediática

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Atraer Atención de Ciudadanos Estadounidenses

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FS*4A3JC0[1(CA15606JC0A123(H(C2YK0A5(015606JC0A123.5(.1!0C2/2`J2(_DEVF7T88Fa

Gabriel Álvarez Argüello y Joan Vintró Castells

DS "16/A?JCC0[1

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III. ¿Reforma parcial o reforma total?

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I. La definición del territorio nacional

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II. La imposibilidad de la pérdida de la nacionalidad

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III. Elección y estatuto jurídico del presidente de la República

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IV. La ampliación del número de miembros de órganosconstitucionales

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V. Disposiciones en materia electoral

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II. El fortalecimiento del papel de la Asamblea Nacional en laelección de los titulares y miembros de determinados órganos einstituciones

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III. La potenciación y ampliación de los instrumentos del controlparlamentario sobre el Poder Ejecutivo: un régimenpresidencial parlamentarizado

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IV. La incierta entrada en vigor de la reforma constitucional

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B. Las decisiones de la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia y de laCorte Suprema de Justicia de Nicaragua

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– – – – – – – – –

Mexico

Paraguay

Ecuador

Argentina

Venezuela

Honduras

Rep. Dom.

Guatemala

Peru

Brasil

Bolivia

Nicaragua

Panama

Uruguay

Colombia

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Chile

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RECHAZA LAS RECIENTESSENTENCIAS DE LA CORTE

SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA PORSER VIOLATORIAS AL ESTADO DE

DERECHO

Y

CONVOCADA PARAESTE VIERNES 9 - SEPTIEMBRE

A la Caravana Fúnebre de laJusticia en Nicaragua

Del Estudio Nacional - 5:00 PMa la Corte Suprema de Justicia - 7:00 PM

NO FALTES !HABRÁ TRANSPORTE!

JUSTICIA SÍ ! DICTADURA NO!DEMOCRACIA SÍ ! PACTO NO!

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Page 311: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

D8S!0C2/2`J2(YJ360CJ36J/23L(2J6A1AYB2(/.`0A123(.1(32#A562(#2/0K.

Miguel González y Dolores Figueroa

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La representación política de los pueblos indígenas y afro-descendientes

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Las capacidades institucionales de los consejos y gobiernosregionales

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Page 349: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

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El peso del somocismo y de las fracciones tradicionales de laburguesía

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*1(5B16.505R(32(K2^2(@/.5.1C02(.1(32(.5C.12(`/.Y023(H(@A3B60C2(?.3A5(.56/26A5(016./Y.?0A5(H(Y>5(@.NJ.IA5(01C0?0[(.1(J12(5AK/.560Y27C0[1(?.3(@.5A(@/A?JC604A(/.23(?.(3A5(.56/26A5(Y>5(`/21?.5R(6216A(?.3K3ANJ.(5AYAC0562(CAYA(?.(325(A6/25(Z/2CC0A1.5(.Y@/.52/023.5S(-01(.Y7K2/`AR(.5625(Z/2CC0A1.5(.Y@/.52/023.5(6.1B21(J1(@.5A(50`10Z0C2604A(.132(CAY./C0230\2C0[1(H(.3(Z0121C02Y0.16A(?.(325(2C6040?2?.5(@/A?JC607425(@/0Y2/025S

Consecuencias del tipo de estructura agraria para el proceso dereforma agraria de 1979

;J/216.(3A5(2IA5(ACG.162(5.(33.4[(2(C2KA(J12(@/AZJ1?2(/.ZA/Y2(2`/27/02(NJ.(.1Z260\[(6/.5(.3.Y.16A5S(*1(@/0Y./(3J`2/R(6/215ZA/Y2/(32(ZA/7Y2(?.(?056/0KJC0[1(?.(32(60.//2R(G2C0.1?A(G01C2@0h(.1(32(/.?056/0KJC0[1?.(60.//25(@/A4.10.16.5(?.(`/21?.5(Z01C25R(@/[email protected].(?.3(1OC3.A5AYAC0562R(?.(233.`2?A5(23(2160`JA(/h`0Y.1R(?.(3A5(?.J?A/.5(CA1(3A5K21CA5(H(?.(2NJ.33A5(NJ.(1A(6/2K2^21(?.(Y21./2(2?.CJ2?2(5J5(.]@3A762C0A1.5R(H(CA1C.16/2/(.5625(60.//25(ZJ1?2Y.1623Y.16.(.1(325(.Y@/.7525(.562623.5(H(.1(CAA@./260425(?.(CA/6.(CA3.C6040562S(*1( 32( 62K32(W@J.?.(4./5.(.3(@/AC.5A(?.(/.?056/0KJC0[1(?.(60.//25(.16/.(DEFV(H(DEVVS*1(5.`J1?A(3J`2/R(YA?./10\2/(325(ZA/Y25(6hC10C25(?.(@/A?JCC0[1(0176.150Z0C21?A(.3(Y2HA/(J5A(6216A(?.(6/2C6A/.5(H(A6/25(Y2NJ012/025(_@/A74.10.16.5(.1(KJ.12(Y.?0?2(?.(32(CAA@./2C0[1(?.(3A5(2160`JA5(@2B5.55AC02305625aR(CAYA(62YK0h1(?.(015JYA5(NJBY0CA5R(.(016.1621?A(_CA1@ACA(h]06Aa(J12(2Y@302C0[1(?.(32(6/215ZA/Y2C0[1(2`/A01?J56/023R(@A710.1?A(.1(Y2/CG2(23/.?.?A/(?.(J12(4.016.12(?.(`/21?.5(@/AH.C6A5_01`.10A5(2\JC2/./A5R(@32162C0A1.5(?.(@23Y2(2Z/0C212R(`212?./B2(YJH016.15042R(GA/6230\25R(C2ZhR(`/21A5(K>50CA5R(.16/.(A6/A5aS(*3(h1Z2505(?..562(YA?./10\2C0[1(.56J4A(@J.56A(.1(325(>/.25(.562623.5(H(62YK0h1(.1J1(5.`Y.16A(?.(325(CAA@./260425(?.(CA/6.(CA3.C604AS(*1(6./C./(H(O3607YA(3J`2/R(5.(Y250Z0C[R(.1(6A?A5(3A5(.56/26A5R(.3(2CC.5A(2(32(K21C2(.5762623(?.(?.52//A33AR(NJ.(A@./[(CA1(C/h?06A5(5JK50?02?A5(H(33.`[(2(2K2/7C2/(Y>5(?.3(Fi w(?.(32(5J@./Z0C0.(2`/BCA32(_CJ3604A5(@./Y21.16.5(H21J23.5aS

*1(32(62K32(f(@J.?.(4./5.(NJ.(32(@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02(?.32IA(DEV8(_32(/.4A3JC0[1(6/0J1Z[(.1(^J30A(?.(DEFEa(./2(01Z./0A/(2(32(237C21\2?2(.1(DEFVR(CAYA(CA15.CJ.1C02(?.(32(C2B?2(?.(32(@/A?JCC0[1(?J7

fE8 nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn !0C2/2`J2(H(.3(,-+!

!"#$%$&'$()(*+(,-+!(./012((/34356((5672A((89:;<=(?65

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/216.(.3(@./BA?A(015J//.CC0A123(?.(32(@/0Y./2(Y062?(?.(DEFER(.3(2K217?A1A(?.(Z01C25(H(3A5(AK40A5(6/256A/1A5(?.3(12C0Y0.16A(?.(J1(1J.4A(*5762?A(H(.3(010C0A(?.(32(/.ZA/Y2(2`/2/02S

*1(3A5(@/0Y./A5(2IA5(?.(3A5(ACG.162R(G2562(DEVcR(50(K0.1(1A(5.(5J7@./2/A1(3A5(104.3.5(?.(@/A?JCC0[1(H(?.(.]@A/62C0[1(?.(Z01.5(?.(3A5(5.76.162R(5.(3A`/[(5J@./2/(.3(104.3(?.(DEV8(H(2@30C2/(J1(.5NJ.Y2(6hC10CAY>5(016.1504AR(@/[email protected].(.1(.3(5.C6A/(.562623(H(J1(`/J@A(?.(CAA7@./260425(@/0A/0\2?25(JK0C2?25(Y2HA/062/02Y.16.(.1(32(/.`0[1(?.3(b2CB7Z0CAS(#A1(32(@/.50[1(?.(J12(506J2C0[1(?.(`J.//2R(32(.5C25.\(?.(/.CJ/5A5H(32(YA4030\2C0[1(?.(GAYK/.5(@2/2(3A5(Z/.16.5(?.(CAYK26.R(?05Y01JH[32(@/A?JCC0[1(?.(Y21./2(Y2/C2?2S(b2/2(DEE8(32(@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02(@A/(G2K06216.(/J/23(./2(C./C2(?.(J1(Ti w(01Z./0A/(23(104.3(?.DEV8(H(32(Y062?(CA1(/[email protected](23(23C21\2?A(Z01.5(?.(3A5(2IA5(5.6.162S

*3(h1Z2505(.1(.3(5.C6A/(.562623(H(.1(ZA/Y25(CA3.C60425(?.^[(?.(32?A.3(2@AHA(2(5.C6A/.5(Y.?0A5(H(?.(@.NJ.IA5(@/A?JC6A/.5(01?040?J23.5R3A(CJ23(6J4A(42/025(CA15.CJ.1C025S(+2(@/0Y./2(5.(/.Z3.^[(.1(32(?.54017CJ32C0[1(@A3B60C2(CA1(.56/26A5(Y.?0A5(H(?.(@.NJ.IA5(@/A?JC6A/.5(CA7Y./C023.5(.1(/.`0A1.5(?.(32(/.`0[1(#.16/23R(YJCGA5(?.(3A5(CJ23.5(5.5JY2/A1(2(32(CA16/2//.4A3JC0[1(A(Y>5([email protected].(2(@A50C0A1.5(21607521?0105625S(+25(5JC.50425(.3.CC0A1.5(12C0A123.5(?.(3A5(2IA5(1A4.162RG2562(32(O360Y2(.3.CC0[1(?.3(i(?.(1A40.YK/.(?.(T88WR(50`J.1(YA56/217?A(C[YA(ZJ./2(?.(3A5(C.16/A5(J/K21A5(?.(32(/.`0[1(C.16/23(H(?.3($63>1760CA(.3(4A6A(521?010562(50`J.(50.1?A(30Y062?AR(H(.56A(.56>(.1(?0/.C62(/.732C0[1(?.(325(ZA/Y25(.1(NJ.(5.(21230\2K2(32(.56/JC6J/2(2`/2/02(.1(3A52IA5(ACG.162(H(325(ZA/Y25(?.(.^./C./(.3(@A?./S($?.Y>5R(.562(@AC2(40750K030?2?(?.(3A5(.56/26A5(Y.?0A5(?.3(C2Y@A(6J4A(CA15.CJ.1C025(?0/.C7625( .1( 32( C2B?2( ?.( 32( @/A?JCC0[1( .1( 32( 5.`J1?2(Y062?( ?.( 3A5( 2IA5ACG.162R(623(CAYA(5.(AK5./42(.1(3A5(B1?0C.5(@/.5.162?A5(.1(32(62K32(fL.16/.(DEVi(H(DEE8(32(@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02(?05Y01JH[(.1(C./C2(?.3Df w(H(32(@/A?JCC0[1(@A/(G2K06216.(/J/23(?.5C.1?0[(.1(.3(Y05YA(@.7/BA?A(.1(C./C2(?.(TD wS(*562(/.?JCC0[1(6J4A(CA15.CJ.1C025(Y2C/A.7CA1[Y0C25R(.1(3A5(01`/.5A5(?.(325(Z2Y03025([email protected](H(AK402Y.16.6J4A([email protected](.1(.3(CAY@A/62Y0.16A(@A3B60CAR(623(CAYA(325(.3.C7C0A1.5(?.(DEE8(/.Z3.^2/A1(.1(.3(4A6A(/J/23(21607521?010562R(.1([email protected](32(/.`0[1(#.16/23(H(.3($63>160CAS

U/.0162(2IA5(?.(2`/0CJ36J/2(10C2/2`J.15.(_DEFV7T88Va(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn fED

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fS ;01>Y0C2(?.(32(b/A?JCC0[1($`/[email protected]/02(_DEFV7T88Wa

Durante la revolución

'1(21>30505(?.(3A5(@/>C60C2Y.16.(f8(2IA5(NJ.(6/215CJ//.1(.16/.(Z01.5?.(3A5(2IA5(5.6.162(H(32(@/0Y./2(Y062?(?.(32(?hC2?2(012J`J/23(?.3(50`3App"oCJHA(k@J16A(Z0123l(5A1(3A5(2IA5(@/.40A5(23(/.`/.5A(?.3(,-+!(23`AK0./1Ao 1A5(@./Y06.( AK5./42/( ?.(Y21./2( 2`/.`2?2( .3( 50`J0.16.CAY@A/62Y0.16A(?.3(5.C6A/(2`/[email protected]/0AL(CA1(J12(K25.(D88(.1(DEFV(32@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02(@/.5.162K2(J1(B1?0C.(?.(Wc(.1(DEE8(H(?.(DTW.1(.3(T88WS(e056A(.1(/.32C0[1(23(C/.C0Y0.16AR(CA1(K25.(D88(2(DEFVR(.3@/A?JC6A(2`/[email protected]/0A(@A/(G2K06216.(/J/23(33.`2K2(.1(.3(2IA(T88W(2VTR(5J5621C023Y.16.( 01Z./0A/(23(23C21\2?A(.1(DEFVR( 3A(CJ23(@./Y06.JK0C2/(32(K25.(Y26./023(?.(32(.]6.1?0?2(@AK/.\2(/J/23(_4./(62K32(faS

e056A(.1(@./[email protected](?.(3A5(C2YK0A5(?.(32(.56/JC6J/2(2`/2/02R(5.1A5(2@2/.C.(CAYA(J1(32/`A(@./BA?A(?A1?.(CA.]056.1(ZJ./6.5(C2YK0A5H(J12(2Y@302C0[1(?.(32(Z/A16./2(2`/BCA32R(J1(C/.C0Y0.16A(YJH(01.5627K3.(?.(32(@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02(H(K2^A5(104.3.5(?.(@/A?JC6040?2?2`/BCA32R(Y.?0?2(6216A(.1(6h/Y01A5(?.(@/A?JC6040?2?(@A/(J10?2?(?.5J@./Z0C0.R(CAYA(.1(CJ216A(@/A?JC6040?2?(.1(/.32C0[1(2(32(@AK32C0[1S

*1(DEWfR(623(CAYA(@J.?.(4./5.(.1(32(62K32(iR(325(Z01C25(?.(Y>5(?.i88(Y21\2125(5JY2K21(.3(cDRT w(?.(32(60.//2R(Y0.16/25(NJ.(.3(Y05YA.56/26A(5JY2(.1(.3(#.15A($`/[email protected]/0A(T88D(.3(DWRi w(?.(32(5J@./Z07C0.(.1(Z01C25S(+A5(.56/26A5(01Z./0A/.5(2(325(i8(Y21\2125(?.(.]6.150[1@2521R(.1(.3(Y05YA(@./BA?AR(?.(/.@/.5.162/(.3(DcRF w(2(5JY2/(.3(TcRiw(?.(32(5J@./Z0C0.(12C0A123S(*5(?.C0/R(NJ.(5.(@/A?JC.(J12(Y2/C2?2(/.7?JCC0[1(?.3(@.5A(?.(3A5(`/21?.5(@/[email protected]/0A5(H(.3(CA150`J0.16.(ZA/6273.C0Y0.16A(?.(@.NJ.IA5(H(Y.?021A5(@/A?JC6A/.5S(90.16/25(NJ.(.3(627Y2IA(@/AY.?0A(?.(325(.]@3A62C0A1.5(./2(?.(FV(Y21\2125(@A/(Z01C2(.1DEFVR(5.(23C21\2(J1(62Y2IA(?.(cD(Y21\2125(@2/2(.3(T88DR(J12(/.?JC7C0[1(2(C250(2(32(Y062?(NJ.(01?0C2(.3(Y2HA/(@.5A(.1(60.//25(?.(3A5(.56/276A5(?.(Y.1A/(?0Y.150[1S

Después de 1990

*5(1A6A/02(32(/.CJ@./2C0[1(?.(3A5(104.3.5(?.(@/A?JCC0[1(.1(3A5(2IA51A4.162(H(.1(32(?hC2?2(@A56./0A/u(32(6252(Y.?02(?.(C/.C0Y0.16A(.5(C./7

fET nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn !0C2/2`J2(H(.3(,-+!

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Page 393: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

C212(23(c w(21J23(.16/.(DEE8(H(T88iR(Y>5(Y2/C2?2Y.16.(.16/.(DEE8H(DEEE(CJ21?A(23C21\[(J12(Y.?02(?.(cRT w(21J23R(6/25(3A(CJ23R(.1(.3@/0Y./(NJ01NJ.10A(?.3(50`3A(pp"R(5.(4./0Z0C2(J1(C/.C0Y0.16A(YJH(01.5762K3.(H(J1(/.5J362?A(2`/.`2?A(Y.?0AC/.R(01Z./0A/(23(C/.C0Y0.16A(126J7/23(?.(32(@AK32C0[1S

*1(32(/.CJ@./2C0[1(H(.]@2150[1(^J`2/A1(42/0A5(Z2C6A/.5S('1A(ZJ.32(@2C0Z0C2C0[1(NJ.(@A50K0306[(NJ.(\A125(216./0A/Y.16.(.1(`J.//2(5./.CJ@./2/21(@A/(.5ZJ./\A(@/A@0A(?.(@/A?JC6A/.5(Z2Y0302/.5R(YJCGA5?.(.33A5(@/A4.10.16.5(?.(2160`J25(CAA@./260425(?.(@/A?JCC0[1(A(?.57YA4030\2?A5(?.(325(ZJ./\25(Y03062/.5(_?.(2YKA5(K21?A5aR(.1(@2/6.(CA12@AHA(C/.?060C0A(@2/2(32(/.1A42C0[1(?.(C2Z.623.5S(U2YK0h1(ZJ.(0Y@A/76216.(32(/.CJ@./2C0[1(.1(`.1./23(?.(@32162C0A1.5(?.(C2Zh(.1(9262`237@2R(M01A6.`2(H(3A5(A6/A5(?.@2/62Y.16A5(C2Z.623./A5(?.3(#.16/A(H(!A/6.?.3(@2B5S(+25(CA5.CG25(?.(Z01.5(?.(3A5(1A4.162(H(?.(23`J1A5(2IA5(?.31J.4A(50`3A(5A1(5J5621C023Y.16.(5J@./0A/.5(2(325(23C21\2?25(.1(.3(@2752?A(@/.7/.4A3JC0A12/0AS

bA/(A6/A(32?AR(.]0560[(J1(0Y@A/6216.(C/.C0Y0.16A(?.(32(2C6040?2?2\JC2/./2R(CA1C.16/2?2(.1(`/21?.5(@32162C0A1.5(2`/A01?J56/023.5(H(CA1J1(5.C6A/(?.(6/2K2^2?A/.5([email protected]\2?A5(.1(.3(CA/6.(?.(32(C2I2u(62Y7K0h1(.1(.56.(/JK/AR(2(Z01.5(?.(3A5(1A4.162R(5.(23C21\2(32(CA5.CG2(Y>5

U/.0162(2IA5(?.(2`/0CJ36J/2(10C2/2`J.15.(_DEFV7T88Va(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn fEf

U$Q+$ fS !0C2/2`J2R(.4A3JC0[1(?.(32(@/A?JCC0[1(2`/[email protected]/02R(CA15JYA(?.Z./6030\216.5(H(?.(32(@AK32C0[1(/J/23(_DEFV7T88Wa(DEFV�D88

b/A?JC6A bAK32C0[1 b/A?JC6A(@A/ #A15JYA(?.2`/[email protected]/0A /J/23 G2K06216.(/J/23 Z./6030\216.5

DEFV D88 D88 D88 D88DEV8 WE D8i WW DcEDEVi Fc DDF Wf DiFDEE8 Wc DTV i8 VfT88i DTT Dic FE EFT88W DTW DiW VT 1S?S

,'*!U*L(*4A3JC0[1(?.3(b"Q(2`/[email protected]/0A(6AY2?A(?.(Q21CA(#.16/23(?.(!0C2/2`J2R(yXXXSKC1S`AKS10{R(Y.?0?A(.1(Y033A1.5(?.(C[/?AK25(?.(DEV8R(2(J12(6252(?.(C2YK0A(?.(D8(C[/?AK25(@A/(?[32/S(bA7K32C0[1(/J/23(K252?2(.1('106.?(!260A15(_T88ia(H(.1(.560Y2C0[1(@/A@02(@2/2(DEFVS(*3(C/.C0Y0.16A?.(32(@AK32C0[1(/J/23(@2/2(T88W(H(T88F(K252?A(.1("!";*R(CA1(J12(6252(?.(C/.C0Y0.16A(?.(32(@A7K32C0[1(/J/23(?.(DRFi(w(21J23S(*3(CA15JYA(?.(Z./6030\216.5(5.`O1(?26A5(?.(,$<-U$U(5.(@/.5.162.1(@/AY.?0A5(NJ01NJ.123.5S

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Page 394: Libro nicaragua y el fsln-marti puig close-libre

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Contexto internacional

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Salvador Martí i Puig y David Close

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