las sustancias de los sueÑos

8/12/2019 LAS SUSTANCIAS DE LOS SUEÑOS

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L A S S U S T A N C I A S D E L O S S U E Ñ O S :N E U R O P S I C O F A R M A C O L O G Í A

Autor: SIMÓN BRAILOWSKY COMITÉ DE SELECCIÓN EDICIONES INTRODUCCIÓN DEDICATORIA EPÍGRAFE PRIMERA PARTE EL SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL

(SNC) SEGUNDA PARTE PRINCIPIOS GENERALES DE ACCIÓN

....FARMACOLÓGICA

TERCERA PARTE LOS NEUROFÁRMACOS CUARTA PARTE LOS PSICOFÁRMACOS QUINTA PARTE USO Y ABUSO DE DROGAS APÉNDICE. ¿QUE ACER EN CASOS DE

INTO!ICACIÓN" BIBLIOGRAFÍA CONTRAPORTADA

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*AIME SABINES

P R I M E R A P A R T E E L S I S T E M AN E R V I O S O C E N T R A L S N C !

I. MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL II. ORGANIACIÓN DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO III. LAS CÉLULAS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO IV. LA SINAPSISH ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIÓN

V. LOS NEUROTRANSMISORES













I " M É T O D O S D E E S T U D I O D E LS I S T E M A N E R V I O S O C E N T R A L

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FIGURA I"I" Técnicas para el estudio de la función

cerebral: r#$o%u&i'n t#()ora% y r#$o%u&i'n #$)a&ia%" Aquí se muestran los límites de definición en el tiempo(ordenadas: desde milésimas de segundo hasta días) y enel espacio (abscisas: el tamaño, desde milésimas demilímetro hasta decenas de centímetros) de ariastécnicas usadas en neurobiología! También se ilustran, deacuerdo con una escala de color * #% +rado d#in,a$i,idad (qué tanto hay que penetrar el te"ido nerioso

para poder estudiarlo) de cada una de ellas: desde el a#ul,que representa poca o ninguna inasiidad, como es elcaso del electroencefalograma ( EEG ), procedimiento en elque sólo se colocan pequeños discos met$licos %electrodos% en la superficie del cuero cabelludo, hasta elro"o, cuyo me"or e"emplo lo constituyen las lesiones! &i sequieren anali#ar fenómenos muy r$pidos, entonces lastécnicas disponibles son las que regulan la actiidadeléctrica, desde dendritas o a'ones (en las que se usa elregistro de parche o el registro unicelular) hasta el EEG ! amayoría de las técnicas de imagenología utili#adas en laclínica tienen una definición espacial bastante grande esdecir, apreciamos fenómenos relacionados con $reas

cerebrales o con la corte#a cerebral en todo su grosor!



*l EEG , la MEG o la TEP no nos permiten er capas corticales,y mucho menos células!

+icroscopía electrónica: M/E MEG :magnetoencefalografía PRE : potenciales relacionados con

eentos (también llamados potenciales sensorialeseocados)RMN : resonancia magnética nuclear TEP :tomografía por emisión de positrones! as unidades enambas escalas son logarítmicas! (éanse los detalles en elte'to!)

MÉTODOS

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P,#, &<%0$0# '$8&#-,3'$ &<#0 , 3&$0'&$0 0$%#0 $0+#&$, 0+,$ &%#, %:3$'3,. S' 033'&$,-& +$ ,$ (@+0 0 ,2#&&$1,3'$ @+0 ,0 /0 , $0+#&$, 3&$/+30 0 '-2+&$0#;'&&) + 2&#3'$ /'%, (, -6 ,0?,/, /0 3+0#2& $0+#&$,)

/010$0#,. E%0 80$-0$& 0 3&$&30 3&-& /010$0#,3'$,$%0#1#,/, (=,3', ,/0,$%0). C&$ 0 -:%&/& /0 M,#3=' 0 %'0 ,



-'0'$, (, 0$;&%+#, ,&$,) 0'%0$ &%#, %:3$'3, 3&$ ,@+0 0 %'0$ , %0#-'$,0 '$62%'3,. T,-<':$ 2&/0-&0,-'$,# & 3,-<'& 3,+,/& 2&# /010$0#,3'$ #0%#1#,/,0%& 0 ,@+0, @+0 '$'3', 0$ 0 '%'& /0 0'$ ,&$, 0 /'#'10=,3', 0 3+0#2& $0+#&$,.

P&/0-& ,2#&;03=,# 0%0 %#,$2&#%0 ,&$, (0 8+?& /0-&:3+, , %#,;: /0 ,$) 2,#, '$03%,# +%,$3',-,#3,/&#, & +%''7,# -&:3+, %&-,/, 2&# , $0+#&$, 2,#,/02+: 0# %#,$2&#%,/,. T, 0 0 3,& /0 , 0$7'-,20#&'/,, /0 #,47 8+0#%0 & /0 ,-'$&63'/& #,/',3%';&.R03'0$%0-0$%0 0 =,$ +%''7,/& 3'0#%, %&'$, ;'#+ @+0,%#,;'0,$ , -0-<#,$, $0+#&$, 3&-& ,3,##0,/&#0 /03&&#,$%0 + &%#, +%,$3', ('$3+'/& 0 -,%0#', 10$:%'3& 2,#,=,30# @+0 , $0+#&$, 2#&/+73, /0%0#-'$,/, 2#&%04$, & /0?0 /0=,30#&) @+0 2+0/0$ 0# ;'+,'7,/, 3&$ 0 -'3#&3&2'&.

MÉTODOS CONDUCTUALES

E ,$6'' /0 3&-2&#%,-'0$%& $,%+#, & ,2#0$/'/& '$/';'/+, &&3', /0 0# =+-,$& & ,$'-,0 3&-2#0$/0 /0/0 , &,&<0#;,3'$ =,%, , 3+,$%'8'3,3'$ /0%,,/, , 2,#%'# /0'-610$0 1#,<,/, /0-0$+7,/, 2&# 3&-2+%,/&#, /0 &3&-2&$0$%0 8'$& /0 3,/, -&;'-'0$%&. E 0-20& /0 -:%&/&/0 3&$/'3'&$,-'0$%& 36'3& 2,;&;',$& & '$%#+-0$%, (00?0-2& 36'3& 0 0 /0 20##& @+0 2#&/+30 ,';, , &4# +$,3,-2,$, /02+: /0 @+0 0 0 ,3&%+-<# , ,&3',# 00 &$'/&

3&$ , 3&-'/,) ,1#01, $+0;, /'-0$'&$0 , 0%+/'& /0 ,3&$/+3%,. P&/0-& '$;0%'1,# 8+$3'&$0 '-20 3&-& 3,-'$,#20#3'<'# 0%4-+& 0-&3'&$0 + &%#, -6 3&-20?, 3&-& ,3&1$&3'%';, ,@+4 0 2+0/0$ '$3+'# , ,%0$3'$ 003%';, &2#&30& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ , -0-&#', 0 0$1+,?0 0,2#0$/'7,?0 0 #,7&$,-'0$%& 0%3:%0#,.

MÉTODOS ELECTROFISIOLÓGICOS

E #01'%#& /0 , ,3%';'/,/ 0:3%#'3, @+0 0 2#&/+30 0$ 0 '%0-,$0#;'&& 2#&;00 /0 +$, ;''$ 8+$3'&$, $'3,. E , %:3$'3, @+0

20#-'%0 0,-'$,# 80$-0$& 30#0<#,0 0%#0-,/,-0$%0<#0;0 /0 &#/0$ /0 -':'-, /0 01+$/& @+0 &3+##0$ 3+,$/&+$, $0+#&$, 0 3&-+$'3, 3&$ &%#,. E ,-,/& '-2+& $0#;'&&, 0, 00-0$%, 8+$/,-0$%, /0 , %#,$80#0$3', /0'$8&#-,3'$ 0 -,$'8'0%, , $';0 0:3%#'3& 2&# & %,$%&%,-<':$ -,1$:%'3&. P&/0-& #01'%#,# , 0,0 0:3%#'3, /0$0+#&$, $'3, (& =,%, /0 2&#3'&$0 /'-'$+%, /0 +-0-<#,$,) 3&$ -'3#&003%#&/& & /0 3&$?+$%& /0 $0+#&$,3&-& 0$ 0 3,& /0 EEG 2&# -0/'& /0 003%#&/& -6 1#,$/0.

MÉTODOS NEUROQUÍMICOS

http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen3/ciencia3/130/html/mct_1.html





E 0$8&@+0 -&/0#$& /0 , $0+#&@+4-'3, $& ,30#3, , ,/'-0$'$ -&03+,# /0 , 8+$3'$ $0#;'&,. M0/',$%0 ,02,#,3'$ 0 ,',-'0$%& , /0%033'$ /0 +%,$3',020348'3, , $0+#&@+4-'3, =, 20#-'%'/& /03'8#,# $+0;&'1$'8'3,/& /0 0$1+,?0 $0+#&$,. U%''7,$/& -&:3+, @+0

'-'%,$ , ,33'$ /0 3&-2+0%& 0$/10$& & @+0 <&@+0,$ +0803%& (& ,1&$'%, ,$%,1&$'%, #0203%';,-0$%0) 0 =,$'/0$%'8'3,/& & '$%01#,$%0 /0 2#&30& /0 3&-+$'3,3'$ 0$%#0, 3:+,. L, $+0;, %:3$'3, /0 <'&&14, -&03+,# =,$0$#'@+03'/& $+0%#& 3&$&3'-'0$%& &<#0 & 2#&30& -64$%'-& @+0 2,#%'3'2,$ 0$ , 8+$3'$ 30+,#. (L, /03#'23'$ /00%, %:3$'3, 03,2, , & &<?0%';& /0 0%, &<#, '$ 0-<,#1&0 03%&# 2+0/0 3&$+%,# 0 '<#& '$/'3,/& 0$ , $&%, , 2'0 /0261'$,.)

IMAGENOLOGÍA

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

A 3&$?+$%& /0 0%, %:3$'3, <,,/, 0$ 0 ,$6'' /0'-610$0 0 0 3&$&30 3&-&imagenología. E%, $+0;, /'3'2'$,0 0$#'@+030 ,3%+,-0$%0 3&$ , 3&$?+$3'$ /0 ;,#', %:3$'3, ,-'-& %'0-2&H 2&# 0?0-2& , +$'$ /0 , RMN 3&$ , EEG & 3&$, -,1$0%&0$308,&1#,84, (MEG).

I I " O R G A N I - A C I Ó N D E L S I S T E M AN E R V I O S O

EL SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC) 0%6 8&#-,/& 2&# 0 30#0<#& , -:/+, 02'$,. S0 /0$&-'$, 30$%#, 0$ #0,3'$ 3&$ 0'%0-, $0#;'&& ,+%$&-& (SNA) 20#'8:#'3& & ;010%,%';&8&#-,/& 2&# & 1,$1'& #,@+4/0& & $0#;'& @+0 ,0$ 01,$ /0 , -:/+, /0 & 1,$1'& 2&# +$, 2,#%0 2&# , &%#,/0 '%0-, $0#;'&& -&%&# @+0 '$3+0 & $0#;'& @+03&$%#&,$ & -3+& 0@+0:%'3&. A & $0#;'& @+0 01,$ ,'%0-, $0#;'&& 30$%#, & 0, & 30$%#420%& 0 0,-, nervios aferentes & @+0 ,0$ /0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 0

/0$&-'$,$ nervios eferentes.EL SISTEMA NERVIOSO AUTÓNOMO



E SNA 0 0$3,#1, /0 , #01+,3'$ /0 3&#,7$ & ;,&,$1+4$0& , 16$/+, , ;430#, 0 -3+& '& ;,3+,#.E SNA 0 +</';'/0 , + ;07 0$ +$, 2&#3'$ simpática&%#, parasimpática , 3+,0 0 /'%'$1+0$ 2&# + /'%#'<+3'$,$,%-'3, %'2& /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&#0.

E '%0-, '-26%'3& /'%#'<+'/& 2&# %&/& 0 3+0#2& 0 #,-'8'3,,-2',-0$%0 -'0$%#, @+0 0 2,#,'-26%'3& & =,30 0$ 8&#-,-6 '-'%,/, + '$8+0$3', 0 -6 3'#3+$3#'%, (,+$@+0 =,03023'&$0).

CUADRO II"I" *l sistema nerioso autónomoFunción /estructura Simpático Parasimpático

F#03+0$3',3,#/',3,

A+-0$%, D'-'$+0

F#03+0$3',#02'#,%&#',

A+-0$%, D'-'$+0

M&%''/,/16%#'3,

D'-'$+0 A+-0$%,

V,&,$1+4$0& /0 ,2'0

C&$%#'33'$ D',%,3'$

P+2', C&$%#'33'$ D',%,3'$ (, 2+2',,+-0$%, + /'6-0%#&)

E-0' (;-'%&) E%'-+,3'$

U$, ,/03+,/, 3&-2#0$'$ /0 , #02+0%, /0 #1,$& 0803%&#(,@+0 ,/&$/0 01,$ , %0#-'$,0 /0 & $0#;'&) 2#&/+3'/,2&# , 0%'-+,3'$ /0 & $0#;'& 0$ 0%0 3,& & /0 SNA $&20#-'%0 0$%0$/0# , ,33'&$0 /0 3'0#%& 86#-,3& @+0 '-'%,$ &,$%,1&$'7,$ /'3=& $0#;'&. E$ -+3=& 3,& & '%0-,'-26%'3& 2,#,'-26%'3& 0 3&-2&#%,$ 3&-& ,$%,1&$'%,8''&1'3& 0 /03'# 3+,$/& +$ '%0-, 0%'-+, +$ #1,$& 0&%#& & '$='<0.

L, 8+$3'&$0 10$0#,0 /0 SNA &$ 3&$%#&,# 8+$3'&$0

'$3&$3'0$%0 /0 ;'%, '-2&#%,$3', 2,#, 0 &#1,$'-& 3&-& 03&$%#& /0 , %0-20#,%+#, , 2#0'$ ,#%0#', 0 $';0 /0 ,73,#0$ , ,$1#0 & 2#&30& /'10%';& , ,3%';'/,/ 1,$/+,# 0%3.E$ +$, 2,,<#, , #01+,3'$ /0 -0/'& '$%0#$& + 0@+''<#'& 3&$%,$3',. E%, #01+,3'$ 0%6 +?0%, 3&$%'$+,-0$%0 , 3&$%#&/0 0%#+3%+#, +20#'&#0 (3&-& 0 ='2&%6,-&).

L, +%,$3', $0+#&2'3&,3%';, %'0$0$ 0803%& %,$%& 0$0 SNC 3&-& 0$ 0 SNA.



FIGURA II"I" *l sistema nerioso autónomo! &us dos grandes subdiisiones: el simp$tico y el parasimp$tico! -omo puede apreciarse, el simp$tico se origina fundamentalmente de las regiones tor$cica y lumbar,

mientras que el parasimp$tico proiene del tallo cerebral y la región sacra! a distribución anatómica de los ganglios también es diferente: los

ganglios simp$ticos del tóra' y abdomen se encuentran cerca de lamédula espinal "

EL SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL (SNC)

E$ 0 0-<#'$ 0 30#0<#& 0 &#'1'$, , 2,#%'# /0 ,2#&%+<0#,$3', &3,'7,/, 0$ , 0%#0-'/,/ ,$%0#'&# /0 %+<&$0+#, (0%#+3%+#, 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 2'01+0 /0 , placa neural 3+, 2,#0/0 8&#-,$ 0 SNC) ;''<0 ,#0/0/&# /0 , 3+,#%,0-,$, /0 10%,3'$. E%, 2#&%+<0#,$3', /,$ +1,# 0$ %&/&& ;0#%0<#,/& , , 0%#+3%+#, @+0 8&#-,$ 0 30#0<#& ,$%0#'&#0 30#0<#& -0/'& (-00$3:8,&) 0 30#0<#& 2&%0#'&# (;:,0 ,8'1+#, II.2). E 3,$, '$%0#'&# /0 %+<& $0+#, /0 0# =+-,$&8&#-, /0 ,<,?& =,3', ,##'<, ( /0 ,%#6 =,3', ,/0,$%0 0$ &,$'-,0) 0 3,$, -0/+,# & ;0$%#43+& 30#0<#,0 3+,#%& %0#30#& ('%+,/& 0$ , 4$0, -0/',) & ;0$%#43+& ,%0#,0+$& 2&# 3,/, =0-'80#'& 30#0<#,. A '$%0#'&# /0 :%& 0 8&#-,3'#3+, 0'-'$, 0 líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) (;:,0 , 8'1+#, VI. 2. ). C+,$/& 0'%0 ,1$ %'2& /0 <&@+0& /0 ,3'#3+,3'$ /0LCR 0$ & $'& 20@+0& 0 2#00$%, ,='/#&308,',.

http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen3/ciencia3/130/html/sec_12.html#ID3311






FIGURA II"2" as principales subdiisiones del sistema nerioso central! *lcerebro o encéfalo puede diidirse en tres porciones: ant#rior* que incluyelos hemisferios cerebrales, (#dia mesencéfalo), y )o$t#rior. esta .ltimacomprende también al cerebelo! a médula espinal se diide en regiones:

cerical, tor$cica, lumbar y sacra (como se señalan también en la figura //!I !)!

La médula espinal

E%, 0%#+3%+#, 0$30##,/, /0$%#& /0 3,$, 02'$, 8&#-,/& 2&#, ;:#%0<#, 0%6 &#1,$'7,/, 0$ +$, #01'$ 30$%#, 3&-2+0%,2&# +%,$3', 1#' (3+0#2& 30+,#0) #&/0,/, /0 +%,$3',<,$3, (3&$%'%+'/, 2&# 8'<#, $0#;'&, -'0'$'7,/,). L,+%,$3', 1#' 0%6 &#/0$,/, 2&# $';00 & 01-0$%& /0 ,3+0#/&3&$ , /'80#0$%0 2,#%0 /0 3+0#2&. A4 0 0$3+0$%#,$ ,

$0+#&$, @+0 2#&;&3,$ , 3&$%#,33'$ /0 , 8'<#, -+3+,#0(-&%&$0+#&$,). L, +%,$3', <,$3, 3&$%'0$0 & $0#;'& @+03&$03%,$ 0$%#0 4 & /'80#0$%0 $';00 +20#'&#0 0 '$80#'&#0 ,43&-& , 0%#+3%+#, 30#0<#,0.

E '%0-, -&%&# '$3+0 , , $0+#&$, -&%&#, (-&%&$0+#&$,)@+0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ , #,430 ;0$%#,0 (0$ 0 0# =+-,$& 2&#/0,$%0 /0 , 2&#3'$ 30$%#, /0 , -:/+, 02'$,) @+0'$0#;,$ , 8'<#, -+3+,#0. U$, &, -&%&$0+#&$, 2+0/03&$%#&,# ;,#', 8'<#, -+3+,#0 (,-,/, unidad motora).

El cerebro posterior tallo cerebral ! mesencéfalo



E 30#0<#& 2&%0#'&# 3&$%'0$0 0%#+3%+#, @+0 #01+,$ ,8+$3'&$0 ,+%$&-, 0 /&$/0 0 &#'1'$, <+0$, 2,#%0/0 SNA 2,#,'-26%'3&. E %,& 30#0<#, &3,'7,/& 0$ , 2,#%0-6 ,%, /0 , -:/+, 02'$, 3&$%'0$0 & 30$%#& @+0 #01+,$, #02'#,3'$ , %0-20#,%+#, , 8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3,. D0 ,4

2#&30/0$ & 2,#0 3#,$0,0 $0#;'& @+0 '$%0#;'0$0$ 0$ ,/01+3'$ , ,';,3'$ & 0$%'/& /0 1+%& 0 &8,%& &-&;'-'0$%& &3+,#0 8,3',0 /0 , 3,<07, 3+0& &=&-<#&. T,-<':$ 2&# 0 %,& (& %#&$3&) 30#0<#, 2,,$ &$0#;'& @+0 2#&;'0$0$ /0 , 2&#3'&$0 -6 ,%, /0 SNC @+03&$03%,$ 0 30#0<#& 3&$ , -:/+, 02'$,. L& $0#;'& @+0 0&#'1'$,$ 0$ , 3&#%07, 30#0<#, 2,,$ 2&# 0 %,& 30#0<#, 03#+7,$ , ,/& &2+0%& (& 0, @+0 $+0%#& =0-'80#'& 30#0<#,/0#03=& 3&$%#&, , -'%,/ '7@+'0#/, /0 $+0%#& &#1,$'-& ;'30;0#,) 01,$ , , -&%&$0+#&$, 02'$,0 2,#, -0/',# 03&$%#& ;&+$%,#'& /0 -3+& 0@+0:%'3&.

E$ , 2,#%0 -6 ,%, /0 %,& 30#0<#, 0 0$3+0$%#, 0-00$3:8,& & 30#0<#& -0/'& @+0 '#;0 /0 2+0$%0 0$%#0 0 %,&30#0<#, 0 30#0<#&. A/0-6 /0 3&$%0$0# 2,#%0 /0 & 30$%#&;'%,0 @+0 0$+-0#,-& ,$%0#'&#-0$%0 (2+0 :%& 0/'%#'<+0$ , & ,#1& /0 30#0<#& 2&%0#'&# -0/'&) 0-00$3:8,& 3&$%'0$0 , formación reticular 0%#+3%+#,#02&$,<0 /0 & 0%,/& /0 ;'1'', +0&. E%0 '%0-,2,#%'3'2, 0$ 80$-0$& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ , ,%0$3'$ 0%& 03+,$/& 0 0033'&$, '$8&#-,3'$ & '$;0#,-0$%0 3+,$/& 0

'$='<0$ 0,0 3&$'/0#,/, '##00;,$%0 (=,<,#0-& ,30#3, /0, ,%0$3'$ 003%';, -6 ,/0,$%0).

E%& @+'0#0 /03'# @+0 ,@+0, +%,$3', @+0 /02#'-0$ ,8&#-,3'$ #0%'3+,# (2. 0?0-. ,$0%:'3& 10$0#,0 ='2$%'3&)2#&/+3'#6$ +0& & '$3&$3'0$3', -'0$%#, @+0 ,@+0& @+0 ,0%'-+0$ (3&-& 3,8: ,$80%,-'$,) 2#&/+3'#6$ 0%,/& /0/02'0#%& & /0 ,1'%,3'$.

L, '$%&'3,3'&$0 3&$ /#&1, /02#0&#, /0 , 8&#-,3'$#0%'3+,# (2. 0?0-. <,#<'%#'3&) 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# 0%,/& /0

3&-, 0$ &3,'&$0 8,%,0.



FIGURA II"3" *l tallo cerebral y la formación reticular! ocali#ación del tallocerebral, región cerebral que constituye la continuación, ya dentro del

cr$neo, de la médula espinal! *sta región incluye la médula oblongada, el puente y el mesencéfalo allí se encuentran estructuras relacionadas confunciones primarias como la regulación de la temperatura, de la presiónarterial, del sueño y la igilia, etc! Al microscopio, el seno de esta región

aparece como una red de donde proiene la denominada formación

reticular!

El diencéfalo "tálamo e #ipotálamo$

E /'0$3:8,& 0 0 6#0, 30#0<#, '%+,/, 2&# ,##'<, /0-00$3:8,& /&$/0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0%#+3%+#, %,$ '-2&#%,$%03&-& 0 tálamo 0 #ipotálamo.

E %6,-& 3&$'%0 /0 /& -,, &;,0 (+$, , 3,/, ,/& /0 ,4$0, -0/',) 0$30##,/, 0$ , 2,#%0 -6 2#&8+$/, /0 3,/,

=0-'80#'& 30#0<#,. E%, -,, &$ ,1#+2,3'&$0 /0 ;,#'&$30& 30+,#0 0$ & 3+,0 0 /'%#'<+0$ /'80#0$%08+$3'&$0.

E$ 0%, 0%#+3%+#, 0 2#&30, , '$8&#-,3'$ 0$&#',. T&/, ,-&/,'/,/0 0$&#',0 0302%& 0 &8,%& 0 3+, 0$;4, 0,0/'#03%,-0$%0 , , 6#0, 3&#%'3,0 '$ 2,,# 2&# 0 %6,-&'$3+'/, , ;''$ ,+/'3'$ 1+%& %,3%& ,/0-6 /0 /&&#%0-20#,%+#, 2#0'$ 2,,$ 2&# ,@+4. E 0$ 0 %6,-& /&$/0, 0,0 0$&#',0 0 '$%01#,$ 2,,$ , , 3&#%07, 30#0<#,2,#, +$ ,$6'' +%0#'&#. E %,-<':$ 0$ 0 %6,-& /&$/0 0

'$%01#,$ , 0,0 3&#%'3,0 0$'%';, -&%&#, @+03&$%'%+0$ , 3&$/+3%,.



E ='2&%6,-& , 20,# /0 + 20@+0& %,-,& (3&-& 0 /0 +$8#'?&) #01+, 3&$%#&, 8+$3'&$0 %,$ '-2&#%,$%0 3&-& , /0 ,8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, 0 2,& /0 3&-'/, , %#,;: /0 0%-,1& 0'$%0%'$& ,/0-6 /0 #03'<'# '$8&#-,3'$ /0 0, 6#0,. E='2&%6,-& 0 %,-<':$ 0 0$3,#1,/& /0 #01+,# +$& /0 & -6

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

FIGURA II"4" *l e"e hipot$lamo0hipófisis! ista lateral del tallo cerebral y elmesencéfalo, donde se locali#a el t$lamo y aba"o, el hipot$lamo! 1ste serelaciona estrechamente con la hipófisis, que regula la secreción de lashormonas de sus dos porciones o lóbulos: la adenohipófisis (o hipófisis

anterior) y la neurohipófisis (o hipófisis posterior)!



E$ 0%, #01'$ /0 30#0<#& 0 &3,'7, %,-<':$ +$ 1#+2& /0 8'<#,$0#;'&, @+0 2,#%'3'2, 0$ 8+$3'&$0 #0,3'&$,/, 3&$ 0 2,30# , #03&-20$,H 0 =,7 /0 30#0<#& -0/'& ,$%0#'&#. E$ #,%, , ,@+0 0 0 20#-'%0 ,+%&0%'-+,# 0%, #01'$ 2&# -0/'& /0003%#&/& '-2,$%,/& 3&$03%,/& , +$ 0%'-+,/&# , +$,

2,,$3, 0 &<0#;, @+0 0 ,$'-, 0 8'?, , 20/, 2,#,,+%&0%'-+,#0 =,%, 3,0# 0=,+%& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, I 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0). L, /#&1, @+0 '$/+30$ /020$/0$3', ,/'33'$2#&<,<0-0$%0 ,3%,$ , -0$& 0$ 2,#%0 0$ 0%, #01'$='2&%,6-'3,.

E$ 0#0 =+-,$& 3&$ %+-&#0 & 8&3& 02':2%'3& 0$ & @+0 0=,$ '$0#%,/& 003%#&/& 2,#, /0%#+'# 0:3%#'3,-0$%0 , 0'$ 0=,$ &<0#;,/& #0,33'&$0 2,#03'/,. L, 2&'<''/,/0 /00$3&$%#,# +$ %#,%,-'0$%& 2,#, , /02#0'$ 0$/10$, (;:,0 0 3,24%+& !VII 2.2. .) -0/',$%0 +%,$3', @+0 ,3%0$ ,

0%0 $';0 0 ;+0;0 +$, 2&'<''/,/ %0#,2:+%'3, ,4 3&-& , /00$%0$/0# 0 2&%0$3', ,/'3%';& /0 3'0#%, /#&1,.

E ='2&%6,-& #03'<0 +$ #'3& +20-0$%& /0 ,$1#0 /0 -,$0#,@+0 3+,$/& +$ 86#-,3& 01, , , ,$1#0 0%, #01'$ 2+0/0#03'<'# #62'/,-0$%0 +$, ,%, 3&$30$%#,3'$ /0 -'-&. E$-+3=, &3,'&$0 & 2#'-0#& 0803%& /0 +$, /#&1, 0,2#03',$ 0$ 0 SNA 3&-& #02+0%, ='2&%,6-'3, , , /#&1,. L&0803%& 2&%0#'&#0 ,2,#030$ 3+,$/& , 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 /086#-,3& ,3,$7,$ $';00 +8'3'0$%0 0$ &%#, 6#0, /0 30#0<#&.

L, #ipófisis (& 2'%+'%,#',) , pineal (& 0248'') &$ +$ 2,# /016$/+, &3,'7,/, 0$ , 4$0, -0/', (& 0, @+0 & =, +$,/0 3,/, +$,) @+0 8+$3'&$,$ 0%#03=,-0$%0 3&$ 0 ='2&%6,-&.L, ='28'' #02&$/0 , 0,0 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 ='2&%6,-& 2,#,2#&/+3'# +$, 0#'0 /0 =&#-&$, @+0 #01+,$ , ,3%';'/,/ /0 &%#,16$/+,H , =&#-&$, 0%'-+,$%0 /0 , %'#&'/0 , =&#-&$,,/#0$&3&#%'3&%#2'3, (@+0 0%'-+, , 03#03'$ /0 ,/#0$,'$, 0$3,& /0 0%#:) , 2#&,3%'$, (#0,3'&$,/, 3&$ , 2#&/+33'$ 03#03'$ /0 03=0) =&#-&$, 0+,0 3&-& , =&#-&$,0%'-+,$%0 /0 8&43+& , +%0'$'7,$%0 (@+0 #01+,$ 0

/0,##&& /0 =+0;& /0 020#-, ,4 3&-& , &;+,3'$). L,='28'' %,-<':$ 2#&/+30 =&#-&$, 3&$ 0803%& -610$0#,'7,/&H , =&#-&$, /0 3#03'-'0$%& , =&#-&$,0%'-+,$%0 /0 & -0,$&3'%& (, 3:+, @+0 2#&/+30$ 02'1-0$%& /0 , 2'0 &?& 3,<0&) , /&2,-'$,($0+#&%#,$-'&# /0 @+0 =,<,#0-& 0$ /0%,0 -6 ,/0,$%0).

L, 2'$0, 0 0 '%'& /&$/0 0 2#&/+30 , -0,%&$'$, &%#,=&#-&$, @+0 0 #0,3'&$, 3&$ 8+$3'&$0 ='2&%,6-'3, 343'3,.E$ 0803%& 0%, 16$/+, 3&$'/0#,/, 2&# D03,#%0 3&-& 0,'0$%& /0 ,-, 2&# + &3,'7,3'$ 30$%#, 2&# + 8&#-,

08:#'3, -+0%#, $';00 00;,/& /0 -0,%&$'$, 0$ , $&3=0 $';00 <,?& /+#,$%0 0 /4,. E%0 #'%-& 3'#3,/',$& 0 /03'#
















30#3,$& , +$ /4, , $';0 =&#-&$, 0 #0,3'&$, 3&$ 0 3'3& +75&3+#'/,/.

El cerebelo

E%0 #1,$& (0$ ,%4$ @+'0#0 /03'# 0 20@+0& 30#0<#&) 00$3+0$%#, 2&# /0%#6 /0 %,& 30#0<#, 02,#,/& /0 :%0 2&# 03+,#%& ;0$%#43+&. E , 01+$/, 0%#+3%+#, 0$ %,-,& /02+:/0 , 3&#%07, 30#0<#, 0%6 8&#-,/& 2&# /& =0-'80#'& +$,2,#%0 30$%#, 0 ;0#-' 30#0<0&&. C,/, =0-'80#'& 0 3&$03%,3&$ , -:/+, 02'$, /0 -'-& ,/& 3&$ 0 =0-'80#'&30#0<#, /0 ,/& &2+0%& /0 &#1,$'-&.

L, 8+$3'$ /0 30#0<0& 3&$'%0 0$ 0033'&$,# 2#&30,# ,0,0 $030,#', 2,#, -,$%0$0# 0 0@+''<#'& , 2&%+#, (,%#,;: /0 -03,$'-& ;0%'<+,#0) 0;,# , 3,<& -&;'-'0$%&

3&&#/'$,/&. E 30#0<0& #03'<0 3&$%'$+,-0$%0 , 0,0 /0 &-3+& , ,#%'3+,3'&$0 ,4 3&-& /0 , 3&#%07, 30#0<#,2,#, #0,'7,# -&;'-'0$%& 3&$%#&,/&. E%, 0%#+3%+#, 0 3,2,7/0 ,-,30$,# 03+0$3', /0 '$%#+33'&$0 8#03+0$%0-0$%0+%''7,/, /0 -&;'-'0$%& 8'$& @+0 0 #02'%0$ 3&$%#'<+0$ ,, ,+%&-,%'7,3'$ /0 -&;'-'0$%&. E 30#0<0& #03'<0 0$;4,0,0 /0 , 8&#-,3'$ #0%'3+,# 2,#, '$%01#,# 0,00$&#',0 -&%&#, '$3&$3'0$%0.

F#03+0$%0-0$%0 0 30#0<0& 0 ;0 ,803%,/& 2&# 86#-,3& @+0,%0#,$ + 8+$3'$. E$ 0& 3,& 0 2+0/0$ &<0#;,# %#,%&#$&

/0 0@+''<#'& , 3&&#/'$,3'$.El sistema límbico

,%, ,=&#, =0-& %#,%,/& /0 0%#+3%+#, ,$,%-'3, <'0$/08'$'/,. E$ 0 3,& /0 '%0-, 4-<'3& 0 +$ '%0-, 8+$3'&$,3&-2+0%& /0 /'80#0$%0 $30& /'%#'<+'/& 0$ ;,#', 2,#%0 /030#0<#& <,%,$%0 ,$%'1+& 0$ , 03,, 8'&10$:%'3, 2+0 0'/0$%'8'3, ,+$ 0$ & #02%'0 (0$ & @+0 0 /0$&-'$,#'$0$3:8,&).

E '%0-, 4-<'3& 0 #02&$,<0 /0 , -,&#4, /0 & '-2+&<6'3& /0 , 0-&3'&$0 & -&;'-'0$%& ,&3',/& @+0 &$'-2&#%,$%0 2,#, , &<#0;';0$3', /0 ,$'-,H -'0/& 8+#',0$,3'&$0 '1,/, , 0& , 2,30# 20#& %,-<':$ , /&&# ,,$1+%',. E$ %&/& & ,$'-,0 0 &8,%& 0 +$ 2&%0$%0 ,3%';,/&#/0 '%0-, 4-<'3&.

L& 2#'$3'2,0 3&-2&$0$%0 /0 '%0-, 4-<'3& '$3+0$0%#+3%+#, 3&#%'3,0 (,-41/,, ='2&3,-2& 34$1+&) 0='2&%6,-& ,1+$& $30& %,6-'3& & 3+0#2& -,-',#0 0 02%& 203'/& 0$%#0 &%#,.



FIGURA II"5" *l sistema límbico! /ncluye arias estructuras: el hipocampo,la amígdala, el cíngulo, el hipot$lamo, y las $reas ecinas con las que se

interconectan! *ste sistema interiene en la e'presión de las emociones yen funciones inculadas con la memoria!

E$ 3,& /0 02'02', /0 <+& %0-2&#, 0 #0,%';,-0$%08#03+0$%0 &4# , 2,3'0$%0 #02&#%,# &&#0 0%#,& ?+%& ,$%0 /0'$'3'& /0 , 3#''. E%& 4$%&-, 0 /0<0$ , , '$;,'$ 2&# ,

,3%';'/,/ $0+#&$, 030';, 3,#,3%0#4%'3, /0 , 02'02', /00%#+3%+#, 4-<'3, <6'3,-0$%0 , ,-41/,, 0 ='2&3,-2&.

E%, %'-, 0%#+3%+#, &8#030 0$ $+0%#& /4, +$ '$%0#:2,#%'3+,#. E ='2&3,-2& /0<0 + $&-<#0 , + 0-0?,$7, 3&$ +$3,<,'%& /0 -,#. S0 0$3+0$%#, 0$ , <,0 /0 <+& %0-2&#, 0 3&$03%, 2#&8+,-0$%0 3&$ &%#, 0%#+3%+#, 3&#%'3,0. S0 =,;'%& @+0 0 ='2&3,-2& 2,#%'3'2, 0$ 8+$3'&$0 #0,3'&$,/, 3&$ ,-0-&#', #03'0$%0 (2. 0?0-. '$8&#-,3'$ #03':$ ,/@+'#'/,). A40$ 2,3'0$%0 0$ & @+0 0 =, 0'&$,/& 0 ='2&3,-2& 2,#,/'-'$+'# , 3#'' 02':2%'3, @+0 $& 2&/4,$ 3&$%#&,#0 3&$

-0/'3,-0$%& 0 =,$ &<0#;,/& /08'3'0$3', /0 0%, 8+$3'$.S&$ 2,3'0$%0 @+0 2+0/0$ 00# 0 -'-& 20#'/'3& %&/& & /4,2+0%& @+0 $& #03+0#/,$ & @+0 ,3,<,$ /0 00#.

A@+0& 86#-,3& @+0 2#&/+30$ ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 , -0-&#',3&-& 0 ,3&=& & , -,#'1+,$, /0<0$ + 0803%& 0$ 2,#%0 ,,33'&$0 &<#0 0 '%0-, 4-<'3&.

Los ganglios basales

S&$ 30$%#& 2#'-,#'& 2,#, 0 3&$%#& -&%&# '$;&+$%,#'&

#0,3'&$,/& 0$%#0 &%#, 8+$3'&$0 3&$ , 2&%+#, 0 %&$&-+3+,#.



E +$ 1#+2& /0 $30& &3,'7,/& 0$ , 2,#%0 2#&8+$/, /0 &=0-'80#'& 30#0<#,0 (0$%#0 , 3&#%07, 0 %6,-&) @+0'$3+0$ 0 $30& 3,+/,/& 0 2+%,-0$ 0 1&<& 26'/& 0$30& 0$%'8&#-0 , +%,$3', $01#, 0$%#0 &%#&. L,,%0#,3'&$0 /0 & 1,$1'& <,,0 /,$ +1,# , 2,%&&14, /0

-&;'-'0$%& 3&-& , 0$80#-0/,/ /0 P,#>'$&$ (3,#,3%0#'7,/,2&# %0-<&# #'1'/07 0$%'%+/ /0 -&;'-'0$%&) & , /0+$%'$1%&$ (@+0 0 -,$'8'0%, 2&# -&;'-'0$%& '$;&+$%,#'&2#&1#0';& /0 %'2& /,$74%'3& /0-0$3',).

V,#'& 86#-,3& /0 1#+2& /0 & %#,$@+''7,$%0 -,&#0 (&,$%'2'3%'3&) 0?0#30$ + ,33'$ , 0%0 $';0.

FIGURA II"6" os ganglios basales! *ste sistema est$ constituido por eln.cleo caudado, el n.cleo lenticular o lentiforme, a su e# formado por el putamen y el globo p$lido, la sustancia negra y una pequeña porción delt$lamo, el n.cleo subtal$mico! Adem$s participa en la forma importante

en funciones relacionadas con el moimiento!

La corte%a cerebral

O3+2, 0 6#0, -6 1#,$/0 /0 30#0<#& #02#00$%, , 0%#+3%+#,0;&+%';,-0$%0 -6 #03'0$%0 -6 3&-20?,. T,-<':$,-,/, neocorte%a 0%6 3&$8&#-,/, 2&# +$, 3,2, /0 3:+,$0#;'&, @+0 #&/0, 3&-20%,-0$%0 , #0%& /0 30#0<#&(03+'/& 0 30#0<0& @+0 %'0$0 + 2#&2', 3&#%07,) @+0/'80#0$3', , 0# =+-,$& /0 & ,$'-,0. L, 3&#%07, 30#0<#, 0#02&$,<0 /0 , '$%0#2#0%,3'$ /0 , '$8&#-,3'$ @+0 01, /0-+$/& 0%0#'&# /0 -0/'& '$%0#$& ,4 3&-& /0 , '$'3',3'$ /0

-&;'-'0$%& ;&+$%,#'&. L& 30$%#& /0 0$1+,?0 , 6#0, /0



20#3023'$ /0 , 0$,3'&$0 /0 %&/, 2,#%0 /0 3+0#2& 00$3+0$%#,$ 0$ , 3&#%07, 30#0<#,.

E%, 6#0, /0 30#0<#& 0 =, /0,##&,/& /0 %, -,$0#, @+0 2,#,2&/0# ,3&-&/,#0 0$ 0 #0/+3'/& 02,3'& '$%#,3#,$0, =, '/&

2016$/&0 &<#0 4 -'-, 8&#-,$/& , 3'#3+$;&+3'&$0. E%&2'01+0 , 20,# /0 0# ;,#',<0 0$%#0 30#0<#& 30#0<#& %'0$0$3'0#%& 00-0$%& 3&-+$0. P&# 0?0-2& %&/& %'0$0$ +$, 3'+#,'$%0#=0-'8:#'3, (0 3,$, @+0 /';'/0 0 30#0<#& 0$ /&=0-'80#'& @+0 ;, /0 ,/0,$%0 =,3', ,%#6 2&# , 4$0, -0/',) %&/& -+0%#,$ +$, 3'+#, (=0$/'/+#,) 30$%#, &%#, ,%0#,@+0 /';'/0 , 3,/, =0-'80#'& 0$ <+&H 8#&$%, 2,#'0%,%0-2&#, (0%0 %'-& '$3+0 2&# /0$%#& , 4$+,) 0&33'2'%,.

FIGURA II"7A. a corte#a cerebral: anatomía! Aspecto lateral del hemisferiocerebral i#quierdo, ilustrando las principales regiones corticales: frontal,

parietal, temporal y occipital! a corte#a cerebral es la parte m$s superficial de los hemisferios, representando los .ltimos 2 a 3 mm dete"ido nerioso! *n la sección coronal (parte superior de la figura) se

puede apreciar el grosor del te"ido cortical!

O%#, /';''$ 2&'<0 /0 , 3&#%07, 30#0<#, 0 2&# + 8+$3'&$0.A4 2&/0-& 3&$'/0#,# , 6#0, /0 #03023'$ /0 ,'/, /0

,&3',3'$. P&# /0,$%0 /0 , 3'+#, & +#3& 30$%#, 0 0$3+0$%#,, 3'#3+$;&+3'$ 2#030$%#, /&$/0 0 &3,'7,$ & 30$%#&



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

'-,1'$,# 0 2&#@+: +$, /#&1, 2+0/0 ,%0#,# 863'-0$%0 0%&3&-20?& 2,%#&$0 /0 ,3%';'/,/.

L, 6#0, /0 ,&3',3'$ $& #03'<0$ '$8&#-,3'$ /'#03%,-0$%0 $', 0$;4,$ , ,1$ -3+& & 16$/+,. S&$ 6#0, @+0 2+0/0$,-,30$,# #03+0#/& & 3&$%#& /0 3&$/+3%, 3&-20?,. P&# &/0-6 &$ , 6#0, 3&#%'3,0 @+0 -6 0 =,$ /0,##&,/& 0$0 0# =+-,$&.

La barrera #ematoencefálica " BHE $

E%0 %:#-'$& 0 -6 <'0$ 8+$3'&$, @+0 ,$,%-'3& 0 #08'0#0 ,, 8'%#,3'$ 003%';, /0 3&-2+0%& @+0 2,,$ /0 , ,$1#0



, SNC. E$ &%#, 2,,<#, $& %&/& & @+0 01, , , ,$1#0 2+0/02,,# =,3', 0 '%0-, $0#;'&&. L, BHE <'0$ 2&/#4, #02#00$%,#+$ #1,$& 3&$ +$, -,/+#,3'$ 8+$3'&$0 020348'3, ,+$@+0'$ +$, &3,'7,3'$ 2&# 0 -&-0$%& /08'$'/,. E$ 0803%& ,<,##0#, =0-,%&0$3086'3, 0$ 0 80%& 0$ 0 $'& 20@+0& 0

-+3=& -6 20#-0,<0 , +%,$3', 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 , ,$1#0@+0 0$ 0 ,/+%&. T,$%& +%,$3', 3&-& ,1+$& ;'#+ 2+0/0$,%#,;0,# , BHE /0 80%& 2#&;&3,# -,8&#-,3'&$0 3&$1:$'%,.Y 0$ 3&$%#,%0 3+,$/& /00,-& @+0 , BHE /0?0 2,,# ,1$-0/'3,-0$%& 3+& '%'& /0 ,33'$ 0 0 30#0<#& ,4 0?0#30# +$0803%& %0#,2:+%'3& $& ;0-& &<'1,/& , ,+-0$%,# , /&' &<+3,# 3-& =,30# -6 20#-0,<0 , BHE. T, 0 0 3,& /0 , L5DOPA %' 0$ , 0$80#-0/,/ /0 P,#>'$&$ 3&-& ;0#0-& -6,/0,$%0 (3,24%+& !IV A$%'2,#>'$&$',$&).

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FIGURA II"7B" a corte#a cerebral: función! *sta estructura también puedediidirse de acuerdo con la representación funcional! *n la porción superior de la figura se ilustra el $rea de 4roca, relacionada con el

lengua"e hablado, el $rea de 5ernic6e, concerniente a la comprensión del

lengua"e, la corte#a motora, la sensitia, la isual y la auditia! *n la porción inferior de la figura se muestra un corte del hemisferio cerebral a

dos nieles: la corte#a motora (porción derecha) y la sensorial (mitadi#quierda), los cuales corresponden a las $reas anterior y posterior de la

cisura central! &e ilustran los hom.nculos (las representaciones delcuerpo en la corte#a cerebral) motor y sensorial, respectiamente"

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$0#;'&& 3&$ , 2&'<''/,/ /0 @+0 ,2,#073,$ '1$& /0 %&'3'/,/3&$ 86#-,3& +%''7,/& , /&' %0#,2:+%'3,.



FIGURA II"8" a barrera hematoencef$lica! *s una separación funcionalentre el cerebro y el resto del organismo y uno de los componentes deesta barrera se encuentra en los capilares sanguíneos cerebrales, los

cuales son menos permeables, que los del resto del cuerpo, a sustanciasque circulan en la sangre! os pies gliales, e'tensiones astrocíticas que

rodean los asos capilares, también son parte de la barrerahematoencef$lica! A la i#quierda se muestra un capilar cerebral y a laderecha un capilar no cerebral! 7ótese que la unión entre las células

endoteliales de este .ltimo muestran aberturas (fenestraciones) que loscapilares cerebrales no poseen éstos, por lo contrario, contienen m$s

mitocondrias, proeedoras de energía de los sistemas de transportación,que acarrean sustancias a uno y a otro lado de la pared capilar!

I I I " L A S C É L U L A S D E L S I S T E M AN E R V I O S O

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LAS NEURONAS

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LA GLÍA

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3&-& , /0 , 14,. L, 3:+, 1',0 @+0 $& =,$ -&%#,/& ,$+ 3&-20?'/,/ #0, 0 0203','7,$ %,$%& 3&-& , $0+#&$,.L, %:3$'3, '$-+$&3'%&@+4-'3, -+0%#,$ @+0 & ,%#&3'%& /0+$ $30& $0#;'&& /,/& $& &$ & -'-& @+0 & /0 &%#& ,+$'%+,/& 0$ , ;03'$/,/ /0 '%'&.

FIGURA III"I" *squema de una neurona! &e ilustran las principales partesde una neurona: el cuerpo celular o soma, las dendritas, que reciben la

información desde otras neuronas, el a'ón, por donde el impulso neriosoia"a hacia otras células! *l a'ón de esta neurona en particular est$

mielini#ado! a mielina est$ formada por células gliales que enuelen ela'ón para faorecer la conducción de la señal neriosa! *l a'ón se ramifica

hacia terminales o botones sin$pticos!

P&# &%#, 2,#%0 0'%0$ 3:+, 1',0 @+0 8&#-,$ 2,#%0 /0 , BHE.A1+$& ,%#&3'%& 0-'%0$ 2#&&$1,3'&$0 @+0 0$;+0;0$ &

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L, 3:+, 1',0 %'0$0$ %,-<':$ , 3,2,3'/,/ /0 3&$%#&,# ,3&-2&'3'$ /0 -0/'& 0%#,30+,#. L, +%,$3',-0%,<'3,-0$%0 ,3%';, & & 2#&/+3%& /0 0%0 -0%,<&'-& $&

0 ,3+-+,$ 0$ 0%0 02,3'& 0%#,30+,# 2&#@+0 , 14, 0



0$3,#1, /0 2#&30,# 0%& 2#&/+3%&. L& -'-& 0$ 0 3,& /0 &'&$0 =&#-&$, /#&1, 0%3:%0#,.

FIGURA III"2" Tipos de células gliales! as células gliales, que no seconsideran neriosas, son m$s numerosas que las neuronas! A diferencia

de ellas, se diiden de acuerdo con sus funciones, y en parte, por sumorfología! *'isten dos familias principales de astrocitos (por su forma

estrellada): los fibrosos y los protopl$smicos! a microglia forma parte del sistema de defensa del cerebro, con funciones inmunológicas, mientras

que la oligodendroglia interiene en la formación de ainas de mielina porlo tanto, son predominantes en la sustancia blanca"

I V " L A S I N A P S I S : E S T R U C T U R A /F U N C I Ó N

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$0+#&$,) 0 '$3+& /0$/#&/0$/#4%'3,.LA TRANSMISIÓN NEUROHUMORAL

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E$%#0 XX L0,$/&> 2&# +$ ,/& L,$10 2&#&%#& $&%,#&$ 0$ 8&#-, '$/020$/'0$%0 , '-''%+/ 0$%#0 &0803%& /0 , '$033'$ /0 0%#,3%& /0 16$/+, +2#,##0$,0 & /0 , 0%'-+,3'$ 0:3%#'3, /0 $0#;'& '-26%'3&. P&3& ,&/02+: () E'&% ,+-$& /0 L,$10 2#&2+& @+0 ,0%'-+,3'$ 0:3%#'3, /0 & $0#;'& '-26%'3& 2#&/+34, ,'<0#,3'$ /0 20@+0, 3,$%'/,/0 /0 ,/#0$,'$, , =&#-&$,0$3&$%#,/, 0$ , 16$/+, +2#,##0$,0. T,-<':$ &<0#; @+0

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E$ O%%& L&0' #0,'7 +$ 020#'-0$%& 3#4%'3&H 0 4@+'/& 3&$0 @+0 =,<4, 20#8+$/'/& +$ 3&#,7$ /0 #,$, 0%'-+,/&0:3%#'3,-0$%0 , %#,;: /0 $0#;'& ;,1& & ='7& 3'#3+,# 2&# +$

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T,-<':$ 0$ W,%0# C,$$&$ #02&#% @+0 , 0%'-+,3'$ /0& $0#;'& '-26%'3& /0 =41,/& 2#&/+34, , '<0#,3'$ /0 +$,

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0 '/0$%'8'3 ,& -6 %,#/0 3&-& , $&#,/#0$,'$, @+0 0 ,,/#0$,'$, '$ +$ 1#+2& -0%'&. A4 0 /0,##&,#&$ & 3#'%0#'&2,#, '/0$%'8'3,# 0 80$-0$& /0 , %#,$-''$ $0+#&=+-&#,H

' ) L, /0-&%#,3'$ /0 , 2#00$3', /0 +$, +%,$3',

<'&1'3,-0$%0 ,3%';, /0 , 0$7'-, $030,#', 2,#, +0,<&#,3'$ (4$%0') 0$ 0 '%'& ,$,'7,/&.

() L, #03+20#,3'$ /0 , +%,$3', , 2,#%'# /0 20#8+,/& (<,&0$ /&$/0 0 -,$%'0$0 0 %0?'/&) /0 0%#+3%+#, @+0 #03'<0$ ,1$%'2& /0 $0#;'& /02+: /0 20#'&/& /0 0%'-+,3'$ /0 &$0#;'& /0 , -'-, , , '$;0#, /0 + ,+0$3', 3+,$/& $& 00%'-+,.

)) L, /0-&%#,3'$ /0 @+0 0 3&-2+0%& ,/-'$'%#,/&010$,-0$%0 #02#&/+30 & -'-& 0803%& /0 , 0%'-+,3'$

0:3%#'3,.*) L, /0-&%#,3'$ /0 @+0 %,$%& , #02+0%, , , 0%'-+,3'$0:3%#'3, 3&-& ,@+0, 2#&/+3'/, 2&# , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 ,+%,$3', 0 ,803%,$ /0 , -'-, -,$0#, ,$%0 +$ -'-&86#-,3&.

P&# ,#1& %'0-2& 0 20$ @+0 3,/, $0#;'& '<0#,<, +$ && %'2&/0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 20#& 0 =, ;'%& @+0 +$, -'-, $0+#&$,2+0/0 '<0#,# ;,#'& %'2& /0 +%,$3', $0+#&,3%';,. N0+#&$,&3,'7,/, 0$ ;,#', 2,#%0 /0 30#0<#& &$ 3,2,30 /0 '<0#,#

$0+#&%#,$-'&#0 3&-& , ,30%'3&'$, %,-<':$ &%#& /03,#63%0# 202%4/'3& (0 /03'# 8&#-,/& 2&# ,-'$&63'/&).

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P,#, @+0 0 0803%0 , $0+#&%#,$-''$ 0 $030,#'& @+0=,, conducción /0 '-2+& $0#;'&&. ,<,-& /0 3&$/+33'$3+,$/& $& #080#'-& , 2,& /0 '-2+& $0#;'&& , %#,;: /0

+$ ,$ & /0 +$, 8'<#, -+3+,#. E$ 3&$%#,%0 0%:#-'$& transmisión '1$'8'3, 0 2,& /0 '-2+& $0#;'&& ,%#,;: /0 +$, '$,2' & /0 +$, +$'$ $0+#&0803%&#, & 0,3+,$/& +$, 3:+, /'80#0$%0 , , @+0 3&$/+30 & 2#&/+30 ,'-2+'$ $0#;'&, 0 ,3%';,/, (,4 0, 2,#, '$='<'#0).

La conducción a+onal

M+3=& /0 & @+0 ,<0-& ,3%+,-0$%0 &<#0 , %#,$-''$ /0'-2+& $0#;'&& 0 & /0<0-& , & %#,<,?& /0 &/1>'$ +0 0$ I$1,%0##,. E%& '$;0%'1,/&#0 %#,<,?,$/& ?+%&

,$%0 /02+: /0 , S01+$/, 1+0##, -+$/', ,2#&;03=,#&$ 03,,-,# 2,#, + 020#'-0$%&. L, 1#,$ ;0$%,?, @+0 0%0 ,$'-,



#02#00$%, 0 @+0 2&00 ,1+$, $0+#&$, /0 1#,$ %,-,& @+0%'0$0$ ,&$0 ;''<0 , '-20 ;'%, (0%& '1$'8'3, 3'0$%& /0;030 0 %,-,& /0 +$ ,$ /0 -,-480#&). F+0 0$ 0%0 ,$1'1,$%0 /0 3,,-,# /&$/0 0 1#+2& '$1: #0,'7 + 0%+/'&.

C&-& =,<4,-& /'3=& ,$%0 0 '$%0#'&# /0 +$, $0+#&$,('$3+0$/& + ,$) %'0$0 -0$& 3,#1, 2&'%';, @+0 00%0#'&# 2#&/+3':$/&0 +$, /'80#0$3', /0 ;&%,?0 & 2&%0$3',0:3%#'3& 0$ ,-<& ,/& /0 , -0-<#,$, $0+#&$,(,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 5 -':'-, /0 ;&%'&). E%& 0 00$3+0$%#, polari%ada '0$/& 0 2&& $01,%';& 0 '$%0#'&# /0 ,3:+, 0 2&'%';& 0 0%0#'&#. E%0 potencial de reposo 0 /0<0 ,@+0 0'%0$ 3,' Z ;030 -6 '&$0 /0 2&%,'& , '$%0#'&# /0 ,3:+, 0$ #0,3'$ 3&$ 0 0%0#'&# ,/0-6 /0 @+0 , -0-<#,$,$0+#&$, 0 ,%,-0$%0 20#-0,<0 , 0%0 '&$. P&# &%#, 2,#%0 0&/'& (N,) 0 3&#& (C5) %'0$0$ ,%, 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 0$ 0

-0/'& 0%#,30+,# 20#& , -0-<#,$, 0 -+3=& -0$&20#-0,<0 , 0%& '&$0 @+0 , 2&%,'& (K). E%, /'80#0$3',(1#,/'0$%0) /0 3&$30$%#,3'$ , +$& &%#& ,/& /0 , -0-<#,$,&$ -,$%0$'/, 2&# , 2#00$3', /0 <&-<, (2,#, -0%0# & ,3,#'&$0) ,&3',/, , , -0-<#,$,. S&$ '%0-, 0$7'-6%'3&,&3',/& , +%,$3', 2#&/+3%&#, /0 0$0#14, (, %#'8&8,%,,@+0 2#&/+30 ,/0$&4$ %#'8&8,%& (ATP) 3&-2+0%& /0 /&$/0 0&<%'0$0 1#,$ 2,#%0 /0 , 0$0#14, @+0 $030'%, , 3:+, 2,#, %&/&%'2& /0 8+$3'&$0) @+0 %#,$2&#%,$ 0$ 8&#-, ,3%';, , 2,#%43+,3&$ 3,#1, 0:3%#'3,.

C+,$/& +$, 8'<#, $0#;'&, 0 0%'-+,/, (/02&,#'7,/,) 0'$'3', +$ '-2+& $0#;'&& & potencial de acción. É%0 %'0$0 /&8,0H +$, 8,0 '$'3', 2#&/+3'/, 2&# , 0$%#,/, #62'/, /0 '&$0/0 &/'& , '$%0#'&# /0 , 3:+, , %#,;: /0 3,$,0 /0 ,-0-<#,$, /0 ,$ @+0 &$ 0$'<0 , ;&%,?0 /0 , -'-,. L,#62'/, 0$%#,/, /0 0%, 3,#1, 2&'%';, =,30$ @+0 0 ;,&#$01,%';& /0 '$%0#'&# /0 , 3:+, en la región estimulada/'-'$+, #62'/,-0$%0 =,3', , 2&'%';'/,/. L, 01+$/, 8,0 /02&%0$3', /0 ,33'$ &3+##0 2&# , ,20#%+#, #0%,#/,/, /0 3,$,02&%6'3& @+0 =,30$ @+0 0%0 '&$ ,1, /0 , 3:+, (#03&#/0-&

@+0 $&#-,-0$%0 & '&$0 /0 K

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FIGURA IV"I" *l potencial de acción: bases iónicas! Aquí se muestra elcorte de una fibra neriosa donde se ilustran las diferencias de

concentración de iones dentro y fuera del citoplasma: en estado de reposo( I ) el sodio (7a8 ) tiene mayor concentración fuera de la célula, mientras

que el potasio (9 8 ) es m$s abundante en el interior de la célula! *stasdiferencias de concentración iónica producen un desequilibrio eléctrico: el

interior de la célula es m$s negatio que el e'terior! *staelectronegatiidad, causada por la presencia de canales iónicos y bombas

o transportadores (T) que mueen los iones de un lado a otro de lamembrana, hace que la célula sea e'citable! -uando llega el impulso

nerioso (cabe#a de flecha en la porción media de la figura), la polaridad se inierte pues el 7a8 entra r$pidamente a la célula, al tiempo que sale el

9 8 , produciendo una despolari#ación: la carga de la membrana pasa denegatia a positia ( 2 )! a repolari#ación (el retorno al estado de

e'citabilidad preio o de reposo) se logra cuando las bombasmembranales (T), las cuales funcionan por la energía proeniente de la

conersión de ATP en ADP , sacan el 7a8 y uelen a introducir el 9 8 (denueo, al estadio ilustrado en I )! 1ste es el proceso participante en la

e'citación! *n la inhibición el ion cloro (-l 0 ) desempeña un papelimportante, aumentando su concentración intracelular "

E -&;'-'0$%& /0 3&##'0$%0 0:3%#'3, ,#0/0/&# /0 '%'&/02&,#'7,/& =,30 @+0 & 3,$,0 '$'3& '%+,/& 0$ ,;03'$/,/ %,-<':$ 0 ,3%';0$ 2#&/+3'0$/& +$, 3,3,/, /003'%,3'$ -0-<#,$, /0 0%, -,$0#, , 2#&2,1,3'$ /0'-2+& $0#;'&& , %&/& & ,#1& /0 , 8'<#,.



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

La transmisión neuroefectora

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,@+4 /&$/0 /020$/'0$/& /0 %'2& /0 $0+#&$, , -&:3+, /0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 0 0,<&#,$ & ' & =,30$ 0$ 0 3+0#2&$0+#&$, -,/+#,$ 2,#, + '<0#,3'$ =,3', , =0$/'/+#,'$62%'3,. E$ 0%0 %'-& 3,& 0 %#,%, 10$0#,-0$%0 /02:2%'/& @+0 0 '$%0%'7,$ 0$ 0 &-, @+0 &$ %#,$2&#%,/&2&# 0 flu,o a+onal (0 -&;'-'0$%& /0 +%,$3', , %#,;: /0,$) ,$%0#1#,/& (=,3', , 20#'80#',) =,%, , %0#-'$, '$62%'3,.L, +%,$3', @+0 0 %#,$2&#%,$ #acia 0 &-, $0+#&$, &=,30$ 2&# 8+?& ,&$, #0%#1#,/&.

E $0+#&%#,$-'&# 2+0/0 ,-,30$,#0 0$ vesículas sinápticas20@+0& #00#;&#'& 1&<+,#0 @+0 3&$%'0$0$ #0302%&#0 0$ +2,#0/ 0%0#'&# 20#-'%0$ @+0 0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 0 '<0#0 0$'%'& 020348'3& /0 , %0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3,. S0 =, =03=& ,,$,&14, /0 , %0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3, 3&-& +$ 02,3'& /&$/0 ,;043+, '$62%'3, ,4 3&-& , -'%&3&$/#', &%#,0%#+3%+#, +<30+,#0 0%6$ 8&%,$/&. S& 0$ +$ +1,#/0%0#-'$,/& /0 0%0 02,3'& 0 &3,'7,$ & '%'& 2&# /&$/0 0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 2+0/0 '<0#,#0 =,3', 0 0%0#'&#. C&-& ' ,;043+, 8+0#,$ =+0;& @+0 & 2+/'0#,$ ,3&-&/,#0 0$ &=+03& /0 + 3,?, @+0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ 0 2'& /0 0%0

02,3'&. Y & , %#,;: /0 & =+03& /0 0%, 3,?, 0 2+0/0/03,#1,# 0 3&$%0$'/& =,3', 0 0%0#'&#. E$ 0%0 3,& & =+03&



%'0$0$ #0302%&#0 @+0 #03&$&30$ & 3&-2&$0$%0 /0 , 363,#,/0 =+0;&.

L, 2#00$3', /0 0%, ;043+, /0 #0302%&#0 0$ +-0-<#,$, /0 -&:3+, /0 0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# '1$'8'3, @+0

0'%0 %&/& & $030,#'& 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 , %0#-'$, 2,#,'$%0%'7,# %&/& 0%& 3&-2&$0$%0 /0 -03,$'-& 2,#, ,#01+,3'$ /0 0%, 4$%0' /0 , '<0#,3'$ '$62%'3,. L,%0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3, %'0$0 autorreceptores @+0 0 '$8&#-,$&<#0 & $';00 /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 0$ 0 0%0#'&# /0 ,%0#-'$,. S' + $';00 &$ 00;,/& , %0#-'$, 2+0/0 8,<#'3,#& '<0#,# -0$&. S' :%& &$ <,?& 2+0/0 =,30# & 3&$%#,#'&. L,,3%';,3'$ 2+0 /0 & ,+%&##0302%&#0 2+0/0 %0$0# 0803%& /00%'-+,3'$ & 10$0#,-0$%0 /0 '$='<'3'$ /0 , '<0#,3'$'$62%'3,. L, -0-<#,$, /0 , %0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3, %,-<':$2&00 -&:3+, %#,$2&#%,/&#, /0 -'-& $0+#&%#,$-'&# @+0

0, '<0#,$. E +$ -03,$'-& /0 #03,2%,3'$ @+0 '#;0 $& &2,#, ,=&##,# $0+#&%#,$-'&# , #0+%''7,#& '$& %,-<':$3&$%#'<+0 , '-'%,# + 0803%& 2&%'$62%'3&.

FIGURA IV"2" a sinapsis! *s el sitio donde una célula neriosa se comunicacon otra! Aquí se ilustran los sitios posibles de contacto: en el cuerpo

celular (sinapsis a'osom$ticas), en las dendritas (sinapsis a'odendríticas)o en el a'ón mismo, como en las sinapsis a'oa'ónicas (figura de lai#quierda)! *l impulso nerioso, al llegar a la sinapsis, prooca la

liberación del neurotransmisor a partir de esículas sin$pticas, que act.aen los receptores postsin$pticos!



-0-<#,$, 2&%'$62%'3, (10$0#,$/& +$ PPSE) & '$='<'#4, (3&$+$ PPSI).

M+3=& /0 & @+0 3&$&30-& &<#0 , '$,2' & =0-&,;0#'1+,/& 1#,3', , 0%+/'& /0 , +$'$ $0+#&$0+#&-+3+,#

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

C&-& ;0-& & 0803%& $0%& 2#&/+3'/& 2&# +$$0+#&%#,$-'&# 0 /0<0$ , 8+?& '$'3& 2,';& /0 ,3+0#/&3&$ & 1#,/'0$%0 /0 3&$30$%#,3'$ /0 & -'-&. L& 3,-<'&/0 , 20#-0,<''/,/ /0 & 3,$,0 , %#,;: /0 & 3+,0 0%&'&$0 0 /02,7,$ 0%6$ #01+,/& 2&# receptores 0203','7,/&@+0 0 &3,'7,$ 0$ , -0-<#,$, 2&%'$62%'3,. E'%0$ -+3=&%'2& /0 #0302%&#0. L& @+0 =0-& -0$3'&$,/& =,%, ,=&#, 03&$&30$ 3&-& #0302%&#0 ionotrópicos 2&# + ,8'$'/,/ & #0,3'$3&$ '&$0. E'%0$ &%#& #0302%&#0 ,-,/& metabotrópicos 2&#%0$0# #0,3'$ 3&$ 0 -0%,<&'-& 30+,# 0 /03'# 3&$-&:3+, 2#00$%0 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 3&-2,#%'-'0$%&2&%'$62%'3& 0$3,#1,/& /0 8+$3'&$0 '$%#,30+,#0 (;0#+ ,2+#,-0$%0 -0-<#,$,0 /0 & '&$&%#2'3&). F#03+0$%0-0$%0, &3+2,3'$ /0 0%& #0302%&#0 /, +1,# , -&;''7,3'$ /03,3'& 0 3+, ,3%';,#6 /';0#, 0$7'-,. E%& & /0%,,#0-&-6 ,/0,$%0.

C+,$/& /03'-& #0302%&# $& #080#'-& , 2#&%04$,. S0 %#,%, /0-&:3+, 3&-2+0%, 2&# 3,/0$, /0 ,-'$&63'/& @+0 8&#-,$0$,30 0$%#0 4. A 0%,<030# 0%& 0$,30 0 3#0,$ 3,;'/,/0

2#&%+<0#,$3', @+0 2+0/0$ 3&$%'%+'# #0302%&#0 2,#, +%,$3',@+0 %0$1,$ , 8&#-, 3&##02&$/'0$%0 (3&-& +$ '%$ @+0 0/&<, &<#0 4 -'-& ;,#', ;030). E 3&-& ' 0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 8+0#, +$, ,;0 @+0 2+/'0#, ,<#'# & 30##,# +$,30##,/+#, :%, 0#4, +$, 2#&%04$, @+0 ,302%, & +$ %'2& /0,;0. S' , ,;0 ,/03+,/, 0$%#, <'0$ 0$ , 30##,/+#, :%, 2&/#6,3%';,#,. S' 0%, ,;0 & 0$%#, +$ 2&3& '-20/'#6 @+0 &%#,,;0 0$%#0 2&# %,$%& ,3%+,#6 3&-& +$ ,$%,1&$'%,.

R03'0$%0-0$%0 0 =, &<0#;,/& @+0 & #0302%&#0 '&$&%#2'3&0 &#1,$'7,$ 0$ 8,-'', /0 2#&%04$, 3&$ 0-0?,$7,

0%#+3%+#,0 20@+0, /'80#0$3', @+0 0 20#-'%0$'$%0#,3%+,# 3&$ /'80#0$%0 %#,$-'&#0. E$ 0%, 8,-'',



0$3&$%#,-& & #0302%&#0 , , ,30%'3&'$, , γ 5 ,-'$&<+%'#,%&(GABA) , , 1'3'$, , &%#& ,-'$&63'/& @+0 ;0#0-& 0$ /0%,0-6 ,/0,$%0.

E $0+#&%#,$-'&# %0#-'$, + 0803%& 3+,$/& + 3&$30$%#,3'$

/'-'$+0. E%& 2+0/0 &1#,#0 2&# , #03,2%,3'$ /0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 0$ , %0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3, 3&-& =,<4,-&;'%& 2&# ,%,@+0 0$7'-6%'3& , $';0 /0 , =0$/'/+#, '$62%'3, &2&# + 3,2%,3'$ 2&# , 3:+, 1',0 @+0 3&$'/0#,#0-&3&-& 2,#%0 /0 %0#30# 3&-2,#%'-'0$%& '$62%'3&H 0 %#,$'$62%'3&.

EL COMPARTIMIENTO TRANSINÁPTICO

C&$'/0#,-& 0%0 3&-2,#%'-'0$%& 3&-& 0 02,3'& 8&#-,/& 2&#, 14, 0 -0/'& 0%#,30+,#. E 02,3'& 0%#,30+,# 3&$%'0$0,/0-6 /0 & '&$0 @+0 -0$3'&$,-& &%#, +%,$3', 3&-&

=&#-&$, 8,3%&#0 %#8'3& 2:2%'/& 0%3:%0#,.E$ + -0-<#,$, , 14, 3&$%'0$0 #0302%&#0 2,#, %&/, 0%,+%,$3', ,4 3&-& %#,$2&#%,/&#0 @+0 2+0/0$ 3,2%,#,,3%';,-0$%0 =,3', 0 '$%0#'&# /0 , 3:+, /&$/0 0#6$-0%,<&'7,/,. A/0-6 , 14, 03#0%, +%,$3', @+0 20#-'%0$, , $0+#&$, 3#030# 0%0$/0# + %0#-'$,3'&$0 (8,3%&#0%#8'3& %#2'3& #0203%';,-0$%0) =,3', 0 02,3'&0%#,30+,#. L, 14, 0 0$3,#1, %,-<':$ /0 8&#-,# 3'3,%#'30 0$3,& /0 0'$ /00-20, +$ 2,20 '-2&#%,$%0 0$ 8+$3'&$0'$-+$&1'3, 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 '%0-, $0#;'&&. F'$,-0$%0 ,

14, 3&$%#'<+0 3&$ , 8+$3'$ /0 <,##0#, =0-,%&0$3086'3,. E$ ,,3%+,'/,/ 3&$&30-& 2&3, /#&1, @+0,3%0$ específicamente 3&$ , 3:+, 1',0. S,<0-& 2&# 03&$%#,#'& @+0 0'%0$ 0$80#-0/,/0 @+0 ,803%,$ 03+';,-0$%0, 0%, 2&<,3'$ 30+,# &$ %,$ 1#,;0 3&-& ,3&##02&$/'0$%0 , , $0+#&$, (, 030#&' -%'20 0 +$, /00,). E /4, @+0 /03+<#,-& +%,$3', @+0 0,$ 020348'3,2,#, 0%0 %'2& /0 3:+, 2&/#0-& ,3%+,# 3&$%#, 2,/03'-'0$%&3&-& & %+-&#0 1',0 & '$%0#80#'# 3&$ , 3'3,%#'7,3'$ ,$&#-,@+0 2+0/0 &3+##'# 0$ 3,& /0 %#,+-,%'-& , '%0-, $0#;'&&.

V " L O S N E U R O T R A N S M I S O R E S

DEFINIMOS A UN NEUROTRANSMISOR 3&-& +$, +%,$3', 2#&/+3'/,2&# +$, 3:+, $0#;'&, 3,2,7 /0 ,%0#,# 0 8+$3'&$,-'0$%& /0&%#, 3:+, /0 -,$0#, <#0;0 & /+#,<0 2&# -0/'& /0 ,&3+2,3'$ /0 #0302%&#0 020348'3& 2&# , ,3%';,3'$ /0-03,$'-& '$'3& [& -0%,<'3&.

A@+4 %0$0-& @+0 '-,1'$,# , 2&'<''/,/0 /0 +$

$0+#&%#,$-'&#. L, +%,$3', 0 3,2,7 /0 0%'-+,# & '$='<'##62'/, & 0$%,-0$%0 (/0/0 -':'-, /0 01+$/& =,%, =&#, &



/4,) 2+0/0 '<0#,#0 =,3', , ,$1#0 (0$ +1,# /0 =,3', &%#,$0+#&$, 16$/+, & -3+&) 2,#, ,3%+,# &<#0 ;,#', 3:+, , /'%,$3', /0 '%'& /0 '<0#,3'$ (3&-& +$,#ormona) 2+0/020#-'%'# 8,3''%,# & ,$%,1&$'7,# & 0803%& /0 &%#&$0+#&%#,$-'&#0. O %,-<':$ 2+0/0 ,3%';,# &%#, +%,$3', /0

'$%0#'&# /0 , 3:+, (& ,-,/& segundos mensa,eros ;:,0 , 8'1+#, VII. 2 2. ) 2,#, 2#&/+3'# 0803%& <'&1'3& (2. 0?0-.,3%';,# 0$7'-, 3&-& , 8&8&#',, & , 3'$,,). Y ,/0-6+$, -'-, $0+#&$, 2+0/0 %0$0# 0803%& /'80#0$%0 &<#0 ,0%#+3%+#, 2&%'$62%'3, /020$/'0$/& /0 %'2& /0 #0302%&#2&%'$62%'3& 2#00$%0 (2. 0?0-. 03'%,# 0$ +$ '%'& '$='<'# 0$&%#& 0 '$/+3'# , 03#03'$ /0 +$, $0+#&$, 0$ +$ %0#30#&).

P,#, %&/, 0%, 2&'<''/,/0 0 =,$ +,/& %:#-'$& 3&-& 0 /0$0+#&-&/+,/&# $0+#&##01+,/&# $0+#&=&#-&$, &$0+#&-0/',/&#. A+$@+0 0 +& /0 %:#-'$& /'80#0$%0 2+0/0

,+/,# , /08'$'# ,33'&$0 3&$%0%& /0 3&-+$'3,3'$'$%0#30+,# ,@+4 +%''7,#0-& 0 /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 2+0=,<,-& '-20-0$%0 /0 '$%0#3,-<'& /0 '$8&#-,3'$/0 transmisión /0 0,0 /0 +$'&$0 8+$3'&$,0 0$%#0 3:+,.

¿C-& 0 #03&$&30 , +$ $0+#&%#,$-'&#" ¿C-& ,<0# @+0 +$,$0+#&$, 2#&/+30 +$, +%,$3', @+0 ,803%, , &%#," L& 3#'%0#'&2,#, '/0$%'8'3,# , +$, +%,$3', 3&-& $0+#&%#,$-'&# &$0-0?,$%0 , & @+0 -0$3'&$,-& 3+,$/& =,<,-& /0'%0-, $0#;'&& ,+%$&-& (<6'3,-0$%0 , ,30%'3&'$, ,/#0$,'$,). A$%0 /0 %#,%,# 0%& 2+$%& 0 $030,#'& /03'# @+0, %:3$'3, /0 , @+0 ,3%+,-0$%0 /'2&$0-& 2,#, ,<&#/,#0%& 2#&<0-, '1+0$ '0$/& #0,%';,-0$%0 <+#/,.Q+0##4,-& ,<0# & @+0 +30/0 0$ +$, 8#,33'$ /0 , 3:+, @+0-'/0 -'&$:'-, /0 -'4-0%#& & '$%#+-0$%& @+0 %0$0-&& /0%03%,$ 2&#3'&$0 -6 1#,$/0. A -0/'/, @+0 0%&'$%#+-0$%& 0 ,30#3,$ -6 , & 20@+0& #0@+'0#0$ @+0 0&<?0%& , 0,-'$,# 0, & -6 2+#& (& 3&$30$%#,/&) 2&'<0 ' 0@+0 @+0#0-& /'%'$1+'#& /0 &%#& &<?0%& (& -&:3+,)'1+,-0$%0 /'-'$+%&. Y, 0, 3&$ 003%#&/& 20@+04'-& & 3&$2#&30/'-'0$%& /0 2+#'8'3,3'$ 0$#'@+03'-'0$%& /0 ?+1&

30#0<#,0 0%,-& ,%0#,$/& , 8&#-, 8+$3'&$0 &#'1'$,0. A20,# /0 0%, '-'%,3'&$0 =, '/& 2&'<0 ,;0#'1+,# -+3=&00-0$%& /0 , 8+$3'$ '$62%'3,. S0 =,$ +%''7,/& %:3$'3, /03'%&@+4-'3, /0 8#,33'&$,-'0$%& +<30+,# 3&$ <,%,$%0 :'%&, 3+,0 =,$ 20#-'%'/& ,',# 0%& 3&-2&$0$%0 ,40%+/',#&. R03&#/0-& $+0;,-0$%0 & 3#'%0#'&H

a) S0 /0<0 /0-&%#,# , 2#00$3', /0 %#,$-'&# 0$ ,%0#-'$,0 2#0'$62%'3, 0$ , $0+#&$, /0 /&$/0 0%,%0#-'$,0 2#&;'0$0$.

, ;,#'& '-243'%& 0$ 0%, 3&$/'3'&$0. V0,-& ,1+$& /00&.












S' /03'-& @+0 +$, +%,$3', /0<0 0%,# 2#00$%0 0$ ,1$ '%'&'1$'8'3, @+0 +distribución concentración &$ 2,#%'3+,#0.V,#'& %#,$-'&#0 8+0#&$ /03+<'0#%& , /0%03%,#& 0$ 0%0?'/& $0#;'&& 0$ 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 00;,/,. S020$ @+0 ' 0 3&$30$%#,<,$ %,$%& 0$ +$ && '%'& ,1&

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

F'$,-0$%0 ' 033'&$,-& & 0'&$,-& +$, ;4, & $30&$0+#&$, 020#,-& @+0 0 %#,$-'&# 0$ 3+0%'$ /0,2,#073,/0 '%'& /&$/0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ + %0#-'$,0.

b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

c ) I/0$%'/,/ /0 ,33'$. É%, =, '/& 3&$'/0#,/, 0 3#'%0#'&2#'$3'2, 2,#, %#,%,# , +$, +%,$3', 3&-& $0+#&%#,$-'&#.P&/0-& 0$+$3',#& /0 &%#, -,$0#,H & 0803%& /0 , +%,$3',0$ 3+0%'$ 3+,$/& :%, 0 ,2'3, , '%'& /0 0%+/'& /0<0$ 0#

'/:$%'3& , ,@+0& 2#&/+3'/& 2&# , 0%'-+,3'$ /0 , %0#-'$,2#0'$62%'3,.

E '$;0%'1,/&# 2#0%0$/0 /0-&%#,# @+0 , +%,$3', 2#&2+0%,3&-& %#,$-'&# 2#&/+73, & -'-& 3,-<'& '$'3& @+0 ,0%'-+,3'$ '$62%'3, /'#03%, (0, 3&$ 003%#'3'/,/ & @+4-'3&).S'$ 0-<,#1& 0%0 %'2& /0 0%+/'& #0@+'0#0 #01'%#,#'$%#,30+,#-0$%0 , %0#-'$, & $0+#&$, 2&%'$62%'3, 2&# ,#1&%'0-2& 0 '/0,-0$%0 3&$%,# 3&$ +$, +%,$3', @+0 ,$%,1&$'30020348'3,-0$%0 , %#,$-'&# $,%+#,. S' 0 ,$%,1&$'%, <&@+0,& 0803%& %,$%& /0 , 0%'-+,3'$ 0:3%#'3, 3&-& & /0 ,

+%,$3', 0$ 3+0%'$ , /&' 0-0?,$%0 0$%&$30 2&/#0-&/03'# @+0 0'%0 '/0$%'/,/ /0 ,33'$.



A ,2'3,# /';0#, %:3$'3, /0 -,#3,/& $0+#&@+4-'3& 0 =,$'/0$%'8'3,/& ;4, $0#;'&, @+0 %'0$0$ $0+#&%#,$-'&#0020348'3& , 2,#%'# /0 $0+#&$, @+0 & '$%0%'7,$ 0$;4,$ +2#&033'&$0 =,3', +1,#0 /'%,$%0 /0 '%0-, $0#;'&&.G#,3', , %:3$'3, @+0 +%''7,$ ,$%'3+0#2& /'#'1'/& , ,

0$7'-, /0 4$%0' /0 & /';0#& $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 & 3+,00 3&$?+1,$ 3&$ &%#, +%,$3', @+0 8+&#030$ & @+0 03&&#0,$ 0 =, 2&/'/& /0%0#-'$,# 0 3+#& /0 , 8'<#, /0 0%,$0+#&$,. E$ , 8'1+#, V.I. 0 '+%#,$ ,1+$, /0 0,.

E%+/'& #03'0$%0 '$/'3,$ @+0 +$, -'-, %0#-'$, 2+0/03&$%0$0# ;,#'& %'2& /0 %#,$-'&#0 & 3+,0 2+0/0$'<0#,#0 ?+$%& & '$/020$/'0$%0-0$%0.

U$ 0?0-2& /0 '/0$%'8'3,3'$ /0 +$ %#,$-'&# & 3&$%'%+0 ,,30%'3&'$, 0$ , +$'$ $0#;'&5-3+&. L, 0%'-+,3'$ /0

$0#;'& -&%&# '<0#, ,30%'3&'$, 0'%0$ & -03,$'-& 2,#, +4$%0' ,-,30$,-'0$%& #03,2%+#, , $';0 /0 , %0#-'$, 0-3+& 3&$%'0$0 #0302%&#0 020348'3& 2,#, , ,30%'3&'$, &0803%& /0 , 0%'-+,3'$ $0#;'&, & & /0 , ,2'3,3'$ 0%0#$,/0 0%, +%,$3', /,$ +1,# , & -'-& 3,-<'& '$'3& , $';0/0 , 8'<#, -+3+,# (, 2&%'$,2' 0$ 0%0 3,&) 0'%0$ ,0$7'-, $030,#', 2,#, + -0%,<&'-&. E$ 0 3,& /0 SNC 02#&<0-, 0 3&-2'3, 2&# , 1#,$ /0$'/,/ /0 $0+#&$, &<#0%&/& /0 %0#-'$,0 ,/0-6 /0 8,3%&# @+0 -0$3'&$6<,-& /03&0'%0$3', /0 ;,#'& %#,$-'&#0 0$ , -'-, %0#-'$,. A20,# /0 0%, '-'%,3'&$0 0'%0$ 2#+0<, ,30#3, /0 ;,#',+%,$3', @+0 20#-'%0$ @+0 , 3&$'/0#0-& 3&-&$0+#&%#,$-'&#0 30$%#,0. ,1,-& +$, #0;''$ /0 ,2#'$3'2,0.

ACETILCOLINA

Y, ;'-& 0 2,20 @+0 %+;& , ,30%'3&'$, 0$ , %#,$-''$$0+#&=+-&#, (& 020#'-0$%& /0 L&0' 0$ & ,& ). A20,# /0 @+0 3&$&30-& 0%, +%,$3', /0/0 =,30 -+3=&%'0-2& $& 0 0 =, 2&/'/& '$;0%'1,# 0$ /0%,0 , $';0 30$%#,2&# 8,%, /0 %:3$'3, ,/03+,/,. E%6 <'0$ 0%,<03'/& @+0 ,

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

03'%,$ 8'<#, -+3+,#0) ,4 ,<0-& @+0 0$ 0, '$,2' 0'<0#, ,30%'3&'$, (#03&#/,$/& 0 ,-,/&Principio de ale @+0



2&%+, @+0 +$, $0+#&$, '<0#, 0 -'-& $0+#&%#,$-'&# 0$%&/, + %0#-'$,0). ,%, ,=&#, 0 /0 & 2&3& 0?0-2& /0'$,2' 30$%#,0 /&$/0 0 #0$0$ 3,' %&/& & 3#'%0#'&$030,#'& 2,#, 3&$'/0#,# , 0%, +%,$3', 3&-&$0+#&%#,$-'&# , 20,# /0 @+0 0 =, /0-&%#,/& @+0 ,

,30%'3&'$, 0 0$3+0$%#, 0$ &%#, 6#0, /0 SNC @+0 -+3=,#01'&$0 30#0<#,0 &$ 0$'<0 , 0%, +%,$3',.

FIGURA V"IA " as ías de los neurotransmisores: noradrenérgicos (ennegro) y dopaminérgicos (en amarillo)! as letras A indican la locali#ación

de grupos neuronales que sinteti#an el neurotransmisor "

L, ,30%'3&'$, 0 0,<&#, , 2,#%'# /0 , 3&'$, 3+& &#'10$ 0$10$0#, 0 , /'0%, /0 , ,30%'53&0$7'-, A @+0 2#&;'0$0 /0 ,1+3&, , %#,;: /0 ;,#'& 2,& -0%,<'3& @+0 &3+##0$ 0$ ,-'%&3&$/#',. L, 0$7'-, @+0 +$0 0%, /& -&:3+, 2,#,2#&/+3'# ,30%'3&'$, 0 , 3&'$,5,30%'%#,$80#,, (;:,0 , 8'1+#, V. 2 .). L, 0$7'-, @+0 /0%#+0$ , , ,30%'3&'$, 0 ,-,$,30%'3&'$0%0#,,. S0 =, ;'%& @+0 0'%0$ ;,#',3&'$0%0#,, @+0 /';0#, 6#0, 30#0<#,0 2+0/0$ 3&$%0$0#

$';00 /'80#0$%0 /0 0,.











VÍAS COLINÉRGICAS CENTRALES

L, 2#'-0#, ;4, 3&'$:#1'3, /0-&%#,/, , $';0 /0 SNC 8+0 , @+00 8&#-, 3&$ 8'<#, 3&,%0#,0 /0 ,$ /0 , -&%&$0+#&$,02'$,0 (,-,/, 3&,%0#,0 #03+##0$%0 2&#@+0 ,0$ /0

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

-,#3,#0 2,#, 0# ;'%, 2&# -'3#&3&24,. L, '$0#;,3'$3&'$:#1'3, 30$%#, 0 /'%#'<+0 ,-2',-0$%0 0, 2&# -0/'&/0 interneuronas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



FIGURA V"IB" as ías de neurotransmisores: serotoninérgicos (en ro"o) ycolinérgicos (en erde)! &e indican los principales n.cleos de origen de

dichas ías"

E'%0$ $0+#&$, @+0 #02&$/0$ , , ,30%'3&'$, 0$ -+3=,2,#%0 /0 30#0<#& /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ , #01'$ @+0 0 0%+/'00%0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 2+0/0 %0$0# 0803%& 03'%,/&#0 &'$='<'/&#0. L& #0302%&#0 3&'$:#1'3& =,$ '/& /';'/'/& 0$ /&%'2&H &muscarínicos & nicotínicos. E%& %:#-'$& 0#08'0#0$ , & 0803%& /0 , -+3,#'$, +%,$3', 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0+$ =&$1& ( manita muscaria) @+0 %'0$0 0803%& '-',#0 , &/0 , $'3&%'$, 3&$%0$'/, 0$ 0 %,<,3& /0 , ,30%'3&'$,. L,

-+3,#'$, 0$ 10$0#, 0%'-+, & #0302%&#0 3&'$:#1'3&-'0$%#, @+0 , $'3&%'$, 2#'-0#& & 0%'-+, /02+: &<&@+0,.

Los receptores colinérgicos

C&-& ;'-& 0'%0$ /& 8,-'', /0 #0302%&#0 3&'$:#1'3&H &-+3,#4$'3& & $'3&%4$'3&. ,%, , 803=, 0 =,$ /03#'%&3'$3& +<%'2& /0 #0302%&#0 -+3,#4$'3& (@+0 ,-,#0-& M ,M). L, &3+2,3'$ /0 %&/& 0& 2#&/+30 #02+0%,#0,%';,-0$%0 0$%, (/0 , -''01+$/& /0 /+#,3'$)

-0/',/, /'#03%,-0$%0 2&# #0302%&#0 '&$&%#2'3& (3,$,0 /0K C, & C5) & 2&# 01+$/& -0$,?0#& (, 8,-'', /02#&%04$, G). D020$/'0$/& /0 %'2& 30+,# 2,#%'3'2,$%0 0&<%0$/#6$ #02+0%, 03'%,%&#', & '$='<'%&#',. L, '/0$%'8'3,3'$/0 0%& +<%'2& /0 #0302%&# =, '/& 2&'<0 1#,3', , @+0 03+0$%, 3&$ ,$%,1&$'%, /0 ,1+$& /0 0& , %:3$'3, /0<'&&14, -&03+,# 2&# -0/'& /0 , 3+,0 0 =,$ ,',/&3,/0$, /0 ,-'$&63'/& 2,#%'3+,#0 /0 3,/, +<%'2&.



FIGURA V" 2" a sinapsis colinérgica! *squema de una sinapsis que sinteti#a, acumula y libera acetilcolina! *l neurotransmisor proiene de la

conersión del amino$cido precursor: la colina, "unto con la acetil0coen#ima A (Ac-oA), a traés de la en#ima colina0acetilasa ( I ), haciaacetilcolina (A-)! *sta puede almacenarse en esículas ( 2 ) o liberarsedirectamente ( 3 )! na e# fuera de la terminal sin$ptica, la acetilcolina puede ocupar sitios receptores ( R ) en otra célula ( 4 ), en ella misma %

autorreceptores, A;%( 5 ), recaptarse ( 6 ) o metaboli#arse %porcolinesterasas%( 7 ) hacia colina y acetato!

,<4,-& -0$3'&$,/& , +%''/,/ @+0 %+;& 0 ,$ 1'1,$%0 /0

3,,-,# 0$ & 0%+/'& &<#0 , 10$0#,3'$ , 3&$/+33'$ /0'-2+& $0#;'&&. E$ 0 3,-2& /0 , %#,$-''$ 3&'$:#1'3, 0%+;& , +0#%0 /0 3&$%,# 3&$ &%#, 2#02,#,3'$ -,#'$, 2,#,'$;0%'1,# 0%, ;07 0 #0302%&# 3&'$:#1'3&. S0 %#,%, /0 ,,-,/, 003%#&2,3,. S0 0$3+0$%#, 0$ 2030 ,$1+', 0:3%#'3, 3&##02&$/0 , , 2,3, $0+#&-+3+,# /0 & ;0#%0<#,/&. E$0%0 3,& 0 $0#;'& -&%&# %,-<':$ '<0#, ,30%'3&'$, , 3+,'$%0#,3%, 3&$ + #0302%&#. S& @+0 0$ +1,# /0 2#&/+3'#0 +$,3&$%#,33'$ -+3+,# =, +$, /03,#1, 0:3%#'3,. E$ 0%&,$'-,0 , /03,#1, '#;0$ $& & 2,#, /080$/0#0 & ,%,3,#

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mediatóforo.



E$ 3+,$%& , #0302%&# $'3&%4$'3& ,',/& /0 #1,$& 0:3%#'3& 0=, 2&/'/& -,#3,# ,',# 2&# 0 /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 +%,$3',3&$%0$'/, 0$ ;0$0$& /0 3&<#, /0 , I$/', (<+$1,#&%&'$,).G#,3', , 0& , %:3$'3, '$-+$&1'3, 0 =,$ '/0$%'8'3,/& ,-0$& 3+,%#& +<%'2& /0 #0302%&# /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ +

&3,'7,3'$ 0$ 0 &#1,$'-&.

0ecanismos ! funciones colinérgicas

S0 =, #0,3'&$,/& , , ,30%'3&'$, 3&$ 8+$3'&$0 -$:'3, (,'1,/, , , -0-&#',) ,4 3&-& 0$ , %#,$-''$ /0 /&&# 03,&# & ,<&#0. T,-<':$ 0$ , #01+,3'$ /0 & -&;'-'0$%&;&+$%,#'& 0 3&$%#& /0 3'3& +0&5;'1'',. M+3=, /0 ,2#+0<, @+0 &#'1'$,#&$ 0%, ='2%0' 8+$3'&$,0 0 &<%+;'0#&$2&# 0 +& /0 ,1&$'%, (+%,$3', @+0 '-'%,$ 0 0803%& /0 ,+%,$3', 0$ 3+0%'$) ,$%,1&$'%, 3&'$:#1'3&. P&# 0?0-2&

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

E$ 3'0#%, 0$80#-0/,/0 $0+#&1'3, 3,#,-0$%0 0 =,$'/0$%'8'3,/& ,$%'3+0#2& 3&$%#, 0 #0302%&# 3&'$:#1'3& /0-3+& 0@+0:%'3& 3&-& 0$ 3,& /0 2,3'0$%0 3&$miasteniagravis. E$ &%#& 2,/03'-'0$%& 30#0<#,0 0 2,20 /0 ,,30%'3&'$, 0 -0$& 3,#& ,+$@+0 /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ & 0803%&/0 ,1&$'%, ,$%,1&$'%, 0 =, 2#&2+0%& @+0 2,#%'3'2, 0$2,/03'-'0$%& 3&-& , 3&#0, /0 +$%'$1%&$ , 0$80#-0/,/0/0 P,#>'$&$ A7=0'-0#. D0 0%, ,%0#,3'&$0 =,<,#0-& -6,/0,$%0.

M0$3'&$0-& 8'$,-0$%0 @+0 -+3=& '$03%'3'/, ,1+$&1,0 +%''7,/& 0$ '%+,3'&$0 /0 1+0##, /0<0$ + ,33'&$0 ,& 0803%& ,$%,1$'3& '##0;0#'<0 /0 , ,30%'3&'$0%0#,,.

NORADRENALINA Y ADRENALINA

E%6 +%,$3', 20#%0$030$ , 1#+2& /0 , catecolaminas1 @+0%,-<':$ '$3+0$ , , /&2,-'$,.

Las catecolaminas

A$%0 -0$3'&$,-& @+0 0$ 0 SNA =,$ '/& +%''7,/& &

0%#,3%& /0 16$/+, +2#,##0$, 2,#, 2#&/+3'# #02+0%,8''&1'3, (/0 ,4 0 %:#-'$& ,/#0$,'$,). N& 8+0 '$& =,%,



Z\ 3+,$/& 0 '/0$%'8'3 0 ;0#/,/0#& %#,$-'&# /0 & $0#;'&/0 , /';''$ '-26%'3, /0 SNAH , $&#,/#0$,'$,.

A /'80#0$3', /0 , ,30%'3&'$, , 3,%03&,-'$, -+0%#,$ +$,/'%#'<+3'$ <,%,$%0 /0'1+, 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 0 /03'#

=, 6#0, /&$/0 &$ -+ ,<+$/,$%0 0$ &%#, &$ -+03,,.

E$ & ,& \ /& 1#+2& /0 '$;0%'1,/&#0 +03&/03+<#'0#&$ @+0 ' 0 02&$4,$ %0?'/& $0#;'&& 3&$10,/& ,;,2&# /0 8&#-,/0=4/& 3,'0$%0 (0$%#0 \ X]C) 0 &1#,<, @+0, 3,%03&,-'$, 0-'%'0#,$ 8+&#030$3',. D0 0%, -,$0#, 2&#2#'-0#, ;07 0$ , ='%&#', /0 , $0+#&%#,$-''$ 0 2+/&,;,$7,# 0$ , /0'-'%,3'$ /0 ;4, 0$ ,203%& -&#8&1'3& /0, $0+#&$, 3,%03&,-'$:#1'3,. S0 ;'& @+0 +$, &, $0+#&$,2&/4, %0$0# %0#-'$,0 =,%, /0 , 3- /0 /'%,$3', /0

&-, @+0 :%, -&%#,<,$ ;,#'3&'/,/0 (, -'3#&3&2'&,2,#034,$ 3-& +$ #&,#'&) #'3, 0$ 8+&#030$3',.

E%+/'& -6 /0%,,/& -&%#,#&$ /02+: @+0 , %#02#'$3'2,0 3,%03&,-'$, (,/#0$,'$, $&#,/#0$,'$, /&2,-'$,) 0 /'%#'<+4,$ 0$ 8&#-, /'80#0$%0 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0'%0-, $0#;'&& @+0 0$ 3'0#%, 6#0, 0#,$ -6 ,<+$/,$%0+$, @+0 &%#,.

A3%+,-0$%0 3&$&30-& 3&$ <,%,$%0 /0%,0 3-& 0 8&#-,$ ,3,%03&,-'$, 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 30#0<#& 0$ , 3:+,

3#&-,8'$0 (/0 , 16$/+, +2#,##0$,) 0$ & $0#;'& 1,$1'& /0 '%0-, '-26%'3&. A 2,#%'# /0 ,-'$&63'/& l2tirosina , 0$7'-, %'#&'$,5='/#&',, (TH) & 3&$;'0#%00$ DOPA (/'='/#&'80$',,$'$,) :%, 0 %#,$8&#-, 2&# ,DOPA5/03,#<&',, 0$ /&2,-'$, :%, , + ;07 2+0/0%#,$8&#-,#0 0$ ,@+0, 3:+, @+0 3&$%0$1,$ , 0$7'-,/&2,-'$,5β5='/#&',, (DBH) 0$ $&#,/#0$,'$,. L, $&#,/#0$,'$,2+0/0 3&$;0#%'#0 0$ ,/#0$,'$, 2&# &%#, %#,$80#0$3', /0-0%'& , 3,#1& /0 , 80$'50%,$&5,-'$,5N5-0%'%#,$80#,,(PNMT). L, $&#,/#0$,'$, , + ;07 '$='<0 , , %'#&'$,5

='/#&',, 8+$3'&$,$/& ,4 3&-& 0, /0 '$%0##+23'$ /0 ,4$%0'. A 0%0 -03,$'-& 0 0 3&$&30 3&-& '$='<'3'$ 2&#2#&/+3%& 8'$,. E%, ;4, -0%,<'3, 0 '+%#,$ 0$ , 8'1+#,V.3 V.4.



FIGURA V"3" a sinapsis noradrenérgica! *squema de una sinapsis que sinteti#a, acumula y libera noradrenalina o norepinefrina ( NE )! *lneurotransmisor proiene de la conersión del amino$cido precursor, latirosina, a traés de arios pasos en#im$ticos, hasta noradrenalina: la

tirosina0hidro'ilasa ( TH ) conierte la tirosina en DOPA ( I ) la DOPA 0descarbo'ilasa la conierte en dopamina ( 2 ), y la dopamina 0 0 hidro'ilasa

en noradrenalina ( 3 )! 1sta puede almacenarse "unto con otras proteínas sin$pticas y con ATP ( 4 ) para de allí liberarse, directa o indirectamente

( 5 )! na e# liberado, el neurotransmisor puede ocupar receptores postsin$pticos ( 6 ), metaboli#arse por la en#ima catecol 0<0

metiltransferasa ( COMT ) ( 7 ), recaptarse ( 8 ) para su eentual reutili#aciónu ocupar autorreceptores ( AR ) ( 9 )!

L, %'#&'$,5='/#&',, 2,#030 0# 0 2,& '-'%,$%0 /0 %&/,0%, #0,33'&$0. E /03'# 0 %#,%, /0 2,& 0$7'-6%'3& 3#4%'3& 0$, 4$%0' /0 , 3,%03&,-'$,. S' @+0#0-& ,+-0$%,# +$';00 %0$/#0-& @+0 ,+-0$%,# & ;&-0$0 /0 , 0$7'-,.E%& 3,-<'& /020$/0$ 2&# +$ ,/& /0 , 3,$%'/,/ /0 0$7'-, /0 +%#,%& (, -&:3+, &<#0 , 3+, ,3%, , 0$7'-,) /0 ,/'2&$'<''/,/ /0 & ,-,/& 3&8,3%&#0 (3&-& , ;'%,-'$,@+0 8+$3'&$,$ 3&-& ,+/,$%0 /0 , 0$7'-,) 2&# &%#& /0, '$%0$'/,/ 2,%#$ /0 ,3%';,3'$ $0#;'&,.

L, 3,%03&,-'$, 0 ,-,30$,$ 0$ ;043+, @+0 0 %#,$2&#%,$/0/0 0 3+0#2& 30+,# =,%, , %0#-'$,0. L, '<0#,3'$ /0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 2,#030 0803%+,#0 $& &,-0$%0 0$ :%, '$&%,-<':$ 0$ , ;,#'3&'/,/0 /0 , 8'<#, 3,%03&,-'$:#1'3,.M+3=, /0 0, ;,#'3&'/,/0 $& 0%6$ ,&3',/, , %0#-'$,02&%'$62%'3, 2&# & @+0 0 =, +10#'/& @+0 2+0/0 =,<0#'<0#,3'$ 0%#,'$62%'3, /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&#. E%, '<0#,3'$2&/#4, 3&$%#'<+'# , , 0'%0$3', /0 $';00 3,-<',$%0 /03,%03&,-'$, 0$ 0 02,3'& 0%#,30+,# 3&$ 2&'<''/,/ /0'$/+3'# 0803%& , /'%,$3', &<#0 +$ 1#,$ $-0#& /0

0%#+3%+#, 30#0<#,0. E & @+0 0 =, ,-,/& %#,$-''$ /0;&+-0$ 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& ,+$@+0 ,$ 0%6 +?0%& ,



3&$%#&;0#', 0 %#,%, /0 +$ '$%0#0,$%0 3&$302%& @+0 2&/#4,%0$0# #0,3'$ 3&$ 0%,/& 30#0<#,0 /'8+& 3&-& 0 +0& ,;'1'', & , ,%0$3'$ 003%';,.

L, '<0#,3'$ /0 3,%03&,-'$, 0 #01+, 2&# , 0'%0$3', /0

,+%&##0302%&#0 0$ , %0#-'$, 2#0'$62%'3, & 3+,0 #02&$/0$, , 3&$30$%#,3'$ /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&# 0$ , '$,2'. L&$0#;'& ,/,#0$:#1'3& 2,#030$ %0$0# ;,#'& %'2& /0,+%&##0302%&#0. U$& #02&$/0$ , , -'-, 3,%03&,-'$,-'0$%#, @+0 &%#& & =,30$ , /'80#0$%0 $0+#&%#,$-'&#0. E%&,1#01, 2&'<''/,/0 /0 #01+,3'$ /0 %#6$'%& '$62%'3& &8#030%,-<':$ &2&#%+$'/,/0 /0 '$%0#;0$3'$ 8,#-,3&1'3,.

E$ & @+0 #0203%, , -0%,<&'-& /0 , 3,%03&,-'$, %,$%& ,/&2,-'$, 3&-& , $&#,/#0$,'$, 0 /01#,/,$ 2&# ,-&$&,-'$&&'/,, (MAO) , 3,%03&5O5-0%'%#,$80#,, (COMT)

0$ 63'/& =&-&;,$4'3& (HVA) 63'/& /'='/#&'80$',3:%'3& (DOPAC).A-<& -0%,<&'%& 2+0/0$ 3+,$%'8'3,#0 0$ 0 4@+'/&308,&##,@+4/0& + &#'$, 2,#, %0$0# +$ 4$/'30 /0 ,3%';'/,/3,%03&,-'$:#1'3,.

Q+'76 0 03%&# 0 0$3+0$%#0 +$ 2&3& ,<#+-,/& 3&$ %,$%&$&-<#0 /0%,0. P0#& ' 0 @+'0#0 0$%0$/0# , -0$& +$2&3& & @+0 ,1+$, /#&1, =,30$ 0$ 0 30#0<#& 0 -0?&# %0$0#, , -,$& , '$8&#-,3'$ $030,#',. U$ 2,# /0 0?0-2&H ,+?0%& 3&$ P,#>'$&$ @+0 3&-& ;0#0-& %'0$0$ /08'3'0$3', /0/&2,-'$, 30#0<#, 0 0 ,/-'$'%#, $& & + 2#03+#&# (, L5DOPA) '$& %,-<':$ '$='<'/&#0 /0 , /03,#<&',, (, 0$7'-,@+0 3&-& ,3,<,-& /0 ;0# , /0%#+0) 2,#, ,+-0$%,# +0803%&. L& '$='<'/&#0 /0 ,MAO 0 +%''7,$ 34$'3,-0$%0 3&-&,$%'/02#0';&.

Los receptores adrenérgicos

C&-& 3&$03+0$3', /0 /0,##&& /0 ,1&$'%, ,$%,1&$'%,3,%03&,-'$:#1'3& 020348'3& 0 =, 2&/'/& 0%,<030# ,0'%0$3', /0 ;,#'& %'2& /0 #0302%&#0 ,/#0$:#1'3&.C6'3,-0$%0 0 0 =, /';'/'/& 0$ /& 8,-'',H & α & β5,/#0$:#1'3&. A=&#, 0 ,<0 @+0 , '$%0#'&# /0 0%, 8,-'',0'%0$ &%#& +<%'2&. A4 0 3&$&30$ =,%, , 803=, %#0 %'2&/0 #0302%&#0 β (I, 2 3) 3+,%#& α5 I (A B C D) %#0 α52(A B C) /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ + 0803%& &<#0 , ,-,/,2#&%04$, G ,+$@+0 0%0 $-0#& 2+0/0 ,+-0$%,#. L, 2#&%04$,G #02#00$%,$ +$, 8,-'', /0 01+$/& -0$,?0#& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, VII. 2 ) @+0 %#,/+30 , 0, /,/, 2&# , &3+2,3'$ /0#0302%&# -0-<#,$, , 0$1+,?0 $0+#&$, '$%#,30+,# , %#,;: /0, ,3%';,3'$ & '$='<'3'$ 0$7'-6%'3,. A4 %0$/#0-& 2#&%04$, G0%'-+,/&#, 2#&%04$, G '$='<'/&#,.










E$ 0 SNC 0 =, ,&3',/& , 2#00$3', /0 #0302%&#0 α5 I, α52 β5I 3&$ $0+#&$, &β52 3&$ , 14, 3:+, ;,3+,#0.

L& #0302%&#0 ,/#0$:#1'3& 0%6$ +?0%& , ;,#'& %'2& /0#01+,3'$. S+ $-0#& 2+0/0 ,+-0$%,# & /'-'$+'# & -'-&

@+0 + 0$'<''/,/ , 86#-,3& (2. 0?0-. /02+: /0 +&3#$'3&).

3ías noradrenérgicas

S0 =, 2&/'/& /0%0#-'$,# , /'%#'<+3'$ /0 8'<#, 3+0#2&30+,#0 3&$ 3&$%0$'/& 3,%03&,-'$:#1'3&. E +$ '%0-, /0%#,$-''$ $&%,<0H 0 &#'1'$, 0$ 6#0, -+ 3'#3+$3#'%, /0%,& 30#0<#, 0$;4, #,-'8'3,3'&$0 , %&/, , 6#0, /030#0<#& 30#0<0& -:/+, 02'$, @+0 0 =,$ 0%+/',/&. E%,2#&033'$ ,-2', =,30 @+0 + '$8+0$3', 0,$ 10$0#,'7,/,

(;:,0 , 8'1+#, V. I ).L, 2#'$3'2,0 8'<#, $&#,/#0$:#1'3, $,30$ /0 /& '%'&2#'$3'2,0 /0 %,& 30#0<#,H 0 &3+ 3&0#+0+ 0 6#0,%01-0$%, ,%0#,.

E &3+ 3&0#+0+ 0 0$3+0$%#, 0$ , 2&#3'$ -6 '$80#'&# /0%,& 30#0<#,. E$ 0 0# =+-,$& 0%6 3&$%'%+'/& 2&#,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 $0+#&$, 0$ 3,/, ,/& /0 30#0<#&.E%, $0+#&$, /,$ +1,# , 3'$3& =,30 /0 8'<#, 2#'$3'2,0 @+001,$ , %6,-& ='2&%6,-& ='2&3,-2& <+<& &8,%&#'&

-+3=, &%#, 6#0, 2,#, 0;0$%+,-0$%0 %0#-'$,# 0$ , 3&#%07,30#0<#,.

4euronas noradrenérgicas

A 2,#%'# /0 -&-0$%& 0$ @+0 0 '/0$%'8'3 ,' , 0$7'-, @+03&$;'0#%0 , $&#,/#0$,'$, 0$ ,/#0$,'$, (, PNMT) 0 3#0,#&$,$%'3+0#2& 3&$%#, 0, 2,#, ,4 &3,'7,#, 0$ 0 '%0-,$0#;'&&. S0 0$3&$%#,#&$ /& 1#+2& 2#'$3'2,0 /0 $0+#&$,@+0 3&$%'0$0$ 0%, 0$7'-, ( @+0 2&# %,$%& 2+0/0$ 0,<&#,#,/#0$,'$,) %,-<':$ , $';0 /0 %,& 30#0<#, '$80#'&# ,%0#,.

E%, 3:+, 0%6$ ,&3',/, , 30$%#& /0 #01+,3'$ ,+%$&-,/0 8+$3'&$0 #02'#,%&#', 3,#/'&;,3+,#0 ;'30#,0 2&# +$,2,#%0 2&# &%#, , 0%#+3%+#, ='2&%,6-'3, -6 ,$%0#'&#0.

DOPAMINA

,%, =,30 #0,%';,-0$%0 2&3& %'0-2& 0 20$,<, @+0 ,/&2,-'$, 0#, & +$ 2#&/+3%& '$%0#-0/'& /0 -0%,<&'-& /0, 3,%03&,-'$,. S'$ 0-<,#1& , &<0#;,#0 @+0 , /'%#'<+3'$30#0<#, /0 , /&2,-'$, , $&#,/#0$,'$, 0#,$ 8#,$3,-0$%0/'80#0$%0 @+0 , 2#'-0#, 0#, -+3=& -6 ,<+$/,$%0 @+0 ,

01+$/, 0 0 0-207 , 3&$'/0#,# -6 0#',-0$%0 3&-& +$$0+#&%#,$-'&# ,2,#%0. E #08'$,-'0$%& /0 , %:3$'3,








,$,%-'3, (2. 0?0-. ='%&8+&#030$3',) -&%# @+0 1#,$ 2,#%0/0 , /&2,-'$, 30#0<#, 0 3&$30$%#,<, 0$ & 1,$1'& <,,0(;:,0 0 3,24%+& II) 3&$3+0$/& 0$%&$30 @+0 0%, +%,$3',2&/#4, %0$0# ,1& @+0 ;0# 3&$ 0 3&$%#& /0 -&;'-'0$%& 2,%&&14, 3&-& , 0$80#-0/,/ /0 P,#>'$&$.

L, /&2,-'$, 3&-& 0 #0%& /0 , 3,%03&,-'$, 0 '$%0%'7, ,2,#%'# /0 , 5 %'#&'$, @+0 /0<0 0# %#,$2&#%,/, =,3', 030#0<#& , %#,;: /0 , <,##0#, =0-,%&0$3086'3, =,%, , $0+#&$,/&2,-'$:#1'3,. A4 , 0$7'-, %'#&'$,5='/#&',, ,%#,$8&#-,#6 0$ 5/'='/#&'80$',,$'$, (L5DOPA) , DOPA5/03,#<&',, , /&2,-'$,. S' @+0#0-& ,+-0$%,# & $';0030#0<#,0 /0 /&2,-'$, 0 $030,#'& ,+-0$%,# , 3&$30$%#,3'$/0DOPA @+0 $&#-,-0$%0 0 <,%,$%0 <,?,. N& 0 &<%'0$0 %,0803%& ,+-0$%,$/& & $';00 /0 5 %'#&'$, @+0 , /0 2&# 4 &$#0,%';,-0$%0 00;,/&.

FIGURA V"4" a sinapsis dopaminérgica! a dopamina ( DA ) se sinteti#a a

partir de la tirosina, a traés de los mismos pasos en#im$ticos que la sinapsis noradrenérgica: la tirosina0hidro'ilasa ( TH ) conierte la tirosinaen DOPA ( I ) la DOPA 0descarbo'ilasa la conierte en dopamina ( 2 )!

a DA puede almacenarse ( 3 ) para de allí liberarse ( 4 )! na e# liberado elneurotransmisor puede ocupar receptores postsin$pticos ( 5 ),

metaboli#arse, recaptarse ( 6 ) u ocupar autorreceptores ( AR ) ( 7 )! =entrode la terminal, la DA puede metaboli#arse por la monoamino0o'idasa

mitocondrial ( 8 )!

3ías dopaminérgicas centrales

S0 =,$ /03#'%& %#0 '%0-, /&2,-'$:#1'3& 2#'$3'2,0 0$ 030#0<#&H





a) E '%0-, $'1#&50%#',/& /&$/0 & 3+0#2& 30+,#0 0=,,$ &3,'7,/& 0$ , +%,$3', $'1#, + ,&$0 2#&03%,$=,3', 0 $0&0%#',/& ($30& 3,+/,/& 2+%,-0$). S0 3&$'/0#,2,#%0 /0 ,-,/& '%0-, 0%#,2'#,-'/,.

b) E '%0-, -0&4-<'3& -0&3&#%'3, @+0 0 &#'1'$, 0$ 06#0, %01-0$%, ;0$%#, /0 -00$3:8,& 0$;4, + ,&$0=,3', 0%#+3%+#, 0%#',%,0 4-<'3, 3&#%'3,0

c ) E '%0-, %+<0#&'$8+$/'<+,# 3&$ 8'<#, #0,%';,-0$%0 3&#%,@+0 $,30$ 0$ 0 ='2&%6,-& ($30& ,#3+,%& 20#';0$%#'3+,#) %0#-'$,$ 0$ , ='28'' (<+& '$%0#-0/'&) , 0-'$0$3',-0/',.

E'%0$ %,-<':$ '$%0#$0+#&$, /&2,-'$:#1'3, 0$ , #0%'$, 0<+<& &8,%&#'& 0 ='2&%6,-&.

Los receptores dopaminérgicos

, ;,#', 8&#-, /0 3,'8'3,# , & #0302%&#0 /&2,-'$:#1'3&(/0 =03=& , %&/& & #0302%&#0 /0 '$%0#: 8,#-,3&1'3&). U$,/0 0, 0 2&# + &3,'7,3'$H a) #0302%&#0 /0 , 3:+, $&/&2,-'$:#1'3,H 2&# /08'$'3'$ #0302%&#0 2&%'$62%'3& b)#0302%&#0 /0 3:+, /&2,-'$:#1'3, %,-<':$ ,-,/&,+%&##0302%&#0 2+0 #02&$/0$ , -'-& $0+#&%#,$-'&#'<0#,/& 2&# , $0+#&$,.

L& #0302%&#0 /&2,-'$:#1'3& 2&%'$62%'3& 0 =,$ 3,'8'3,/&0$ /& 1#,$/0 1#+2& /020$/'0$/& /0 + 0803%& 0$ +$,0$7'-, ,-,/, ,/0$',%&53'3,,. E%, 0$7'-, 0 2,#%0 /0 ,8,-'', /0 & 01+$/& -0$,?0#& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, VII. 2 ) 0%6 0$3,#1,/, /0 ,+-0$%,# & $';00 '$%#,30+,#0 /0,/0$&4$ -&$&8&8,%& 343'3& (AMP3) 3&-2+0%& @+0 '#;0 2,#,,3%';,# '%0-, 0$7'-6%'3& '1,/& -6 /'#03%,-0$%0 , &0803%& <'&1'3&. A4 & #0302%&#0 D estimulan , ,/0$',%&53'3,, -'0$%#, @+0 & D , in#iben. E #0302%&# D 0,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 & ;030 -0$& 0$'<0 , , /&2,-'$, @+0 0D 3&-& ;0#0-& /02+: 0%, /'80#0$3', /0 0$'<''/,/ 0

3&##0,3'&$,$ 3&$ , 2&%0$3', /0 /#&1, %#,$@+''7,$%0.

A-<& %'2& /0 #0302%&#0 =,$ '/& 0$3&$%#,/& 0$ , 6#0, /02#&033'$ /&2,-'$:#1'3, ,+$@+0 0 2&'<0 @+0 0 &3,'30$ 0$3:+, /'80#0$%0. E$ 0 0%#',/& , ,3%';,3'$ /0 & #0302%&#0/&2,-'$:#1'3& /'-'$+0 , ,3%';'/,/ /0 , ;4, 0%#',/&5$'1#,(, @+0 #01#0, , '%'& /0 &#'10$ /0 , ;4, /&2,-'$:#1'3,$'1#&0%#',/,) 3&$%'%+0$/& ,4 +$ '%0-, /0#0%#&,'-0$%,3'$ $01,%';,. E '-2&#%,$%0 -0$3'&$,# @+0 ,02&'3'$ 2#&&$1,/, , ,1&$'%, & ,$%,1&$'%,/&2,-'$:#1'3& 2+0/0 2#&/+3'# 3,-<'& '-2&#%,$%0 0$ ,

0$'<''/,/ /0 #0302%&#.








E$ #0,3'$ 3&$ & ,+%&##0302%&#0 :%& 2+0/0$ 0'%'# 0$3+,@+'0# $';0 /0 , $0+#&$, /&2,-'$:#1'3, 2,#, #01+,# +,3%';'/,/. A4 & &3,'7,/& 0$ , #01'$ &-,%&/0$/#4%'3,/'-'$+0$ , 8#03+0$3', /0 10$0#,3'$ /0 2&%0$3',0 /0 ,33'$-'0$%#, @+0 , 0%'-+,3'$ /0 & ,+%&##0302%&#0 , $';0 /0 ,

%0#-'$, '$62%'3, '$='<0 , 4$%0' '<0#,3'$ /0$0+#&%#,$-'&#. A-<& %'2& /0 ,+%&##0302%&#0 &$ 0$ +-,&#4, /0 %'2& D (2&# %,$%& ;,#', ;030 -6 0$'<0 ,$0+#&%#,$-'&# @+0 & D).

E'%0$ /'80#0$3', 8,#-,3&1'3, %,$%& 0$%#0 & #0302%&#0D D 3&-& 0$%#0 & ,+%&##0302%&#0.

M0$3'&$0-& 2,#, %0#-'$,# @+0 %:3$'3, #03'0$%0 /0$0+#&<'&&14, -&03+,# =,$ 20#-'%'/& '/0$%'8'3,# subtipos /0#0302%&# /&2,-'$:#1'3&. A4 0 =,$ /03#'%& 3+,%#& +<%'2& /0

#0302%&# D /& +<%'2& /0 D. Q+'76 , '%, 0 0%'0$/, 0$ 08+%+#&.

C&-& ;0#0-& /02+: & #0302%&#0 /&2,-'$:#1'3&2,#%'3'2,$ 0$ 1#,$ $-0#& /0 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3& '$3+0$/&& /0 ,10$%0 %#,$@+''7,$%0 ,$%'/02#0';&,$%'2,#>'$&$',$& 0%'-+,$%0 0$ 2,%&&14, $0+#&1'3, 2'@+'6%#'3, 0#', 3&-& , 0$80#-0/,/ /0 P,#>'$&$ ,-0$3'&$,/, , 0@+'7&8#0$', 0$ 80$-0$& /0 ,/'33'$ ,/#&1,.

SEROTONINA

D0/0 0 2+$%& /0 ;'%, ='%#'3& , 0#&%&$'$, (3+& $&-<#0@+4-'3& 0 5 ='/#&'%#'2%,-'$, & 5HT) =, '/& 0$0+#&%#,$-'&# @+0 -6 =, '$8+'/& 0$ 0 3,-2& /0 ,$0+#&2'@+',%#4,. L, -,&#4, /0 & ,-,/& ,+3'$10$& 2&000803%& 0#&%&$'$:#1'3& ,/0-6 /0 3'0#%& 2,#03'/& 0%#+3%+#,3&$ , 0#&%&$'$, -'-,. C+,$/& 0 /0%03% , 2#00$3', /0 , 5HT 0$ 0 30#0<#& ,2,#03'0#&$ , %0&#4, @+0 #0,3'&$,<,$ , 0%0$0+#&%#,$-'&# 3&$ ;,#', 8&#-, /0 0$80#-0/,/0 -0$%,0.

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



=03=& 2,#, '$;0%'1,# , 8+$3'&$0 0$ , @+0 2,#%'3'2, 0%0$0+#&%#,$-'&# @+0 0%+/',#0-& -6 ,/0,$%0.

L, 0#&%&$'$, 0 &<%'0$0 2&# /03,#<&',3'$ /0 5='/#&'%#'2%8,$& #0,33'$ @+0 +30/0 #62'/,-0$%0 , -0/'/,

@+0 0 2#03+#&# '$-0/',%& 0 0$3+0$%#, /'2&$'<0.L, 0#&%&$'$, 0 -0%,<&'7, 2&# -0/'& /0 , -&$&,-'$&&'/,,(MAO) 0 2#&/+3%& /0%03%,<0 /0 0%0 3,%,<&'-& 0 0 63'/& 5='/#&'5'$/&,3:%'3& (HIAA).

E'%0$ ;,#'& -03,$'-& 2&# & 3+,0 0 #01+, , 4$%0''<0#,3'$ -0%,<&'-& /0 , 0#&%&$'$, ;,#'& /0 0& &$0$'<0 , /#&1, /0 +& 34$'3&.

3ías serotoninérgicas centrales

P&# -0/'& /0 %:3$'3, /0 ='%&8+&#030$3', (-'-, @+0 0+%''7,$ 2,#, , ;'+,'7,3'$ /0 , 3,%03&,-'$,) 0 =,$ 2&/'/&'/0$%'8'3,# $30& 0#&%&$'$:#1'3& 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 '%0-,$0#;'&& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, V. I ).

FIGURA V"5" a sinapsis serotoninérgica! a serotina (>0hidro'itriptamina)(>0HT ) se sinteti#a a partir del triptófano, el cual se conierte en > 0

hidro'itriptófano por la en#ima triptófano0hidro'ilasa! a >0HT puedealmacenarse en esículas ( 2 ) y?o liberarse ( 3 )! na e# liberada, puede

ocupar receptores postsin$pticos ( 4 ), recaptarse ( 5 ), ocuparautorreceptores ( 6 ) o metaboli#arse por la MAO mitocondrial ( 7 ) hacia

$cido >0hidro'iindolacético (> HIAA )!

S'$ 0-<,#1& 3+,$/& 0 ,2'3,$ , , 5HT , 0$'<''/,/ /00%, %:3$'3, 0 -+3=& -0$&# @+0 3&$ , 3,%03&,-'$, 2&# &

@+0 =, #0+%,/& /'843' 0 -,20& /0 , 8'<#, 0#&%&$'$:#1'3,.P,#, 0& 0 =, %0$'/& @+0 %#,%,# 2#0;',-0$%0 , & ,$'-,0 3&$








,%, /&' /0 %#'2%8,$& ,/0-6 /0 3&$ '$='<'/&#0 /0 , MAO<+3,$/& ,+-0$%,# , -6'-& & $';00 /0 , ,-'$,.

A4 0 =, &<0#;,/& @+0 , 3:+, 0#&%&$'$:#1'3, 03&$30$%#,$ 0$ , 2,#%0 -0/', /0 %,& 30#0<#, ,1#+26$/&0 0$

$+0;0 $30& 2#'$3'2,0 3&$&3'/& 3&-& comple,o nuclear delrafé. A 2,#%'# /0 0%& $30& $,30$ 8'<#, @+0 01,$ ,2#63%'3,-0$%0 %&/& 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& (1,$1'& <,,0='2&%6,-& %6,-& ='2&3,-2& '%0-, 4-<'3& 3&#%07,30#0<#, 30#0<0& -:/+, 02'$,). L& $30& -6 ,$%0#'&#0(0$ ,$'-,0) 2#&03%,$ =,3', , 2,#%0 -6 #&%#,0 (=,3',,/0,$%0) -'0$%#, @+0 , -6 2&%0#'&#0 0$;4,$ + 8'<#,=,3', , 6#0, /0 %,& 30#0<#, , -:/+,. A %#,;: /0 0%,2#&033'&$0 , 0#&%&$'$, 2,#%'3'2, 0$ 0 3&$%#& /0 & 0%,/&/0 +0& ;'1'', 0 6$'-& , 0-&3'&$0 0 3&$%#& /0 ,%0-20#,%+#, , /'0%, , 3&$/+3%, 0+, ,1+$& %'2& /0

/02#0'$ 3&$/+3%, +'3'/, 3'0#%& 0%,/& ,+3'$,%&#'&'$/+3'/& 2&# /#&1,.

Los receptores serotoninérgicos

L, #02+0%, &<%0$'/, /02+: /0 0%'-+,# & $30&0#&%&$'$:#1'3& 2+0/0 3&$'%'# 2&# +$ ,/& 0$ +$, '$='<'3'$(='20#2&,#'7,3'$ -0-<#,$,) 2#&;&3,/, 2&# ,+-0$%& /0 ,20#-0,<''/,/ (3&$/+3%,$3',) , K & 2&# 0 &%#& 0$ ,+-0$%& /0, 8#03+0$3', /0 /'2,#& (,4 0 0 ,-, , '$3#0-0$%& 0$ ,&3+##0$3', /0 & 2&%0$3',0 /0 ,33'$) 2&#disminución /0 ,

3&$/+3%,$3', , K. A 2,#%'# /0 0%& 0%+/'& 8''&1'3& /0&%#& 8,#-,3&1'3& 0$ & @+0 0 =,$ 0-20,/& /'80#0$%0,$%,1&$'%, 0 =, +10#'/& , 0'%0$3', /0 ;,#'& +<%'2& /0#0302%&#0 , , 0#&%&$'$,.

S0 =,$ /03#'%& %#0 %'2& 2#'$3'2,0 /0 #0302%&#H 0 5HT 0 5HT 0 5HT. Y :%& , + ;07 0 =,$ +</';'/'/& 0$ 3+,%#&+<%'2& /0 5HT (/0 , A , , D) /& /0 5HT (A B) =,%,,=&#, +$& /0 5HT. D0 0& , -,&#4, &$ 2&%'$62%'3&20#& , -0$& /& /0 0& (0 5HTB 0 5HTD) 2+0/0$ 0#

,+%&##0302%&#0 -&/+,$/& , '<0#,3'$ /0 $0+#&%#,$-'&#. L,&3+2,3'$ /0 #0302%&#0 2&%'$62%'3& 2#&/+30 + 0803%& ,%#,;: /0 01+$/& -0$,?0#& '1,/& , , 8&8&#',3'$ /0-&:3+, '$%#,30+,#0 0$ ,1+$& 3,& 2&# ,3&2,-'0$%&3&$ 3,$,0 '$'3& /0 3,3'&.

minoácidos

E '%0-, $0#;'&& 3&$%'0$0 1#,$ 3,$%'/,/ /0 ,-'$&63'/&0%#0-,/,-0$%0 ,3%';& 2,#, &1#,# 0 8+$3'&$,-'0$%& $0+#&$,.D+#,$%0 -+3=& ,& $& 0 ,<4, ' 0%, +%,$3', 0#,$

,3%';, 0$ 4 & & #02#00$%,<,$ 2#03+#&#0 /0 2#&%04$,(#03&#/0-& @+0 %&/, , 2#&%04$, 0%6$ =03=, /0



del GABA ( GABA 0T) ( 6 )!

E GABA =, ,%'803=& & 3#'%0#'& #0@+0#'/& 2,#, 3&$'/0#,#&3&-& $0+#&%#,$-'&# 0$ , +$'$ $0+#&-+3+,# /0 3#+%630&

3&-& 0 ,3&3' (& 3+, #0+%, +$, <+0$, '$/'3,3'$ /0 @+0%,-<':$ 2+0/0 0#& 0$ -,-480#& 2&#@+0 ' $& ¿/$/0@+0/,#4, , 0;&+3'$") E$ 0%, 2#02,#,3'$ 0 GABA 2#&/+30 &-'-& 0803%& @+0 & /0 , 0%'-+,3'$ /0 $0#;'&3&##02&$/'0$%0 , 2&%0$3', 2,#, '$/+3'# '$='<'3'$ 2#&/+3'/,2&# 0%#,3%& /0 $0#;'& 0 3&##0,3'&$, 3&$ 0 3&$%0$'/&/0 GABA /0 0%#,3%&. F'$,-0$%0 %,$%& 0 GABA3&-& ,0%'-+,3'$ /0 $0#;'& 2#&/+30$ +$ 2&%0$3', '$='<'%&#'& (+$,='20#2&,#'7,3'$) 2&# ,+-0$%& /0 , 3&$/+3%,$3', , 3&#&.A-<& 0803%& 2+0/0$ 0# <&@+0,/& 2&# 0 -'-& ,$%,1&$'%,, <'3+3+'$,.

L, $0+#&$, GABA:#1'3, -+0%#,$ +$, /'%#'<+3'$ /'8+, &@+0 +1'0#0 @+0 8+$3'&$,$ 3&-& '$%0#$0+#&$,. E'%0$ '$0-<,#1& ,1+$, ;4, GABA:#1'3, ,1& -6 ,#1, 3&-& ,0%#',/&$'1#, , 30#0<0&5;0%'<+,#.

E'%0$ $+-0#&, +%,$3', @+0 '$%0#,3%,$ 3&$#0302%&#0 GABA:#1'3&. T&/, , @+0 '$%0#8'0#0$ 3&$ +8+$3'&$,-'0$%& 2#&/+30$ ,+-0$%& /0 , 03'%,<''/,/ 30#0<#,=,%, 0 2+$%& /0 2#&/+3'# 3#'' 3&$;+';,.

S+%,$3', @+0 2#&/+30$ +0& (& <,#<'%#'3&) & @+0 0+%''7,$ 3&-& ,$'&4%'3& (, <0$7&/',702'$,) ,3%,$ 0$ <+0$,2,#%0 2&#@+0 8,;&#030$ , %#,$-''$ GABA:#1'3, (;:,0 , 8'1+#, !VIII. I ).

S0 =,$ /03#'%& /& %'2& /0 #0302%&# /0 GABAH 0 GABAA 0 GABAB.E ,1&$'%, 020348'3& 2,#, 0 2#'-0#& 0 0 -+3'-& 0,$%,1&$'%, , <'3+3+'$,. P,#, 0 #0302%&# GABAB 0 ,1&$'%,020348'3& 0 0 <,3&8:$ 0 ,$%,1&$'%, 0 8,3&8:$ (& 0,3&8:$). C&-& /'?'-& , &3+2,3'$ /0 #0302%&# GABAA 2&# +$,1&$'%, 2#&/+30 ,+-0$%& /0 , 20#-0,<''/,/ -0-<#,$, ,3&#&. E$ 3,-<'& , ,3%';,3'$ /0 #0302%&# GABAB /, +1,# , ,,3%';,3'$ /0 01+$/& -0$,?0#& /0 , 8,-'', /0 , 2#&%04$,G.

E &%#& $0+#&%#,$-'&# '$='<'/&# /0 '-2&#%,$3',2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ 0 %,& 30#0<#, , -:/+, 02'$, 0, glicina. S+ 0803%& 0 '-',# , /0 GABAH ='20#2&,#'7,3'$('$='<'3'$) 2&# ,+-0$%& /0 , 3&$/+3%,$3', , 3&#&. E%,'$='<'3'$ 2+0/0 0# ,$%,1&$'7,/, 2&# , 0%#'3$'$, &%#,+%,$3', 3&$;+';,$%0.

minoácidos e+citadores el glutamato ! el aspartato










E%, +%,$3', 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 3&$30$%#,/, 0$0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 0?0#30$ 2&%0$%0 0803%& 03'%,/&#0 &<#0, ,3%';'/,/ $0+#&$,. D+#,$%0 , %'-, /:3,/, 0 =, 2#&/+3'/&-+3=4'-, '$8&#-,3'$ #0,%';, , , $0+#&<'&&14, /0 ,%#,$-''$ 1+%,-,%:#1'3, 1#,3', , /0,##&& /0 +%,$3',

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

30#0<#&;,3+,#0. E$ ,-<& 3,& 0 =, /0%03%,/& ,+-0$%& /0, 3&$30$%#,3'$ 0%#,30+,# /0 1+%,-,%& /02+: /0 3#''3&$;+';, & ,33'/0$%0 '@+:-'3& (2&# 8,%, /0 '##'1,3'$,$1+4$0,) & ='2'3& (2&# 8,%, /0 &410$&). P,#%0 /0 ,2#+0<, /0 0%& =,,71& #,/'3,$ 0$ 0 +& /0 ,$%,1&$'%, /0#0302%&# /0 1+%,-,%& @+0 =,$ -&%#,/& 2#&%010# , ,$0+#&$, /0 0%0 %'2& /0 2,%&&14,.

F'$,-0$%0 0 =, #0,3'&$,/& , 1+%,-,%& 3&$ +$ %'2& /0-0-&#', #02#00$%,/& 2&# 0 80$-0$& 3&$&3'/&3&-& potenciación a largo pla%o , $';0 /0 , '$,2'. T&/&

0%& 8,3%&#0 =,$ 3&$%#'<+'/& , 0%'-+,# , '$;0%'1,3'$ &<#0& ,-'$&63'/& 03'%,/&#0.

,%, , 803=, 0 =,$ /03#'%& , -0$& 3'$3& +<%'2& /0#0302%&# /0 1+%,-,%&. T#0 /0 0& 0 =,$ /08'$'/& 2&# &0803%& 03'%,%&#'& (/02&,#'7,$%0) /0 ,1&$'%, 020348'3&HN5-0%'5D5,2,#%,%& (NMDA) >,'$,%& @+'3+,,%& (& AMPA 0$&-<#0 /0 &%#& ,1&$'%, -6 020348'3&) 2&# & /0 +,$%,1&$'%, 020348'3&. U$ 3+,#%& #0302%&# 0 /0 I"2.5,-'$&5Z58&8&$&<+%'#,%& (APZ) @+0 2,#030 #02#00$%,# , +$,+%&##0302%&# '$='<'/&#. Y +$ @+'$%& #0302%&# ,3%';,/& 2&# 0

63'/& %#,$,-'$&53'3&20$%,$&5/'3,#<&4'3& (ACPD) @+0



3&$%'%+0 +$ #0302%&# -0%,<&%#2'3& 2+0 %'0$0 0803%& &<#00 -0%,<&'-& /0 & /0#';,/& 8&8,%,/& '$%#,30+,#0.

L, %:3$'3, -&/0#$, /0 $0+#&<'&&14, -&03+,# =,$ 20#-'%'/&&<%0$0# '$8&#-,3'$ &<#0 , 3,#,3%0#4%'3, 8''3&@+4-'3, /0

#0302%&# ,4 3&-& /0 + '$%0#,33'&$0 3&$ &%#, +%,$3',. S0=, ;'%& 2&# 0?0-2& @+0 , 1'3'$, ,-'$&63'/& 3&$2#&2'0/,/0 '$='<'/&#, (3&-& ;'-& ,$%0) , 3&$30$%#,3'&$0-+ <,?, facilita & 0803%& /0NMDA (03'%,/&#0) @+0/#&1, 3&-& , >0%,-'$, (,10$%0 ,$0%:'3&) , 80$3'3'/'$,(/#&1, @+0 2#&/+30 ,+3'$,3'&$0) &$ ,$%,1&$'%, /0 #0302%&#, NMDA.

D,/, , +<'3+'/,/ /0 & #0302%&#0 /0 1+%,-,%& =, #0+%,/&/'843' 0%,<030# 3&$ 2#03''$ ;4, $0#;'&, @+0 +%''30$2#080#0$%0-0$%0 , 0%0 ,-'$&63'/& 3&-& $0+#&%#,$-'&# 20#&

0'%0$ 2#+0<, /0 @+0 1#,$ $-0#& /0 8'<#, 3+, 0%'-+,3'$0:3%#'3, 2#&/+30 03'%,3'$ , $';0 /0 , 0%#+3%+#, , , @+02#&03%, &$ /0 3,#63%0# 1+%,-,%:#1'3&. E ,2,#%,%& &%#&,-'$&63'/& #0,3'&$,/& 2&/#4, %0$0# %,-<':$ + ;4,020348'3, ,4 3&-& 0803%& 2,#%'3+,#0 02,#,<0 /0 & /01+%,-,%&.

FIGURA V"7" a sinapsis glutamatérgica! *l glutamato ( GLU ), amino$cidoe'citador por e'celencia, se capta directamente de la sangre y el espacio

e'tracelular o atraés de glucosa y la conersión metabólica en la terminal presin$ptica ( I )! =esde allí puede liberarse directamente o desde

almacenes esiculares ( 2 )! *l GLU puede ocupar receptores postsin$pticosneuronales o gliales ( 3 ) de tres tipos diferentes, denominados de acuerdo

con la sustancia que interact.a con ellos en forma m$s específica: losreceptores al NMDA (70metil0=0aspartato), los no NMDA (sensibles al AMPA )



y los metabotrópicos, sensibles al $cido transamino0ciclopentano0dicarbi'ílico ( ACPD )! *l amino$cido también podría interactuar con

autorreceptores! ( AR ) ( 4 )!

PÉPTIDOS

R03&#/0-& , 03%&# @+0 +$ 2:2%'/& 0%6 8&#-,/& 2&# +$,3,/0$, /0 ,-'$&63'/&. A + ;07 & 2:2%'/& 8&#-,$ 2#&%04$,.E%, 03+0$3', 0 3&$%#&, /0/0 0 $30& /0 , 3:+,.

L& ,-,/& $0+#&2:2%'/& 3&$%'%+0$ ;,#', 8,-'', /0-&:3+, @+0 =,$ -&%#,/& 0?0#30# 0803%& 2,#%'3+,#0 , $';0/0 '%0-, $0#;'&& (,+$@+0 -+3=& /0 0%& 2:2%'/& 0/03+<#'0#&$ 0$ 0 '$%0%'$&). M0$3'&$0-& @+0 0 '%0-,1,%#&'$%0%'$, 3&$%'0$0 %,$%, $0+#&$, 3&-& 0 30#0<#& ,3+,0 2#&/+30$ & -'-& $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 @+0 , $0+#&$,

30$%#,0.

L, $0+#&$, 03#0%&#, /0 2:2%'/& /'8'0#0$ /0 , 2#&/+3%&#,/0 %#,$-'&#0 ,-'$&63'/&H 0%& %'-& 0 8&#-,$ -0/',$%0+$, & /& #0,33'&$0 0$7'-6%'3, , 2,#%'# /0 2#03+#&#0 @+02#&;'0$0$ 0$ 10$0#, /0 , /'0%,. E 2#&/+3%& /0 0%,#0,33'&$0 0 ,-,30$, 0$ , %0#-'$, $0#;'&, =,%, 0-&-0$%& /0 + '<0#,3'$. U$, ;07 @+0 :%, &3+##0 0%#,$-'&# 0 #03,2%,/& 2&# , %0#-'$, 2,#, 0# #0+%''7,/&.

A /'80#0$3', /0 0%, 3:+, , $0+#&$, '<0#,/&#, /0

2:2%'/& & '$%0%'7,$ 0$ 0 3+0#2& 30+,# (0$ & #'<&&-,) '0-2#0 , 2,#%'# /0 2#03+#&#0 -+3=& -6 1#,$/0. O 0, ,2,#%'# /0 -&:3+, -+3=& -6 ,#1, @+0 0 $0+#&2:2%'/&. E%&2#03+#&#0 & pro#ormonas &$ 8#,33'&$,/& /02+: 2&#0$7'-, 020348'3, 0$ 8#,1-0$%& -6 20@+0& ,1+$& /0& 3+,0 0#6$ & $0+#&2:2%'/& @+0 0 '<0#,#6$ 2&# ,%0#-'$, (;:,0 , 8'1+#, !. I . 3&-& +$ 0?0-2&). T,$%& ,2#&=&#-&$, 3&-& + 8#,1-0$%& 2+0/0$ %0$0# 0803%&<'&1'3& ( 2&# %,$%& #0302%&#0) /'80#0$%0. E%& 8#,1-0$%&0 %#,$2&#%,$ /02+: (2&# 8+?& ,&$,) =,%, , %0#-'$,0

/&$/0 0 2+0/0$ '<0#,# && & ?+$%& 3&$ &%#& $0+#&%#,$-'&#/0 %'2& ,-'$&63'/&. E$ 0%, 3&'<0#,3'$ 2,#%'3'2, 0 3,3'&.








FIGURA V"8" a sinapsis peptidérgica! *n éste esquema se ilustra la síntesis, el procesamiento, el transporte y la secreción de neuropéptidos!

*n el n.cleo de la célula los genes codifican la formación de ARN m ($cidoribonucleico mensa"ero), el cual, en el retículo endopl$smico rugoso ( RER )

y el aparato de @olgi, se conierte en una proteína precursora, que a sue# se procesa en los almacenes esiculares al tiempo que se transportahacia las terminales sin$pticas! *ste transporte a'onal puede ser hacia

delante (anterógrado) o hacia el cuerpo celular (retrógrado)! inalmente,la neurona libera péptidos (cadenas de amino$cidos) en la terminal presin$ptica, que representan fracciones determinadas de la proteína precursora! na e# liberados, interact.an con receptores propios o

a"enos, o se degradan en#im$ticamente!

L& 0803%& 2&%'$62%'3& &$ 0$ 3+,$%& , -03,$'-& 4$%'-&'-',#0 , & /0 & $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 36'3& 0%& 0 ,%#,;: /0 , &3+2,3'$ /0 #0302%&#0 '&$&%#2'3& (3,$,0'$'3&) & -0%,<&%#2'3& (2&# 01+$/& -0$,?0#&). A1+$,,&3',3'&$0 %#,$-'&#52:2%'/& 0$3&$%#,/, 0$ 0 '%0-,

$0#;'&& &$ , '1+'0$%0H

GABA5&-,%&%,%'$, ,30%'3&'$,53&03'%&@+'$'$, & 2:2%'/&;,&,3%';& '$%0%'$, (VIP) $&#,/#0$,'$,5&-,%&%,%'$, &+%,$3', P & 0$308,'$, & $0+#&2:2%'/& Y /&2,-'$,5$0+#&%0$'$, & 3&03'%&@+'$'$, (CC#) ,/#0$,'$,5$0+#&2:2%'/& Y& $0+#&%0$'$, 0#&%&$'$,5+%,$3', P & 0$308,'$,.

E'%0$ ;,#', 8,-'', /0 2:2%'/& ,1+$& -6 2,#03'/& 0$%#04 @+0 &%#&. U$& 8+$3'&$,$ 2&# 4 && -'0$%#, @+0 &%#&-&/+,$ 0 0803%& /0 ,-'$&63'/&H 0 VIP,30$%, , #02+0%, /0$0+#&$, 3&#%'3,0 , 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 -+ 20@+0,(+<2%'-,) /0 $&#,/#0$,'$,.



E$3&$%#,-& &%#& $0+#&2:2%'/& @+0 2+0/0$ 0# 3&$'/0#,/&,2,#%0H , 3&03'%&@+'$'$, (CC#) &-,%&%,%'$, ,$1'&%0$'$,2:2%'/& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 0 10$0 /0 , 3,3'%&$'$, (CGRP) 8,3%&#'<0#,/&# /0 , 3&#%'3&%#&2'$, 0%3. E%, '%, 01+#,-0$%0,+-0$%,#6 0$ & ,& 2&# ;0$'#.

N& 2&/0-& %#,%,# 0$ /0%,0 3,/, +$& /0 0%& $0+#&2:2%'/&.A<&#/,#0-& 0$ &%#& 3,24%+& ,@+0& @+0 0 =,$ #0,3'&$,/&3&$ 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3& /08'$'/& (3&-& & 2:2%'/& &2'&'/0 & 0803%& /0 , -&#8'$,). S& 0 0$+-0#,#6$ & -'0-<#&-6 3&$&3'/& /0 3,/, +$, /0 , 3'$3& 1#,$/0 8,-'', /0$0+#&2:2%'/& 3&$'/0#,/& =,%, ,=&#,H

a) O'%&3'$,[;,&2#0'$,.

b) T,@+'@+'$'$, (@+0 '$3+0 , +%,$3', P , >,'$'$, ,

00/&''$, , $0+#&@+'$'$, A).c ) P:2%'/& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 0 1+3,1&$ (@+0 '$3+0 0 VIP ,03#0%'$, , =&#-&$, '<0#,/&#, /0 , =&#-&$, /0 3#03'-'0$%&GHRH5Z 0%3:%0#,.)

d ) P:2%'/& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 2&'2:2%'/& 2,$3#06%'3& (@+0'$3+0 , $0+#&2:2%'/& Y 0$%#0 &%#&).

e) P:2%'/& &2'&'/0 (@+0 '$3+0 , 2#&=&#-&$,2#&&2'&-0,$&3&#%'$, , 2#&0$308,'$, , 2#&/'$&#8'$, +

/0#';,/& 3&-& , 0$/&#8'$, , 0$308,'$,).HISTAMINA, PURINAS, PROSTAGLANDINAS

5istamina

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

S0 =,$ /03#'%& %#0 %'2& 2#'$3'2,0 /0 #0302%&#0 , ,='%,-'$,. E /03#'%& 0$ $0+#&$, 14, 3:+, ;,3+,#0



0 0 -6 2#&-'$0$%0 2,#030 ,3%+,# 2&# -0/'& /0 ,-&;''7,3'$ /0 3,3'& '$%#,30+,#. L& #0302%&#0 0%6$#0,3'&$,/& /'#03%,-0$%0 3&$ , ,/0$',%&53'3,, & &-6 0$'<0 , , ='%,-'$, 0 3&$30$%#,$ , $';0 /0 &1,$1'& <,,0 0 <+<& &8,%&#'&.

Purinas

E$ 0%, 8,-'', /0 -&:3+, 0 0$3+0$%#,$ & $+30%'/& /0,/0$&'$,. L, ,/0$&'$, =, '/& 0$3&$%#,/, ;'#%+,-0$%0 0$%&/, , '$,2' 0$ , @+0 0 0 =, <+3,/&. S+ 2#'$3'2,00803%& 003%#&8''&1'3& -+0%#,$ +$, %0$/0$3', , '$='<'# ,'<0#,3'$ /0 %#,$-'&#0 20#& %,-<':$ 0 0 =,$ /03#'%&0803%& 2&%'$62%'3& @+0 '$3+0$ /0/0 , '$%0##+23'$ /0 ,'<0#,3'$ 0$ , ,#/', ,3%';'/,/ ,$%'3&$;+';, (0 0 =,,-,/& 0 ,$%'3&$;+';& 0$/10$&) ,+-0$%& /0 8+?&

,$1+4$0& 30#0<#, 0 '$%0#,33'&$0 3&$ 0 #0302%&# /0 ,<0$7&/',702'$,. S0 =,$ &3,'7,/& , -0$& /& +<%'2& /0#0302%&#H & P @+0 0%'-+,$ , , ,/0$',%&53'3,, ( 2&# &%,$%& ,+-0$%,$ , 3&$30$%#,3'$ '$%#,30+,# /0 AMP 343'3&) @+0 &$ -6 0$'<0 , , ,/0$&'$, @+0 , ATP$ Y & P -60$'<0 , ATP @+0 , , ,/0$&'$, 3+, ,3%';,3'$ 0%'-+, ,2#&/+33'$ /0 2#&%,1,$/'$,.

A & #0302%&#0 2+#'$:#1'3& %,-<':$ 0 0 =, 3,'8'3,/& 0$#0,3'$ 3&$ & 0803%& /0 , ,/0$&'$, &<#0 , ,/0$',%&53'3,,0$ A @+0 , 0%'-+,$ 0$ A @+0 , '$='<0$.

Prostaglandinas

S&$ /0#';,/& /0 63'/& ,#,@+'/$'3& 3&$'/0#,/, 3&-& ,2+#'$, -6 3&-& -&/+,/&#0 @+0 3&-& %#,$-'&#0. L,2#&%,1,$/'$, +%,$3', #0,3'&$,/, (2#&%,3'3'$, %#&-<&,$&) 0 8&#-,$ 2&# -0/'& /0 , 3'3&&'10$,, +$,0$7'-, 2#00$%0 0$ ;'#%+,-0$%0 %&/, , 3:+, /0 &#1,$'-&(3+#'&,-0$%0 0%, 0$7'-, 0 '$='<'/, 2&# , ,2'#'$, 0%,'$='<'3'$ #02#00$%, 2,#%0 /0 0803%& %0#,2:+%'3& ,$,1:'3& ,$%'$8,-,%&#'& /0 0%0 -0/'3,-0$%&).

E'%0$ ;,#', 2#&%,1,$/'$,. E$ 0 30#0<#& 0 =, /0-&%#,/&, 0'%0$3', /0 2#&%,1,$/'$, /0 , 0#'0 E /0 , F (PGE PGF#0203%';,-0$%0) 0$ , @+0 3,/, 0#'0 %'0$0 ;,#'& -'0-<#&.A $';0 /0 ='2&%6,-& '$%0#;'0$0$ 0$ , 2#&/+33'$ /0 8'0<#0'$/+3'/, 2&# <,3%0#', & %&'$,.

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S E G U N D A P A R T E P R I N C I P I O SG E N E R A L E S D E A C C I Ó N

F A R M A C O L Ó G I C A

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VI. FARMACOCINÉTICA VII. FARMACODINAMIA VIII. FACTORES QUE MODIFICAN EL EFECTO FARMACOLÓGICO

V I " F A R M A C O C I N É T I C A

EL PASO DE FÁRMACOS A TRAVÉS DE BARRERAS BIOLÓGICAS











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FIGURA VI"I" *squemas de las ías de administración y distribución de lasdrogas! =iferentes ías de administración de f$rmacos enterales o

parentales (inhalación, intramuscular, intraenosa)! na e# dentro delcuerpo, el f$rmaco se distribuye por medio de la sangre a los diersos

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/03'# +$ 63,') 2,#, ,300#,# , 0'-'$,3'$ /0 <,#<'%#'3& (@+0&$ 63'/&) 0$ 3,& /0 '$%&'3,3'$. E$ &%#, 2,,<#,#0%,<030# 0 0@+''<#'& 63'/&5<6'3&.

E metabolismo (<'&%#,$8&#-,3'$) /0 86#-,3& 0 #0,'7, 0$1#,$ 2,#%0 0$ 0 =41,/&. E$ 0%0 #1,$& ('%0-, -'3#&&-,)=, #0,33'&$0 @+4-'3, @+0 3&$;'0#%0$ 0 86#-,3& 0$ +$,+%,$3', -0$& &+<0 -6 '&$'7,/, 2&# & %,$%& -0$&,<&#<'<0 -0$& #0+%''7,<0 (2. 0?0-. 2&# #0,<&#3'$'$%0%'$, , 2,#%'# /0 , <'') ,+$@+0 2+0/0 /,#0 0 3,& /0 +$,%#,$8&#-,3'$ -0%,<'3, $030,#', 2,#, @+0 &3+##, 0 0803%&

<'&1'3&. S0 =,<, 0$%&$30 /0 +$ 2#&30& /0 <'&,3%';,3'$. E-0%,<&'-& -0/'3,-0$%&& 2+0/0 '$='<'#0 & 0%'-+,#0/0<'/& , 0$80#-0/,/0 '%:-'3, &3,0 -,8&#-,3'&$0 &02&'3'$ 2#0;', , &%#& 86#-,3&. P&# 0?0-2& 0$ , 8,0'$'3',0 /0 ,3&=&'-& 0'%0 -,&# #0'%0$3', , 86#-,3& 2&#'$/+33'$ 0$7'-6%'3, ,+-0$%& /0 -0%,<&'-& -'0$%#, @+00$ , 8,0 3'##%'3, =, -,&# 0$'<''/,/ , ,3&=& 2&#2:#/'/, /0 +$'/,/0 8+$3'&$,0 =026%'3,.

FIGURA VI"2" Broducción y distribución del líquido cefalorraquídeo! &e produce en los ple'os coroideos, situados en los entrículos cerebrales,desde donde se distribuye a todo el sistema interentricular y alrededor

del SNC "

E #'%-& /0 ,<&#3'$ 0'-'$,3'$ /0 +$ 86#-,3& /020$/0 /0

& 2#&30& 3'%,/& ,$%0#'&#-0$%0 /0%0#-'$, , 8#03+0$3', /0,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 -0/'3,-0$%&. L, 8,#-,3&3'$:%'3, '$%01#,



+%''7, 0 3&$302%& /0 vida media (0 %'0-2& $030,#'& 2,#, @+0, 3&$30$%#,3'$ ,$1+4$0, /0 86#-,3& 0 #0/+73, , , -'%,/).C+,$/& 0 ,/-'$'%#, +$ 86#-,3& 0 %#,%, /0 0%,<030# +$,3&$30$%#,3'$ %0#,2:+%'3, 0$ & 8+'/& <'&1'3&.E%, concentración efica% 0 +$, 2#&2'0/,/ 3,#,3%0#4%'3, /0

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

GRÁFICA VI"I" 7ieles del f$rmaco s! tiempo! Aquí se representa laeolución temporal de las concentraciones sanguíneas del f$rmaco

administrado por ía intraenosa (cura punteada) o por ía oral (curacontinua)! *n la escala de la i#quierda se obseran los porcenta"es de laconcentración sanguínea del f$rmaco y en la de la derecha la escala de

eficacia, indicando el rango de concentraciones efectias (c! e!) oterapéuticas (fran"a sombreada), así como las concentracionesinsuficientes (c! i!) y las tó'icas (c! t!) del f$rmaco! a administración

intraenosa produce nieles m$'imos en tiempos cortos, mientras que laadministración oral produce nieles del f$rmaco que aumentan m$s

lentamente y que alcan#an concentraciones menores! *l interalo entrelas tomas, indicado con la letra A, est$ determinado por la ida media del

f$rmaco, representado por la letra -, señala el tiempo en el que laconcentración sanguínea de la droga disminuye a la mitad (>CD)!

V I I " F A R M A C O D I N A M I A



EN GENERAL & 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3& 0 /0<0$ , , '$%0#,33'$0$%#0 0 -0/'3,-0$%& & 3&-2&$0$%0 020348'3& /0&#1,$'-& ,-,/& receptores. L& #0302%&#0 &$-,3#&-&:3+, @+0 2+0/0$ 0%,# &3,'7,/, 0$ , -0-<#,$,30+,# & 0$ 0 02,3'& '$%#,30+,# 0 3&-<'$,$ 3&$ 0 86#-,3&

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

L, 8+0#7, /0 0$,30 @+0 -,$%'0$0 3&-<'$,/& , +$ 86#-,3& 3&$+ #0302%&# 0 /0<0 , , &20#,3'$ 3&$30#%,/, /0 $+-0#&&0$,30 /0 , ;,#'0/,/0 ,$%0 -0$3'&$,/,. U$, ;07 @+0 ,-&:3+, /0 86#-,3& 0 0;,/, 30#3, /0 , +20#8'3'0 /0#0302%&# (2&# 2#&30& /0 /'%#'<+3'$ /'8+'$ '$/'3,/&,$%0#'&#-0$%0) , ,1'%,3'$ %:#-'3, ,0,%&#'7,/, 2#&/+303&''&$0 -%'20 0$%#0 , /& +20#8'3'0. D,/& @+0 %,$%& ,

/#&1, 3&-& 0 #0302%&# 0 0$3+0$%#,$ #&/0,/& /0 -&:3+, /0,1+, (%&/, $+0%#, 3:+, 0%6$ #&/0,/, /0 ,1+,) 0$030,#'& @+0 0 0%,<073,$ 0$,30 ='/#&8<'3& (@+0 %'0$0$,;0#'$ 2&# 0 ,1+,) 2,#, @+0 &3+##, , '$%0#,33'$. D'3=& /0&%#& -&/& 0 $030,#'& 0'-'$,# 0, -&:3+, /0 ,1+, 2,#,@+0 & /0-6 1#+2& @+4-'3& 2+0/,$ #0,33'&$,# 0$%#0 4. E$10$0#, , '$%0#,33'$ 86#-,3&5#0302%&# 0 #0;0#'<0 2&#/'&3',3'$ /0 ,-<, 2,#%0 /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ , le! de acción demasas.

,<4,-& -0$3'&$,/& , '&$'7,3'$ /0 +$ 86#-,3& 3&-& 8,3%&#

@+0 '$8+0 0$ 0 2,& , %#,;: /0 -0-<#,$,. E%, '&$'7,3'$%,-<':$ ,803%, , '$%0#,33'$ 0$%#0 0 86#-,3& + #0302%&#.

L, %0&#4, $& /'30 @+0 , -,1$'%+/ /0 +$, #02+0%, 0%6/0%0#-'$,/, 2&# 0 $-0#& /0 #0302%&#0 &3+2,/&. S0 ,+-0@+0 +$, -&:3+, /0 3+,@+'0# ,1&$'%, (+%,$3', @+0 %'0$00803%& 2&'%';&) @+0 &3+2, +$ '%'& #0302%&# =,30 , -'-,3&$%#'<+3'$ 3+,$%, , , #02+0%, %&%, @+0 3+,@+'0# &%#&,1&$'%,. D'3=& /0 &%#, -,$0#, 0 3&$'/0#,$ 3&-& 0$%0#& 20$,$/& 0$ , 8#,33'&$0 3&-+$0 , +$'/,/0 @+0 03+0$%,$ 3+,$/& 0 +-,$ & 0 #0%,$ & 0803%& /0 ,1&$'%, &

,$%,1&$'%, #0203%';,-0$%0. S'$ 0-<,#1& =, &3,'&$0 0$@+0 ;,#'& ,1&$'%, @+0 ,2,#0$%0-0$%0 ,3%,$ 0$ 0 -'-&



#0302%&# 2#&/+30$ #02+0%, -6'-, /0 -,1$'%+/ /'80#0$%0. A2,#%'# /0 0%, &<0#;,3'&$0 0 -&/'8'3 , %0&#4, /0 #0302%&#,/?+/'3,$/& , 3,/, 86#-,3& /& 2#&2'0/,/0 '$/020$/'0$%0#0,3'&$,/, 3&$ + 3&-<'$,3'$ 3&$ 0#0302%&#H afinidad (%0$/0$3', /0 +$ 86#-,3& , 0%,<030# +$

3&-20?& & +$'$ 0%,<0 3&$ 0 #0302%&#) eficacia & actividadintrínseca. E%, %'-, /03#'<0 , 08'3,3', <'&1'3, /0 3&-20?&86#-,3&5#0302%&#. S0 3&$'/0#, @+0 , /& 2#&2'0/,/0 $& &$#0,%';,H +$ ,1&$'%, +$ ,$%,1&$'%, 2+0/0$ %0$0# , -'-,,8'$'/,/ 2&# +$ #0302%&# 20#& 0 2#'-0#& %'0$0 1#,$ 08'3,3', 2&3, 0 01+$/&. E 3&$302%& /0 08'3,3', 3&$'%0 0$ @+0,1&$'%, 2,#3',0 (0$ 0 0?0-2& @+0 /'-& /0 , 8#,33'&$03&-+$0 /0 +%,$3', @+0 $& ,2&#%,$ 0$%0#& '$& 8#,33'&$0/0 0803%&) 2+0/0$ %0$0# 2#&2'0/,/0 ,$%,1&$'%, ' 0 03&-2,#, 3&$ ,1&$'%, -6 2&%0$%0.

M0$3'&$0-& 8'$,-0$%0 & 0803%& alostéricos ,@+0& @+0&3+##0$ , /'%,$3', /0 #0302%&# @+0 0 -,$'8'0%,$ , $';0 /0, 3&$8'1+#,3'$ /0 , -&:3+,. P+0%& @+0 & #0302%&#0 &$2#&%04$, :%, %'0$0$ +$, 0%#+3%+#, %0#3',#', (, 8&#-,%#'/'-0$'&$, /0 , -&:3+,) @+0 2+0/0 ,%0#,#0 2&# ;,#',3,+,. P&# 0?0-2& +$ 86#-,3& @+0 -&/'8'3, , +$'$ 0$%#0 +$6%&-& /0 ,7+8#0 &%#& (0$ 10$0#, 0'%0$ ;,#'& /0 0& 0$3,/, 2#&%04$,) 2+0/0 3,-<',# %&/, , 8&#-, /0 , -&:3+,. L&,-,/& #,/'3,0 '<#0 2&# %0$0# 1#,$ 3,2,3'/,/ /0 &'/,3'$2+0/0$ -&/'8'3,# , 8+$3'$ /0 , -0-<#,$, 30+,# ;&;0#,

-6 20#-0,<0 , +%,$3', 2&%0$3',-0$%0 %'3, /0 -0/'&0%#,30+,# @+0 2+0/0$ /,,# , , 3:+,. E%& #,/'3,0 '<#0&$ 00-0$%& 0%#0-,/,-0$%0 #0,3%';& 3&$ , 2#&%04$, /0 ,-0-<#,$, 30+,# @+0 2+0/0$ /0,1#01,#, @+0 0 =,$#0,3'&$,/& 3&$ +$, /0 , %0&#4, &<#0 0 0$;0?03'-'0$%& ,3+, 2&%+, @+0 :%0 0 /0<0 , , ,3+-+,3'$ /0 #,/'3,0'<#0.

FIGURA VII"I" ;eceptor: afinidad s! eficacia! *l receptor ( R ) locali#ado enla membrana celular es capa# de reconocer f$rmacos con una

configuración adecuada, en este caso, un cuadrado, un semicírculo y un

tri$ngulo! Ambos son capaces de ocupar el sitio receptor, es decir, tienenafinidad por sólo un sitio que contiene las tres formas geométricas, capa#



de producir un efecto farmacológico, efica#! *l antagonista, al ocupar el sitio, impide que moléculas agonistas act.en en el receptor!

E 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3& 2+0/0 #0+%,# /0 , 2+0%, 0$ -,#3=,/0 +$, 3,3,/, /0 #0,33'&$0 '$%#,30+,#0 '$'3',/, /0/0 ,+20#8'3'0 30+,#. E$ -+3=& 3,& & 0803%& '$%#,30+,#0#0+%,$ /0 , ,3%';,3'$ '$'3',/, 2&# , &3+2,3'$ /0 #0302%&#/0 &segundos mensa,eros -&:3+, 3,2,30 /0 8&8&#',#2#&%04$, & -&/'8'3,# & 0%,/& 0$0#1:%'3& /0 2#&%04$,020348'3,. E%& 01+$/& -0$,?0#& 0 =,$ '/0$%'8'3,/& 3&-&/0#';,/& /0 $+30%'/& 343'3& /0 ,/0$'$, 1+,$'$, &3+,0 3&$%'%+0$ 8,-'', 3&$ /';0#, ,33'&$0. L,-&/'8'3,3'&$0 /0 & $';00 '$%#,30+,#0 /0 3,3'&/00-20,$ +$ 2,20 3#4%'3& 0$ 0%, #0,33'&$0.

FIGURA VII"2" +ecanismos de transducción y segundos mensa"eros! osefectos de un neurotransmisor o de un f$rmaco pueden resultar de laactiación de sistemas que no est$n ligados directamente a canalesiónicos (éase las figuras ! 7 y ! 8 )! *n este caso, la ocupación del

receptor ( R ) induce una cascada de eentos intracelulares donde participala adenilato0ciclasa ( AC ), la familia de proteínas @, incluida la guanosín

difosfato ( GDP ) y la guanosín trifosfato ( GTP ), el calcio (-a88 ) y eladenosín monofosfato ( AMP )! *n el cuadro I se representa el sistema en

estado de reposo el cuadro 2 muestra la ocupación del receptor por elneurotransmisor ( N ), proocando que el GTP reemplace al GDP y elaumento de la concentración intracelular de calcio! *stos cambios

proocan que la proteína @ actie la adenilato ciclasa (cuadro 3 ) y éstaconierta el AMP a su forma cíclica ( AMP c ), la cual es capa# de actiar o

fosforilar otras proteínas intracelulares! *ste AMP c es el segundomensa"ero! a hidrólisis del GTP, produciendo GDP y fósforo inorg$nico (B)

hace que el sistema retorne al estado de reposo (cuadro E)!

E'%0$ ,33'&$0 8,#-,3&1'3, @+0 $& &$ -0/',/,/'#03%,-0$%0 2&# #0302%&#0 /0<'/, , 0803%& '$020348'3& 2&#

0?0-2& & /'+#:%'3& &-%'3& 3&-& 0 -,$'%& & 0 1'30#&@+0 ,+-0$%,$ , 0'-'$,3'$ +#'$,#', 2&#@+0 ,##,%#,$ -&:3+,













/0 ,1+, & & ,$%'63'/& @+0 ,3%,$ 3&$%#,##0%,$/&/'#03%,-0$%0 0 030& /0 63'/& 0$ 0 0%-,1& '$ '$%0#,3%+,#3&$ #0302%&#0 -0-<#,$,0 & 20#%+#<,3'&$0 10$0#,0 /0 ,-0-<#,$, 30+,# (2. 0?0-. & ,$0%:'3& ;&6%'0)'$%0#,33'&$0 /0 86#-,3& 3&$ '&$0 & -&:3+, 20@+0, (3&-&

& ,10$%0 3&$ ,8'$'/,/ 2&# & -0%,0) & '$3&#2&#,3'$ /086#-,3& , +$, -,3#&-&:3+, (2. 0?0-. & ,$%'-0%,<&'%&).

V I I I " F A C T O R E S 0 U E M O D I F I C A N E LE F E C T O F A R M A C O L Ó G I C O

UNO DE LOS PROPÓSITOS 00$3',0 /0 0?0#3'3'& -:/'3& 0 @+0 ,3,/, 2,3'0$%0 0 0 %#,%0 3&-& +$ 3,& 2,#%'3+,# 2&# & @+0 0$, '$/';'/+,'7,3'$ /0 , %0#,2', 0 $030,#'& 3&$'/0#,# &

8,3%&#0 #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 0 -0/'3,-0$%& 0 +?0%& , %:3$'3,/0 ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 0 ,-<'0$%0 & , '$%0#,33'$ 3&$ &%#,+%,$3', +302%'<0 /0 -&/'8'3,# 0 0803%& 020#,/& 0%3:%0#,.A1+$& /0 0%& 8,3%&#0 2+0/0$ /,# +1,# , /'80#0$3',3+,'%,%';, 0$ , ,33'$ -0/'3,-0$%&, 3&-& 0$ & 3,&/0 alergia (='20#0$'<''/,/)idiosincrasia (#02+0%, ,$&#-,010$:%'3,-0$%0 /0%0#-'$,/,) &%#& 2#&/+30$ 3,-<'&3+,$%'%,%';& @+0 ,-0#'%,$ , 3&##033'$ /0 , /&'.

A 3&$%'$+,3'$ ;0#0-& <#0;0-0$%0 ,1+$& /0 & 8,3%&#0 -6'-2&#%,$%0H

Errores de medicación ! cooperación del paciente. E$ , #0,'/,/2&3& 2,3'0$%0 '1+0$ 3&##03%,-0$%0 , '$%#+33'&$0 /0,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 +$ -0/'3,-0$%& #03&-0$/,/, 2&# 0 -:/'3&.Q+'76 0 8,3%&# -6 '-2&#%,$%0 @+0 /0%0#-'$, , 3&&20#,3'$/0 2,3'0$%0 0, , #0,3'$ @+0 0%,<030 3&$ + -:/'3&. L,3&$8',$7, /0 2,3'0$%0 0 $030,#', 2+0 , -0/'/, @+0 :%,,+-0$%0 ,4 %,-<':$ ,+-0$%,#6 , #02&$,<''/,/ /0 -:/'3&2,#, 2#&;00# + ,+/, 2#&80'&$,.

Efectos placebo. E%& 0 ,&3',$ 3&$ , %&-, /0 3+,@+'0#

86#-,3& '$0#%0 & $& 0 -,$'8'0%,$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 3&$,%0#,3'&$0 /0 0%,/& /0 6$'-& 3,-<'& 8+$3'&$,0#0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& ,+%$&-&. E $030,#'& 0$0%0 ,203%& =,30# ,1+$, /'%'$3'&$0H 2,30<& puro 03+,@+'0# +%,$3', 00$3',-0$%0 '$0#%0 (2. 0?0-. 362+, /0,3%&, '$033'&$0 /0 &+3'$ ,'$,) 2,30<& impuro 0#08'0#0 , +$, +%,$3', 3&$ 2#&2'0/,/0 8,#-,3&1'3, <'0$0%,<03'/, 20#& @+0 0 0-20, , /&' '$+8'3'0$%0 2,#,2#&/+3'# +$ 0803%& 2#&2'&.

Edad . E '$/'20$,<0 %&-,# 2#03,+3'&$0 0203',0 3&$ &$'& 0$ 2,#%'3+,# , ,/-'$'%#,# =&#-&$, + &%#& 86#-,3&@+0 '$8+,$ 0 3#03'-'0$%& /0,##&&. D,/, , /'80#0$3',



0$%#0 & ;&-0$0 #0,%';& /0 8+'/& <'&1'3& -0$&# +$'$, , 2#&%04$, 2,-6%'3, '$-,/+#07 /0 , 8+$3'&$0 #0$, =026%'3, 0%3. /0 $'& 2#0-,%+#& & -+ 20@+0& 0 8&#7&&,?+%,# , /&'. L& ,$3',$& 2+0/0$ %0$0# #02+0%,,$&#-,0 2&# '$3,2,3'/,/ 2,#, '$,3%';,# & 0'-'$,# 86#-,3& &

2&# ,1+$, 2,%&&14, ,1#01,/,.

Se+o. E$ &3,'&$0 , -+?0#0 &$ -6 +302%'<0 , &0803%& /0 +$, /&' /,/, /0 86#-,3& @+'76 2&# %0$0# -0$&#-,, 3&#2&#,. D+#,$%0 0 0-<,#,7& 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ 02#'-0# %#'-0%#0 /0<0 0;'%,#0 %&/& %'2& /0 86#-,3& @+02+0/,$ ,803%,# , 80%&.

5orarios de administración. D0 2,#%'3+,# '-2&#%,$3', 0$ ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ &#, &$ & '##'%,$%0 0$ , 3&-'/, &0/,$%0 & 0%'-+,$%0 0$ #0,3'$ 3&$ 0 3'3& +0&5;'1'',

& #'%-& <'&1'3& 0$ 10$0#,. E$ 0%0 3&$%0%&, cronofarmacología $+0;, #,-, /0 , 8,#-,3&&14, 0%+/', ,'$%0#,33'$ 0$%#0 & #'%-& <'&1'3& , #02+0%,8,#-,3&1'3,. P+0/0$ 0'%'# /'80#0$3', =,%, /0 ^ 0$ ,'$%0$'/,/ /0 0803%& -0/'3,-0$%&& , +$, -'-, /&'/020$/'0$/& /0 =&#,#'& 0$ , @+0 0 86#-,3& 0 ,/-'$'%#0.

6olerancia. S0 #08'0#0 , , /'-'$+3'$ /0 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3&/02+: /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ #020%'/, /0 +$, -'-, /&' & , ,$030'/,/ /0 ,+-0$%,# , /&' 2,#, &<%0$0# 0 -'-& 0803%&8,#-,3&1'3& @+0 0 3&$'1+0 , '$'3',# 0 %#,%,-'0$%&. C+,$/&

:%, ,2,#030 2+0/0 0'%'# %,-<':$ %&0#,$3', cru%ada1 #0,%';&, & 0803%& /0 86#-,3& 0-0?,$%0 @+0 '$%0#,3%,$ 3&$ 0-'-& '%'& #0302%&#.

3ariables fisiológicas. E <,,$30 ='/#&003%#&4%'3& 0 0@+''<#'&63'/&5<6'3& , %0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#, &%#, ;,#',<08''&1'3, &$ 3,2,30 /0 ,%0#,# 0 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3&.

Factores patológicos. L, 0'%0$3', /0 ,1+$, 0$80#-0/,/ 2+0/0-&/'8'3,# , #02+0%, 8,#-,3&1'3,. D0/0 & 3,& 0;'/0$%0/0 /'8+$3'$ =026%'3, & #0$, 0$ & @+0 0 20'1#& /0 %&'3'/,/

2&# ,3+-+,3'$ 0 3,#& =,%, 3,& -6 +%'0 3&-& ,/08'3'0$3', $+%#'3'&$,0 (8#03+0$%0 0$ $+0%#& -0/'&)=&#-&$,0 0%3:%0#,.

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T E R C E R A P A R T E L O SN E U R O F 1 R M A C O S

A CONTINUACIÓN HABLAREMOS DE LAS SUSTANCIAS QUE

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I!. ANESTÉSICOS !. ANALGÉSICOS NARCÓTICOS

!I. IPNÓTICOS Y SEDANTES !II. ALCOOL !III. ANTIEPILÉPTICOS !IV AGENTES ANTIPARKINSONIANOS !VH ANTIESPÁSTICOS

I 2 " A N E S T É S I C O S

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3&$%'0$0$ %,-<':$ +$, /#&1, ;,&3&$%#'3%&#, , $&#,/#0$,'$,& , ,/#0$,'$,. A 2#&/+3'# +$, 3&$%#'33'$ /0 & ;,&,$1+4$0& @+0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ 0 '%'& /0 , '$033'$ 0%,+%,$3', 2#0;'0$0$ @+0 0 ,$0%:'3& &3, 2,0 , , ,$1#0 /0,2,#073, /0 '%'& /&$/0 @+0#0-& @+0 ,3%0$. E 0803%& $0%&0 0 /0 +$, 2#&&$1,3'$ /0 0803%& ,$0%:'3& &3,.

L& 0803%& 8,#-,3&1'3& /0 & ,$0%:'3& &3,0 02#&/+30$ 0$ %&/& %'2& /0 -0-<#,$, 03'%,<0. P&# & %,$%&2&/0-& 0$3&$%#,# 0803%& , $';0 /0 $0#;'& 3+0#2& /03:+, $0#;'&, 30$%#,0 20#'8:#'3, /0 -3+&

0@+0:%'3& 3,#/',3& '& (/0 ;,& ;430#,). A4 ' 0%,/#&1, 01,$ , SNC 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# 0%'-+,3'$ @+0 ;, /0/0








'$@+'0%+/ %0-<&# =,%, , 3&$;+'&$0. E%, 0%'-+,3'$ 001+'/, /0 /02#0'$ @+0 2+0/0 3&$/+3'# , 2,#& #02'#,%&#'&.E$ 0 3&#,7$ & ,$0%:'3& &3,0 /'-'$+0$ , ;0&3'/,/ /03&$/+33'$ /0 '-2+& $0#;'&& , 03'%,<''/,/ 8+0#7, /03&$%#,33'$ /0 -3+& 3,#/',3&. E%& 0803%& 0 &<0#;,$ 0$

10$0#, & , /&' 00;,/,.

C&-& 0$ 0 3,& /0 3+,@+'0# 86#-,3& 2+0/0 =,<0#='20#0$'<''/,/ (,0#1',) /02+: /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 0%,+%,$3',. E%, #0,33'&$0 2+0/0$ -,$'80%,#0 3&-&/0#-,%'%' ,-, & '$3+& +$ 0%,/& /0 3=&@+0.

E'%0 1#,$ $-0#& /0 ,$0%:'3& &3,0 $& 2&/#4,-&-0$3'&$,# ,@+4 %&/& 0&. A/0-6 + /'2&$'<''/,/ /020$/0/0 2,4 /0 , 2,%0$%0 8,#-,3:+%'3, & -'-& @+0 +$&-<#0 3&-0#3',0. D0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ + 3,#,3%0#4%'3,

8''3&@+4-'3, + 2&%0$3', 0%, +%,$3', 2+0/0$ 0#'$03%,<0 & /0 ,2'3,3'$ &3,.

P,#, ,$0%0',# , -0-<#,$, -+3&, ($,#'7 <&3, 1,#1,$%,%#6@+0, <#&$@+'& 08,1& %#,3%& 10$'%&+#'$,#'&) 0 +%''7,$ ,3&3,4$, , %0%#,3,4$, , '/&3,4$,. L, 2#&3,4$, , -02';,3,4$,&$ '$08'3,30 2&# 0%, ;4, 2+0 $& 20$0%#,$ /'3=, -0-<#,$,.

L, ,$0%0', &3, 2&# '$8'%#,3'$ #0@+'0#0 /0 , '$033'$ /0 ,/#&1, /'#03%,-0$%0 , '%'& @+0 0 @+'0#0 &20#,# & 0%'-+,#. E0 %'2& /0 ,$0%0', @+0 0 +, 3+,$/& 0 +%+#, +$, =0#'/,

/#0$, +$ ,<30& & 0%#,0 +$ /'0$%0. S' , '$033'$ 0 #0,'7,30#3, /0 +$, #,47 $0#;'&, 0$%&$30 0 2#&/+3'#6 ,$0%0', /0%&/, , #01'$ 3&##02&$/'0$%0.

F'$,-0$%0 ' , '$033'$ 0 '$8'%#, 0$ , -:/+, 02'$,(/0$%#& /0 02,3'& +<,#,3$&'/0&) 0 2#&/+30 ,$0%0', 0$ +$,#01'$ ,-2', /0 3+0#2&. E 0 %'2& /0 ,$0%0', @+0 0 +%''7, 0$,1+$& 2,#%& 2,#, <&@+0,# , #01'$ 2&# /0<,?& /0 $';0 /0 ,'$033'$.

2 " A N A L G É S I C O S N A R C Ó T I C O S

CONOCIDAS GENERALMENTE COMO NARCÓTICOS (%:#-'$& /0#';,/&/0 nar9oti9os 2,,<#, 1#'01, @+0 '1$'8'3, ,/&#-03'-'0$%&) &$+%,$3', #0,3'&$,/, 3&$ & &2'630& @+0 0 +%''7,$2#'$3'2,-0$%0 2,#, 3&-<,%'# 0 /&&#. N& =,<,#0-& ,@+4 /01#+2& /0 ,$,1:'3& $& $,#3%'3& 3&-& , ,2'#'$, , @+0:%& /0<0$ + 0803%& , -03,$'-& $& $0+#,0 '-2'3,/& 0$2#&30& '$8,-,%&#'&.

E 1#+2& /0 & &2'630& 3+& 2#&%&%'2& 0 , -&#8'$, %'0$0'$%0#: 2,#%'3+,# , 2,#%'# /0 /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 +%,$3', /0



%'2& /0 , -&#8'$, /0$%#& /0 30#0<#&. S&$ , ,-,/,0$308,'$, 0$/&#8'$,.

(L, ='%&#', /0 &2'& + /0#';,/& 0 '$%0#0,$%0 0 ;0#63&$ -6 /0%,0 0$ 0 3,24%+& !!VI).

L, 2,,<#, &2'& 0 /0#';, /0 ?+1& 0$ 1#'01& 2+0 , /#&1, 0&<%'0$0 /0 ?+1& 0%#,4/& /0 & <+<& /0 , ,-,2&, (Papaversomniferum). L& -:/'3& 6#,<0 3&$&34,$ <'0$ + 0803%& 2#&<,<0-0$%0 8+0#&$ & @+0 '$%#&/+?0#&$ 0 &2'& 0$ 0 O#'0$%0/&$/0 0 0 +%''7,<, <6'3,-0$%0 3&$%#, , /'0$%0#4, (/',##0,,1+/,). ,3', 0 '1& VII 0 ?+1& /0 ,-,2&, 0#,#0,%';,-0$%0 2&2+,# 0$ E+#&2, =,3', 0 '1& VIII 0 8+-,<,%,$%& 0$ 0 O#'0$%0 3&-& 0$ 0 ;'0?& 3&$%'$0$%0.

E &2'& 3&$%'0$0 -6 /0 ,3,&'/0. E$ X 0 @+4-'3&

,0-6$ S0#%`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

0%, ,/'33'$ 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0 /0 0%, &<#,).

A 2,#%'# /0 0 '$%0%'7,#&$ 3&-2+0%& 3,2,30 /0,$%,1&$'7,# & 0803%& /0 & &2'630&. E#, $030,#'& 3&$%,# 3&$%,0 ,$%4/&%& 2,#, 3&-<,%'# , /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', 2#&/+3'/,2&# &<#0/&' /0 -&#8'$, & =0#&4$, @+0 0 , 3,+, -68#03+0$%0 /0 -+0#%0 2&# '$%&'3,3'$ /0 &2'630&. P0#& 3&-&;0#0-& -6 ,/0,$%0 0 +& /0 0%& ,$%,1&$'%, 2+0/0 0#20'1#&& 0$ +?0%& ,/'3%& 2+0 + ,/-'$'%#,3'$ '$/+30 ,,2,#'3'$ <#+3, /0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', & +2#0'$ (@+0 0/03#'<'#6 /02+:).

L, 4$%0' @+4-'3, /0 +%,$3', /0#';,/, /0 , -&#8'$,2#&/+?& $+0;& -0/'3,-0$%& 3&$ 0803%& ,$,1:'3& 2&# +$,/& ,$%,1&$'%, 2&# &%#& %,-<':$ -073, /0 ,-<&. L,0'%0$3', /0 +%,$3', 3&$ 0803%& %,$ ;,#',/& ='7& 20$,# 0$, 0'%0$3', , $';0 /0 '%0-, $0#;'&& /0 /'80#0$%0 %'2& /0#0302%&#0 , & &2'630&. E$ %#0 1#+2& /'80#0$%0 /0'$;0%'1,/&#0 #02&#%,#&$ 0 /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 '%'& /0#03&$&3'-'0$%& (#0302%&#0) , &2'630& 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&&/0 -,-480#&. D& ,& /02+: *&=$ +1=0 ,$ K&%0#'%7

0$ I$1,%0##, #02&#%,$ 0 ,',-'0$%& , 2,#%'# /0 0%#,3%& /030#0<#& /0 2+0#3& /0 /& +%,$3', /0 %'2& 202%4/'3& (&





2:2%'/& 8&#-,/& 2&# ,-'$&63'/& &$ , -&:3+, @+0'$%01#,$ , 2#&%04$,) @+0 -&%#,<,$ 0803%& /0 %'2& /0 ,-&#8'$, @+0 0 2&/4,$ #0;0#%'# 3&$ $,&&$, 0 ,$%,1&$'%, ,&2'&'/0 -6 2&%0$%0 @+0 0 3&$&34, =,%, 0, 803=, (0$8,#-,3&&14, , /'2&$'<''/,/ /0 ,$%,1&$'%, 2+#&

020348'3& 0 8+$/,-0$%, 2,#, 0 0%+/'& /0 & #0302%&#0). A0%& 2:2%'/& 0 ,-,#&$ 0$308,'$,. E -'-& ,& 0 1#+2&/0 A;#,- G&/%0'$ 0$ , U$';0#'/,/ /0 S%,$8&#/ /03#'<4, +$,+%,$3', %,-<':$ /0 %'2& 2&'202%4/'3& 0$ , 16$/+, 2'%+'%,#',(='28'') /0 <&;'$& 3&$ ,3%';'/,/ /0 %'2& &2'&'/0 , , @+0/0$&-'$,#&$ β50$/&#8'$,. E$ , ,3%+,'/,/ 0 3&$&30$ %#08,-'', /0 2:2%'/& &2'&'/0H , 0$308,'$, , 0$/&#8'$, , /'$&#8'$,. C,/, +$, /0 0%, 8,-'', 0 /0#';, /0 +$2#03+#&# /'%'$%& %'0$0 +$, /'%#'<+3'$ ,$,%-'3, /'80#0$%0.E%& 2#03+#&#0 0 3&$&30$ 3&-& 2#&0$308,'$,2#&&2'&-0,$&3&#%'$, (POMC) 2#&/'$&#8'$, #0203%';,-0$%0.C,/, +$& /0 0& /, +1,# , ;,#', +%,$3', ,3%';,.D020$/'0$/& 0$ @+: 2,#%0 /0 , 3,/0$, 202%4/'3, 0 =,1, +$3&#%0 (@+0 0 #0,'7, 2&# 202%'/,, 020348'3, @+0 #03&$&30$ ,03+0$3', /0 ,-'$&63'/& 0$ 2,#%'3+,#) 0 &<%'0$0$2&'2:2%'/& 3&$ 0803%& /'80#0$%0.

E$ +$ -03,$'-& '$10$'&& @+0 , $,%+#,07, =, 3#0,/& 2,#,0?0#30# +$ 3&$%#& -6 8'$& /0 , 8+$3'&$0 <'&1'3, , 2,#%'# /0+$, &, +%,$3', , =,30# @+0 :%, 0 0$3+0$%#0 8&#-,/, , +;07 2&# &%#, +%,$3', %,-<':$ ,3%';, (3&-& +$, 8#+%, @+0

8+0#, , +$'$ /0 %&/, , 8#+%, @+0 3&$%+;'0#, %&/& &,<&#0 3&&#0 %0%+#, &&#0 /0 %&/, , 8#+%,. E 6#<&@+0 2#&/+?0#, 0%, 8#+%, 2#'-'10$', 2&00#4, , 3,2,3'/,/ /02#&/+3'# 3+,@+'0# 8#+%, 2+0 3&$%,#4, 3&$ %&/& & $030,#'& 2,#,0& ,<#4, 3-& +%''7,#& 0$7'-, %#,$2&#%,/&#0,-,30$0 0%3. P&/#4, 0# 0 <4<'3& 6#<& /0 ,<0# %,-<':$,<0/&# /0 , -,$7,$, /0 A/6$).

P&# 0?0-2& , POMC 3&$%'0$0 , 03+0$3', /0 ,-'$&63'/& /0 ,=&#-&$, 0%'-+,$%0 /0 & -0,$&3'%& (MSH) /0 ,,/#0$&3&#%'3&%#&2'$, (ACTH) /0 , β5'2&%#&2'$,. E$ , β5

'2&%#&2'$, 2#&%04$, 2#00$%0 0$ , ='28'' 3&$%'%+'/, 2&# ,-'$&63'/& 0 0$3+0$%#, '$3+'/, , β50$/&#8'$, , β5MSH.L, β50$/&#8'$, , + ;07 '$3+0 +$, 0$308,'$,. Y ,4+30';,-0$%0 (;:,0 , 8'1+#, !.I).



FIGURA 2"I" Brecursores de las proteínas opioides! as tres proteínas precursoras principales de los péptidos opioides, representadas con

barras, formadas por cadenas de amino$cidos son: la proopiomelanocortina, la proencefalina y la prodinorfina! *stas proteínascontienen arios péptidos neuroactios y también arias copias del mismo péptido, como se ilustra con los pequeños cuadros colocados encima de la proteína, con diferente dibu"o! Bor e"emplo, la proencefalina contiene seiscopias de la secuencia de amino$cidos que codifican para la síntesis de lametionina0encefalina! MSH : hormona estimulante de los melanocitos, de la

cual se pueden tener arios subtipos, indicados aquí por la ', 0 MSH , 0 MSH , γ 0 MSH , etc!, 0 end: 0 endorfina leu0enc: leucina 0

encefalina met0enc: metionina0encefalina!

L, 0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, /0 , 0$308,'$, , 0$/&#8'$, 0%&%,-0$%0 /'%'$%,. S&$ 2:2%'/& 3+& 0803%& & 2+0/0 0#/0-&%#,/& 0$ 2#02,#,3'&$0 020#'-0$%,0 /0 3:+, +#1,$& ,',/& (in vitro) 2&# ,2'3,3'$ /'#03%, , %0?'/&$0#;'&&. E%& 0 /0<0 , @+0 , + ,/-'$'%#,3'$ '%:-'3, 0'1+0 #62'/,-0$%0 + /0%#+33'$ 2&# 202%'/,, (0$7'-, @+0#&-20$ 3,/0$, 202%4/'3,) /0 2,-,. A3%+,-0$%0 0 0%6$<+3,$/& &2'&'/0 #0'%0$%0 , 0%, 202%'/,, @+0 2+0/,$%0$0# +$ +& 34$'3& @+0 $& %0$1,$ & #'01& /0 %&'3'/,/ /020$/0$3',.

S0 =,$ 0$3&$%#,/& =,%, , 803=, %#0 8,-'', /0 #0302%&#0 /0&2'&'/0 0$ 0 SNC,/0'1$,/& 3&-& (-+) κ (>,22,) δ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





N& %#,%,-& ,@+4 /0 ,<#+-,# , 03%&# 3&$ %,$%, '$8&#-,3'$#0,%';, , 0%, -+%'2'3'/,/ /0 #0302%&#0 '$& /0 ,<#'#20#203%';, /0 , 2&'<''/,/0 8,#-,3&1'3, /0 0%03&$&3'-'0$%&H 0 /'0& /0 ,$,1:'3& 2&%0$%0 @+0 $&2#&/+73,$ /020$/0$3', , 4$%0' /0 ,$%'/',##0'3& '$ 0803%&

$,#3%'3& , 4$%0' /0 ,$%'%+';& 08'3,30 2&3& %'3& 0%3.0#6$ 2&'<0 0$ 0 8+%+#& 1#,3', , 0%0 3&$&3'-'0$%&. P0#&;&;,-& , $+0%#& %0-,.

T&-,#0-& , , -&#8'$, 3&-& 2#&%&%'2& /0 +%,$3', &2'&'/0 ,@+0 '1+0 '0$/& , #080#0$3', 3&$%#, , 3+, 3&-2,#,-& , ,/0-6. C&-& /034,-& 0 +$ ,3,&'/0 @+0 0 0%#,0 /00+/,/& 03=&& &<%0$'/& /0 , ,-,2&, 0 3+, +$, ;07 03& 3&$;0#%'/& 0$ 2&;& 3&$%'%+0 0 &2'&. A 2,#%'# /0 ,-&/'8'3,3'$ @+4-'3, /0 , -&:3+, /0 , -&#8'$, 2&/0-&&<%0$0# /0#';,/& -6 2&%0$%0 3&-& , =0#&4$, ,$%,1&$'%,

3&-& , $,&&$, & 86#-,3& 3&$ 0803%& -6 3'#3+$3#'%&3&-& , ,2&-&#8'$, +%,$3', @+0 $& %'0$0 2#&2'0/,/0,$,1:'3, 20#& @+0 0 +$ 2&%0$%0 0-:%'3& ('$/+3%&# /0;-'%&).

L, -&#8'$, + /0#';,/& %'0$0$ 1#,$ $-0#& /0 0803%& &<#00 '%0-, $0#;'&& &<#0 0 '%0-, 1,%#&'$%0%'$,. E$%#00& %0$0-& 0 /0 ,$,10', &-$&0$3', 3,-<'& 0$ 00%,/& /0 6$'-& /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', /'-'$+3'$ /0 ,-&%''/,/ /0 %+<& /'10%';& $6+0, ;-'%& &%#, #0,33'&$0&<#0 0 SNA 0$/&3#'$&.

E%, /';0#'/,/ /0 0803%& 0 /0<0 , & /'80#0$%0 %'2& /0#0302%&#0 , & &2'630& @+0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ 0 %0?'/&$0#;'&& %,$%& 30$%#, 3&-& 20#'8:#'3&. M0$3'&$0-& ,@+4 @+0 0'%0-, 1,%#&'$%0%'$, 3&$%'0$0 %,$%, $0+#&$, 3&-& , @+0%'0$0 0 30#0<#& 3&$ %,$%& $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 3&-& & /0 SNC.

L, ,$,10', 2#&/+3'/, 2&# , -&#8'$, %'0$0 , 2,#%'3+,#'/,/ /0@+0 &3+##0 '$ 2:#/'/, /0 , 3&$3'0$3', $& ,803%, &%#,-&/,'/,/0 0$&#',0. E$ +?0%& 3&$ /&&# :%0 2+0/0;&;0#0 -6 %&0#,<0 & '$3+& /0,2,#030# %&%,-0$%0. S' 0,/-'$'%#, 0 ,3,&'/0 , +?0%& '$ /&&# & 0803%& $& '0-2#0&$ ,1#,/,<0 2+0/0$ %0$0# $6+0, ;-'%& &-$&0$3',,2,%4, 0%,#1&. A -0/'/, @+0 , /&' ,+-0$%, & 0803%&+<?0%';& 0 ;+0;0$ -6 2#&$+$3',/&. E$ +?0%& =,<'%+,/&0 0803%& 0+8&#'7,$%0 0 %,-<':$ -,&#. C&$ /&' /0 , -1 '$3+& /&&#0 -+ '$%0$& 0 ,';',$ ,+$@+0 3&$ 0%,/&' , /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', 2#'$3'2, 0803%& %'3& /0 ,-&#8'$, 3&$%'%+0 +$ 20'1#& '-2&#%,$%0.

L& 0803%& ,$,1:'3& /0 , -&#8'$, 0 2#&/+30$ %,$%& , $';0

/0 30#0<#& 3&-& /0 , -:/+, 02'$, ,-<& &$ '$:#1'3&(0%& 0 0 +-,$ +$& , &%#&). L& 0803%& 30$%#,0 &$



-%'20H ,/0-6 /0 , ,$,10', 0 2+0/0 &<0#;,#/'-'$+3'$ /0 , %0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#, ,%0#,3'&$0$0+#&0$/3#'$, 2&# ,33'&$0 0$ 0 ='2&%6,-&. L, -&#8'$, /0#';,/& 2#&/+30$ 0$ 8&#-, 3,#,3%0#4%'3, 3&$%#'33'$ 2+2',#(-'&'). E$ 3,& /0 ,<+& & &<#0/&' 2&# -&#8'$, & +

/0#';,/& , 2+2', ,2,#030$ 3&-& 2+$%& (1#,/& -6'-& /0-'&') '0$/& 0%0 '1$& 2,%&1$&-$'3& (0 /03'#3,#,3%0#4%'3& +8'3'0$%0 2,#, 0%,<030# 0 /',1$%'3&).

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-&#8'$, /0 +0& 0 ,/'3'&$,$. E$ %:#-'$& 2#63%'3& 0%&@+'0#0 /03'# @+0 0$ 3,& /0 '$%&'3,3'$ 0 00$3', $& 20#-'%'#@+0 0 +?0%& /+0#-, 2&#@+0 , /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#',,+-0$%,#4, 3&$03+0$%0-0$%0 0 #'01& /0 -+0#%0 2&#,8'',.

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O%#, /0 , ,33'&$0 <'0$ 3&$&3'/, /0 & &2'&'/0 0 , /02#&/+3'# %&0#,$3', (0 /03'# ,+-0$%& /0 , /&' 2,#, &<%0$0# 0-'-& 0803%&) /020$/0$3', 84'3, +302%'<''/,/ , ,<+&.E%, %#4,/, 3&$%'%+0 2,#%0 /0 3+,/#& 3&$&3'/& 3&-& ,/'33'$/0 3+, =,<,#0-& 3&$ -6 /0%,0 2&%0#'&#-0$%0.

E$%#0 & 0803%& '$/00,<0 /0 & &2'&'/0 2&/0-& '$3+'# ,/02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', $6+0, ;-'%& -,#0& 3&$8+'$-0$%, 3&-07$ 3&$%'2,3'$ ,+-0$%& /0 , 2#0'$ /03&$/+3%& <'',# #0%0$3'$ +#'$,#', 3,4/, /0 , 2#0'$ ,#%0#',.

T,-<':$ 0 $030,#'& %0$0# 3+'/,/& 3&$ , -+?0#00-<,#,7,/, 0$ 0 -&-0$%& /0 2,#%& 2&# 0 20'1#& /0



/02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', (0 &2'&'/0 2+0/0 01,# , 80%& 0$ 0 @+02#&/+30 0803%& -6 2#&&$1,/& @+0 0$ , -,/#0). T,-<':$ 0$& ,$3',$& 0 &<0#;,$ 0803%& -6 /+#,/0#& @+0 0$ +?0%&

?;0$0.

L, ,33'&$0 8,#-,3&1'3, @+0 =0-& /03#'%& 2+0/0$,%0#,#0 2&# , 2#00$3', /0 0$80#-0/,/0. P&# 0?0-2& /,/&@+0 & &2'&'/0 , '1+, @+0 , -,&#4, /0 , /#&1, 0-0%,<&'7,$ 0$ 0 =41,/& 0 $030,#'& %0$0# 3+'/,/& 0$2,3'0$%0 3&$ /,& =026%'3& (=02,%'%' 3'##&' 0%3.) 0$ @+'0$0& 0803%& 0#6$ -6 2#&&$1,/& 2&%0$3',-0$%0 -6%'3&. L& -'-& &3+##0 0$ +?0%& 3&$ '-'%,3'&$0#02'#,%&#', 3&-& & 8+-,/&#0 3#$'3& & ,@+0& @+02,/030$ 0$8'0-, 0$ & @+0 , /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', 2#&/+3'/,2&# & &2'&'/0 2+0/0 ,-2'8'3,#0.

F'$,-0$%0 #03&#/0-& @+0 , -073, /0 86#-,3& 2+0/0$ 0#20'1#&,. E$ 0 3,& /0 & &2'&'/0 & 0803%& /02#0&#0 02+0/0$ 0,10#,# 2#&&$1,# 3&$ %#,$@+''7,$%0 (80$&%',7'$,) ,10$%0 ,$%'/02#0';&.

L& +& -6 8#03+0$%0 /0 & &2'&'/0 &$H 3&-& ,$,1:'3&(20#& #03+:#/00 @+0 =,<'%+,-0$%0 , ,2'#'$, 0 08'3,7 0$ +$1#,$ $-0#& /0 3,& =, /&&#0 3,+,/& -6 @+0 $,/, 2&#,$'0/,/ %0$'$ @+0 $& /0<0$ 0# %#,%,/& 3&$ ,$,1:'3&$,#3%'3&) ,$%'%+';& /#&1, ,$%'/',##0'3,. S0 2+0/0$%,-<':$ +%''7,# 0$ ,$,10', & ,$0%0', &<%:%#'3, & 0$

2,3'0$%0 3&$ 36$30# %0#-'$,.

E'%0$ $+-0#&& ,10$%0 '$%:%'3& & 0-''$%:%'3& 0$ 0-0#3,/& 3&$ 0803%& &2'&'/0. U$& /0 & -6 0-20,/& 0 ,-020#'/'$, (D0-0#&b) , 3+, ,3%, 3&-& , -&#8'$, -'-,,+$@+0 3&$ ,1+$, /'80#0$3', '-2&#%,$%0 3&-& 0 3+,/#& /0'$%&'3,3'$ @+0 , /'80#0$3', /0 , -&#8'$, 2+0/0 ,2,#030# <,?&, 8&#-, /0 03'%,3'$ 30$%#, 3&$ %0-<&#0 =,%,3&$;+'&$0. E 2#'$3'2, +& /0 , -020#'/'$, 0 3&-&,$,1:'3& 3&$ , ;0$%,?, &<#0 , -&#8'$, @+0 2+0/0,/-'$'%#,#0 2&# ;4, &#,.

U$ /0#';,/& /0 , -020#'/'$, 0 /'80$&',%& (L&-&%'b &%#&)0 +%''7, 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 3&-& ,$%'/',##0'3& , '1+, @+0 ,&20#,-'/, (I-&/'+-b &%#&).

E 80$%,$ 0 +$ &2'&'/0 '$%:%'3& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ , -&#8'$,,+$@+0 0 3,' X ;030 -6 2&%0$%0 3&-& ,$,1:'3&. S0 +%''7,3&-<'$,/& 3&$ 0 /#&20#'/& +$ %#,$@+''7,$%0 -,&# 2,#,'$/+3'# ,$0%0',. L, -0%,/&$, 0 &%#& ,1&$'%, -&#84$'3& /0%'2& µ(-+) 3&$ 2#&2'0/,/0 -+ %'0 3&-& 08'3,3', ,$,1:'3,('$3+& ,/-'$'%#,/, 2&# ;4, &#,) ,#1, /+#,3'$ /0 ,33'$ 2,#,+2#'-'# , ,2,#'3'$ /0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', 0$ +?0%&,/'3%& (;:,0 , Q+'$%, P,#%0) + %0$/0$3', , -&%#,# 0803%&





20#'%0$%0 /02+: /0 +& #020%'/& (, -'&' , /02#0'$#02'#,%&#', 0 ,2#03',$ 2&# -6 /0 Z =&#, /02+: /0 ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 +$, /&' $'3,). L, -0%,/&$, 0 +,2#'-,#',-0$%0 3&-& ,$,1:'3& 0$ 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 4$/#&-0/0 ,<%'$0$3', , &2'&'/0 0$ =0#&'$-,$&.

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M0$3'&$0-& 2,#, %0#-'$,# @+0 0'%0$ &%#& ,10$%0 &2'&'/0@+0 %'0$0$ 0803%& -'%& , 0, /0 ,1&$'%,5,$%,1&$'%,($,&#8'$, 3'3,7&3'$, 0%3.) & /0 ,1&$'%, 2,#3', (<+2#0$&#8'$,) @+0 &$ 0 #0+%,/& /0 & 08+0#7& /0 @+4-'3& 8,#-,3&1& @+0 <+3,$ 2#&/+3'# +$ 86#-,3& -6 08'3,7 -0$& %'3&.

F'$,-0$%0 0 1#+2& /0 ,$%,1&$'%, &2'&'/0 -0#030 +$,-0$3'$ 2,#%'3+,#. S0 %#,%, /0 ,10$%0 @+0 0$ ,+0$3', /0$,#3%'3& $& %'0$0$ $'$1$ 0803%&. S'$ 0-<,#1& 0$ '%+,3'&$00$ , @+0 0 '%0-, /0 &2'&'/0 0$/10$& 0 ,3%';, 3&-& 0$& 3,& /0 /&&# 0?0#3'3'& 3=&@+0 & 0$ ,1+$& %'2& /00%#: -+0%#,$ 0803%&. E$ , -0/'/, @+0 ;, /03+<#':$/&0 ,2,#%'3'2,3'$ /0 0$/&#8'$, 0$308,'$, /'$&#8'$, 0$ ,8''&2,%&&14, /0 ,1+$, ,%0#,3'&$0 $0+#&1'3, 0%0 1#+2&/0 86#-,3& ;, 0$3&$%#,$/& '$/'3,3'&$0 /0 +& ,/0-6 /0 ++%''7,3'$ 2,#, 0 0%+/'& /0 , 8+$3'&$0 2&'<0 /0 &

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2 I " 3 I P N Ó T I C O S / S E D A N T E S

EN ESTE GRUPO DE SUSTANCIAS 0$3&$%#,-& , %&/& ,@+0&2&;& 2&3'&$0 8'%#& & <0<'/, @+0 0 =,$ 0-20,/& 2,#,'$/+3'# 0 +0&. Y, 0, 2,#, 8'$0 &3+#& #&-6$%'3& &

-:/'3& 0 =&-<#0 =, 0-20,/& <0<'/, ,3&='3, /0#';,/&/0 &2'& & 0%#,3%& /0 /'80#0$%0 ='0#<, 2,#, '$/+3'# +$ 0%,/&



/0 '$3&$3'0$3', /+#,$%0 0 3+, 2+0/0$ 2,,# -+3=, 3&,.cC+6$%, $&;0, $& 0 =,$ 03#'%& +%''7,$/& 0%0 00-0$%&d

A 03023'$ /0 , <0$7&/',702'$, (BD%) & 86#-,3& ,-,/&='2$%'3&50/,$%0 20#%0$030$ , +$ 1#+2& /0 +%,$3', @+0

/02#'-0$ 0 SNC /0 +$, -,$0#, $& 003%';, /020$/'0$/& /0 ,/&' 2#&/+30$ 3,-, & &-$&0$3', (0/,3'$) +0& (='2$&'8,#-,3&1'3,) '$3&$3'0$3', ,$0%0', @+'##1'3, 3&-, /02#0'$ 8,%, /0 , 8+$3'&$0 #02'#,%&#', 3,#/',3,. E%&0803%& &$ & -'-& @+0 /020$/'0$/& /0 , /&'&<0#;,-& 3&$ ;,#'& ,3&=&0 '$3+'/& , 0%,$&.

U$, /#&1, 0/,$%0 /'-'$+0 , ,3%';'/,/ -&/0#, , 03'%,3'$ 3,-, , @+0 , #03'<0. U$, /#&1, ='2$%'3, 2#&/+30&-$&0$3', 8,3''%, 0 '$'3'& 0 -,$%0$'-'0$%& /0 +$ 0%,/&/0 +0& 2,#03'/& , $&#-,. A 0%0 0803%& 0 0 =, ,-,/&

='2$&' '$ @+0 0%& %0$1, #0,3'$ 3&$ 00 0%,/& '$/+3'/&,#%'8'3',-0$%0 2&# +10%'<''/,/.

L, 0/,3'$ 2+0/0 0# %,-<':$ +$ 0803%& ,/;0#& /0 -+3=&86#-,3& @+0 $& &$ 0/,$%0 2#&2',-0$%0 $' &$ 3,2,30 /02#&/+3'# ,$0%0',. L, BD% , 20,# /0 @+0 %,-2&3& 2#&/+30$,$0%0', 0 3&$'/0#,$ 3&-& 0/,$%0 0 ='2$%'3&. E%,+%,$3', %,-<':$ 0 +%''7,$ 3&-& #0,?,$%0 -+3+,#0,$%'02':2%'3& & 2,#, 2#&/+3'# 0/,3'$ ,-$0', 0$ +?0%&,$%0 /0 +$, 3'#+14,. (E 0803%& ,$'&4%'3& 0 %#,%,#6 0$ 03,24%+& !VIII).

E 0%,$& , 20,# /0 @+0 3&-2,#%0 -+3=, /0 , 2#&2'0/,/0/0 , /#&1, 0/,$%0 0 ='2$%'3, $& 0 +%''7, 3&$ 8'$0%0#,2:+%'3&. (E ,203%& %&'3&1'3& /0 ,/'33'$ , ,3&=&0#6 %#,%,/& 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0).

L, 2#'-0#, +%,$3', '$%#&/+3'/, 020348'3,-0$%0 3&-& 0/,$%0 +$ 2&3& -6 %,#/0 3&-& ='2$%'3& 8+0 0 <#&-+#& 0$ X =,%, & $'3& 86#-,3& 0/,$%05='2$%'3& /'2&$'<00#,$ 0 ='/#,%& /0 3&#, 0 2,#,/0=4/& 0 +#0%,$& 0 +8&$,.E$ 0 0-207 , +%''7,# 0 2#'-0# <,#<'%#'3& 0 <,#<'%,

0$ 0 80$&<,#<'%,. E :'%& /0 & <,#<'%+#,%& '1$'8'3 ,4$%0' /0 -6 /0 /0#';,/& 3&$ 3,' /0 0&/'%#'<+'/& 3&-0#3',-0$%0 %,-<':$ , 0$%'%+/ 2,#, <+3,#$+0;& ,10$%0 @+0 %+;'0#,$ 0803%& 2,#03'/&. E$ & ,& 0 /03#'<0 0 0803%& /0 ,-,$,-'0$%& /0 ,$'-,0 2#&/+3'/&2&# , 3&#&2#&-,7'$, 0 -02#&<,-,%& 0 /0,##&& /0%:3$'3, /0 0;,+,3'$ 3&$/+3%+, -6 3&-20?& 20#-'%' ,S%0#$<,3= R,$/, 0$ 0 /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 & 0803%&$'3& /0 3&#&/',702'/& , 2#'-0#, <0$7&/',702'$,. E%0,10$%0 0-207 , +%''7,#0 0$ , 34$'3, 0$ \ '1$'8'3,$/& +$,

#0;&+3'$ 0$ , $0+#&2'3&8,#-,3&&14,. E$ , ,3%+,'/,/ 0 =,$'$%0%'7,/& -6 /0 BD% 0 =,$ 2#&<,/& -6 /0 -6



/0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ +& 34$'3&. S+ 0%#,&#/'$,#',2&2+,#'/,/ 0 <,, 0$ + 3,2,3'/,/ 2,#, #0/+3'# , ,$'0/,/(/08'$'/, 3&-& ,$1+%', 0$ ,+0$3', /0 +$ &<?0%& #0, @+0 ,2#&/+73, /'#03%,-0$%0) '$ '$%0#80#'# /0-,',/& 3&$ &%#,8+$3'&$0 '1,/, , 0%,/& /0 3&$3'0$3',. S'$ 0-<,#1& %&/,

, BD% %'0$0$ 0803%& 0/,$%0 0 ='2$%'3& 2#&2'0/,/0 @+0=,$ =03=& @+0 0 0 +%''30 ,-2',-0$%0 0$ +1,# /0 &<,#<'%#'3&. V,#', /0 0, %,-<':$ 0 +,$ 2&# 20#'&/&<#0;0 3&-& #0,?,$%0 -+3+,#0. (S+ ,2'3,3'$ 2,#,3&-<,%'# , ,$'0/,/ 0 ;0#6 0$ 0 3,24%+& !VIII & ,203%&#0,3'&$,/& 3&$ + ,<+& 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0).

BEN%ODIA%EPINAS

E%, +%,$3', 2#&/+30$ +$, 1#,$ ;,#'0/,/ /0 0803%& @+0'$3+0$ , 0/,3'$ 0 +0& /'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,$'0/,/

#0,?,3'$ -+3+,# ,-$0', ,$%0#1#,/, (&;'/& /0 '%+,3'&$0, 2,#%'# /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 , +%,$3',) ,3%';'/,/,$%'3&$;+';,. A 20,# /0 @+0 %&/, , <0$7&/',702'$, (BD%)%'0$0$ ,33'&$0 '-',#0 0'%0$ /'80#0$3', 0$ , 003%';'/,/3&$ , @+0 3,/, +$, /0 0, 2#&/+30 ,1+$& /0 & 0803%&-0$3'&$,/&. P&# & -'-& + +& 34$'3& ;,#4,. L, 2#&8+$/'/,//0 & 0803%& /020$/0 /0 , /&'. A -0/'/, @+0 :%, ,+-0$%,;,$ ,2,#03'0$/& '1$& /0 0/,3'$ +0& =,%, 3&-,.

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O%#& /0 & 0803%& /0 , BD% @+0 '1+0 <,?& /'3+'$ 0 0 /0='2$&'. ¿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

O%#& 20'1#& 2&%0$3', 0 , 3&-<'$,3'$ /0 BD% ,3&=& 2+0 ,-073, 2#&/+30 2&%0$3',3'$ /0 & 0803%& /02#0&#0 /0 ,-<,

/#&1,.



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0 $030,#'& +20$/0# , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 0$ 8&#-, 1#,/+, 2,#,0;'%,# , ,2,#'3'$ /0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', & +2#0'$.

BARBIT&RICOS

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2#&/+30$ 0803%& -6 & -0$& 2#&&$1,/& & , ,30$%+,3'$ /02#&2'0/,/0 2,#%'3+,#0. E 80$&<,#<'%, 2&# 0?0-2& 0+%''7,/& -6 3&-& ,$%'3&$;+';,$%0 @+0 3&-& 0/,$%0 &='2$%'3&.

T&/& 0%& ,10$%0 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# +$ 0%,/& /0 03'%,3'$%#,$'%&#', 2&# /02#0'$ /0 '%0-, '$='<'%&#'&. E$ &%#,2,,<#, /0'$='<0$. E%0 0803%& /0 /0'$='<'3'$ /03&-2&#%,-'0$%& @+0 0 <+3, 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 3&$ 0 0/,$%05='2$%'3& 3&$ 0 ,3&=& (/0 @+0 =,<,#0-& 0$ 0 '1+'0$%03,24%+&) 0 2+0/0 %,-<':$ 2#00$%,# 3&$ & <,#<'%#'3&. Y

3&-& 3&$ 0 ,3&=& , 3,#,3%0#4%'3, /0 0%, 03'%,3'$/020$/0#6$ /0 , /&' , 20#&$,'/,/ /0 +?0%& 0 0$%&#$&.

E +0& 2#&/+3'/& 2&# & <,#<'%#'3& 0 3+,$%'%,%';,-0$%0'-',# , 2#&/+3'/& 2&# ,BD%H ,3&#%,-'0$%& /0 , ,%0$3', 2,#,'$'3',# 0 +0& ,+-0$%& /0 + /+#,3'$ (2,#, & ,10$%0 /0,33'$ '$%0#-0/', & ,#1, 3&-& ;0#0-& +$ 2&3& -6,/0,$%0) /'-'$+3'$ /0 , /+#,3'$ /0 , 8,0 /0 -&;'-'0$%&&3+,#0 #62'/& (MOR) #0<&%0 , +20$/0# + ,/-'$'%#,3'$.T,-<':$ 2+0/0 2#00$%,#0 +$, 0$,3'$ /0 3#+/, & #0,3, ,/4, '1+'0$%0 3&$ 0$%'8'3,3'$ /0 & #080?& &-$&0$3',.

T,$%& , BD% 3&-& & <,#<'%#'3& 0?0#30$ + 0803%& 2&#8,3''%,3'$ /0 , $0+#&%#,$-''$ GABA:#1'3, -0/',/, 2&# '&$0/0 3&#& (;:,0 0 3,24%+& V).

L, %&0#,$3', /020$/0$3', , & <,#<'%#'3& &3+##0 %,$%& ,$';0 /0 + 0803%& $0+#&1'3& 3&-& /0 + -0%,<&'-&. E$ 03,& /0 0%0 %'-& , 3,+, /0 @+0 0%, /#&1, 0%'-+,$ ,2#&/+33'$ /0 , -'-, 0$7'-, =026%'3, @+0 , /01#,/,$2&# & @+0 , -0/'/, @+0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 0 2#&&$1, 02#&/+30 +$ ,2,#,%& -0%,<'3& %,-<':$ -6 1#,$/0 2,#,/01#,/,#,. S'0-2#0 3+,$/& $& 0'%, /,& =026%'3& (3&-& ,3'##&') 0$ 3+& 3,& & 0803%& %'3& ,2,#030$ -6 2#&$%&





&$ -6 '$%0$&. L& -'-& 2+0/0 +30/0# 3&$ =41,/& ,$&3+,$/& 0 3&-<'$,$ <,#<'%#'3& 3&$ 0%,$&.

L, -+0#%0 2&# '$%&'3,3'$ <,#<'%#'3, (,33'/0$%, & ;&+$%,#',)&3+##0 2&# /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#',.

E%, /#&1, 2+0/0$ +%''7,#0 3&-& ,$0%:'3& 0/,$%0 &='2$%'3& /020$/'0$/& <6'3,-0$%0 /0 , /+#,3'$ /0 +0803%& , 3+, /020$/0 3&-& =,<4,-& -0$3'&$,/& /0 +3,#,3%0#4%'3, 8''3&@+4-'3,. A4 %0$0-& <,#<'%#'3& /0,33'$ +%#,3&#%, (0 ,/-'$'%#,$ 2&# ;4, 0$/&;0$&, 2,#, 2&/0#3&$%#&,# + 2&%0$%0 0803%&) 3&#%, '$%0#-0/', & ,#1, 3&$0803%& @+0 ;,$ /0/0 -'$+%& , =&#,. P&# 0& 0$ ,$0%0', 0+%''7, +$ %'2& /0 <,#<'%#'3& 2,#, %#,%,# 3&$;+'&$0 0 +,&%#&.

OTROS AGENTES

E'%0$ &%#, /#&1, @+0 %,-<':$ &$ +%''7,/, 2,#, '$/+3'# 0+0&. E ='/#,%& /0 3&#, 2+0/0 0-20,#0 0$ +?0%& @+0 $&%&0#0$ , BD% & & <,#<'%#'3& 2,#, &<%0$0# & -'-&0803%&. E'%0$ /'80#0$3', 2&# +2+0%&. E%, +%,$3', 0 -6'##'%,$%0 2,#, 0 0%-,1& 0 '$%0%'$& %'0$0 -, ,<&# 2+0/02#&/+3'# -,#0& 20,/', 0%6 3&$%#,'$/'3,/& 0$ 2,3'0$%03&$ /,& =026%'3& & #0$,. A/0-6 0 +& 3&$%'$+& /0 ='/#,%&/0 3&#, 2#&/+30 %&0#,$3', /020$/0$3', 84'3, ,/'33'$ 3&$ ,,2,#'3'$ /0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', , +20$/0# <#+3,-0$%0

+ ,/-'$'%#,3'$. O%#, +%,$3', 3&$ 0803%& '-',#0 &$ 00%&3&#;'$& , 1+%0%'-'/, 0 -0%'2#'$ 0 -02#&<,-,%& 02,#,/0=4/& 0 0%'$,-,%& 0 0%&-'/,%& 0%3:%0#,.

T0#-'$0-& 3&$ 0%0 1#+2& /0 +%,$3', =,<,$/& +$ 2&3& /0+ +& <6'3&H 3&-& &-$480#&. A$%0 /0 /03'/'# , %&-, /0,1+$& /0 0& 0 $030,#'& ,<0# /0 @+: %'2& /0 '$&-$'& 0%#,%,. E'%0$ +?0%& , & @+0 0 3+0%, %#,<,?& 0-207,# ,/&#-'# -'0$%#, @+0 &%#& 0 /02'0#%,$ -+ %0-2#,$& $&2+0/0$ ;&;0# , 3&$3'',# 0 +0& 0'%0$ %,-<':$ 3,& /0+?0%& @+0 0 @+0?,$ /0 /020#%,# /0-,',/, ;030 /+#,$%0 ,

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



2 I I " A L C O 3 O L

CONTRARIAMENTE , & @+0 -+3=, 10$%0 2'0$, 0 ,3&=& 0 +$

/02#0&# /0 SNC. A@+0, 20#&$, @+0 '0$%0$ 2&/0# =,30#-0?&# -+3=, 3&, (=,<,# <,',# -,$0?,# 0%3.) /02+: /0=,<0# '$10#'/& ,1+$& %#,1& 0 0@+';&3,$. E0 0%,/& /0,2,#0$%0 <'0$0%,# #0,?,3'$ 2#&;'0$0 /0 , /0'$='<'3'$ @+0#0+%, /0 , /02#0'$ /0 -03,$'-& '$='<'%&#'&. E '%0-,$0#;'&& 0 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$'<0 , & 0803%& /0 ,3&=& &$ & 2#&30& '$='<'%&#'& & '$'3',-0$%0 ,803%,/&. Y ,/'-'$+'# , '$='<'3'$ 0 0@+''<#'& /0 , 03'%,<''/,/ 30#0<#, 02'0#/0 -&-0$%6$0,-0$%0 , 8,;&# /0 , 03'%,3'$. C&-&&3+##0 3&$ , -,&#4, /0 , /#&1, + 0803%& /020$/0$ /0 ,/&'. L& 30$%#& +20#'&#0 0 /02#'-0$ 2#'-0#&H 0 =,<, 0

20$,-'0$%& , 3&1$'3'$ 0 ?+'3'&. A -0/'/, @+0 ,3&$30$%#,3'$ ,3&='3, ,+-0$%, 0$ , ,$1#0 0 /02#'-0$ &30$%#& '$80#'&#0 '$3+0$/& , #02'#,3'$ & #080?&02'$,0. A /&' -,&#0 %,$%& & -03,$'-& '$='<'%&#'&3&-& & 03'%,%&#'& 0 ,803%,$. E ,4 3&-& , '$%&'3,3'$,3&='3, 2+0/0 01,# =,%, 0 0%,/& /0 3&-,. (E '-2&#%,$%02#&<0-, @+0 '1$'8'3, 0 ,<+& /0 ,3&=& + 3&$03+0$3',0#6 %#,%,/& 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0). E$ 0%, 033'$ ;0#0-&,1+$& ,203%& ='%#'3& /0 ,3&=& &%#& -68,#-,3&1'3& @+0 %&'3&1'3&.

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

26?,#& @+0 3=&3,$ 3&$%#, ;0$%,$, & 2&%0 ,<0?, @+0;+0,$ 0$ 8&#-, 0##6%'3, /02+: /0 =,<0# 3&$+-'/& 0%, 8#+%,@+0 $&&%#& 3&$'/0#,#4,-& 2&/#'/,.

L& 01'23'& %0$4,$ /0%'0#4, /0/0 =,30 \ ,& /,$/&3#:/'%& , /'& O'#' 2&# 0 #01,& /0 ;'$&. L& ,$%'1+& 1#'01&0-20,<,$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 0 ;'$& /,<,$ 1#,3', , /'& B,3&& D'&$''& 2&# + '$%#&/+33'$ (/0 ,4 0 %:#-'$& <,3,$, 2,#,#080#'#0 , +$, 300<#,3'$ 0$ , @+0 0 /'%#'<+0$ 10$0#&,#,3'&$0 /0 <0<'/, ,3&='3,). L& #&-,$& 3&$%'$+,#&$ 3&$0%, %#,/'3'$ 0$ , B'<', 0 0$3+0$%#,$ =,%, 3'$3& %:#-'$&

/'80#0$%0 2,#, #080#'#0 , 3'$3& %'2& /'%'$%& /0 ,3&=&.





3&$30$%#,3'&$0 ,$1+4$0, /0 0%,$& & 0803%& 84'3& 2'3&1'3&. P#03'0-& /0/0 ,=&#, @+0 0%& 0803%&/020$/0$ 0$ 1#,$ -0/'/, /0 , 02&'3'$ 2#0;', /0 +?0%& ,,3&=& /0 , 8#03+0$3', /0 , '$10%'$ /0 <0<'/, ,3&='3,/0 3&-'/, 0$ 0 0%-,1& /0 &%#& 8,3%&#0 -6 +<?0%';&

3&-& , '%+,3'$ 0$ , @+0 0 <0<0 (0$ +$ <,# 3&$ & ,-'1&0$ +$, 8'0%, 0$ 0 %#,<,?&) /0 =+-&# /0 , 020#'0$3',2#0;',. C,/, 20#&$, %'0$0 + 2,%#$ 2,#%'3+,# /08+$3'&$,-'0$%& 2'3&1'3& + 0203%,%';, $&#-,0 3&-&,$%0 , /#&1,.

CUADRO 2II"I" *fectos físicos y psicológicos de ariasconcentraciones sanguíneas del alcoholG

Número

de

"tragos" +

Alcohol

en la

sangre

(%)

Efectos físicos y

psicológicos

1 0.02-

0.03

Sin efectos evidentes.

Ligera elevación del

estado de nimo

2 0.0!-

0.0"

Sensación de

rela#ación$ calor$

disminución del

tiempo de reacción %

de coordinación fina

3 0.0&-

0.0'

(lteración ligera del

equilibrio$ del )abla$

de la visión$ del o*do.Sensación de euforia

p,rdida de la

coordinación motora

fina

0.10

0.11-

0.12

nto/icación legal en

algunos estados de

(

La coordinación % el

equilibrio se dificultan

alteración de las

facultades mentales %

del #uicio

! 0.1-

0.1!

(lteración ma%or del

control f*sico % mental

)abla % visión dif*ciles

0.20 4,rdida del control

motor 5requieren de

a%uda6 confusión

mental

10 0.30 nto/icación severa

control consiente

m*nimo1 0.0 nconsciencia umbral



del estado de coma

1 0.!0 7oma profundo

20 0."0 8uerte por depresión

respiratoria

_ E%& 0803%& 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ +?0%& $& =,<'%+,/& ,,3&=& 0$ & @+0 0 '$%0#;,& 0$%#0 3,/, <0<'/, 0 /0 -0$&/0 \ -'$+%&.

) U$ %#,1& 0 #08'0#0 , 0@+';,0$%0 /0 +$, 30#;07, & /0 +$,&$7, (X -) /0 ='>.

L& 3&$1:$0#0 %,-<':$ -&/'8'3,$ , ,<&#3'$ /0 ,3&=& 0$ 00%-,1& 0 '$%0%'$&H -'0$%#, -,&# 0, , 2#&2&#3'$ /0 :%&0$ , <0<'/, -6 0$%, 0#6 , ,<&#3'$ /0 ,3&=&. T, 0 0

3,& /0 , 30#;07, 0 ;'$&. P&# 0 3&$%#,#'& 0 1, 3,#<$'3& 0$, <0<'/, ,+-0$%, , ,<&#3'$. E%& &3+##0 3&$ , -073, 3&$,1+, -'$0#, @+'$, 0%3. & 0$ 0 3,& /0 , 3=,-2,,.

U$, ;07 @+0 0 ,3&=& ,3,$7, , ,$1#0 0 /'%#'<+0 0$ 8&#-,=&-&1:$0, 0$ %&/& 0 &#1,$'-& '$3+0$/& , 3'#3+,3'$ 80%,0$ , -+?0#0 0-<,#,7,/,.

L, <0<'/, ,3&='3, 2#63%'3,-0$%0 $& 3&$%'0$0$ ;'%,-'$,-'$0#,0 2#&%04$, & 1#,, '$& <6'3,-0$%0 +$ %'2& /03,#<&='/#,%& @+0 $& 2+0/0$ 0# +,/& 2&# , -,&#4, /0 ,

3:+, :%& /0<0$ 0# -0%,<&'7,/& (2&# +$, 0$7'-, @+0 00$3+0$%#, 3,' 03+';,-0$%0 0$ 0 =41,/&H , /0='/#&10$,,,3&='3,). E ,3&=& 2#&;00 -6 3,&#4, 2&# 1#,-& @+0 &3,#<&='/#,%& & , 2#&%04$,. P&# 0%0 =03=& 0 ,20%'%& /0<0<0/&# 2+0/0 0# ,%'803=& 20#& $& ,4 + #0@+0#'-'0$%& /0;'%,-'$, -'$0#,0 2#&%04$,. E 8#03+0$%0 0$3&$%#,# 0%,/&1#,;0 /0 /08'3'0$3', ;'%,-4$'3, 2#&%0'3, 0$ ,3&='3&3#$'3&. S&$ +?0%& @+0 <0<0$ -+3=& 3&-0$ -,.

E 0%,$& 0 3&$;'0#%0 0$ 0 =41,/& 0$ ,30%,/0=4/& :%0 0$,30%,%&. A4 0 -0%,<&'7, /0 , X^ /0 ,3&=& 0 #0%& 0

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



E ,3&=& '$/+30 /,& =026%'3& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, !!III. I ). P#&;&3,,+-0$%& 0$ , 2#&/+33'$ /0 63'/& 63%'3& & 3+, 2#&/+303,-<'& 0$ 0 0%,/& /0 ,3'/07 /0 &#1,$'-& ,+-0$%, %,-<':$, 2#&/+33'$ /0 63'/& 1#,& /0 63'/& #'3& (2#&/+3%& %'3&/0 /003=&) 00;, , 03#03'$ +#'$,#', /0 ;,#'& '&$0

00$3',0 3&-& -,1$0'& 3,3'& 3'$3.

E +& 3&$%'$+& & 8#03+0$%0 /0 ,3&=& '$/+30 %&0#,$3', 3&-& &<,#<'%#'3& &%#, /#&1,. E%, %&0#,$3', & ,3&%+-<#,-'0$%&0 /0<0 , , '$/+33'$ 0$7'-6%'3, & 0, , ,+-0$%& /0 ,3,$%'/,/ ,3%';'/,/ /0 , /0='/#&10$,, ,3&='3, (, 0$7'-,@+0 -0%,<&'7, 0 ,3&=&). T,-<':$ 0 %0?'/& $0#;'&& 0,3&%+-<#, =,%, 3'0#%& 2+$%& , , 2#00$3', 3&$%'$+, /0,3&=&H , 3&$/+3%, /0 +?0%& 0 ;, ,/,2%,$/& , & 3,-<'&'$/+3'/& 2&# , <0<'/, /0 =,<, , ;''$ 0 3&$%#& -&%&#.P&# +2+0%& 0%& 3,-<'& ,/,2%,%';& /0,2,#030$ 3+,$/& 0

,3&=& 0$ , ,$1#0 ,3,$7, $';00 +8'3'0$%0 & @+08#03+0$%0-0$%0 +30/0 0$ 3,& /0 ,<+&.

L& 0803%& ,1+/& /0 ,3&=& ,/0-6 /0 -,$'80%,#0 /0-,$0#, 2#';'01',/, 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& %,-<':$ 0 02#0,$0$ 0 #0%& /0 &#1,$'-&. E$ 3,$%'/,/0 -&/0#,/, ,+-0$%, ,8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, /',%, & ;,& ,$1+4$0& 0$ <#,7&2'0#$, 3,#, & @+0 2#&/+30 0, 0$,3'$ /0 3,&# %,$<+3,/, 0$ %'0-2& 8#4&. S'$ 0-<,#1& +$, =&#, /02+: ,-'-, 20#&$, 0 0$3+0$%#, 3&$ -6 8#4& @+0 ,$%0 2+0 ,;,&/',%,3'$ =, 2#&;&3,/& 2:#/'/, /0 3,&# (c2&# & @+0 '/00, +%0/ 3&$0#;,# 0 3,&# -0?&# $& 3&$+-, ,3&=&d)

E ,3&=& '##'%, /'#03%,-0$%0 0 '%0-, 1,%#&'$%0%'$,(,3+:#/00 & @+0 +30/0 3+,$/& 0 ,2'3, ,3&=& , +$, =0#'/,,<'0#%, & -'-& +30/0 3&$ , -+3&,) 0 '$/'#03%,-0$%0 ,0%'-+,# , 03#03'$ /0 ?+1& 16%#'3&. P&# 0%, #,7&$0 &2,3'0$%0 3&$ 30#, 2:2%'3, /0<0$ 0;'%,# 0 ,3&=&. A/0-6'$/+30 $6+0,. E%& 0803%& '##'%,$%0 /0 ,3&=& 0 %#,/+30$ 0$1,%#'%' ('$8,-,3'$ /0 , -+3&, 16%#'3,) @+0 8&#-, 2,#%0 /03+,/#& /0 3#+/, & #0,3, %,$ 3&$&3'/& 2&# ,1+$&. Y ,

2#&2'%& /0 , 3#+/,H $& 0'%0 +$ #0-0/'& 08'3,7 3&$%#, 0,.T&/, , 8#-+, %#,$-'%'/, 2&# , 2+<'3'/,/ & /0 <&3, ,&#0?, & $& =,$ '/& 2#&<,/, /0 -,$0#, 3&$%#&,/, & 0 =,/0-&%#,/& @+0 $& #0+%,$.

O%#& /0 & 0803%& 3&$&3'/& /0 ,3&=& 0 , 0%'-+,3'$ /0 ,2#&/+33'$ /0 &#'$, (/'+#0'). P,#%0 /0 0%, #0,33'$ 0 /0<0 ,, 1#,$/0 3,$%'/,/0 /0 ,1+, @+0 ++,-0$%0 0 '$1'0#0$ 3&$0 ,3&=& 2&# &%#, 2,#%0 , , /02#0'$ /0 , 2#&/+33'$ /0=&#-&$, ,$%'/'+#:%'3, '<0#,/, 2&# 0 ='2&%6,-& @+0 #01+, ,0'-'$,3'$ /0 ,1+, 2&# 0 #'$.








É%& &$ & 0803%& /0 /&' -&/0#,/, /0 ,3&=& 0$ 0%03,& 0 /,& 0 '-'%,/& 0302%& 0$ -+?0#0 0-<,#,7,/, 0$, @+0 0 ,3&=& 2+0/0 ,803%,# , 80%& 2#&/+3'# #0%,#/& -0$%,'##0;0#'<0. S'$ 0-<,#1& 0 3&$+-& /0 1#,$/0 3,$%'/,/0 /0,3&=& /,, 0 3&#,7$ (%#,%&#$& /0 #'%-& 3,#/',3& 0 '$3+&

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

M0$3'&$0-& 8'$,-0$%0 @+0 , 3&-<'$,3'$ /0 ,3&=& 3&$ &%#,/#&1, 2+0/0 0# 20'1#&& 0$ 2,#%'3+,# 3&$ , +%,$3', @+0,%0#,$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&&. E ,3&=& 2&%0$3','7, , ,33'$ /0& /02#0&#0 /0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 3&-& &$ & ,$0%:'3&& <,#<'%#'3& & %#,$@+''7,$%0 & ,$%'='%,-4$'3&.

E$ 0 3,& /0 2,3'0$%0 02':2%'3& 0 20'1#& /0 +& /0 ,3&=&#,/'3, 2&# +$, 2,#%0 0$ , 2&'<0 2&%0$3',3'$ /02#0&#, /0,1+$& ,$%'3&$;+';& 2&# , &%#, 0$ 0 ,+-0$%& /0 ,03'%,<''/,/ 30#0<#, @+0 ,2,#030 /+#,$%0 , ,<%'$0$3',,3&='3,.

2 I I I " A N T I E P I L É P T I C O S

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FENITOÍNA (DIFENILHIDANTOÍNA'

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0& 0$3&$%#,-& -,#0& $6+0, #0,33'&$0 /:#-'3,'$&-$'& 0 '##'%,3'$ 16%#'3,. E$ 3,& -6 0#'& 0 2+0/0&<0#;,# $'%,1-+ (-&;'-'0$%& #4%-'3& '$;&+$%,#'& /0 &&?&) '$3&&#/'$,3'$ 2&%+#, (,%,',) ;''$ /&<0 (/'2&2',)%,-<':$ '$8,-,3'$ 3#03'-'0$%& /0 , 0$34, ='#+%'-&(,+-0$%& /0 ;0& 3&#2&#, 8,3',) ,$0-',. T&/, 0%,#0,33'&$0 ,/;0#, 2+0/0$ /'-'$+'# & /0,2,#030# 3+,$/& 0#0/+30 , /&' ,/-'$'%#,/,.

FENOBARBITAL

E%0 8+0 0 2#'-0# ,$%'3&$;+';& 08'3,7 '$%#&/+3'/& 0$ , 34$'3,.D,/, + #0,%';, <,?, %&'3'/,/ + <,?& 2#03'& 0 ,$ +$







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'$03%,<0 + ;'/, -0/', (0 %'0-2& $030,#'& 2,#, @+0 ,3&$30$%#,3'$ ,$1+4$0, /0 , /#&1, /'-'$+, , , -'%,/ ;:,0 0 3,24%+& VI) 0 /0 30#3, /0 =&#,. E 0803%& '$/00,<0-6 8#03+0$%0 0 , 0/,3'$. T'0$0$ @+0 2,,# ;,#'& /4, 0$&3,'&$0 0-,$, 2,#, @+0 0 2,3'0$%0 0 ;,, ,3&%+-<#,$/&, 0%, #0,33'$ , 3,<& /0 & 3+,0 , &-$&0$3', ;,/'-'$+0$/& =,%, +$ -4$'-&. C&-& &3+##0 3&$ 3+,@+'0#/#&1, 0 2+0/0$ 2#00$%,# 3+,/#& ,:#1'3& 3&-& /0#-,%'%''##'%,<''/,/ (2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ $'&) ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 =41,/& /0 #'$ 0%3:%0#,.

E 80$&<,#<'%, 0 +, 2#'$3'2,-0$%0 2,#, %#,%,# 3,& /002'02', %&$'3&3$'3, 10$0#,'7,/, (0 /03'# 0$ , @+0 0,2#03', +$, 8,0 /0 3&$%#,33'$ &%0$'/, /0 %&/& & -3+&01+'/, /0 +$, 8,0 /0 3&$%#,33'&$0 ,%0#$,/, /0 & -3+&80&#0 0%0$&#0) ,1+$, 02'02', 2,#3',0.

PRIMIDONA

E +$, /#&1, %' 0$ %&/& & %'2& /0 02'02', 0302%& 0$ ,,+0$3',. Q+4-'3,-0$%0 0 2,#030 , 80$&<,#<'%, 3&$ 0 3+,3&-2,#%0 , -,&# 2,#%0 /0 + 2#&2'0/,/0 2+0%& @+0 0

-0%,<&'7, 0$ 0 =41,/& 2,#, /,# +1,# , ,@+: (,/0-6 /0 ,&%#& -0%,<&'%& ,3%';& , 80$'0%'-,&$,-'/,). P&# 0& &0803%& %0#,2:+%'3& ( %'3&) /0 , 2#'-'/&$, 0 /0<0$ 0$#0,'/,/ , + 3&$;0#'$ 0$ 80$&<,#<'%,.

CARBAMA%EPINA

E &%#& /0 & ,10$%0 2#'-,#'& 2,#, 0 3&$%#& /0 %&/& %'2& /002'02', , 03023'$ /0 /0 ,+0$3',. T,-<':$ 0 +%''7, 0$ ,$0+#,1', %#'10-'$, 3&$'%0$%0 0$ 3#'' /0 /&&# '$%0$& @+0,803%, , -'%,/ '$80#'&# /0 , 3,#,. L, 3,#<,-,702'$, 0 ,0-0?,

0$ + ,33'&$0 , , 80$'%&4$, ,+$@+0 %'0$0 -,&4$/'30%0#,2:+%'3&. S+ 0803%& 3&,%0#,0 & ,/;0#& &$ -,#0&&-$&0$3', #00@+0/,/ /0 , <&3, ;''$ <&##&,. T&/,0%, #0,33'&$0 2+0/0$ /'-'$+'# ' 0 '$'3', 0 %#,%,-'0$%& 3&$/&' <,?, +01& 0 '$3#0-0$%,$ 2#&1#0';,-0$%0 '20#'%0$ 0 /0<0 #0/+3'# , /&' & /03&$%'$+,# , -0/'3,3'$& -'-& 3+,$/& =,, '1$& /0 '$%&0#,$3', =026%'3, #0$, &,%0#,3'&$0 /0 , 3:+, /0 , ,$1#0.

ETOSUIMIDA

E%0 0 +$ -0/'3,-0$%& @+0 0 /0,##& 020348'3,-0$%0 2,#,0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 02'02', 10$0#,'7,/, /0 , ;,#'0/,/ /0









,+0$3',. S0 ,<&#<0 ,/03+,/,-0$%0 2&# ;4, &#, %'0$0 +$,;'/, -0/', /0 Z , \ =&#,. L& 0803%& 3&,%0#,0 '$3+0$-&0%', 1,%#&'$%0%'$,0 &-$&0$3', -,#0& 2#&<0-, /00@+''<#'&. V,#'& /0 0& /'-'$+0$ , -0/'/, @+0 0 3&$%'$,0 %#,%,-'0$%&.

VALPROATO

M0/'3,-0$%& %' 0$ ;,#'& %'2& /0 02'02', '$3+'/, , /0,+0$3', &%#, ;,#'0/,/0 10$0#,'7,/, 8&3,0. S0 ,<&#<0<'0$ 2&# ;4, &#, 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 0 #02&#%,$ -&0%',1,%#&'$%0%'$,0 /0 %'2& '##'%,%';& (0$,3'$ /0 ,#/&# $6+0, ;-'%&) , 3+,0 ;,$ /03#03'0$/& , -0/'/, @+0 ,;,$7, 0%#,%,-'0$%&. S0 =,$ #02&#%,/& '$ 0-<,#1& 3,& /0 /,&=026%'3& 1#,;0 @+0 #0@+'0#0$ /0 , ;'1',$3', /0 , 8+$3'$ /00%0 #1,$& , -0$& /+#,$%0 & 2#'-0#& 0' -00 /0 ,

,/-'$'%#,3'$.BEN%ODIA%EPINAS

L, 2#&2'0/,/0 0803%& ,$'&4%'3& /0 0%, 8,-'', /0+%,$3', =, '/& #0;',/, 0$ 0 3,24%+& !I. T&/, %'0$0$2#&2'0/,/0 ,$%'3&$;+';,$%0 20#& & ,1+$, /0 0, 0,/-'$'%#,$ 2#'-,#',-0$%0 2,#, 0%0 8'$. E /',702,- 0 +%''7,3&-& 86#-,3& /0 0033'$ 0$ 3,& /0 status epilepticus &0%,/& /0 -,. S0 %#,%, /0 3#'' 02':2%'3, 2#&&$1,/, @+03&$%'%+0$ +$, 0-0#10$3', $0+#&1'3,. L, '$033'$

'$%#,;0$&, /0 /',702,- 0 3,2,7 /0 '$%0##+-2'# 0%,='20#,3%';'/,/ 30#0<#, 0$ , -,&#4, /0 0%& 3,&.

O%#, <0$7&/',702'$, +,/, 0$ 3,& /0 02'02', /0 ,;,#'0/,/ /0 ,+0$3', 0$ 02'02', -'&3$'3, (0$ , @+0,2,#030$ 3&$%#,33'&$0 <#+3, '$;&+$%,#', 02&#6/'3, /0, -+3+,%+#, 3&#2&#,) @+0 $& #02&$/0$ , &%#, +%,$3',&$ 0 3&$,702,- 0 3&#,702,%&. D01#,3',/,-0$%0 &0803%& %0#,2:+%'3& /0 0%, /#&1, ;,$ /0,2,#03'0$/& 3&$ 0%'0-2& , 3,<& /0 0' -00 /0 %#,%,-'0$%& ,1+$& 2,3'0$%0#02&#%,$ , #0,2,#'3'$ /0 , 3#''.

E'%0$ &%#, /#&1, 3&$ 0803%& ,$%'02':2%'3& @+0 2+0/0$ 0#,2'3,/, 3+,$/& 8,%, ,1+$, /0 , ,$%0 -0$3'&$,/, -+3=, &%#, @+0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ 0$ 8,0 /0 020#'-0$%,3'$. L,020#,$7, /0 2&/0# 0$%0$/0# %#,%,# 2%'-,-0$%0 & /';0#&%'2& /0 02'02', 0 =, ;+0%& -6 #0,. E -:/'3& 08,#-,3&1& +3=,$ 2&# 3&$01+'# 0%& &<?0%';& '$ 0-<,#1&0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 0%& 2,3'0$%0 ( /0 -+3=& &%#& 3&$2,/03'-'0$%& $0+#&1'3& & 2'@+'6%#'3&) $& 2+0/03&-20%,#0 '$ , 2,#%'3'2,3'$ /0 , &3'0/,/. S0 =, ,%,$'7,/&, 2,3'0$%0 02':2%'3& 3,'8'36$/&& /0 20'1#&& ,1#0';& '$3,2,7

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2 I V " A G E N T E SA N T I P A R 4 I N S O N I A N O S

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





8+&#030$3', 20#-'%' /0-&%#,# @+0 0 ,%& 3&$%0$'/& /0 DA 0$0 $30& 3,+/,/& 1&<& 26'/& 0 /0<4, , , 0'%0$3', /0 +$,;4, /&2,-'$:#1'3, @+0 0 &#'1'$, 0$ , SN (;:,0 0 3,24%+& V).E$ \ . E=#'$10# O. &#$>'0'37 0$3&$%#,#&$ @+0 %0?'/&&<%0$'/& /0 ,+%&2', /0 2,3'0$%0 3&$ EP-&%#,<, /'-'$+3'$

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

FIGURA 2IV"I" Batología de la enfermedad de Bar6inson! a enfermedad deBar6inson es considerada como un síndrome (con"unto de signos y

síntomas) que consiste en la deficiencia dopaminérgica nigro0estriatal, esdecir, un cuadro en el que las ías neriosas que an desde la sustancia

negra hacia el estriado, y que son las proyecciones de las células que sinteti#an dopamina hacia el cuerpo estriado, se degeneran!

L, %0#,2', 2#0/&-'$,$%0 2,#, 0%, 0$80#-0/,/ 0 <6'3,-0$%08,#-,3&1'3, 0 /03'# -0/',$%0 /#&1,. A$%0 /0/03+<#'-'0$%& /0 , %0#,2', +%'%+%';, 3&$ L5DOPA 0 +%''7,<,$

& ,3,&'/0 /0 , <0,/&$, /0 & 3+,0 , ,%#&2'$, 0#, ,-6 3&-$. E%& 86#-,3& ,';',$ & 4$%&-, /0 #'1'/07





0-20,/,. A4 0 2&'<0 ,$%'3'2,# 3,-<'& 3+,$%'%,%';& 0$ ,#02+0%, 3+,$/& 0 3&-<'$,$ 86#-,3& @+0 ,3%,$ 0$ 0 -'-&#0302%&# & 0$ 3,& /0 '$%0#80#0$3', 3&$ , ,<&#3'$ /0-0/'3,-0$%& (2. 0?0-. 3,-<'& /0 2 & /0 %'0-2& /0;,3',-'0$%& 16%#'3&) & 3&$ + -0%,<&'-&.

LA AMANTADINA

E%, +%,$3', 8+0 '$%#&/+3'/, , , 34$'3, 3&-& ,10$%0 ,$%';'#, + 0803%& %0#,2:+%'3& 0$ , EP 8+0 /03+<'0#%& 0$ 8&#-,,33'/0$%,.

L, ,-,$%,/'$, 0 %' 3&-& %#,%,-'0$%& $'3& 0$ 3,& 0;0/0 EP. C&-2,#,/, 3&$ , L5DOPA 0 -0$& 08'3,7 20#&'10#,-0$%0 +20#'&# , & ,$%'3&'$:#1'3& (;:,0 -6 ,/0,$%0).S+ 0803%& -6'-& %&-, ,1+$& /4, 2,#, /0,##&,#0 20#& ;,

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E -03,$'-& /0 ,33'$ /0 , ,-,$%,/'$, 8+$/,-0$%,-0$%0%'0$0 0803%& &<#0 #0302%&#0 /&2,-'$:#1'3&.

FÁRMACOS ANTICOLINÉRGICOS

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L& 3&-2+0%& '$%:%'3& @+0 =,$ -&%#,/& 08'3,3', 0$, EP '$3+0$ 0 %#'=0'80$'/' , <0$7&%#&2'$, /0#';,/& /0 ,80$&%',7'$, 3&-& , 0%&2#&2,7'$, ,$%'='%,-4$'3& 3&-& ,/'80$='/#,-'$,.

E$,& 34$'3& 0$ +?0%& 3&$ EP -&%#,#&$ @+0 &,$%'3&'$:#1'3& 0#,$ %,$ 08'3,30 3&-& & ,3,&'/0 /0 ,

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2 V " A N T I E S P 1 S T I C O S

EL TÉRMINO ESPASTICIDAD SE APLICA 0$ 8&#-, 1&<, , %&/,,@+0, ,$&-,4, /0 , #01+,3'$ /0 %&$& /0 -3+&0@+0:%'3& @+0 #0+%,$ /0 0'&$0 , ;,#'& $';00 /0SNC. U$00-0$%& 34$'3& @+0 0 0$3+0$%#, 3,' '0-2#0 0$ 0%,,%0#,3'&$0 0 , ='20#03'%,<''/,/ /0 & ,-,/& #080?& /00%'#,-'0$%& %$'3&. E%& #080?& &3+##0$ 3+,$/& +$ -3+&0@+0:%'3& 0 0%'#,. , 0$%&$30 +$, 3&$%#,33'$ #080?,<#+3, @+0 2+0/0 01,# , 0# /&&#&, =,30 @+0 0 3&$%#&-+3+,# 0 /0%0#'&#0.

N& /0<0-& 3&$8+$/'# , 02,%'3'/,/ 3&$ & 02,-&

-+3+,#0. A-<& %:#-'$& #02#00$%,$ /'80#0$%0 %'2& /0%&$& -+3+,# ,+-0$%,/& @+0 #0+%,$ /0 2,%&&14, /'80#0$%0.L, 02,%'3'/,/ $& 0 0$ 4 +$, 0$80#-0/,/ '$& 3&$03+0$3',/0 ,%0#,3'&$0 3&-& , 030#&' -%'20 0$80#-0/,/030#0<#&;,3+,#0 (=0-&##,1', & 0-<&', 30#0<#,0) 2,#6''30#0<#, & 0'&$0 %#,+-6%'3, /0 30#0<#& & /0 , -:/+,02'$,. P&# &%#, 2,#%0 & 02,-& -+3+,#0 '1$'8'3,$ +$,+-0$%& '$;&+$%,#'& /0 , %0$'$ -+3+,# @+0 #0+%, /0,%0#,3'&$0 /0 %'2& '$8,-,%&#'& /0 -3+& 0@+0:%'3&.

E %#,%,-'0$%& 8,#-,3&1'3& /0 , 02,%'3'/,/ /0 &02,-& -+3+,#0 0 0$ , ,3%+,'/,/ 2+#,-0$%0'$%&-6%'3& /,/& @+0 0 +$ 3+,/#& @+0 2+0/0 &3+##'# 0$ ;,#','%+,3'&$0 &<0/030# , /'80#0$%0 8''&2,%&&14,.

CUADRO 2V"I" ;ela"antes musculares. :so clínico

Fármaco Espasticidad

Espasmo

muscular RELA*ANTES DEACCIÓNCENTRALB,3&8:$ !C,#'&2#&/& !C&#80$0'$, !C&#7&,&$, !D',702,- !M0%,,&$, !

M0%&3,#<,-& !O#80$,/#'$, !



RELA*ANTES DEACCIÓNMUSCULARD,$%#&0$0 !

L, 02,%'3'/,/ 0 +$& /0 & 3&-2&$0$%0 /0 /,& $0+#&1'3&,-,/& positivos & 3+,0 '$3+0$ 030& /0 ,3%';'/,/-&%&#, '$;&+$%,#', (%&$& #0,33'&$0 %0$/'$&, 02,-&80&#0 #080?& 0$ -,, /'%&$4, #02+0%, #080?,,$&#-,0 0%3.) 0$ #0,3'$ 3&$ & '1$& 4$%&-, negativos 3&-& &$ , /0<''/,/ 2,#6'' %0$/0$3', ,, 8,%'1, 2:#/'/, /0 3&$%#& 8'$& /0 & -&;'-'0$%&.

E$ , ,3%+,'/,/ & 0'%0 %#,%,-'0$%& 8,#-,3&1'3& 2,#, &'1$& 4$%&-, 2&'%';& , 20,# /0 @+0 & $01,%';& &$ %,$'$3,2,3'%,$%0 2,#, 0 2,3'0$%0 3&-& & 2#'-0#&.

L& 86#-,3& -6 08'3,30 3&$ @+0 0 3+0$%, 2,#, 0 3&$%#& /0, 02,%'3'/,/ '$3+0$ 0 <,3&8:$ 0 /',702,- 0 /,$%#&0$0.E$ $+0%#& -0/'& %,-<':$ 0 +%''7, 3&$ 8#03+0$3', 0-0%&3,#<,-& && (R&<,4$b) & 3&-<'$,/& 3&$ ,2'#'$,(R&<,',b). L& /& 2#'-0#& 0 %'-& ,3%,$ 0$ 0 SNC 0$2,#%'3+,# , $';0 /0 #0302%&# /0 GABA /0 3+, =,<,-& 0$ 03,24%+& V 0 %0#30#& 0?0#30 + ,33'&$0 /'#03%,-0$%0 &<#0 0-3+& 0@+0:%'3&.

EL BACLOFÉN

E +$ 2,#'0$%0 /0 GABA /'0,/& &#'1'$,-0$%0 3&-& +$/0#';,/& /0 :%0 3,2,7 /0 3#+7,# , <,##0#, =0-,%&0$3086'3,0%0 86#-,3& =, #0+%,/& +$ ,1&$'%, #0,%';,-0$%0 003%';&/0 $0+#&%#,$-'&#. L, #02+0%, 003%#&8''&1'3, , <,3&8:$0 #0'%0$%0 , & ,$%,1&$'%, 36'3& /0 GABA , <'3+3+'$, , 2'3#&%&'$, +1'#'0$/& @+0 + ,33'&$0 0 =,,$ -0/',/,2&# #0302%&#0 /'%'$%& , & /0 GABAA 2&# & %,$%& 3&$,33'&$0 '$/020$/'0$%0 /0 & 3,$,0 '$'3& , 3&#&. A 0%&#0302%&#0 '$0$'<0 , , <'3+3+'$, 0 0 3&$&30 3&-&#0302%&#0 GABAB.

E <,3&8:$ 0 0-20, 2,#, #0/+3'# , 8#03+0$3', 0;0#'/,/ /0& 02,-& 0%0$&#0 80&#0 2,#, /'-'$+'# , ='20#%&$4,-+3+,#.

S0 ,<&#<0 #62'/,-0$%0 2&# ;4, &#, 3&$ +$, ;'/, -0/', /00$%#0 %#0 3+,%#& =&#,. S+ ,/-'$'%#,3'$ '%:-'3, 0,3&-2,, 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 /0 0803%& ,/;0#& 3&-&&-$&0$3', -,#0& /0<''/,/ ,%,', 0%,/& 3&$8+'&$,0(/0&#'0$%,3'$ 0$ 0 %'0-2& 0$ 0 02,3'&). L, &<#0/'2+0/0 2#&/+3'# 3#'' 3&$;+';, /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#', 3&-,.N& 0 #03&-'0$/, +20$/0# <#+3,-0$%0 0 %#,%,-'0$%& 3#$'3&3&$ <,3&8:$.



E$ & %'-& ,& 0 =, 0-20,/& , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ '$%#,%03,(-0/',$%0 +$, ,1+?, /'#'1'/, , 3,$, 02'$,) /0 <,3&8:$ 3&$<+0$& #0+%,/&. E %#,%,-'0$%& '-2'3, 0 +& /0 +$, <&-<,/0 '$8+'$ 3&$%'$+, 2#&1#,-,<0 3&$ , ;0$%,?, /0 2&/0#,3,$7,# $';00 /0 86#-,3& -6 ,%& 0$ 0 SNC /'-'$+'# &

0803%& 3&,%0#,0.EL DIA%EPAM

C&-& 0 ;'& ,$%0#'&#-0$%0 0 /',702,- , '1+, @+0 &%#,<0$7&/',702'$, 0?0#30 + ,33'$ 8,3''%,$/& ,%#,$-''$ GABA:#1'3,. A $';0 /0 , -:/+, 02'$, 0%&0803%& 0 -,$'8'0%,$ 3&-& +$, /'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,3%';'/,/0:3%#'3, 02&$%6$0, & 2#&;&3,/, #01+,/, 2&# '$%0#$0+#&$,'$='<'%&#', 0$ + -,&#4, GABA:#1'3, & 1'3'$:#1'3, ,3+,0 2,#%'3'2,$ 0$ 3'#3+'%& /0 #0%#&,'-0$%,3'$ /0 '$='<'3'$

#03+##0$%0. U$, ,3%';,3'$ /0 0%, $0+#&$, & & 0803%& /0$0+#&%#,$-'&# '<0#,/& 0 -,$'8'0%, 3&-& +$ ,+-0$%& &2&%0$3',3'$ /0 , '$='<'3'$ 2#0'$62%'3,.

L& 0803%& ,$%'026%'3& /0 /',702,- &$ ,2,#0$%0 '$3+& 0$2,3'0$%0 3&$ 033'$ -0/+,# 3&-20%, '$/'3,$/& @+0 086#-,3& 0?0#30 /'#03%,-0$%0 + ,33'&$0 0$ 0 %0?'/& $0#;'&&.L& 0803%& 003%#&8''&1'3& '$3+0$ +$ ,+-0$%& /0 ,'$='<'3'$ /0 #080?& %0$/'$&& 2#&/+3'/, 2&# 0%4-+&;'<#,%&#'& @+0 3&$%#,%,$ 3&$ & 2#&/+3'/& 2&# 0 <,3&8:$.

L, #0,33'&$0 3&,%0#,0 /0 /',702,- '$3+0$ 0/,3'$,%,', 0$%'8'3,3'$ /0 , 8+$3'&$0 2'3&-&%&#, 0@+0/,/ /0, <&3, 308,0, -&0%', 16%#'3, 0%3. D02+: /0 ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ 3#$'3, 0 /',702,- '$/+30 3'0#%& 1#,/& /0/020$/0$3', 3&$ '1$& /0 ,<%'$0$3', @+0 2+0/0$ '$3+'#'$&-$'& +$, 0,30#<,3'$ /0 3+,/#& 026%'3&.

L, '$%0#,33'$ 0$%#0 0 /',702,- & /02#0&#0/0 SNC (,3&=& <,#<'%+#,%& $,#3%'3& ,$%'='%,-4$'3&) &80$&%',7'$, '$/+30 +$, 2&%0$3',3'$ /0 & 0803%& /02#0&#0.

E 86#-,3& 0 08'3,7 0$ 2,3'0$%0 3&$ 030#&' -%'20 &,%0#,3'&$0 2+#,-0$%0 02'$,0 0$ 2,#%'3+,# , #0,3'&$,/,3&$ %#,+-,%'-&.

O%#, <0$7&/',702'$, 0$,,/, 3&$ #0,%';& :'%& 0$ 3,& /002,%'3'/,/ '$3+0$ 0 >0%,7&,- 0 -'/,7&,-.

DANTROLENE

A /'80#0$3', /0 <,3&8:$ 0 /',702,- + ,33'&$0%0#,2:+%'3, 0 /0<0$ , @+0 ,3%, /'#03%,-0$%0 &<#0 0

-3+& 0@+0:%'3&. E /,$%#&0$0 %'0$0 +$ 0803%& /'80#0$3', 0$& /'80#0$%0 %'2& /0 8'<#, -+3+,#0H , +$'/,/0 #62'/,(, @+0 0 3&$%#,0$ #62'/,-0$%0 2&# 3&#%& 20#'&/&) &$



/0<''%,/, '1$'8'3,%';,-0$%0 -6 @+0 , 8'<#, 0$%, (,@+0,@+0 %'0$/0$ , 3&$%#,0#0 %$'3,-0$%0 2&# ,#1& 20#'&/& &$-6 #0'%0$%0 , , 8,%'1,) '$ ,803%,# , %#,$-''$$0+#&-+3+,#.

E /,$%#&0$0 0 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 08'3,7 0$ 2,3'0$%0 3&$02,%'3'/,/ /0 &#'10$ 30#0<#, & 02'$, , 03023'$ /0 ,030#&' -%'20 0$ , @+0 , 02,%'3'/,/ 2,#030 0# -6#0'%0$%0 , 0%0 ,10$%0.

E%0 86#-,3& 0 ,<&#<0 0$ 8&#-, '$3&-20%, 2&# ;4, &#,(,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 0 ^ /0 , /&') 0 -0%,<&'7, 0$ +-,&# 2,#%0 0$ 0 =41,/&. L, ;'/, -0/', 2,-6%'3, ,+$@+0;,#',<0 0 /0 ,#0/0/&# /0 $+0;0 =&#,. N& 0 =, #02&#%,/&%&0#,$3', /02+: /0 ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 3#$'3,.

E$%#0 & 0803%& ,/;0#& 0 -6 0#'& 3&$%'%+0 ,=02,%&%&'3'/,/ (/,& , =41,/&)H 0 =, #02&#%,/& =02,%'%' 8,%,0$ . , .^ /0 2,3'0$%0 %#,%,/& 3&$ 0%0 86#-,3& 2&# -6/0 \ /4,. P&# 0%, #,7$ 0 3&$;0$'0$%0 +20$/0# 0%#,%,-'0$%& 3&$ /,$%#&0$0 ' /02+: /0 Z /4, $& 0 =,&<0#;,/& -0?&#4, & ,$%0 ,%0#,3'&$0 =026%'3, @+0 2+0/0$/0%03%,#0 -0/',$%0 2#+0<, /0 ,<&#,%&#'&.

E 0803%& 3&,%0#, -6 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 #02&#%,/& 3&$ 0/,$%#&0$0 0 , /0<''/,/ @+0 2+0/0 0# -6 '$;,'/,$%0 @+0 ,-'-, 02,%'3'/,/ 0$ ,1+$& 2,3'0$%0.

E /,$%#&0$0 0 =, +%''7,/& && & 3&-<'$,/& 3&$ <,3&8:$. S+,&3',3'$ 3&$ 0 /',702,- 2+0/0 ,+-0$%,# & 3,#,3%0#4%'3&0803%& 0/,$%0 /0 0%0 %'-&.

C U A R T A P A R T E L O SP S I C O F 1 R M A C O S

EN ESTA PARTE HABLAREMOS DE LAS SUSTANCIAS QUE NOS PONEN 0$3&$%,3%& 3&$ #0,'/,/0 -6 ,6 /0 $+0%#, 20#3023'$ 0$&#',2#'-,#',. D#&1, 3+& 0803%& &3',0 $& &$ ,2,#0$%0 8+0#,/0 +$ 3&$%0%& 2,#%'3+,# , =&-<#0. F6#-,3& @+0 2+0/0$ 0;,#& %#,0# /0 , &3+#,. M&:3+, @+0 2+0/0$ ,';',# , -0,$3&4, &%#, @+0 2+0/0$ =,30#$& 0$%'# +20#'&#0.

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&2'& (;:,0 0 3,24%+& !). S0 =,$ 0$3&$%#,/& #0%& /0 ,-,2&,2,$%, /0 , 3+, 0 0%#,0 0 &2'& 0$ 03,;,3'&$0 /0 #0%&





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FIGURA I. &itios de acción de los psicof$rmacos! *n este esquema seilustra la tríada fundamental del sistema nerioso, compuesta por laterminal presin$ptica, la terminal postsin$ptica y la célula glial! a

din$mica del proceso de la neurotransmisión incluye arios pasos: laincorporación de amino$cidos ( AA ) ( I ) a sustancias m$s comple"as (p!

e"em!, neurotransmisores, NT ), y por ello m$s específicas ( 2 ), sumaduración y almacena"e en esículas ( 3 ), su liberación hacia el espacio

e'tracelular ( 4 ), sus efectos en receptores de otras neuronas, ligadas o noa segundos mensa"eros ( 5 ) o en la misma ( 6 ), su captación por célulasgliales ( 7 ), donde el transmisor puede interactuar con receptores ( R ) o

con transportadores ( T ) membranales, su inactiación, sea por recapturaa traés de transportadores ( T ) ( 8 ), o por metabolismo, frecuentementemitocondrial ( 9 )! -ada uno de estos pasos constituye un niel posible de

efecto de f$rmacos, sea para faorecer o para antagoni#ar la funciónneriosa!

AA H amino$cido NT H neurotransmisor R H receptor AR H

autorreceptor IC! mens! H sistema de segundosmensa"eros T H transportador!

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!VI. FÁRMACOS ANTIPSICÓTICOS !VII. FÁRMACOS USADOS EN TRASTORNOS AFECTIVOS !VIII. FÁRMACOS USADOS EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA

ANSIEDAD !I!. FÁRMACOS ESTIMULANTES DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO

CENTRAL !!. NOOTRÓPICOS !!I. PSICOTOMIMÉTICOS



















2 V I " F 1 R M A C O S A N T I P S I C Ó T I C O S

EISTEN VARIAS DROGAS &TILES 0$ 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 , 2'3&'.

R03&#/0-& @+0 , 2,,<#, 2'3&' '$/'3, +$ 4$%&-, (no 0 +$,0$80#-0/,/) ,&3',/& , +$, ;,#'0/,/ /0 3&$/'3'&$0 (;:,0,$%0) @+0 0 3,#,3%0#'7, 2&# , 2:#/'/, /0 3&$%,3%& 3&$ ,#0,'/,/ & /0803%& 1#,;0 0$ , 20#3023'$ /0 , -'-,. E$%#0, 0$80#-0/,/0 -0$%,0 @+0 0 -,$'8'0%,$ 2&# 0%,/&2'3%'3& , -6 8#03+0$%0 0 , esqui%ofrenia.

L, 0@+'7&8#0$', 0 +$, 0$80#-0/,/ @+0 ,<,#3, 30#3, /0 ^ /0, 2&<,3'$ 10$0#,. E$ 2,#%0 0 %#,$-'%0 10$:%'3,-0$%0 (0$3,' , -'%,/ /0 & 10-0& '/:$%'3& , ,%0#,3'$ 0 2#00$%,0$ ,-<&) +30/0 0$ 8&#-, #03+##0$%0 (0 /03'# 02'&/'&

2'3%'3& #020%'/& 2&# ;,#'& -00). ,%, , 803=, $& 03+0$%, 3&$ +$, 2#+0<, 8+$3'&$, & <'&@+4-'3, 2,#, =,30# 0/',1$%'3& /0 0@+'7&8#0$',.

S0 =,$ 3&$'/0#,/& /& %'2& /0 0@+'7&8#0$',H I ) 0@+'7&8#0$',3&$ '1$& 2&'%';& & %'2& H /0'#'& ,+3'$,3'&$0 ,1'%,3'$/03&$%#& 0-&3'&$,. S0 0 =, ,&3',/& , ='20#,3%';'/,/ /0'%0-, /&2,-'$:#1'3& (;:,0 0 3,24%+& V) 2) 0@+'7&8#0$',3&$ '1$& $01,%';& & %'2& H 8,%, /0 #0,33'&$0 0-&3'&$,0(0 ,-,/& ,2,$,-'0$%& ,803%';&) /02#0$/'-'0$%& /0 +?0%&/0 + ,-<'0$%0 ,$=0/&$', ('$3,2,3'/,/ 2,#, 020#'-0$%,#

2,30#) 8,%, /0 0$0#14, #0%,#/& 2'3&-&%&# 0%3. 20#& '$,+3'$,3'&$0 & /0'#'& 1#,;0. E +$, ,%0#,3'$$0+#&/010$0#,%';, 2+0 0 =,$ 0$3&$%#,/& 0$ 0%& 2,3'0$%0-0$&# %,-,& 30#0<#, -,&# ;&+-0$ ;0$%#'3+,# ,%0#,3'&$0,$,%-'3, 0$ & <+& 8#&$%, %0-2&#, 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 /0=0-'80#'& 30#0<#, '7@+'0#/& ,4 3&-& /'-'$+3'$ /0-,#3,/&#0 , /';0#& $0+#&%#,$-'&#0. E%0 4$/#&-0 %'2& %'0$/0 , ,2,#030# , 0/,/0 %0-2#,$, /0 -,$0#, '$'/'&,.

T&/& & ,10$%0 ,$%'2'3%'3& &$ '1+,-0$%0 08'3,30 2,#,#0/+3'# & 4$%&-,. D0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ + 0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, 00 =, ,1#+2,/& 0$ 8,-'',H , /0 , fenotia%inas 3&$ &%'&,$%0$& , /'<0$7&/',702'$, (3&-& , 3&7,2'$, +$ $+0;&,$%'2'3%'3& @+0 0 -+0%#, 2#&-0%0/&#) , /'<0$7&,702'$,(3&-& , &,2'$,) 3&-& ,10$%0 #0,3'&$,/&, butirofenonas (3&-& 0 =,&20#'/&) , difenilbutilpiperidinasH ,indolonas (3&-& , -&'$/&$,) &%#& ,10$%0 ,-,/& =0%0#&343'3& 8'$,-0$%0 &alcaloidesde la rau<olfia.

P0#& 3&-& /034,-& , 20,# /0 , /'80#0$3', /0 ,

0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, 0$%#0 & ,$%'2'3%'3& 0%, /#&1, 02,#030$ 0$ + 0803%& 2&# & @+0 2,#, /03#'<'#& 2&/0-&





%&-,# 3&-& #080#0$3', 0 ,$%'2'3%'3& -6 ,$%'1+&H ,3&#&2#&-,7'$,.

L& 0803%& 30$%#,0 /0 , 3&#&2#&-,7'$, 3&$%'%+0$ 04$/#&-0 $0+#&:2%'3& 0 3+, ,2,#030 3&-& +$ 3+,/#& /0

0/,3'$ 0$%'8'3,3'$ 2'3&-&%&#, 0-&3'&$, +2#0'$ /0-&;'-'0$%& 02&$%6$0& /0 3&$/+3%, 3&-20?, #0/+33'$/0 , '$'3',%';, /0 '$%0#: 0$ 0 -0/'& (0 /'30 @+0 &0%4-+& 0%0#$& 0 #0<,,$ & #0<&%,$ 0$ 0 2,3'0$%0) '$@+0 0%& '1$'8'@+0 @+0 0 +?0%& $& #0,33'&$0 ,$%0 + -0/'&H '0 /+0#-0 0 0 2+0/0 /020#%,# 3&$ #0,%';, 8,3''/,/ 3&$%0%,, , 2#01+$%, /'#03%, -,$%'0$0 + 8+$3'&$0 '$%003%+,00%3. ,/0-6 /0 @+0 0 2#00#;,$ & #080?& 02'$,0. E /03'#$& 0 @+0 0 +?0%& 0 0$3+0$%#0 0/,/& 2&# 0%, 3,+, 02#&/+73,$ & /0-6 0803%&. L& <,#<'%#'3& , /&' <,?,%,-<':$ '$/+30$ 0/,3'$ (;:,0 0 3,24%+& !I) 20#& 3,#030$

%&%,-0$%0 /0 0803%& ,$%'2'3%'3&.

L& 0803%& ,$%'2'3%'3& ;,$ ,2,#03'0$/& 0$%,-0$%0 , -0/'/,@+0 0 %#,%,-'0$%& ,;,$7,H , ,1'%,3'$ , '$@+'0%+/ ;,$/'-'$+0$/& , 3&-+$'3,3'$ 3&$ & /0-6 3&$ 0 -0/'& 0;, '$3#0-0$%,$/& , 3&$/+3%, '-2+';, & ,1#0';, ;,$/0,2,#03'0$/& , -'-, %0$/0$3', 0 &<0#;, 0$ 0 3,& /0 ,,+3'$,3'&$0 /0'#'& /0&#1,$'7,3'$ /0 20$,-'0$%&. C&-&0 2+0/0 ,2#03',# & 4$%&-, 2&'%';& #02&$/0$ -0?&# , ,%0#,2', 8,#-,3&1'3, @+0 & 4$%&-, $01,%';&.

U$, 1#,$ ;,#'0/,/ /0 %:3$'3, 003%#&8''&1'3, $0+#&@+4-'3, =,$ -&%#,/& @+0 & ,$%'2'3%'3& &$<&@+0,/&#0 /0 & #0302%&#0 /&2,-'$:#1'3& /,/, , ,-2',/'%#'<+3'$ /0 0%& #0302%&#0 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 30$%#, 20#'8:#'3& 0%, +%,$3', -+0%#,$ 0803%& , /';0#& $';00H,3%,$ &<#0 0 1#+2& /0 $0+#&$, #02&$,<0 /0 #080?& /0;-'%& & $0+#&:2%'3& 0?0#30$ 2&%0$%0 ,33'&$0 ,$%'0-:%'3,(3&$%#, 0 ;-'%&) 2&# + 0803%& 0$ 0 '%0-, 0$/&3#'$&0%, +%,$3', ,+-0$%,$ , 03#03'$ /0 2#&,3%'$, , 3+,2+0/0 2#&/+3'# 1,,3%&##0, (03#03'$ /0 03=0 2&# , 16$/+,

-,-,#',) 1'$03&-,%', (0,10#,3'$ /0 , 3,#,3%0#4%'3,0+,0 03+$/,#', 3&-& 3#03'-'0$%& /0 , -,-,),-0$&##0, ('$%0##+23'$ /0 & 3'3& -0$%#+,0) ,1#,;,3'$/0 %+-&#0 0$'<0 , , =&#-&$, (3&-& 0 36$30# /0 -,-,)0%3:%0#,.

E$ & @+0 0 #08'0#0 , , 8,#-,3&3'$:%'3, 0 -0%,<&'-& /0 &,$%'2'3%'3& , 20,# /0 @+0 0'%0$ /'80#0$3', 0$%#0 0& 02+0/0$ =,30# ,1+$, 10$0#,'7,3'&$0H /,/, + ,%, &+<''/,/0$ 1#,, ,%#,;'0,$ 863'-0$%0 %&/& %'2& /0 <,##0#, <'&1'3,('$3+0$/& , 2,30$%,#',) + /'%#'<+3'$ 0%6 /0%0#-'$,/,

0$ 1#,$ 2,#%0 2&# 0 8+?& ,$1+4$0& 2&# & @+0 & #1,$&#'3,-0$%0 '##'1,/& 3&-& 0 30#0<#& #03'<0$ 1#,$ 3,$%'/,/ /0





86#-,3&. P&# &%#, 2,#%0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 2,#0$%0#, 0 -+3=&-6 08'3,7 @+0 , &#, 2,#, 2#&/+3'# 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 ,$1+4$0,-,&#0 -6 0%,<0H 0 0803%& %#,$@+''7,$%0 ,2,#030,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 , & \ -'$+%& /0 , '$10%'$ -'$+%&/02+: /0 , '$033'$ '$%#,-+3+,#. E 0803%& ,$%'2'3%'3& '$

0-<,#1& #0@+'0#0 /0 ;,#', 0-,$, & -00 2,#,-,$'80%,#0.

E'%0$ ;,#'& %'2& /0 2#02,#,3'&$0 8,#-,3:+%'3, '$03%,<0,1+$, /0 '<0#,3'$ 2#&&$1,/, 2&# & @+0 0 2+0/0,/-'$'%#,# 0 -0/'3,-0$%& , '$%0#;,& /0 ;,#', 0-,$,. E%0%'2& /0 2#02,#,3'$ =, #0+%,/& %' 0$ +?0%& @+0 0 #0'%0$ ,, 2#02,#,3'&$0 2&# ;4, &#,.

D,/& @+0 & ,$%'2'3%'3& 0 ,/-'$'%#,$ ++,-0$%0 2&#20#'&/& 2#&&$1,/& ,2,#030 , 2#01+$%, &<#0 0 #'01& /0

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

U$ 3,24%+& '-2&#%,$%0 /0 , 8,#-,3&&14, /0 0%, +%,$3', 0#08'0#0 , + %&'3'/,/ 0803%& 3&,%0#,0. P&# , -'-, #,7$01#'-'/, ,$%0 0 +& 3&$%'$+& /0 ,$%'2'3%'3& 0 , #01, 2&# 0& 0 00;,/& 0 #'01& /0 , #0,33'&$0 ,/;0#,. N&&;'/0-& '$ 0-<,#1& @+0 & ,$%'2'3%'3& &$ /#&1, -+01+#, 2+0 + -,#10$ /0 01+#'/,/ 0 ,%&.

E$ 0 SNC , #0,33'&$0 ,/;0#, '$3+0$H

9atisia. E , -6 8#03+0$%0 0 2+0/0 /08'$'# 3&-& ,

'-2&'<''/,/ /0 20#-,$030# %#,$@+'&. E 2,3'0$%0 020#'-0$%,%&/& 0 %'0-2& 3'0#%, +#10$3', 2&# -,$%0$0#0 0$ -&;'-'0$%& 0 '-2&#%,$%0 $& 3&$8+$/'# 0%0 '1$& 3&$ ,1'%,3'$. E%,3&$8+'$ ,3,##0, 3&$ 8#03+0$3', 0 ,+-0$%& /0 , /&' /0,$%'2'3%'3& 2#&;&36$/&0 +$ 34#3+& ;'3'&& @+0 3&$/+308&#7&,-0$%0 , +$, -,&# %&'3'/,/. S' , ,>,%'', 0 ;+0;0 +$2#&<0-, 2,#, 0 2,3'0$%0 0 2+0/0 #0/+3'# , /&' & 3,-<',# /0,$%'2'3%'3&.

istonías. S&$ 3&$%#,33'&$0 -+3+,#0 '$;&+$%,#', @+02+0/0$ -,$'80%,#0 3&-& 10%'3+,3'$ -+03, %&#%43&' &-&;'-'0$%& &3+,#0 0,10#,/&. E%, /'%&$4, 2+0/0$ &3+##'#/0/0 0 '$'3'& /0 %#,%,-'0$%& 2+0/0$ ,+%,# , 2,3'0$%0 & ,



+ 8,-'',#0 20#& 0 3&$%#&,$ 08'3,7-0$%0 3&$ &,$%'3&'$:#1'3& @+0 0 +%''7,$ 0$ 0 2,#>'$&$'-& (;:,0 0 3,24%+& !IV).

Síndrome par9insoniano. E%, /#&1, 2#&/+30$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0

0$%'8'3,3'$ /0 & -&;'-'0$%& (<#,/'3'$0',) 3'0#%, #'1'/07-+3+,# (='20#%&$4,) @+0 '$3+0 & -3+& /0 , 3,#,2#&/+3'0$/& +$, 8,7 '$02#0';, (3,#, /0 2,&) %0-<&#.E%& '1$& 2+0/0$ 0# '$/'%'$1+'<0 /0 +$ 2,#>'$&$'-&00$3', & '/'&26%'3&.

isquinesia tardía. E +$ 4$/#&-0 1#,;0 @+0 2+0/0 2#00$%,#03&$ %&/& & ,$%'2'3%'3& /02+: /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$2#&&$1,/, (-00 & ,&) 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ 2,3'0$%0 ;'0?&0$ , ^ /0 2,3'0$%0 =&2'%,'7,/& @+0 0 %#,/+30 0$-&;'-'0$%& '$;&+$%,#'& 0%0#0&%'2,/& #020%'%';& /0 ,

<&3, & ,<'& , 0$1+, /0 , 0%#0-'/,/0 , ,/&23'$ /02&'3'&$0 0%#,, 3&$ 3&$%#,3%+#, -+3+,#0 2#&&$1,/,.L, ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 /#&1, ,$%'2,#>'$&$',$, ,1#,;, 0%03+,/#& 20#& ,1+$& -:/'3& , =,$ +%''7,/& 2,#, 2#0;0$'# 02#&<0-,. L, /'@+'$0', %,#/4, 0 +$ 4$/#&-0 @+0 2+0/0 /+#,#,#1& %'0-2& , 20,# /0 '$%0##+-2'#0 0 %#,%,-'0$%&. E2,3'0$%0 /0<0 0%,# '$8&#-,/& /0 0%0 #'01&.

Síndrome neuroléptico maligno. E%, 0 +$, ,%0#,3'$ #,#, 3&$3#'' 1#,;0 /0 2,#>'$&$'-& 3,%,%&$', %0-<&# ,%0#,3'&$0/0 , 8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, , 2#0'$ ,#%0#', ,+-0$%& /0 ,

%0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#, 0%3. E +$, +#10$3', -:/'3, 2+0 ,-&#%,'/,/ 2+0/0 ,3,$7,# 0 ^ /0 & 3,&.

=risis convulsivas. P+0/0$ &3+##'# 0$ 0 ^ /0 & 2,3'0$%0%#,%,/& 3&$ ,$%'2'3%'3& ,+$@+0 +$& /0 0& , 3&7,2'$, ,2+0/0 2#&;&3,# 0$ 3,' 0 ^ /0 0&.

A $';0 /0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 20#'8:#'3& & ,$%'2'3%'3& 2+0/0$2#&/+3'# 3&$%'2,3'$ 0@+0/,/ /0 , <&3, 3&$10%'$ $,,;''$ <&##&, /',%,3'$ 2+2',# 8&%&8&<', (%0-&# , , +7)%,@+'3,#/', #0%0$3'$ +#'$,#', ,+-0$%& /0 20& 3&#2&#,

,%0#,3'&$0 ,$1+4$0,.

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E%0 %'-& 2+$%& /0<0 +<#,,#0H +$ 8,3%&# '-2&#%,$%0 0$ 0:'%& /0 %#,%,-'0$%& 3&$ ,$%'2'3%'3& 0 , 0/+3,3'$ /02,3'0$%0. S0 0 /0<0 '$8&#-,# /0 #'01& /0 & 0803%&3&,%0#,0 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 /0 , ,>,%'',. U$ 2,3'0$%0 -,

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+%,$3', /02#0&#, 2&# 0 20'1#& /0 2&%0$3',3'$ /0 ,0/,3'$ ='2&%0$'$ 8,, #02'#,%&#',.

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P,#, %0#-'$,# 0%0 3,24%+& /0<0-& =,30# ='$3,2': @+0 0%#,%,-'0$%& 8,#-,3&1'3& /0 , 0@+'7&8#0$', /0<0 ,3&-2,,#0/0 %0#,2', ,-<'0$%,0 /0 2'3&%0#,2', %,$%& /0 -'-&2,3'0$%0 3&-& /0 + 8,-'',. U$ %#,%,-'0$%& '$%01#, ,+-0$%,'1$'8'3,%';,-0$%0 , 2#&<,<''/,/0 /0 :'%&.

CUADRO 2VI"I" Antipsicóticos.4ombre

>enérico =omercial osis usual"rango$"mg$

Sedación EEP

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2 V I I " F 1 R M A C O S U S A D O S E NT R A S T O R N O S A F E C T I V O S

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CUADRO 2VII"I" Antidepresios!4ombre

>enérico =omercial

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Sedación

TRICÍCLICOS O RELACIONADOS

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0%0#&'/0 & /03&$10%'&$,$%0 $,,0 , -0/'3,3'$,$%',-6%'3, & 2&# , '$%0##+23'$ <#+3, /0 $0+#& &2'3&86#-,3&.

C) S4$%&-, /0 ,$'0/,/ @+0 8&#-,$ 2,#%0 /0 +$, 0$80#-0/,/

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

2#'$3'2'& /0 %#,%,-'0$%& & 3&-& 0803%& ,/;0#& 20#'%0$%0(2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ +?0%& @+0 -,$0?,$ ,1$ ,2,#,%& &-6@+'$,).

E 2#'$3'2, 1#+2& /0 ,10$%0 ,$'&4%'3& 0 0 /0 ,<0$7&/',702'$, (BD%). (E%, +%,$3', 8+0#&$ %#,%,/, 0$ +0803%& 0/,$%0 0 ='2$%'3& ,$%'3&$;+';& /0 #0,?,3'$-+3+,# 0$ 0 3,24%+& !I. A@+4 $& /0/'3,#0-& , + 0803%&,$'&4%'3&).

E'%0$ -+3=, BD% ,1+$, /0 , +%''7,/, =,%, , 803=, &$H

0 3&#&/',702'/& 0 /',702,- 0 &,702,- 0 3&#,702,%& 0&#,702,- 0 2#,702,- 0 ,2#,7&,- 3&$,702,- 8+#,702,-%0-,702,- %#',7&,- @+,702,- 3&<,7,- 0%3:%0#,.

D03#'<'#0-& + 0803%& %&-,$/& 3&-& #080#0$3', 03&#&/',702'/& 0 /',702,- /& /0 & -6 ,$%'1+&.

L, BD% ,3%,$ 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 8,3''%,$/& ,$0+#&%#,$-''$ -0/',/, 2&# 0 GABA(;:,0 0 3,24%+& V) 0$2,#%'3+,# 0$ & #0302%&#0 /0 GABA %'2& A. A &3+2,# 0 GABA+#0302%&#0 0 2#&/+30 , ,20#%+#, /0 3,$,0 '$'3& 20#-0,<0

, 3&#&. C+,$/& 0 3&#& 0$%#, , , 3:+, 0 '$%0#'&# /0 :%, 0;+0;0 -6 $01,%';& /'-'$+0$/& ,4 , 03'%,<''/,/. E$ &%#,2,,<#, 0 GABA '$='<0 , $0+#&$, (/'-'$+0 , 2#&<,<''/,/ /0@+0 :%, 0 03'%0). L& @+0 =,30$ , BD% 0 ,+-0$%,# ,8#03+0$3', /0 ,20#%+#, /0 0%& 3,$,0 '$'3& 0$'<0 , 3&#& ,3%';,/& 2&# 0 GABA 0 /03'# 2&%0$3',$ , ,33'$ /0GABA.M0$3'&$0-& /0 2,& @+0 & <,#<'%#'3& %,-<':$ 8,;&#030$ ,$0+#&%#,$-''$GABA:#1'3, 20#& ,+-0$%,$/& , duración /0 ,,20#%+#, /0 & 3,$,0 /0 3&#&.

E%+/'& $0+#&@+4-'3& #03'0$%0 =,$ -&%#,/& @+0 0 #0302%&#/0 GABA '$3+0 /0$%#& /0 + 0%#+3%+#, -&03+,# ,/0-6 /0





3,$, /0 3&#& '%'& /0 #03&$&3'-'0$%& /0 , <0$7&/',702'$, & <,#<'%#'3& 0$%#0 &%#& &$ 2+0 #0302%&#0 0$/10$&(@+0 0'%0$ 0$ 8&#-, $,%+#, 0$ 0 '$%0#'&# /0 $+0%#&&#1,$'-&) /0 , BD%. E20#'-0$%& 0$ ,$'-,0 =,$ -&%#,/&@+0 ' ,/-'$'%#,-& ,$%,1&$'%, /0 , BD% 0 2#&/+30$

3&$;+'&$0 , 3+,0 2+0/0$ 0# ,$%,1&$'7,/, 3&$ ,1&$'%,/0 #0302%&# (;:,0 0 3,24%+& VII) 3&$8'#-,$/& /0 0%, -,$0#,& 0803%& /0 , BD% 0$ , #01+,3'$ /0 , 03'%,<''/,/$0+#&$,. A/0-6 /0 + ,33'&$0 0$ 0 GABA , BD% %,-<':$0?0#30$ 3'0#%& 0803%& &<#0 & '%0-, 3,%03&,-'$:#1'3& @+0@+'76 3&$%#'<+,$ , + 2#&2'0/,/0 ,$'&4%'3, 0 ='2$%'3,.

E$ #0,3'$ 3&$ + 3'$:%'3, , BD% /'8'0#0$ 0$ 3+,$%& , +,<&#3'$ 0$ , ,%0$3', 3&$ , @+0 ,2,#030$ + 0803%& +-0%,<&'-& , /+#,3'$ /0 + 0803%&. D0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ 0%,;,#',<0 0 0 +%''7, 34$'3,-0$%0 0$ , /'80#0$%0 ;,#'0/,/0/0 3+,/#& /0 ,$'0/,/. A4 0 /',702,- 0 3&#,702,%& 0,<&#<0$ #62'/,-0$%0 2&# ;4, &#, ,3,$7,$/& $';00,$1+4$0& -6'-& , , =&#, -0/', /0 , '$10%'$. E/',702,- ,3%, 3,' '$-0/',%,-0$%0 /02+: /0 + '$033'$'$%#,;0$&, & @+0 & =,30 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 0033'$ 0$ 3,&/0 3&$;+'&$0 20#'%0$%0 (status 02':2%'3& ;:,0 0 3,24%+& !V). E$ 3&$%#,%0 3,' %&/, , BD% @+'76 , 03023'$ /0&#,702,- 0 ,<&#<0$ '##01+,#-0$%0 /02+: /0 , '$033'$'$%#,-+3+,#. L, BD% 0 -0%,<&'7,$ 0$ 0 =41,/& 2&# & @+0 02#03'& ,/-'$'%#,#, 3&$ 3+'/,/& 0$ 2,3'0$%0 3&$ /,&

=026%'3&.L& 0803%& 3&,%0#,0 /0 , BD% '$3+0$H 0/,3'$ &-$&0$3', /'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,%0$3'$ ,-$0', ,$%0#1#,/,(&;'/& /0 =03=& #03'0$%0 3&$ 3&$0#;,3'$ /0 , -0-&#', /0+30& ,$%'1+&) /'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,1+/07, -0$%, /0 ,3&&#/'$,3'$ -+3+,# & 3+, 2+0/0 3&$/+3'# , #'01& 0$+?0%& @+0 -,$0?,$ & @+0 %#,<,?,$ 3&$ -6@+'$,2&%0$3',-0$%0 20'1#&,. E%& 0803%& 0 2&%0$3',$ 3&$ 0,3&=&. S0 =,$ #02&#%,/& 3'0#%& 0803%& 0+8&#'7,$%0 /0, BD% & /0 /0'$='<'3'$ @+0 @+'76 0%:$ #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ ,

/'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,$'0/,/. O%#, ,33'&$0 '$020348'3, /0, BD%&$H ,+-0$%& /0 20& /&&# /0 3,<07, #0,33'&$0,:#1'3, 3+%6$0, '##01+,#'/,/0 -0$%#+,0 ,%0#,3'&$0 /0, 8+$3'$ 0+, 0%3:%0#,.

Q+'76 0 0803%& '$/00,<0 -6 0#'& /0 , BD% 0 + 2&%0$3',,/'3%';&H 0 +& #020%'/& /0 0%, +%,$3', 2#&/+30 %&0#,$3',/020$/0$3', 84'3, 2'3&1'3, ,/0-6 /0 @+0 , '$%0##+23'$<#+3, /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ 2#&&$1,/, 0 ,3&-2,, /0 +$4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3',. (E%& ,203%& 0 %#,%,#,$ 3&$ -6/0%,0 0$ , Q+'$%, P,#%0 /0 0%, &<#,).












C&-& 0$ 0 3,& /0 3,' %&/& & 86#-,3& $& 0 3&$;0$'0$%0,/-'$'%#,# BD% /+#,$%0 0 0-<,#,7&.

O%#& ,10$%0 ,$'&4%'3& /0 #03'0$%0 '$%#&/+33'$ /0 ,-2',+%''7,3'$ 0 , buspirona(B+2,#b). E%, +%,$3', 20#%0$030 ,

+$ +<1#+2& @+4-'3& $+0;& 0 /0 , ,7,2'#&$, 3&$2#&2'0/,/0 ,$'&4%'3, 2+#, 0 /03'# , /'80#0$3', /0, BD% $& 2&00 0803%& 0/,$%0 ='2$%'3& ,$%'3&$;+';,$%0& /0 #0,?,3'$ -+3+,#. S0 #0@+'0#0$ /0 %#0 , 0' 0-,$, /0%#,%,-'0$%& 2,#, &<0#;,# & 0803%& ,$'&4%'3& -6'-&. E%&'1$'8'3, @+0 2+0/0 0# $030,#'& '$'3',# 0 %#,%,-'0$%& ,$'&4%'3&3&$ BD%, , 3+,0 ,3%,$ -6 #62'/,-0$%0 /02+: '#,+%'%+0$/& 2#&1#0';,-0$%0 3&$ <+2'#&$,.

L, <+2'#&$, $& '$%0#,3%, 3&$ 0 #0302%&# /0 GABA + 0803%&2,#030$ 0%,# -6 #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ , 0#&%&$'$, , /&2,-'$,.

T,-2&3& '$%0#,3%, '1$'8'3,%';,-0$%0 3&$ &%#& 3&-2+0%& ,03023'$ /0 & IMAO /0 =,&20#'/&. L, 3&-<'$,3'$ 3&$,3&=& 2+0/0 0# #'01&,. S+ -,#10$ /0 01+#'/,/ 0 <,%,$%0,-2'& &$ #,#& & 3,& /0 '$%&'3,3'$.

FIGURA 2VIII"I" &itios de acción de las 5#n6odia6#)ina$ y los barbituratos! Aquí se esquemati#a uno de los tipos de receptor del GABA tipo A! *stamolécula est$ constituida por arias subunidades que forman el canal

iónico y contienen sitios de reconocimiento de arias sustancias,incluyendo al mismo GABA , los cuales se ilustran aquí! a ocupación de

estos sitios puede conducir a aumentar (agonistas) o disminuir(antagonistas) la actiidad del receptor y el canal iónico asociado! Bor

e"emplo, los barbit.ricos y los 5#n6odia6#)ina$ faorecen los efectos delneurotransmisor, es decir, potencian la inhibición (recuérdese que

el GABA inhibe al aumentar la concentración intracelular de cloro)! A lainersa, si se bloquean estos sitios, se produce una desinhibición que

puede proocar conulsiones! a actiidad de algunos de los agonistas

alostéricos (éase el te'to) requieren de la presencia del GABA ! Tal es el



caso de los esteroides neuroactios!

L& 0803%& 3&,%0#,0 -6 8#03+0$%0 &$H /&&# /0 3,<07,-,#0& $6+0,. E #'01& /0 /0,##&,# ,/'33'$ , , <+2'#&$,

0 <,%,$%0 -6 <,?& @+0 2,#, , BD%.E '-2&#%,$%0 #03&#/,# @+0 , ,$'0/,/ #0,3'&$,/, 3&$ 0 0%#:%'0$0 3,+, '/0$%'8'3,<0. L& %#,$@+''7,$%0 $& 3+#,$ $'$1$2,/03'-'0$%& $' ,%,3,$ /'#03%,-0$%0 3,+, ,1+$,. S&,-0$%02#&/+30$ ,';'& /0 & 4$%&-, 20#& $& ,3%,$ &<#0 0 &#'10$#0, /0 2,/03'-'0$%&. S+ +& /0<0 0# 2&# 20#'&/& <#0;02+0 ' 0 2#&&$1, =, 0 #'01& /0 /0,##&,# %&0#,$3', /020$/0$3', 84'3, 24@+'3,. P&# 0%& %'-& $& 0 /0<0'$%0##+-2'# <#+3,-0$%0 0 %#,%,-'0$%& ' $& 1#,/+,-0$%0/'-'$+0$/& , /&' 2#&1#0';,-0$%0.

Y #02'%,-&H $& /0<0 3&-<'$,#0 0 ,3&=& 3&$ 2'3&86#-,3&.P,#, %0#-'$,# /'1,-& @+0 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 , ,$'0/,/ /0<0<,,#0 0$ +$ /',1$%'3& 2#03'& +$ 0%+/'& /0%,,/& /02,3'0$%0. D0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ 0 %'2& /0 ,$'0/,/ /0 @+0 0 %#,%0 ,40#6 , 0033'$ /0 ,$'&4%'3&. A1+$& %'2& /0 ,$'0/,/#0@+'0#0$ /0 +& /0 &%#& ,10$%0 3&-& & ,$%'/02#0';&. E$0 3+,/#& !VIII.I. 0 /,$ ,1+$& 0?0-2& /0 %#,%,-'0$%&,$'&4%'3& (;:,0 %,-<':$ 0 3+,/#& !VIII.2 2. \).

CUADRO 2VIII"I" Tratamientos ansiolíticos6ipo de ansiedad FármacoD

. A$'0/,/10$0#,'7,/,

B+2'#&$,(B+2,#b)

. A$'0/,/#0,3'&$,/, 3&$ 00%#:

D',702,-(V,'+-b)C&#&/',702'/&(L'<#'+-b)C&#,702,%&(B&$,#0b)O,702,-(T#,$0$0b)L&#,702,-(A%';6$b)A2#,7&,-(T,8'b) C&<,7,-(U#<,/6$b)0%3:%0#,

. C#'' /0 26$'3& A2#,7&,-A$%'/02#0';&%#'343'3&I$='<'/&#0 /0,MAO C&$,702,-



(R';&%#'b)Z. F&<', &3',0 P#&2#,$&&

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+%,$3', %'0$0 ;,#'&. C+,@+'0# 2#00$%,3'$ 8,#-,3:+%'3,/0<0 0# 0@+';,0$%0 0$ 3+,$%& , + 08'3,3', '$ 0-<,#1&0'%0$ 1#,$/0 /'80#0$3', /0 2#03'& 0$%#0 0,. E%0 8,3%&#/0<0 0# 3&$'/0#,/& 2&# 0 -:/'3& ,$%0 /0 001'# ,1+$,2#00$%,3'$ 0$ 2,#%'3+,#.

CUADRO 2VIII"2" Ansiolíticos4ombre

>enérico =omercial

osisusual

"rango$"mg$

3idamedia"#oras$

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L& ;,&#0 /0 , /&' , ;'/, -0/', /0 %&/& 0%& 86#-,3&2+0/0$ ;,#',# /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ , %&0#,$3', 3&$ 3,/, +?0%&(;:,0 0 %0%&).

2 I 2 " F 1 R M A C O S E S T I M U L A N T E S D E LS I S T E M A N E R V I O S O C E N T R A L

ESTAS SUSTANCIAS %,-<':$ ,-,/, 2'3&0%'-+,$%02'3&%$'3& 2'3&,$,:2%'3& & 0$0#1'7,$%0 24@+'3& &$/#&1, @+0 %'0$0$ ;,#'& 0803%& <0$:8'3& 20#& -+0%#,$ +$1#,$ 2&%0$3', /0 ,<+&. S0 =, 3,'8'3,/& , & 0%'-+,$%0/0 SNC 0$ menores ma!ores. L& 0%'-+,$%0 -0$&#0 &$, teobromina (0%#,4/, /0 3=&3&,%0) ,teofilina (2#&;0$'0$%0/0 %:) , 3,804$, (2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 3,8:). T&/, 0 ,1#+2,$ 2&#+ 0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, 3&-& metil+antinas. C&-& 0%'-+,$%0-,&#0 0 3&$'/0#,$ ,estricnina , anfetaminas /0#';,/&(-0%'80$'/,%& 20-&'$,) , cocaína.

METILANTINAS

E%, +%,$3', 2#&;'0$0$ /0 2,$%, @+0 0 /'%#'<+0$,-2',-0$%0. L, <0<'/, 2#02,#,/, 3&$ 0, 0 3,8: 0 %: 03=&3&,%0 0 1+,#,$6 (, <0<'/, $,3'&$, /0 B#,') & 0 -,%0 (/0U#+1+, A#10$%'$,) #02#00$%,$ 2#&<,<0-0$%0 , /#&1,-6 +,/, 2&# 0 =&-<#0. P,#%0 /0 , #,7$ @+'76 #,/'@+0 0$ ,3#00$3', , ,$%'1+, /0 @+0 0%, <0<'/, %'0$0$ 0803%&0%'-+,$%0 ,$%'&2&#48'3& /0 00;,3'$ /0 0%,/& /0 6$'-& ,+-0$%& /0 , 3,2,3'/,/ /0 %#,<,?&.

L, 00$/, &<#0 0 /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 3,8: 2#&;'0$0 /0 A#,<',.S0 /'30 @+0 0 2,%&# K,/' , &<0#;,# @+0 + 3,<#, 2,#034,$-6 3&$%0$%, -6 ,3%';, ?+1+0%&$, /02+: /0 =,<0#3&-'/& , 30#07, /0 3,8: 0 '$%0#0 0$ , 2,$%,. K,/' ='7& ,2#+0<, 0 0803%& /0 , '$10%'$ /0 , 8#+%, + 0-', 8+0 0-'-&H <#'$3 <,' ?+1 ,/0-6 /+#-' -0$& 0, $&3=0.

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03#0%& /0 3-& 2#02,#,# 0 3,8: , 2,#%'# /0 & 1#,$& 03& /0, 8#+%,. S0 %'0$0 2#+0<, 03#'%, /0 +& /0 3,8: 0$ 0 '1&



/0 , 0'%0$3', /0 3,80%0#4, /&$/0 , 10$%0 0 #0+$4, 2,%'3,<,& '-20-0$%0 2,,<, 0 %'0-2&. E 3,8: 2, , E+#&2,2#&<,<0-0$%0 2&# T+#@+4, 2#'-0#& 3&-& -0/'3,-0$%& /02+: 3&-& , <0<'/, @+0 ,=&#, 3&$&30-& @+0 %,$%& $&,+%&,/-'$'%#,-&. cN& &;'/0-& @+0 0 3,8: 0 %,-<':$ +$,

/#&1,d ,302%,/, ,$+$3',/, 2#&-&;'/, ;0$/'/, 3&$+-'/,2&# -'&$0 /0 20#&$,.

C&-& &%#& 86#-,3& 2'3&%#2'3& 0 3,8: %+;& %,-<':$ +:2&3, /0 2#&='<'3'$ 0, 2&# #,7&$0 -:/'3, (0 3,8: 0 +$,/#&1,) 2&4%'3, (& 3,8: 0#,$ $'/& /0 0/'3'$) & 0'%, (&3,8: /'%#,4,$ , & =&-<#0 /0 + /0<0#0 8,-'',#0). A 20,#/0 0& + +& 0 10$0#,'7 #62'/,-0$%0 ,%#,;0 0 A%6$%'3&2,#, 3&$;0#%'#0 0$ +$ 4-<&& '<0#%,#'&H =,3', 0$ &EUA <0<0# %: '1$'8'3,<, 0# '$1: 2&# %,$%& 0$0-'1& <0<0#3,8: #02#00$%,<, +$ 10%& /0 '$/020$/0$3',.

P#&$%& , 3+%+#, /0 3,8: 0 /0,##& ,2,#03'0#&$ , -073,/0 1#,$& 3,8: -6 & -0$& %&%,/& -6 & -0$& -&'/&3&$ -6 & -0$& ,#&-, ,<&# 3+0#2& && & 3&-<'$,/&8#4& & 3,'0$%0 '/& & 4@+'/& 3&$ & '$ 3,804$,.

A+$@+0 $& 3&$&30-& 3&$ 0,3%'%+/ 3-& 0 /03+<#' 0 %:0'%0 +$, 00$/, @+0 ,/?+/'3, + &#'10$ , +$ ,3%& /03&$%#'3'$ & ,##020$%'-'0$%&. S0 3+0$%, @+0 D,#+-, 0 8+$/,/&#/0 <+/'-& 0$ 0 @+0/ /&#-'/& 0$ 0 3+#& /0 +$,-0/'%,3'$. A /020#%,# ?+# $& ;&;0# , =,30#& 2,#, ?,-6

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

-,$0#, '-2&#%,$%0 0$ 0 /00$3,/0$,-'0$%& /0 , 1+0##, /0'$/020$/0$3',.



FIGURA 2I2"I. as plantas y los granos del chocolate, el té y el café!

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2,%,.









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9ueva vida$ nuevo vigor. :ino tónico % estimulante que

fortalece$ refresca % restaura las fuer;as vitales. 4or e/ceso de

traba#o$ o para la fatiga f*sica o mental$ nada iguala al Vino

ariani por sus efectos ben,ficos$ inmediatos % duraderos.

sta aseveración se basa en Apoyos escritos de ms de 000

eminentes m,dicos % por su uso continuo por ms de 30 a<os

en )ospitales$ instituciones pblicas % religiosas$ en todas

partes. 2

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FIGURA 2I2"2" a planta de la coca y sus deriados! os mascadores decoca utili#an cal (obtenida de quemar y triturar conchas marinas) para

faorecer la e'tracción del alcaloide a partir de las ho"as secas o tostadas!os indios guardan esta cal en pequeños recipientes de donde la e'traen

con un utensilio de madera! a me#cla de ho"as y cal es masticada duranteel traba"o o la sociali#ación!

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2 2 " N O O T R Ó P I C O S

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2 2 I " P S I C O T O M I M É T I C O S

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L, ,3%'%+/ /0 , &3'0/,/ ,$%0 0%, +%,$3', 0 %,-<':$3+#'&,H 0 2+0/0 ,/&#,# , +?0%& @+0 =, %0$'/& +$, ;''$ ,-,#& 2#&80%, 20#20%+,# + 2,,<#, 0$ %0%&

3&$'/0#,/& ,1#,/& & 0 0 2+0/0 0%'1-,%'7,# 3,%'1,# &%&#%+#,# ,-,#& 2&04/& /0-&$',3& & '$3+& #ippie 2,#,30$+#,#& & 3&$/0$,#&.



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

-4%'3&. L, 0203%,%';, @+0 0 +?0%& %'0$0 /0 & 0803%& /0,+3'$10$& 2+0/0 0# /0%0#-'$,$%0 /0 & #0+%,/& @+02#&/+30.

A 20,# /0 @+0 0$ 10$0#, 0%, +%,$3', ,%0#,$ ,8+$3'&$0 -0$%,0 0$ 8&#-, '-2&#%,$%0 , -,$0#, 0$ @+0 3,/,+$, /0 0, & =,30 0 /'80#0$%0H $& 0 & -'-& +$ ;',?0 3&$=&$1& @+0 3&$ 20&%0 & LSD. L, /'80#0$3', '$ 0-<,#1& 0'%,$ /0$%#& /0 & +<?0%';& 0 -:/'3& & 2&/#6 ,%0%'1+,#& 3,-<'& /0 , 2#0'$ ,#%0#', 0 /'6-0%#& 2+2',# ,%0-20#,%+#, /0 , 2'0 0%3. 2,#, /03'# @+0 0%& 0803%& 02,#030$.

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P&/0-& 3,'8'3,# , & 2'3&%&-'-:%'3& /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ +2#&2'0/,/0 84'3&5@+4-'3, + 0%#+3%+#, -&03+,# & +'$%0#,33'$ 3&$ & $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 0$ 2,#%'3+,# 3&$ ,/&2,-'$, ,/#0$,'$, $&#,/#0$,'$, 3&$ , ,30%'3&'$, ,0#&%&$'$,.

AGENTES CON EFECTOS ADRENÉRGICOS

E%0 1#+2& /0 /#&1, %'0$0 , 2,#%'3+,#'/,/ /0 2&00# 0 1#+2&@+4-'3& catecol 3&-$ , & $0+#&%#,$-'&#0 /&2,-'$,,/#0$,'$, $&#,/#0$,'$,. E$ 0%0 1#+2& 0$3&$%#,#$& ,-03,'$, 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 20&%0 ;,#'& /0#';,/& /0 ,,$80%,-'$,H , /'-0%&'-0%',$80%,-'$, (DOM & FTP) ,-0%'0$/'&',$80%,-'$, (MDA) , -0%'0$/'&'-0%,$80%,-'$,

(MDMA & :%,').



>...ellos mismos descubrieron$ % usaron primero la ra*; que

llaman peiotl$ % los que la com*an % tomaban$ la usaban en

lugar de vino... % se #untaban en un llano despu,s de )aberlo

bebido$ donde bailaban % cantaban de noc)e % de d*a a su

placer % esto el primer d*a$ porque el siguiente lloraban todos

muc)o...> ? tambi,n 5libro @$ cap. :$ A6 >Ba% otra %erba

como tunas de la tierra$ se llama peiotl$ es blanca$ )case sia

la parte del norte$ los que la comen o beben ven visiones

espantosas o irrisibles dura esta borrac)era dos o tres d*as %

despu,s se quita es comn man#ar de los 7)ic)imecas$ pues

los mantiene % da nimo para pelear % no tener miedo$ ni sed

ni )ambre$ % dicen que los guarda de todo peligro.>

E%, &$ 2,,<#, /0 8#, B0#$,#/'$& /0 S,=,1$ 0$+ 5istoria general de las cosas de la 4ueva Espa8a #08'#':$/&0, 20&%0.

E%0 3,3%& /0$&-'$,/& 0$ <&%6$'3, Lop#op#ora <illiamsii1 0$,%';& /0 $&#%0 /0 M:'3& +# /0 & E%,/& U$'/& & =,$0-20,/& /0/0 =,30 '1& =,%, , 803=, /';0#& 1#+2& /0'$/410$, 3&$ 8'$0 #0'1'&&. E 20&%0 3&$%'0$0 30#3, /0 +%,$3', 2'3&,3%';, 0 2#'$3'2, ,3,&'/0 #02&$,<0 /0 &0803%& 2'3&/':2%'3& 0 , -03,'$,. O%#& 3,3%&0 6ric#ocereus pac#anoi @+0 0 0$3+0$%#, 0$ P0# B&';', E3+,/&# %,-<':$ 3&$%'0$0 -03,'$, (30#3, /0 ^).

L, /&' 0803%';, 2#&-0/'& 0$ 0 ,/+%& 0 /0 , \ -1.S+ 0803%& '$3+0$ -'/#',' ,+-0$%& /0 , %0-20#,%+#,

3&#2&#, , 8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, , 2#0'$ ,#%0#', 0%'-+,3'$30$%#, 0$ &3,'&$0 20#'8:#'3,. L& 0803%& ,+3'$&1:$'3& /0 ,-03,'$, 0$ +$, ;0#'$ '$1+,# =,$ '/& /03#'%& 2&# A/&++0 0$ + '<#& Las puertas de la percepción (Z).

D02+: /0 + '$10%'$ , -03,'$, ,3,$7, 3&$30$%#,3'&$0-6'-, 0$ 0 30#0<#& 0$%#0 & \ -'$+%& /&$/0 0/0%03%,<0 /+#,$%0 $+0;0 , =&#,. L& 0803%& /020$/0$ /0 ,/&'. C+,$/& :%, &$ 00;,/, 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# /02#0'$3,#/',3, /&&# /0 3,<07, /'-'$+3'$ /0 #'%-& #02'#,%&#'&3&$%#,33'&$0 '$%0%'$,0 +%0#'$, '$3&&#/'$,3'$ -+3+,# 0='20#%0$'$ ,#%0#',. D0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ 0%+/'& 0$ ,$'-,0 0 =,3,3+,/& @+0 , -03,'$, 0 /0 , ;030 -0$&2&%0$%0 @+0 0 LSD +$, ;030 -0$& 2&%0$%0 @+0 ,2'&3'<'$, (0 ,3,&'/0 -6 ,3%';& /0 & =&$1& ,+3'$10$&).



FIGURA 22I"I" -actos psicoactios: peyote y T" Pa&7anoi"

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

,803%,$ /0 /';0#, -,$0#, %,$%& , +$& 3&-& , &%#& '%0-, /0$0+#&%#,$-'&#0 2&# +2+0%& , &%#& -6.

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E 0803%& '$/00,<0 -6 8#03+0$%0 , /&' $& %'3, 0 0,-,/& -, ;',?0. E +?0%& 2+0/0 +8#'# 3#'' /0 ,$1+%',

2,#,$&', 26$'3& , 3+,0 2+0/0$ /'-'$+'#0 3&$ ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 %#,$@+''7,$%0.





L& &%#& ,+3'$10$& -0$3'&$,/& , 2#'$3'2'& /0 0%0 3,24%+&&$ '$%:%'3&H 2&# + '1, 0 DOM 0 MDA 0 MDMA , PCP (80$3'3'/'$,). (E%, %'-, +%,$3', 0 #0;',#6 0$ 03,24%+& !III /0 , Q+'$%, P,#%0.)

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

L, /&' 0803%';, 2#&-0/'& 0 /0 -1 0 =,$ /0%03%,/&2#02,#,3'&$0 ,/@+'#'/, 0$ , 3,0 3&$%0$'0$/& -1 /&'3,#,-0$%0 %'3, ,&3',/, , #0,33'&$0 /0 26$'3&.

L, MDA (-0%'0$/'&',$80%,-'$,) -+0%#, 0803%& 2,#03'/& , &/0 , ,$80%,-'$, , & /0 , -03,'$,. P#&/+30 ,$&#0',,+-0$%& /0 $';0 /0 ;'1'', 0$,3'$ /0 <'0$0%,# 84'3& 0'$%0$'8'3,3'$ /0 , ,80#0$3', 0$&#',0. U$, /&' /0 -1 0-2'07, , ,3%+,# 0$%#0 & \ -'$+%& /0 , '$10%'$,3,$7, +$ -6'-& , & -'$+%& %'0$0 +$, /+#,3'$2#&-0/'& /0 &3=& =&#,. D&' /0 -1 2+0/0$ #0+%,#8,%,0.

L, MDMA 0 +$, -&/'8'3,3'$ @+4-'3, /0 , MDA 20#& /'8'0#0 0$ +,33'&$0 /0 ;,#', -,$0#,H #,%, 0$%#0$,/, 2,#, /'3#'-'$,#& 0803%& /0 , DOM (& ,$'-,0 0%,<,$ 0$%#0$,/& 2,#,#03&$&30#& & + ,+0$3', 3+,$/& 0 0 '$03%,<, &+3'$,'$,) -&%#,<,$ 3'0#%, 10$0#,'7,3'$ 3&$ , MDA (0 /03'#3&$8+$/4,$ , DOM 3&$ , MDA) 20#& $& 3&$ , MDMA ,/0-6 ,%&0#,$3', 3#+7,/, 0$%#0 MDA MDMA $& 0 2#00$%,.

E%, /#&1, 2#&/+30 0+8&#', ,+-0$%& /0 , 0$'<''/,/ , %,3%& /'-'$+3'$ 0$ , '$='<'3'$ ,/0-6 /0 8,3''%,# , 0$,3'$ /030#3,$4, 3&$ &%#, 20#&$,. P&# 0%, 3,#,3%0#4%'3, 0 0,- +tasis (%,-<':$ TC & A/6$) 0 ;&;' 2&2+,# 0$%#0,1+$& 2'3&%0#,20+%, @+0 ,#1+-0$%,$ @+0 0%, /0'$='<'3'$ ,+-0$%& /0 , 0-2,%4, '$/+3'/, 2&# , /#&1, 8,3''%, 0%#,%,-'0$%& 2'3&,$,4%'3&.

L, /&' 2#&-0/'& 0 /0 -1 /&' -6 00;,/, 2+0/0$ 0#%'3,.



E'%0 3&$%#&;0#', &<#0 , %&'3'/,/ 3#$'3, /0 , MDMAH ,1+$&0%+/'& -+0%#,$ + +%''/,/ 0$ 0 3,-2& /0 , 2'@+',%#4,2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 3+,$/& 0 3&$%#&, 0$ 8&#-, 0%#'3%, ,2&&&14, (/&' 8#03+0$3', /0 ,/-'$'%#,3'$) -'0$%#, @+00%+/'& 0$ ,$'-,0 =,$ '$/'3,/& /& #0+%,/& 2#0&3+2,$%0H

2#'-0#& & -&$& &$ 3,2,30 /0 ,+%&,/-'$'%#,#0 MDMA 0$ ,-'-, 8&#-, @+0 & =,30$ 3&$ , =0#&4$, ,$80%,-'$, & 3&3,4$,(-, $& /#&1, ,+3'$10$,) 01+$/& 0 ,$6'' ='%&1'3&/0 30#0<#& /0 #,%, -&$& @+0 =,$ #03'<'/& MDMA 0$ 8&#-,3#$'3, =, -&%#,/& 0'&$0 '##0;0#'<0 0$ , $0+#&$,0#&%&$'$:#1'3, /0 #,8: & 3+, '1$'8'3, @+0 & -'-& 2&/#4,&3+##'# 0$ 0 =&-<#0.

M'0$%#, 0%, 3&$%#&;0#', 0 #0+0;0 0 3&$'/0#, @+0 0%,+%,$3', $& %'0$0 +& -:/'3& 0 3,'8'3, 3&-& '01,.

AGENTES CON EFECTOS ANTICOLINÉRGICOS

E$ 0%0 1#+2& 0 0$3+0$%#,$ ,1+$, /0 , 2,$%, 3&$ -,&#%#,/'3'$ 0 ='%&#', 03#'%, 3:0<#0 2&# + 2,20 0$ , 00$/, , '%0#,%+#, /0 ;,#', 3+%+#, 0+#&20, ='$/0 ,-0#'3,$,.P0#%0$030$ , , -'-, 8,-'', @+0 , 2,2, , Solanáceas. T#0/0 0, 0 =,$ 0-20,/& <6'3,-0$%0 0$ E+#&2, 0 I$/',H, tropa belladona , 0andragora officinarum 0 5!osc!amusniger (<00&). L, 3+,#%, /0 , 0203'0 atura 0 /'%#'<+0-+$/',-0$%0 ($+0%#& 8,-&& %&&,3=0).

L, <0,/&$, 0 3:0<#0 2&# , ='%&#', /0 0$;0$0$,-'0$%&<#+?0#4, 30#0-&$', 03#0%, ,&3',/, , + +&. E$ Las mil !una noc#es 0 /03#'<0 +$, -+0#%0 3&$ ;0$0$& (2#&<,<0-0$%0,%#&2'$,) =, ='%&#', -0/'0;,0 @+0 +1'0#0$ + 3&$+-& 0$-', $01#, '$3+0$/& , $,##,3'&$0 /0 <#+?, @+0 ;+0,$0$ 03&<, , -,$/#61&#, 0 /03#'<0 0$ , B'<', 0 <00& 0-0$3'&$,/& 2&# P'$'& 0$ 0 ,& \ /. C. D'80#0$%0 0203'0/0 atura %,-<':$ 0 =,$ 3&$&3'/& /0/0 =,30 '1&H 0$%#0 &3='$& 0 0 =, ,&3',/& , B+/, 0$%#0 & ,$%'1+& 1#'01& 0 0+%''7,<, 0$ 30#0-&$', ,/';'$,%&#', @+'76 #'%& /'&$'',3&0$%#0 & ='$/0 0 +,<, 0$ #'%& '1,/& , S=';, 0$M0&,-:#'3, F#,$3'3& 0#$6$/07 2#&%&-:/'3& #0, /0 F0'20II , /03#'<0 0$ + 8,-&, Farmacopea (¿ @+':$ $& =,03+3=,/& ,1+$, ='%&#', /0 =03='30#4, #0,'7,/, -0/',$%0 ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 %&&,3=0")

E%, 2,$%, 3&$%'0$0$ ,3,&'/0 3&$ 0803%& ,$%'3&'$:#1'3&(<&@+0,$ 0 #0302%&# /0 , ,30%'3&'$,) -,#3,/&H , ,%#&2'$,(/5='&3',-'$,) , 03&2&,-'$, (5='&3'$,) , 5='&3',-'$,.



FIGURA 22I"2A " a belladona y la mandr$gora"

D,/, , ,-2', /'%#'<+3'$ 30$%#, 20#'8:#'3, /0 0%0 #0302%&#(;:,0 0 3,24%+& V) & 0803%& /0 0%& ,3,&'/0 &3+##0$ ,-+ /';0#& $';00H 0@+0/,/ /0 , <&3, %,@+'3,#/',,+-0$%& /0 , %0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#, /'-'$+3'$ /020#'%,%'-& 1,%#&'$%0%'$, (2. 0?0-. 3&$%'2,3'$) /',%,3'$2+2',# 3&$8+'$ -0$%, &<$+<',3'$ /0 , 3&$3'0$3',2:#/'/, /0 , -0-&#', #03'0$%0 &-$&0$3', /0'#'& 3&-, ,/&' 00;,/,. A /'80#0$3', /0 &%#& ,+3'$10$& &,$%'3&'$:#1'3& $& '$3#0-0$%,$ , 20#3023'$ 0$&#',.





FIGURA 22I"2B" *l beleño y el toloache"

C&-& ;'-& 0$ 0 3,24%+& !IV (A$%'2,#>'$&$',$&) &,$%'3&'$:#1'3& '$%:%'3& 3&-& 0 %#'=0'80$'/' ,<0$7&%#&2'$, 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# ,+3'$,3'&$0.

P&# #,7&$0 -6 ='%#'3, @+0 8,#-,3&1'3, -0$3'&$0-& 0$0%0 3,24%+& +$ =&$1& , manita muscaria. D03'-& ='%#'3,2&#@+0 0 20$,<, @+0 & 0803%& %'3& /0 0%0 =&$1& 0/0<4,$ , + '$%0#,33'&$0 3&$ 0 #0302%&# -+3,#4$'3& /0 ,,30%'3&'$, (/0 ,=4 + $&-<#0) '$ 0-<,#1& 0 =, ;'%& @+0 $&=, %, @+0 + 0803%& ,+3'$10$& 0 /0<0$ -6 <'0$ ,

+%,$3', @+0 '$%0#,3%,$ 3&$ 0 #0302%&# /0 GABA 0$ 0%03,& 0muscimol1 /0 1+%,-,%& -0/',$%0 0 ácido iboténico.

L, ,-,$'%, 0 +$& /0 & =&$1& %'3& -6 3&$&3'/& 863' /0#03&$&30#H 0 0 8,-&& =&$1& 3&$ &-<#0#& #&?& 2+$%&<,$3& /0 & 3+0$%&. S0 0 =, ,&3',/& ,Soma , /#&1,,1#,/, /0 , '$-&#%,'/,/ -0$3'&$,/, 0$ 0 ;ig 3eda ( ,.C.) , , ,-<#&4, /0 & /'&0 /0 O'-2& , & -'%0#'& /0E0+' %,-<':$ 0$ , ,$%'1+, G#03', 0 '$3+& , & &#410$0 /03#'%',$'-& 0$ R&-,. S0 ,<0 @+0 & +,<,$ , %#'<+ $-,/,/0 S'<0#', & 3=,-,$0 0$ 2,#%'3+,# 0$ #'%& 3&-+$,0 /0

'$/+10$3',. É%& 3&$&34,$ ,1& /0 -0%,<&'-& /0 &,3,&'/0 #02&$,<0 /0 & 0803%& ,+3'$10$& /0 =&$1&



,<4,$ @+0 0 03#0%,<,$ 0$ , &#'$, /0 -,$0#, @+0 ' :%, 0<0<4, 0 2&/4,$ 2#&&$1,# & 0803%& & 3&-2,#%'#& 3&$ +$,2#0$/'7. E$ , =0,/, #01'&$0 /0 S'<0#', /&$/0 0 =&$1&03,0, + 2#03'& 0#, ,%& (0$ &3,'&$0 +$ && =&$1& 3&%,<,+$ ;0$,/& 3&-20%&).

L, '$%&'3,3'$ 2&# -+3,#'$, 2#&;&3, $6+0, ;-'%& 308,0,(/&&# /0 3,<07,) ,%0#,3'&$0 ;'+,0 ,##'%-', 3,#/',3, 0%,/& /0 3=&@+0.

FIGURA 22I"3" Jongos psicoactios: A" (u$&aria* corne#uelo decenteno #r+ot! y P$i%o&85#"

AGENTES CON EFECTOS SEROTONINÉRGICOS

A 0%, +%,$3', %,-<':$ 0 0 =, ,-,/& '$/'3, 2&#3&$%0$0# 3&-& , 0#&%&$'$, , 0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, $30& '$/&.L, 2'&3'$, , 2'&3'<'$, ,3,&'/0 3&$%0$'/& 0$ & =&$1&,+3'$10$& ,4 3&-& 0 LSD (/'0%',-'/, /0 63'/& ':#1'3&) &$+%,$3', '$/'3,. T,-<':$ , DMT (/'-0%'%#'2%,-'$,) @+0 00$3+0$%#, 0$ +$ 6#<& /0 , A$%', 0$ ,1+$& +1,#0 /0A-:#'3, /0 S+# /&$/0 0 0 3&$&30 3&-& =o#oba 0 +$,-&:3+, '$/'3, & -'-& @+0 , =,#-'$, +$, ',$, @+0 3#030



0$ , 0;, ,-,7$'3, 3&$&3'/, 3&-& !agé a!a#uasca ocaapii 0$ :, #01'&$0. S+ $&-<#0 <&%6$'3& 0Ganisteria caapi 0 0 3&-<'$, 0$ &3,'&$0 3&$ =&?, @+0 3&$%'0$0$ DMT. L,-073, 2#&/+30 0803%& -6 '$%0$&. E$ Á8#'3, 0'%0 %,-<':$+$ ,+3'$10$& '$/'3& , '<&1,4$, 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 6abernant#e

iboga 2,$%, +%''7,/, 0$ #'%& /0 '$'3',3'$.

E$ , '0##, -,7,%03, Psiloc!be me+icana0 teonanácatl (3,#$0 /0 & /'&0) /0 & ,$%'1+& -0'3,$&0 +%''7, /0/0 =,30 '1& 0$ 30#0-&$', -4%'3&5#0'1'&,. S+0-20& 8+0 #02#'-'/& 2&# , I10', /0 & 3&$@+'%,/&#0 $&8+0 '$& =,%, @+0 0 3&$&3' , 0'%0$3', /0 0%&=&$1&. G&#/&$ W,&$ & '/0$%'8'3 A<0#% &8-,$$ 0$X ,' /0 0& , psilocibina + 2#'$3'2'& ,3%';&.

E'%0$ &%#, ;,#'0/,/0 /0 Psiloc!be 3&$ /'%#'<+3'$ 3,'

-+$/',. U$, /0 0,Psiloc!be cubensis '$3+& 0 3+%';,863'-0$%0.

U$, ;07 @+0 0 '$1'0#0 , 2'&3'<'$, 0 3&$;'0#%0 0$ 2'&3'$, 0$0 0%-,1&. A-<& ,3,&'/0 /'-'$+0$ , #03,2%,3'$ /00#&%&$'$, 0$ 0 30#0<#& , 20#'80#',. E '$'3'& /0 + 0803%& 0,2#03', 0$%#0 & Z -'$+%& /02+: /0 , '$10%'$ /+#,$ =,%, &3=& =&#,. C&-& 3&$ & &%#& ,+3'$10$& 0+?0%& %'0$0 , 2+2', /',%,/, ,+-0$%& /0 , %0-20#,%+#,3&#2&#, 8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, 2#0'$ ,#%0#',.



FIGURA 22I"4" Algunas plantas que contienen indoles psicoactios:ayahuasca* T" I5o+a y R" Cor8(5o$a"

S+ 02#0'$ 8,3', 2+0/0 '$/'3,# +$, 20#3023'$ ,%0#,/,. L&0803%& +<?0%';& /020$/0$ /0 +?0%& + ='%&#', 20#&$, +0203%,%';, 0 -0/'& @+0 & #&/0, 0$ 00 -&-0$%&. C&-&2,#, %&/& & ,+3'$10$& '$%0$%,# , /03#'23'$ /0 +$ ;',?0/0 =&$1& #0+%,#4, %&%,-0$%0 20#&$,.

E LSD 0 0 -6 8,-&& /0 & ,+3'$10$&. E +$, +%,$3',0-''$%:%'3, 2#&;0$'0$%0 /0 , -&/'8'3,3'$ @+4-'3, /0 +$$30& '$/'3& /0 =&$1& /0 30$%0$& =laviceps purpurea(0

,-,/& 3&#$07+0& & ergot 0$ '$1:). E%0 =&$1& 3&$%'0$0;,#'& /0#';,/& ,3%';& @+0 ,3%,$ 0$ 0 '%0-, $0#;'&& 0$& ;,& ,$1+4$0&. L, 2#&2'0/,/0 /0 3&#$07+0& /0 30$%0$&0#,$ 3&$&3'/, /0/0 , #0-&%, ,$%'1`0/,/. E$ +$, %,<0%, ,'#',/0 ,#0/0/&# /0 ,& \ ,. C. 0 ,/;'0#%0 &<#0 0 20'1#& /0+& /0 30$%0$& 3&$%,-'$,/& 3&$ 2%+, $01#,. S0 #08'0#0 ,0#1&%'-& /0 3+, 0 %'0$0 $&%'3', , %#,;: /0 3#$'3, /0 ,E/,/ M0/',. E$%#0 & ,& \ 0 %'0$0$ 2#+0<, /0 ,-0$& <#&%0 /0 0%0 2,/03'-'0$%& 2#&<,<0-0$%0 &3+##'/&2&# ,33'/0$%0 & 0$ 20#'&/& /0 =,-<#+$, 0$ & @+0 0 =,34,2,$ 3&$ 30$%0$& 3&$%,-'$,/& 3&$ 0 =&$1&. S0 =,$ #02&#%,/&

/& ;,#'0/,/0 /0 0#1&%'-& /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ , /&'H 0$ 3,&0;0 =, 03&7&# 0$ & /0/& 0$,3'$ /0 @+0-,/+#, 2&#/0<,?& /0 , 2'0 /0 , 0%#0-'/,/0 %0-<&# 3&$;+'&$0. E+?0%& %,-<':$ 2+0/0 020#'-0$%,# ,+3'$,3'&$0 ;'+,0 &,+/'%';, 03'%,3'$ /0'#'& 3#'' 2'3%'3,. D&' -600;,/, 2#&/+30$ 1,$1#0$, /0 , 0%#0-'/,/0 2&# , '$%0$,;,&3&$%#'33'$ (3&$%#,33'$ /0 & ;,& ,$1+4$0&) 2#&/+3'/,2&# & ,3,&'/0 /0 ergot H & -'0-<#& 0 2&$0$ 03&/02+: ,7+0 & $01#&. E$ 0%& 3,& 1#,;0 2+0/0 &3+##'# ,-+0#%0 ,+$@+0 0 =,, ,-2+%,/& 0 -'0-<#& 1,$1#0$,/&. E$

, E/,/ M0/', %,-<':$ 0 3&$&34, 0 0#1&%'-& 3&-& 0 F+01& /0



S,$ A$%&$'& 2+0 & -&$?0 /0 0%, &#/0$ 0 0203','7,#&$ 0$,2'3,# 0%0 %#,%,-'0$%& 0$ =&2'%,0 , + 3,#1&.

E$ , ,3%+,'/,/ , '$/+%#', 8,#-,3:+%'3, +%''7, 0 3&#$07+0& /030$%0$& 2&# + 0803%& ;,3+,#0 2,#, 2#&/+3'#

-0/'3,-0$%& %'0 0$ 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 , -'1#,, 3&$%#&,#=0-&##,1', /02+: /0 2,#%&. L& /0#';,/& /0 0#1&% &$2&%0$%0 86#-,3& @+0 %,-<':$ ,803%,$ 0 %0#& /0<0$+%''7,#0 3&$ 2#03,+3'$.

E /03+<#'-'0$%& /0 , 2#&2'0/,/0 2'3&,3%';, /0 LSD 8+0,33'/0$%,. ,3', X 0 /&3%&# A<0#% &8-,$$ %#,<,?,$/& 0$& ,<&#,%&#'& S,$/&7 0$ S+'7, '$%0%'7 0 LSD(lisergsaure2diet#!lamid 0$ ,0-6$) /'0%',-'/, /0 63'/& ':#1'3& , 2,#%'#/0 /0#';,/& /0 ergot . C'$3& ,& /02+: 0$ Z 2&# ,1+$,#,7$ ;&;' , -,$'2+,# 0 8#,3& @+0 3&$%0$4, 0 LSD 8,<#'3,/&

,& ,$%0 ,2,#0$%0-0$%0 '$ -+3=& 3+'/,/&. E =03=& 0 @+0, -0/', %,#/0 &8-,$$ 0 ;'& &<'1,/& , +20$/0# + %#,<,?&2&# , 0%#,, 0$,3'&$0 @+0 0%,<, 20#3'<'0$/&. E%, &$+ 2,,<#,H

l viernes pasado$ 1" de abirl de 1'3$ me vi obligado a

suspender mi traba#o en el laboratorio a la mitad de la tarde$ e

irme a casa$ pues me vi sorprendido por una peculiar inquietud

asociada con una sensación de mareo leve. (l llegar a casa me

recost, % me vi sumergido en una especie de ebriedad$ no

desagradable$ % que se caracteri;aba por una e/trema actividad

de imaginación. 8ientras permanec*a en esta condición deaturdimiento con los o#os cerrados 5percib*a la lu; del d*a

como desagradablemente brillante6 apareció ante m* una

corriente ininterrumpida de imgenes fantsticas de

e/traordinaria plasticidad % vivide;$ acompa<adas de un #uego

de intensos colores$ como Caleidoscopio. ste estado fue

desapareciendo gradualmente al cabo de dos )oras.

A 0%,# 01+#& /0 @+0 0%& 0803%& 0 /0<4,$ , , +%,$3', @+0=,<4, 0%,/& -,$'2+,$/& &8-,$$ #02'%' , 020#'0$3','$1'#'0$/& . -1 /0 LSD 0 +$0 '1+'0$%0. L, 020#'0$3', 0#02'%' 0%, ;07 3&$ 0803%& -6 '$%0$& /+#,/0#&(c&8-,$$ =,<4, %&-,/& +$, /&' , X ;030 -,&# /0 ,$030,#',d) D0 =03=& 8+0 , 0%#,&#/'$,#', 2&%0$3', /0 , /#&1,& @+0 -6 ,- , ,%0$3'$ /0 & '$;0%'1,/&#0.

E$%#0 \\ S,$/&7 /'%#'<+ LSD -+$/',-0$%0 3&$8'$0 /0 '$;0%'1,3'$ 2+0 + 0803%& /020#%,#&$ 0 '$%0#: /02'3&<'&1& 2'3&1& 2'@+',%#, @+'0$0 20$,<,$ @+0 00%,/& 2#&/+3'/& 2&# 0%0 ,+3'$10$& 2&/4, 3&$%'%+'# +$-&/0& /0 2'3&' 0$ ,$'-,0 @+0 2+/'0#, &#'0$%,# &<#0 0&#'10$ /0 & %#,%&#$& -0$%,0 /0 0# =+-,$&.

E$ & ,& \ , 2&2+,#'/,/ /0 LSD ,+-0$% 0 2#&/+3%&0-207 , ,2,#030# 0$ 0 -0#3,/& $01#&. S+ +& 0 ,&3' ,



20$,-'0$%& &#'0$%, ;,#'& 1#+2& #0'1'&& +#1'0#&$ 0$ &E%,/& U$'/& '1+'0$/& 0 0?0-2& /0 /& 0 2#&80&#0 /0 ,U$';0#'/,/ /0 ,#;,#/ (T'-&%= L0,# R'3=,#/ A20#%) @+0/02+: /0 =,<0# 020#'-0$%,/& 3&$ 0 LSD 0,<&#,#&$ +$-,$+, ,-,/& La e+periencia psicodélica <,,/& 0$ 0 '<#&

%'<0%,$& /0 & -+0#%& '$;'%,$/& , & 03%&#0 , 01+'#& 0$0%, 020#'0$3',.

E$ 2'3&%0#,2', 0 =, +%''7,/& 0 LSD 0$ 2,3'0$%0 3&$/'8'3+%,/0 2,#%'3+,#0 2,#, 3&-+$'3,#0 3&$ 0 2'@+',%#, 0$,3&='3& 0$ +?0%& 3&$ 36$30# %0#-'$, (,/0-6 /0 +0803%& 2'3&/:'3& 0 LSD 0 +$ 2&%0$%0 ,$,1:'3&).

E LSD 0 +$, -&:3+, '$,<&#, '$3&&#, 0 '$&/&#,0%#0-,/,-0$%0 2&%0$%0 20#& 03023'&$,-0$%0 0%,. E$#&0/&#0 0 2+0/0$ ,2#03',# + 0803%& , /&' /0 .Z -1[>1

-'0$%#, @+0 , /&' 0%, (3&-& 0 ;'& 0$ , S01+$/, P,#%03,24%+& VI 0 , /&' @+0 -,%, , ^ /0 , 2&<,3'$ @+0 ,#03'<0) 0 Z ;030 -,&#. D0 =03=& $& 0 =, 3&$8'#-,/& ,-+0#%0 2&# &<#0/' /0 LSD 0$ 0 0# =+-,$&. L, ,<&#3'$1,%#&'$%0%'$, 0 <+0$, , /#&1, 0 /'%#'<+0 ,-2',-0$%00$ 0 &#1,$'-&. C0#3, /0 ^ /0 , /&' ,3,$7, 0 30#0<#&. L,;'/, -0/', 0 /0 ,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 %#0 =&#, 20#& + 0803%&0 20#3'<0$ =,%, 2&# , =&#,. L, ,/-'$'%#,3'$ #020%'/,/0 LSD2#&/+30 %&0#,$3', #62'/,-0$%0. N& 0 =, /0-&%#,/& ,,/'33'$ , LSD.

E%, /#&1, '$%0#,3%, 3&$ & #0302%&#0 /0 , 0#&%&$'$, 20#&%,-<':$ 2+0/0 ,803%,# -03,$'-& /&2,-'$:#1'3& $&#,/#0$:#1'3& , ;,#'& $';00 /0 '%0-, $0#;'&&. E-03,$'-& /0 ,33'$ 020348'3& ,$ $& 0 3&$&30.

S0 =,$ %0?'/& -+3=, 00$/, ,#0/0/&# /0 & 0803%& /0 LSD/0 & ,+3'$10$& 0$ 10$0#, /0 + #0,3'$ 0$%#0 ,20#3023'$ , 3#0,%';'/,/ , '$%#&2033'$ '$3#0-0$%,/, 20#&, 2#+0<, #0,'7,/, 0$ ;&+$%,#'& $& =,$ ,##&?,/& 2#+0<,3&$%+$/0$%0 /0 0&. E 3'0#%& @+0 +$, <+0$, 2,#%0 /0 &

+?0%& #02&#%,$ sentir -6 0# -6 3#0,%';& 3&-2#0$/0#-0?&# , 3&, 3+,$/& 0 0$3+0$%#,$ <,?& , '$8+0$3', /0 ,/#&1, 20#& 0 /'843' 2#&<,#&. E '$$01,<0 '$ 0-<,#1& @+0 +$;',?0 3&$%'%+0 +$, '$%0$, 020#'0$3', '$%0#'&# @+0 2+0/0 0#,2#&;03=,/, 2&# 0 +?0%& /0$%#& /0 +$ 3&$%0%& &3',,/03+,/&.

C&-& 2,#, %&/& & 2'3&%&-'-:%'3& 0 LSD 2+0/0 2#&/+3'##0,33'&$0 ,/;0#,H +$ -, ;',?0 2+0/0 ;';'#0 3&-& +$,%0##'<0 0 '$%0#-'$,<0 20,/', ,3&-2,,/, /0 2,#,$&',,$1+%', =,%, 26$'3&.



T,-<':$ 0 =,$ #02&#%,/& 0803%& /0 flas#bac9 0%& 0020#'-0$%,# $+0;,-0$%0 , 0$,3'$ /0 & 0803%&/0 LSD =&#, =,%, -00 /02+: /0 =,<0#& 3&$+-'/&.E%, '##+23'&$0 #020$%'$, 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'#0 3&-& 0803%& /00%#: & /0 &%#& -0/'3,-0$%&. E$ %&/& & 3,& 0%&

02'&/'& /0,2,#030$ 02&$%6$0,-0$%0.

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

E o'oliuqui & 0-', /0 , ;'#10$ ;ivea cor!mbosa (;:,0 ,8'1+#, !!.Z) 3&$%'0$0 &%#& /0#';,/& /0 63'/& ':#1'3& , ,-'/,3&$ 30#3, /0 ^ /0 , 2&%0$3', /0 , /'0%',-'/,. E%,0-', 0 =,$ 3&$+-'/& 3&$ 8'$0 #'%+,0 0$ M:'3& C0$%#&,-:#'3, /0/0 ,$%0 /0 , 01,/, /0 & 02,&0. S+'$10%'$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 2#&/+30 '##'%,3'$ 1,%#&'$%0%'$,$6+0, ;-'%&.

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



0 U I N T A P A R T E U S O / A 9 U S O D ED R O G A S

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

L, #,7&$0 & & 2&#@+: /0 uso médico /0 86#-,3& 2&# 0=&-<#0 2+0/0 2,#030# 0$3'&H , 2#0;0$3'$ & 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /00$80#-0/,/0. E 2&#@+: /0 +& $& -:/'3& (abuso) /0 86#-,3&0 -6 /'843' /0 /08'$'# ,+$@+0 0 2+0/0$ '/0$%'8'3,# ,1+$&8,3%&#0 @+0 & 8,3''%,$H , <@+0/, /0 2,30# 0 ,';'& /0 ,%0$'$ & 0 0%#: 2,#, 03,2,# /0 +$, #0,'/,/ ,1&<',$%0 2&#2#0'$ &3', 0%3:%0#,.

E +$ 2#&<0-, &3', 1#,;0 @+0 $& /'%'$1+0 2,40 1#,/& /0/0,##&& 03&$-'3& 3,0 &3',0 & #0'1'&$0. E ,3&=&'-&0$ 2,#%'3+,# 0 #02&$,<0 $& & /0 , -+0#%0 /0 3'0$%& /0

-'0 /0 20#&$, 3,/, ,& '$& %,-<':$ /0 , -'0#', , , @+03&$/0$, , , 8,-'', /0 ,3&='3& 2,,$/& 2&# , /0$+%#'3'$ , -,8&#-,3'&$0 3&$1:$'%, /0 + /030$/0$3',.

E %:#-'$& abuso de drogas 2+0/0 0$-,#3,#0 /0$%#& /0 & @+00 =, ,-,/& adicción.

E %' 3&-0$7,# 0%, Q+'$%, P,#%0 02'3,$/& 0 0$%'/& @+0@+0#0-& /,#0 , %:#-'$&abuso de fármacos. N& #080#'#0-& ,0-20& ;&+$%,#'& & '$;&+$%,#'& /0 +%,$3', @+0H

N& =,$ '/& 2#03#'%, 2&# +$ -:/'3&

Q+0 2#03#'%, 2&# +$ -:/'3& 0 3&$+-0$ , /&' & 3&$ +$,8#03+0$3', -,&#0 , , '$/'3,/,&

A , 3&-<'$,3'$ /0 /#&1, 3&$ ,3&=& &

A , ,+%&,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 86#-,3& &

A , +20$'$ /0 +$ %#,%,-'0$%& ,$%0 /0 @+0 0 -:/'3& &=,, '$/'3,/& &

A #030%,# '$ 0# -:/'3&.



E%& 2,%#&$0 /0 ,<+& /0 /#&1, 2+0/0$ ,2'3,#0 , 86#-,3&01,0 (,2#&<,/& 2&# , ,+%&#'/,/0 -:/'3, 1+<0#$,-0$%,0) , /#&1, '43'%, ,4 3&-& , /#&1, +,;03&-& 0 3,8: 0 %,<,3& 0 ,3&=& 0 3=&3&,%0 0 %: ,-,#'1+,$, 0 '$3+& , ,2'#'$, & , /#&1, -0$& 3&-+$0

3&$'/0#,/, /+#, 3&-& & &2'630& , 3&3,4$, &0%'-+,$%0 /0 %'2& /0 , ,$80%,-'$, & 0/,$%0 0='2$%'3& (2. 0?0-. <0$7&/',702'$, <,#<'%#'3&) &,+3'$10$& & &;0$%0 0 '$=,,$%0.

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E$ 0%0 2+$%& 3&$;'0$0 /08'$'# &%#& %:#-'$& #0,3'&$,/& 3&$ 0

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F#03+0$%0-0$%0 ,+$@+0 $& '0-2#0 , /020$/0$3', 0,3&-2,, /0 tolerancia , 3+, /08'$'-& 0$ , S01+$/, P,#%0



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Z) L, '$%&'3,3'$ 8#03+0$%0 3&$ , /#&1, & , 2#00$3', /0 '1$&/0 ,<%'$0$3',

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¿C+60 &$ & 8,3%&#0 @+0 =,30$ @+0 +$, 20#&$, ,<+0 /0+$, /#&1," S'$ /+/, 0 %#,%, /0 +$, -073, 3&-20?, /0

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FIGURA V.I" *'perimento de autoestimulación! =ispositio utili#ado parala estimulación eléctrica o química del cerebro! 1sta puede ser controlada

por el inestigador, o como se e aquí, por el mismo animal! a rata buscala FautoestimulaciónF cuando ésta le produce efectos placenteros o le

eita el dolor! Apretando el pedal, el animal actia el estimulador eléctricoo el motor que controla la "eringa que contiene la droga!

E%& '1$'8'3, @+0 0 /0,##&& /0 , /020$/0$3', $& 3&$0;,8&#7&,-0$%0 @+0 0 '$/';'/+& %0$1, 2#&<0-, 2'3&1'3& 0, #,7$ 2,#, @+0 0 ;+0;, ,/'3%&. S0 =,$ '/0$%'8'3,/& 8,3%&#010$:%'3& @+0 =,30$ , 3'0#%, 20#&$, -6 +302%'<0 ,/0,##&,# /020$/0$3', 020348'3, , 3'0#%, /#&1, $& ,&%#, '$3+& , /#&1, 3&$'/0#,/, +,;0 3&-& 0 3'1,##& &0 3,8:.

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2,#%0 , %&0#,$3', 2+0/0 $& ,2,#030# 2,#, %&/, , ,33'&$0 /0+$, /#&1, 2&# 0?0-2& , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ #020%'/, /0 &2'630&2#&/+30 +$, #62'/, %&0#,$3', , 0803%& ,$,1:'3& 0/,$%0-'0$%#, @+0 0 0803%& &<#0 , 2+2', (-'&') ?,-6/0,2,#030.

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0#6 2,#, %&/, , &%#, <0$7&/',702'$,.

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P,#, 02'3,# & -03,$'-& /0 , /020$/0$3', 84'3, 0 =,'$;&3,/& 0 /0,##&& /0 +$, 3&$%#,,/,2%,3'$ /0 & '%0-,,803%,/& 2&# , /#&1, @+0 & '1$& /0 ,<%'$0$3',#02#00$%,$ 0 /'2,#& /0 & -'-&. P&# 0?0-2& +$ '%0-,@+0 0%+;'0#, '$='<'/& ,#1& %'0-2& 2&# , 2#00$3', /0 +$,/#&1, /02#0&#, /0,##&,#4, +$, -,&# 03'%,3'$ 2,#,3&$%#,##0%,# 0%, /02#0'$ 0$ 0 -&-0$%& @+0 , /#&1, 00'-'$,#, 0 '%0-, 0 -,$'80%,#4, 3&$ ,3%';'/,/ 0,10#,/,.P0$0-& 0$ +$ ,+%& @+0 %#,%,-& /0 ,300#,# 3&$ 0 20/, /08#0$& 2+0%& -'0$%#, -6 ,300#0-& -,&# 0 0 <#'$3& @+0/, 0 ;0=43+& 0$ 0 -&-0$%& @+0 &%,-& 0 8#0$&.

L& 2#&30& #02&$,<0 /0 , /020$/0$3', , %&0#,$3',2+0/0$ &3+##'# 0$ 0 #0302%&# -0-<#,$, & 0$ & -03,$'-&'$%#,30+,#0 2&# 0?0-2& 3,-<'& 0$ , ,3%';'/,/ /0 &'%0-, /0 01+$/& -0$,?0#& (;:,0 , 8'1+#, VII. 2 ).

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(#08&#7,-'0$%& 2&'%';& & $01,%';&).

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(L, 2#&2'0/,/0 8,#-,3&1'3, 2#'$3'2,0 /0 ;,#'& /0 &,10$%0 @+0 ;0#0-& =,$ '/& #0;',/& 0$ , T0#30#, C+,#%,P,#%0.)

!!II. ESTIMULANTES

!!III. DROGAS DEPRESORAS !!IV. TABACO !!V. CANNABIS (MARIGUANA) !!VI. NARCÓTICOS !!VII. SOLVENTES E INALANTES

2 2 I I " E S T I M U L A N T E S

LOS ESTIMULANTES &$ +%,$3', @+0 ,+-0$%,$ 0 0%,/& /0

;'1'', 3&-<,%0$ 0 +0& 2#&/+30$ +$, 0$,3'$ /0 0$0#14,'$3#0-0$%,/, , /&' 00;,/, 0%,/& /0 03'%,3'$0%#0-,.

E$%#0 , +%,$3', 0%'-+,$%0 0 0$3+0$%#,$ , ,$80%,-'$,, 3&3,4$, , 0%#'3$'$, 0 3,8: 0 %: 0 3=&3&,%0 , $'3&%'$,.E%, %'-, 3&-<'$, 0803%& 0%'-+,$%0 /02#0&#0 2&# &@+0 , 3&$'/0#,#0-& 0$ 8&#-, 02,#,/,.

C&-& ;'-& 0$ 0 3,24%+& !!I & 0%'-+,$%0 0 /';'/0$ 0$,10$%0 -0$&#0 -,&#0. L& estimulantes menores '$3+0$

0 3,8: 0 %: 0 3=&3&,%0 %&/& 0& 2,#03'/& 0$ +0%#+3%+#, @+4-'3, 2&#@+0 &$ -0%',$%'$,. S+ 2,%#$ /0,<+& 0 <,%,$%0 0%0#0&%'2,/& 2&# /0-6 8#03+0$%0.P#&<,<0-0$%0 0,$ , /#&1, 2'3&,3%';, -6 +%''7,/, 0$ 0-+$/& &<#0 %&/& ' '$3+'-& & #08#03& & &/, ,1+$&,$,1:'3& #0-0/'& 3&$%#, , 1#'2, @+0 3&$%'0$0$ 3,804$,.¿C+6$%, 10$%0 3&$&30 +%0/ @+0 $& 2+0/0 %#,<,?,# & 0%+/',# &=,%, & 2,%'3,# ' $& %'0$0 +$, %,7, /0 3,8: & %: 0$8#0$%0"

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E ,<+& /0 3,8: %: & 3=&3&,%0 $& 0 =, 3,#,3%0#'7,/& 0$%:#-'$& /0 ,/'33'$ '$ 0-<,#1& 0'%0$ #080#0$3', ,30#3, /0, ,2,#'3'$ /0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', /02+: /0 +20$/0#<#+3,-0$%0 , '$10%, 2#&&$1,/, /0 1#,$/0 /&' /0 0%,

,$%'$,. U+,-0$%0 0%0 4$/#&-0 0 -,$'8'0%, 3&$ 20#'&/&

















/0 /02#0'$ &-$&0$3', ,%0$', ,/'$,-', (8&?0#,) @+0 $&&$ 1#,;0 /0,2,#030$ 1#,/+,-0$%0.

N& 0 =, 0%,<03'/& +$, #0,3'$ /'#03%, 0$%#0 0 3&$+-& /03,8: 0 #'01& /0 36$30# & /0803%& 10$:%'3& (-,8&#-,3'&$0

3&$1:$'%,) '$ 0-<,#1& 4 0 =, ;'%& @+0 0 3,8: 2+0/0/'-'$+'# , 2#&<,<''/,/ /0 0-<,#,7& ,+-0$%,# 0 #'01& /0,<&#%& 02&$%6$0& /0 <0<: 3&$ 20& -6 <,?& @+0 & /0-,/#0 @+0 $& %&-,#&$ 3,8: /+#,$%0 0 0-<,#,7&. O%#, #0,3'$3,#, 0$%#0 0 3&$+-& /0 3,8: 0 #'01& /0 0$80#-0/,/03,#/',3, =, '/& /0%03%,/,H , ,@+0& '$/';'/+& @+0 3&$+-0$-6 /0 3'$3& %,7, /0 3,8: /',#',-0$%0 %'0$0$ /& -0/', ;030-6 2#&<,<''/,/ /0 +8#'# '$+8'3'0$3', 3&#&$,#', $';00 ,%&/0 3&0%0#& @+0 20#&$, @+0 $& %&-,$ 3,8:.

D0 & estimulantes ma!ores , 3&3,4$, , ,$80%,-'$,

#02#00$%,$ , +%,$3', /0 ,<+& -6 8#03+0$%0. R080#'/, 0$%:#-'$& +#<,$& 3&-& speed (;0&3'/,/ 0$ '$1:) =,$ '/&%&-,/, 8+-,/, 0 '$03%,/, 2&# +?0%& ,/'3%&.

E ,<+& /0 , ,$80%,-'$, 8+0 '-2&#%,$%0 0$ & ,& \ 3+,$/& + /'2&$'<''/,/ 0#, -6 863' 2+0 $& 0 #0@+0#4,2#03#'23'$ -:/'3, 2,#, ,/@+'#'#,. D02+: /'-'$+ + +&#00#;6$/&0 2,#, 3,& /0 &<0'/,/ $,#3&02', (3#'' /0+0&) & ='20#,3%';'/,/. E'%0$ %&/,;4, -:/'3& 3=,#,%,$0@+0 &8#030$ %#,%,-'0$%& 2,#, , &<0'/,/ , <,0 /0,$80%,-'$,. S0 =, /0-&%#,/& @+0 0%& %#,%,-'0$%& &$

3+0%'&$,<0 /0 2&3& :'%& ,/0-6 /0 #'01&&.

L, ,$80%,-'$, %,-<':$ =,$ '/& +%''7,/, 2&# ,%0%, 2,#,-0?&#,# + /00-20&. A+$@+0 0%0 0803%& 0 #0,%';,-0$%0-0$&# 0 +8'3'0$%0 2,#, =,30# , /'80#0$3', 0$ +$, 3&-20%0$3','$%0#$,3'&$, 30##,/,. P&# +2+0%& 0 +& /0 3+,@+'0#+%,$3', 0$ 3&-20%0$3', /02&#%';, 0%6 0%#'3%,-0$%02#&='<'/& (0 ,-,/& doping).

M0$3'&$,#0-& ,@+4 @+0 0'%0$ $+-0#&, +%,$3', 3&$0803%& 3,%03&,-'$:#1'3& (;:,0 0 3,24%+& V) @+0 ,3%,$ 2&#

-0/'& /0 -03,$'-& '-',#0 , & /0 , ,$80%,-'$, 20#&3+& 0803%& &$ -+3=& -0$& -,#3,/& @+0 & /0 :%,. E$0%0 3,& 0 0$3+0$%#,$ ,1+$, 1&%, 2,#, , $,#'7 @+03&$%'0$0$ 080/#'$, 80$'08#'$, 20+/&080/#'$,80$+2#&2,$&,-'$, 2#&2'00/#'$, $,8,7&'$, %0%#,='/#&7&'$,&'-0%,7&'$, & '&-0%,7&'$,.

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A 8'$, /0 0%& 20#'&/& @+0 /+#,$ ++,-0$%0 /0 3'$3& , '0%0/4, 0 +?0%& /+0#-0 ,#1& %'0-2& =,%, ;,#'& /4, ,/020#%,#0 0 -+0%#, ,0%,#1,/& =,-<#'0$%& <,%,$%0/02#'-'/&. U+,-0$%0 0%, 20#&$, 0 ,+%&-0/'3,$ 3&$;,#', /#&1, /0 -,$0#, @+0 <+3,$ 3&-<,%'# & 0803%&3&,%0#,0 /0 +$ 86#-,3& 3&$ & 0803%& 2#'-,#'& /0 &%#&

3&-2'3,$/& , 3&$03+0$3',.

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E ,<+& /0 3&3,4$, =, '/& '$3#0-0$%6$/&0 /0 -,$0#,,,#-,$%0 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ & 2,40 /0,##&,/& 0$

3'0#%& 0%#,%& /0 , 2&<,3'$ /0 2,40 -0$& /0,##&,/&.L& ++,#'& /0 3&3,4$, /03#'<0$ + 0803%& 0+8&#'7,$%0 0$ &-'-& %:#-'$& @+0 3&$ , ,$80%,-'$, '$ 0-<,#1& ,/+#,3'$ /0 0803%& /0 , 3&3,4$, 0 -+3=& -6 <#0;0H + ;'/,-0/', 0 /0 ,#0/0/&# /0 -'$+%& -'0$%#, @+0 , /0 ,,$80%,-'$, 0 /0 30#3, /0 =&#, , /0 , -0%,$80%,-'$,/0 3'$3&.

E 2,%#$ /0 +& /0 , 3&3,4$, 0 ;,#',<0H , /#&1, 0 ;0$/0 0$8&#-, /0 2&;& 0 3&#='/#,%& 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 -073,/& 3&$-,$'%& ,1$ ,73,# (,3%&, /0%#&, ,3,#&,) '$&'%&@+'$'$, & 2#&3,4$,. E%& 3&$ &<?0%& /0 ,,#1,# & 3&#%,# ,3,$%'/,/ /0 3&3,4$, 2+#, @+0 0 0 ;0$/0 , 3'0$%0. S+ ;4, /0,/-'$'%#,3'$ ++, 0 , $,, ,+$@+0 %,-<':$ 0 =, +%''7,/&'$03%,/, & '$=,,/, (, :%, %'-, 8&#-, 0 0 ,-,crac9 ).

E +& /0 , 3&3,4$, 0 , '$'3'& '$%0#-'%0$%0 20#& 0 =, 0%'-,/&@+0 /0 , ^ /0 & +?0%& @+0 %'0$0$ , 2&'<''/,/ /0,/@+'#'# , /#&1, 0 ;+0;0$ ++,#'& #01+,#0 /020$/'0$%0.L& 0803%& '$'3',0 /0 , /#&1, ,+-0$%& /0 , 0$0#14, /0+?0%& /0 + &3',<''/,/ 0 ;0$ #08&#7,/& 2&# 0 -0/'&

&3', 20#& , -0/'/, @+0 , /020$/0$3', ,;,$7, 0



#08&#7,-'0$%& &3', /'-'$+0 0 +%'%+'/& 2&# 0 #0,3'&$,/&3&$ , /#&1,.

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0$ 3'1,##'&. E%, 8&#-, 2#&/+30$ +$, ,/'33'$ -6 '$%0$, /0 2#00$%,3'$ -6 #62'/, (c0$ &3,'&$0 /02+: /0 +$, &/& 02&'3'&$0d) @+0 3+,$/& 0 ,2'3, 0 ,3,&'/0 2&# , $,#'7.

C+,$/& 0 8+-, 3&3,4$, 2+#, 0 ,-,/& crac9 01, , 30#0<#&0$ X & 01+$/& 2#&/+3'0$/& +$, 0$,3'$ /0 3,&# @+0 0/03#'<0 3&-& '$%0$,-0$%0 2,30$%0#,. E%0 0803%& /+#, & /0%#0 , 3'$3& -'$+%& 01+'/& /0 +$, /02#0'$ @+0 2+0/0 /+#,#/0 , Z -'$+%&.

E crac9 &%#& %'2& /0 3&3,4$, 2+#, 2+0/0$ &3,'&$,# ,

-+0#%0 0$ +?0%& +302%'<0H 2&# =0-&##,1', 30#0<#,(2#&/+3'/, 2&# 0 ,+-0$%& <#+3& /0 , 2#0'$ ,#%0#',) 2&#<&@+0& /0 , 3&$/+33'$ $0#;'&, /0 3&#,7$ %#,%&#$& /0#'%-& '$8,#%& /0 -'&3,#/'& 2&# '$+8'3'0$3', 3,#/'&2+-&$,#3&,1+,3'$ '$%#,;,3+,# '$+8'3'0$3', =026%'3, & #0$,3&$;+'&$0 /02#0'$ #02'#,%&#',.

L, 3&3,4$, /'-'$+0 0 +-<#, 3&$;+';& '0$/& ,3&$;+'&$0 , 3&-2'3,3'$ $0+#&1'3, -6 8#03+0$%0.

L, -+?0#0 @+0 3&$+-0$ 3&3,4$, /+#,$%0 0 0-<,#,7& &$

-6 +302%'<0 , %0$0# ,<&#%& 02&$%6$0& 0$ 0 2#'-0#%#'-0%#0 &3+##'# -+0#%0 80%, 0$ 0 %'-& %#'-0%#0. L,'$10%'$ /0 3&3,4$, 2+0/0 3,+,# 0 '$'3'& <#+3& /03&$%#,33'&$0 +%0#'$, 0 ='20#,3%';'/,/ 80%,.

E$%#0 & +?0%& @+0 +,$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 , 3&3,4$, $& 0 #,#&0 #02&#%0 /0 ,+3'$,3'&$0 %63%'0 (0$,3'$ /0 ,$'-,'%& 0$ ,2'0) ;'+,0 (3&-& +30 /0 $'0;0) ,+%&-,%'-& (%'3)2,#,$&', ,%0#,3'$ /0 , 3&$/+3%,.

L, 3&3,4$, %'0$0 +$ 2&%0$3', /0 ,<+& '-2&#%,$%0 ,

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2 2 I I I " D R O G A S D E P R E S O R A S

EN LA TERCERA PARTE /0 0%, &<#, $& &3+2,-& /0 ,

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E 2,%#$ /0 ,<+& /0 0%& ,10$%0 /02#0&#0 0 /';0#&. L&<,#<'%#'3& 0 3&$+-0$ 0$%#0 ,/'3%& 3&-<'$,/& 3&$&2'&'/0 2,#, 2#&&$1,# 0 0803%& $,#3%'3& 0$ ,3&='3&2,#, 3&-<,%'# +$ 3+,/#& /0 ,<%'$0$3', ,1+$& & 3&-<'$,$3&$ ,$80%,-'$, -073, @+0 2#&/+30 0%#,,-0$%0 -,&#

00;,3'$ /0 0%,/& /0 6$'-& @+0 , '$/+3'/, 2&# 0%, /#&1,,/-'$'%#,/, 2&# 02,#,/&. S0 ,<+, %,$%& /0 & <,#<'%#'3&3&-& /0 , <0$7&/',702'$, 2,#, 3&-<,%'# 0 '$&-$'&. S&$ &+?0%& @+0 ,01+#,$ $& 2&/0# 201,# +$ &?& ' $& %&-,$ +24/&#, ,$%0 /0 ,3&%,#0. I$3'/0$%,-0$%0 -+3=& /0 0&8+0#&$ '$'3',/& 2&# 0 -'-& -:/'3& 0$ 0 -&-0$%& /0 +$,2#03#'23'$ 0,<&#,/, 2#03'2'%,/,-0$%0 '$ ,;0#'1+,# 2#'-0#&' +$ ,';'& 2+#,-0$%0 '$%&-6%'3& $& %0$/#4, 3&$03+0$3',,/;0#, , -6 ,#1& 2,7& (3&-& 0 /'#4, %:3$'3,-0$%0H/0%033'$ %0-2#,$, /0 , 20#&$,'/,/ ,/'3%';,).

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

4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', -6 1#,;0. L, %&0#,$3', @+0 0/0,##&, , , <0$7&/',702'$, 0 -6 /0 %'2& 8,#-,3&/'$6-'3&@+0 -0%,<'3&. E /03'# & %0?'/& ,?+%,$ + 0$'<''/,/ , ,0'%0$3', 3&$%'$+, /0 86#-,3& $& 0 @+0 :%0 0 -0%,<&'30-6 #62'/&. E%& @+'0#0 /03'# @+0 , /&' 0%, 0 '-',# 0$%&/& & 3,& %,$%& 0$ +?0%& %&0#,$%0 3&-& $& %&0#,$%0.

E 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', 0 %,-<':$ $&%,<0-0$%0 '-',# 3&$%&/& & /02#0&#0 '$3+'/& 0 ,3&=&. C&$'%0 0$ + 8&#-,0;0 0$ +$ #0<&%0 /0 0803%& /02#0&# 3&$ '$&-$'&'##'%,<''/,/ ,$'0/,/ ,+-0$%& /0 , /+#,3'$ /0 +0& MOR

,$&#-,'/,/0 003%#&0$308,&1#68'3, /0 %'2& '##'%,%';&. C+,$/&0 3+,/#& 0 1#,;0 0 -,$'8'0%, 3&$ /0'#'& 3&$;+'&$0



%&$'3&3$'3, @+0 0 3&$;'0#%0 0$ +$, ;0#/,/0#, 0-0#10$3',-:/'3,. L& 2,3'0$%0 02':2%'3& @+0 +20$/0$ <'%,-0$%0 +-0/'3,3'$ ,$%'3&$;+';, , <,0 /0 80$&<,#<'%, &$2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 +302%'<0 , 2#00$%,# +$ 3+,/#& 1#,;0 /0,<%'$0$3',.

E 4$/#&-0 /0 +2#0'$ , , <0$7&/',702'$, 3&$'%0 0$'$&-$'& '$@+'0%+/ -,#0& $6+0, /&&# ,</&-'$,+/&#,3'$ ='20#0$'<''/,/ , , +7 , &$'/& /&&# /0 3,<07, 3&$%#,33'&$0 -+3+,#0 '$;&+$%,#',. S0 =,$ #02&#%,/&%,-<':$ 3,& /0 3#'' 3&$;+';,.

E%0 4$/#&-0 2+0/0 20#'%'# /4, & 0-,$,. L, -,$0#, /0%#,%,#& 0 /'-'$+'# 0$%,-0$%0 , /&' & ,/-'$'%#,# +$+%'%+%& /0 ,33'$ 2#&&$1,/, ?+$%& 3&$ -0/'/, /0 ,2&&3&-& ;'%,-'$, -'$0#,0 0 ='/#,%,3'$.

L& <0<: $,3'/& /0 -,/#0 /020$/'0$%0 %,-<':$ 2+0/0$-,$'80%,# +$ 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', 2,#03'/& , /0 ,/+%&,+$@+0 -6 0;0. É%0 0 ,';', 3&$ , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 -'-&,10$%0 @+0 2#&/+?& , /020$/0$3',.

L, fenciclidina (PCP) & 2&;& /0 6$10 3&-& 0 0 /0$&-'$, 0$& E%,/& U$'/& 0 +$ 86#-,3& @+0 &#'1'$,-0$%0 0'$%#&/+?& , , 34$'3, 3&-& ,10$%0 ,$0%:'3&. L& 0%+/'&'$'3',0 #0,'7,/& 0$ -&$& #02&#%,<,$ /'&3',3'$ /0 +?0%&3&$ 0 -0/'& 8,%, /0 #02+0%, , 0%4-+& /&&#&& '$

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

E$ \ , PCP ='7& + ,2,#'3'$ 0$ , 3,0 /0 S,$ F#,$3'3&.S0 /0%03%,#&$ 3#'%,0 /0 , /#&1, 0$ =&?, /0 &#:1,$& 20#0?' &,8,8, @+0 0#,$ ;0$/'/& 3&-& -,#'1+,$,. P&3& , 2&3& ,

10$%0 0-207 , '/0$%'8'3,#& 3&-& & %&@+0 ,0'$& (9iller ,oints) =,3', , 3,+, -6 8#03+0$%0 /0 0-0#10$3',



E$ 0%0 0$%'/& 0 ,3&=&'-& 2+0/0 3&$'/0#,#0 3&-&+$, enfermedad.

L, '$10%'$ 2#&&$1,/, /0 1#,$/0 /&' /0 ,3&=& 2+0/02#&/+3'# /,& 0%#+3%+#, 0$ #1,$& 3&-& 0 3&#,7$ 0 30#0<#&

0 =41,/& 0$%#0 &%#&. E ,3&=& 2#&/+30 %&'3'/,/ /'#03%, 0$0 -3+& 3,#/',3& 2#&/+3'0$/& ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 #'%-& =,%,'$+8'3'0$3', 3,#/',3, 3&$10%';,. L& 0803%& 0$ 0 =41,/& 0,2#03',$ 3,#,-0$%0 0$ ;,#', 8,0 @+0 3&$/+30$ , , 3'##&'.A 2#'$3'2'& , ,3+-+,3'$ '$%#,30+,# /0 1#,, /02+: +$,8,0 '$8,-,%&#', 01+'/, /0 -+0#%0 30+,# @+0 2#&;&3,3'3,%#'30. E %0?'/& 8'<#&& /0 0%, 3'3,%#'30 '$%0#8'0#0 ,$ -63&$ , 8+$3'$ /0 , 3:+, =026%'3, @+0 @+0/,$. L, 3'##&''1$'8'3, 2+0 & 3,-<'& '$8,-,%&#'& -+0#%0 30+,#2#&/+3'/& 2&# 0 ,3&=&. L, 8,0 /0 =41,/& 1#,& 0 #0;0#'<03+,$/& 0 +20$/0 , '$10%, 20#& $& , /0 3'##&'.

FIGURA 22III"I" a cirrosis! *s un cuadro de alteración hep$ticacaracteri#ado por inflamación, formación de ac.mulos de grasa (/) y

te"ido fibroso (I) en el seno del órgano, daño y muerte celular, y sustitución de las células del hígado por células cicatriciales que conduce

a la pérdida de la función! A) hígado sano! 4) hígado graso! -) lobulillohep$tico sano, a la i#quierda, y deteriorado a la derecha!

L, 8,0 ,;,$7,/, /0 ,3&=&'-& 0 #0,3'&$,$ 3&$,%0#,3'&$0 -0$%,0 0#', /,& 30#0<#, '##0;0#'<0 -0$&##0'%0$3', ,$%0 , '$8033'&$0 ,$0-', -,&# %0$/0$3', ,

,$1#,/& 1,%#'%' 3#$'3,. E ,3&='3& 1#,;0 0 -6 2#&20$&, 36$30# -6 ,$ ' 8+-, (=,%, ;030 -6).



L, -+?0#0 @+0 <0<0$ -+3=& /+#,$%0 0 0-<,#,7& %'0$0$-,&# &3+##0$3', /0 ,<&#%& -,&# 2#&<,<''/,/ /0 2#&3#0,#<0<: ,803%,/& /0 4$/#&-0 ,3&='3& 80%, 3+,/#& /0/08'3'0$3', -0$%, 84'3, 3,#,3%0#4%'3&.

O%#& '1$& 2,#%'3+,# /0 ,3&=&'-& &$ & 20#'&/& /0,-$0', 3&$ ,%0#,3'$ 2#&8+$/, /0 , -0-&#', /0 ,3&$3'0$3', @+0 2+0/0 /+#,# /0/0 ,1+$& -&-0$%& =,%,;,#'& /4,. E +?0%& 2+/& =,<0# 0%,/& '$%0#,3%+,$/& 3&$ +,-'1& /+#,$%0 %&/, +$, $&3=0 , /4, '1+'0$%0 $& #03&#/,#$,/,.

M+3=& 0 =, =,<,/& /0 & 0803%& /0 ,3&=& &<#0 , 8+$3'$0+, 20#& , S=,>020,#0 0$ 0acbet# & =,<4, /'3=&HL+?+#', 0&# 2#&;&3, $& 2#&;&3, 2#&;&3, 0 /00& 20#&0 0;, , &<#,. E /03'# -'0$%#, -,&# 0 0 $';0 /0 ,3&=&

0$ , ,$1#0 -0$&# 0 , #02+0%, 0+, , 20,# /0 @+0 0'0$%, -,&# 03'%,3'$.

L, /020$/0$3', 84'3, , ,3&=& ,2,#030 3&-& 3&$03+0$3', /03&$+-& 3#$'3& /0 3,$%'/,/0 '-2&#%,$%0 /0 <0<'/,. E4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', 0 '-',# , @+0 &3+##0 3&$ &%#&,10$%0 /02#0&#0 ,+$@+0 3&$ ,1+$, /'80#0$3',. E 4$/#&-0,2,#030 0$%#0 =&#, 2&%0#'&#0 , , %'-, 3&2,.

E$ 3,& /0 /020$/0$3', 0;0 0 4$/#&-0 /0 +2#0'$ 3&$'%00$H ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 +0& /0<''/,/ $6+0, %0-<&#0 8'$&

@+0 /+#,$ ,1+$, =&#,. C+,$/& , /020$/0$3', 0 -6 0;0#,0%& '1$& %,-<':$ ,2,#030$ 20#& ,$+$3',$/& & -6 1#,;0H+$ 3+,/#& /0 %0-<&# 10$0#,'7,/& 3#'' 3&$;+';, 0,-,/& delirium tremens 4$/#&-0 @+0 '$3+0 ,+3'$,3'&$0 (,10$%0 =,<, /0 008,$%0 #&,) %0-<&#0 /0 ,4 + $&-<#0. E%0 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$03', 0 0 -6 1#,;0 @+0 0 2#&/+3'/&2&# $6#3&%'3& 2+0 0 #'01& /0 -+0#%0 0 -,&#.

S0 =, /';'/'/& 0%0 4$/#&-0 0$ ;,#', 0%,2,H

Etapa ' . S0 '$'3', ,1+$, =&#, /02+: /0 %'-& %#,1& 0

'/0$%'8'3, 2&# , ,2,#'3'$ /0 %0-<&# /0 '$%0$'/,/ ;,#',<0H/0/0 '10#& =,%, %,$ 0;0#& 3&-& 2,#, '-20/'# @+0 0 +?0%&&%0$1, +$ ;,&. E %0-<&# +00 ,3&-2,,#0 /0 $6+0,;-'%& ,$'0/,/ %,@+'3,#/', ='20#%0$'$ 0,10#,3'$ /0 &#080?& +/&#,3'$ 2:#/'/, /0 ,20%'%& ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 +0&.

Etapa (. P+0/0 ,2,#030# , , Z =&#, /0 , +2#0'$,3&='3, 3&$ ,+3'$,3'&$0 (;'+,0 ,+/'%';, %63%'0 & +$,3&-<'$,3'$ /0 0,) , 2#'$3'2'& & 3&$ & &?& 30##,/& /02+: =,%, 3&$ & &?& ,<'0#%&. ,%, 00 2+$%& 0 +?0%& $&=, 20#/'/& , &#'0$%,3'$ , '$%#&2033'$ , ,+3'$,3'&$0

2+0/0$ 0# #0;0#'<0. S' :%, 20#'%0$ 0 3&$'/0#, @+0 0,3,$7 , 8,0 /0 alucinosis alco#ólica.



Etapa ). A2,#030 /0&#'0$%,3'$ /0'#'& ,+3'$,3'&$020#'%0$%0 @+0 2+0/0$ ,/@+'#'# +$ 3,#63%0# 20#03+%&#'& ,%0##&#'7,$%0. E +?0%& 0 -+0%#, 80<#' 0%#0-,/,-0$%03,$,/&. E%0 3+,/#& ,2,#030 30#3, /0 %0#30# /4, /0 ,<%'$0$3', 0 0 @+0 0 3&$'/0#, 3&-& 0 /0 /0'#'& /0 , ,<%'$0$3',

,3&='3, & delirium tremens.

Etapa *. , 3#'' 3&$;+';, 10$0#,'7,/,. S' 0 2,3'0$%0 $&-+0#0 0 2+0/0 #03+20#,# 0$%#0 3'$3& '0%0 /4, '$%#,%,-'0$%&. S'$ 0-<,#1& 0%+/'& 003%#&0$308,&1#68'3& $0+#&2'3&1'3& =,$ -&%#,/& @+0 & /:8'3'% 2+0/0$ 20#/+#,#;,#'& -00.

S0 2'0$, @+0 3#'' #020%'/, /0 ,<%'$0$3', ,+$,/, ,0$;0?03'-'0$%& 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# /,& '##0;0#'<0.

N& 0 ,<0 3&$ 0,3%'%+/ 3-& 3&-'0$7, 0 ,3&=&'-&. A1+$&/0 & 8,3%&#0 @+0 2#0/'2&$0$ , /0,##&,#& &$ 3+,$/&H

' ) E +?0%& 020#'-0$%, 0$,3'&$0 /0 ,';'& & #0,?,3'$ ,'$10#'# '3&#.

() L, 20#&$,'/,/ /0 +?0%& -+0%#, #,1& /0 '$01+#'/,/ /0/'8'3+%,/ 2,#, #0&;0# 0%,/& /0 /02#0'$ ,$1+%', &8#+%#,3'$.

)) L, 20#&$, 0 -'0-<#& /0 +$, 3+%+#, 0$ , @+0 0'%0

2#0'$ &3', 2,#, <0<0# , -'-& %'0-2& @+0 0$%'-'0$%& /03+2, 2&# 0%, 3&$/+3%,.

E /'843' '$;0%'1,# & -03,$'-& 2,#%'3'2,$%0 0$ 0,3&=&'-& 0$ 2,#%0 2&#@+0 $& 0'%0 +$ -&/0& ,$'-, @+0%0$1, , -'-, 3,#,3%0#4%'3, /0 0# =+-,$&. P&# 0?0-2&0 /'843' =,30# @+0 +$ ,$'-, (#,%, 20##& 1,%& -&$&) '$1'0#,02&$%6$0,-0$%0 ,3&=&. E 2#03'& '$03%,#& & 8&#7,# +'$10%'$ /+#,$%0 ;,#'& /4,. S& /02+: /0 ;,#', 0'&$0 0,$'-, 2+0/0 2#080#'# 0 ,3&=& @+0 0 ,1+,. L, ,%0#$,%';, 0+%''7,# #,%, 0033'&$,/, 10$:%'3,-0$%0 2&# -&%#,#

2#080#0$3', 2&# 0 ,3&=&.E ,3&=&'-& 0 -6 8#03+0$%0 0$ ='?& /0 ,3&='3&H /0 ,^ /0 & ='?& & =0#-,$& /0 ,3&='3& 1#,;0 2+0/0$%,-<':$ /0,##&,# , 0$80#-0/,/.

A/0-6 /0 0%, 2#&<,<0 '$8+0$3', 10$:%'3, 0'%0$'-2&#%,$%0 8,3%&#0 &3',0 @+0 2+0/0$ 8,3''%,# , '$/+33'$/0 ,3&=&'-& & /'-'$+'# + '$3'/0$3',. L, ,3%'%+/ /0 ,&3'0/,/ ,$%0 , <0<'/, '$8+0 3,#,-0$%0 &<#0 , '$3'/0$3', /0,3&=&'-& 20#& %,-<':$ 0 0;'/0$%0 @+0 & 1#+2& &3',0

/08,;&#03'/& %'0$0$ -,&# #'01& /0 2,/030#&. P&# &%#, 2,#%0



E$ \ & '$100 0$;',#&$ , *&=$ R&80 , 3&&$'7,# , #01'$,=&#, 3&$&3'/, 3&-& V'#1'$', 0$ & EUA. E$ \ R&800-<# ,1+$, 0-', /0 4icotiana tabacum @+0 =,<4,3&$01+'/& &<%0$'0$/& 02:$/'/& #0+%,/&. L, ;0$%, /0 ,3&03=, /0 %,<,3& , 2,#%'# /0 \ '1$'8'3 $& & ,

&<#0;';0$3', /0 , 3&&$', '$& '$3+& + #'@+07,. P,#, \ 0;0$/4, 0$ L&$/#0 %,$%& %,<,3& /0 V'#1'$', 3&-& /0 , 3&&$',02,&,.

FIGURA 22IV"I" *l tabaco y sus presentaciones"

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B0$0/'3%& !III 8+-,/&# 0-20/0#$'/& & #0;&3. A '$'3'& /0'1& VII 0$ T+#@+4, R+', C='$, 0 3,%'1,<, , &8+-,/&#0 3&$ , 20$, /0 -+0#%0. A 20,# /0 0& 0 3&$+-&/0 %,<,3& '1+' ,+-0$%,$/&.

E :'%& 03&$-'3& /0 , 2#&/+33'$ /0 %,<,3& 0$ , 3&&$','$10, /0 A-:#'3, %+;& #020#3+'&$0 '-2&#%,$%0 0$ , 1+0##,/0 I$/020$/0$3', (\)H G0&#10 W,='$1%&$ /034,H S' $&2+0/0$ 0$;',# /'$0#& 0$;40$ %,<,3& 2+0 2,40 3&-& F#,$3',@+0 2#0%,<, /'$0#& , & '$+#10$%0 ,302%,<, 0# #00-<&,/&3&$ , 2,$%, ('$3+& 0$ $+0%#& '1& =, =,<'/& 10$0#,0

0%,/&+$'/0$0 @+0 3&$'/0#,<,$ 00$3', 0 %,<,3& 2,#, ,-&#, /0 & &/,/&).



D+#,$%0 0 '1& VIII 0 &<0#; +$, %0$/0$3', , 2#080#'# 0%,<,3& ,/-'$'%#,/& 2&# , $,#'7 (0 ,-,/& #,2:) @+0 8+-,/&2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$%#0 , 3,0 ,%,. E$ I$1,%0##, , #0'$,C,#&%, 0#, 3&$&3'/, 2&# + ,/'33'$ , #,2: 0$ F#,$3',N,2&0$ 3&$+-4, 3,' 3+,%#& >'& /0 #,2: , -0.

E$ XX /& @+4-'3& 8#,$300 P&0% R0'-,$ ,',#&$ 0'$1#0/'0$%0 ,3%';& /0 , =&?, /0 , 2,$%, 3&-& <+0$&$,3'&$,'%, & /0$&-'$,#&$ $'3&%'$,.

E$ & E%,/& U$'/& =,3', , 01+$/, -'%,/ /0 '1& I3&-0$7 , 2#0/&-'$,# 0 -,3,/& /0 %,<,3& 0$ X\ &'0%0 /0 ZX 86<#'3, /0 V'#1'$', C,#&'$, & 2#02,#,<,$ 2,#,8+-,#. E #0%& 0#, 2,#, -,%'3,# (/0 =03=& =,%, Z 0#,&<'1,%&#'& 2&$0# 03+2'/0#, 0$ %&/& & 0/'8'3'& 2<'3& /000 2,4). E%, -&/, 8&#03' 0$ 2,#%0 2&# 0 #'01& /0 '$30$/'&

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,3', 8'$0 /0 00 '1& 0#, %,$ 8#03+0$%0 -,3,# %,<,3& 3&-&8+-,# 2+#&. A -'-& %'0-2& & 8,<#'3,$%0 /0 2+#& =,34,$%&/& & 2&'<0 2&# /02#0%'1',# , 3'1,##'&. A 20,# /0 0& 0'$30$%';& /0 2#&2&#3'&$,# , 2<'3& +$ 2+#& -6 <,#,%& 0%'-+, & 3&-0#3',$%0 /0 %,<,3& , 8,<#'3,# 3'1,##'&. ,3', X\+$& /0 0& P=''2 M&##' 0-207 , ;0$/0# 3'1,##'& =03=& ,-,$&. E$ A+%#', 0 ;0$/4,$ 3'1,##'& 3&$ /&<0 <&@+',H c0

++,#'& & 3&#%,<, , , -'%,/ ,4 %0$4, /&d

E +& /0 3'1,##'& 0-207 , 0# '1$'8'3,%';& , 2,#%'# /0 XX,& 0$ @+0 0 '$%#&/+?& , -0#3,/& , -6@+'$, 2,#, 8,<#'3,#&2,%0$%,/, 0$ XX.

V,0 , 20$, -0$3'&$,# 0 3&-0$%,#'& /0 &%#&#, 8,-&&<&0,/&# *&=$ L. S+';,$ @+'0$ 0$ /03,#,<,H

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clavos de atad % ser al mismo tiempo campeón del

cuadriltero... DH nunca )as o*do de... un ladrón de bancosque use los cigarrillosF 9o podr*an )acerlo al mismo tiempo

que atienden el negocio. D4or qu,$ incluso los borrac)os$ no

usan esas cosas.. .F Dqui,n las fumaF Los fresas % los tiesos de

colegios o universidades$ c)avos que se podr*an borrar del

mapa con un !a o con un #nderc#t rpido. 9o es natural

fumar cigarrillos. n americano debe fumar puros... Sólo los

)olandeses$ italianos$ rusos$ turcos % egipcios fuman

cigarrillos %$ de cualquier manera$ es gente que no vale para

nada.

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2 2 V " C A N N A 9 I S M A R I G U A N A !

LA CANNABIS ES LA DROGA ILEGAL /0 +& -6 8#03+0$%0 0$ $+0%#&-0/'& @+0 ,<,#3, %&/& & 0%#,%& &3',0. S+ 3&$+-& =,/020#%,/& %&/& %'2& /0 2&:-'3, /0/0 2&4%'3, =,%,8'&8'3, 2,,$/& 2&# , -&#, , #0'1'$. L, ='0#<, 0 =,0%'1-,%'7,/& & /';'$'7,/& /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ , :2&3, ,3'#3+$%,$3', '1+0 /020#%,$/& ,#/'0$%0 /'3+'&$0.

I$/020$/'0$%0-0$%0 /0 0%& =03=& 0 =,,71& #03'0$%0 /0 +$#0302%&# 30#0<#, @+0 0 3&-<'$, 0$ 8&#-, 020348'3, 3&$ +$& /0& 2#'$3'2'& ,3%';& /0 , -,#'1+,$, ,4 3&-& 0 ,',-'0$%& 0'/0$%'8'3,3'$ /0 +$, -&:3+, 0$/10$, @+0 '$%0#,3%, 3&$ 0%0#0302%&# =,#6$ @+0 $+0%#, 3&$3023'$ &<#0 0 8+$3'&$,-'0$%&30#0<#, 0 0$#'@+073, 3&$'/0#,<0-0$%0.

E <&%6$'3& +03& L'$$0& (C,#&+ L'$$,0+) 3,'8'3 ,-,#'1+,$, 3&-& =annabis sativa 0$ -6#03'0$%0-0$%0 0 0%$&<&%6$'3& R. S3=+%0 /'%'$1+' %#00203'0H =. sativa =. indica =. ruderalis. =. sativa 2#&;'0$0/0 O#'0$%0 20#& + 3+%';& 0 2#,3%'3, 0$ %&/& 0 -+$/&2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 3&-& 8+0$%0 /0 8'<#, 2,#, 8,<#'3,# 3+0#/,H 036,-&.

A 2,#%'# /0 , '$%#&/+33'$ /0 26%'3& 2,#, 8,<#'3,# 3+0#/, 03+%';& /0 36,-& ,4 3&-& 0 /0 =0$0@+:$ +3,%03&=,/'-'$+'/& ,3%+,-0$%0 + 2#&/+33'$ 0 30$%#, -6 0$ 0 +&#03#0,%';& @+0 '$/+%#',. P&# &%#, 2,#%0 , 2#&='<'3'$ /0 +

3+%';& =, =03=& @+0 ,2,#073,$ 2,$%4& 3,$/0%'$& /&$/0 0=,$ 8,<#'3,/& ;,#'0/,/0 /0=annabis 0033'&$,/, 2&# 2#&/+3'#-,&# 3,$%'/,/ /0 2#'$3'2'& 2'3&,3%';&.



L, ='%&#', /0 , =annabis 0 '$%0#0,$%0. L, 2#'-0#, /03#'23'$@+0 0$3&$%#,-& /0 , 2,$%, /,%, /0 ,. C. 2&# 00-20#,/&# 3='$& (& ,1+'0$ /0 + 0@+'2&) S=0$ N+$1 @+'0$2#03#'<4, , -,#'1+,$, 2,#, 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 , 1&%, ,-,,#', ,1+$& /&&#0 , 8,%, /0 3&$30$%#,3'$. L,

;0$0#,3'$ @+0 , 2,$%, /020#%,<, 0$%#0 & 3='$& 0 2&/4,0$3&$%#,# ,+$ =,%, $+0%#& '1&. E$ &%#, &<#, 3='$, /0,#0/0/&# /0 ,& ,. C. 0 =,<,<, /0 , =annabis 3&-&'<0#,/&#, /0 203,/&.

E$ , I$/', , =annabis %'0$0 %,-<':$ +$, ,#1, %#,/'3'$ %,$%&#0'1'&, 3&-& -:/'3,. E3#'%& ,$%'1+& /03#'<0$ , 30#0-&$',/0 , #03&033'$ /0 , #0'$, /0 , 8&#0 (, 3+, 0$ 8&#-, /02,%, 0 0 3&$&30 3&-& =,3=4) /&$/0 '$/';'/+& /0'1$,/&0 2#02,#,<,$ , %#,;: /0 ,+$& , ,<%'$0$3', 2,#, 0,30#0-&$', 0$ , @+0 +$ =&-<#0 3&##4, /0$+/& , %#,;: /0 +$

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S0 =,$ 0$3&$%#,/& #01'%#& ,'#'& /0 & ,& \ ,. C. @+0/03#'<0$ +$, /#&1, ,-,/, a%ulla @+0 0 +%''7,<, 2,#, 8,<#'3,#3+0#/, #&2, %,-<':$ 3&-& 0+8&#'7,$%0. G,0$& %,-<':$-0$3'&$, 0 +& /0 36,-& 0$ 2,%00 & 0803%& $,#3%'3&0$ 00;,/, 3,$%'/,/0.

E &#'10$ /0 $&-<#0 #as#is# =, /020#%,/& 3&$%#&;0#',. S0

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L, %#&2, /0 N,2&0$ I & %#,?0#&$ , E+#&2, /02+: /0 ,3,-2,, /0 E1'2%& 2,#, & ,& XZ 0$ F#,$3', 0I$1,%0##, , '$%003%+,'/,/ , 8+-,<, &2'& & =,3=4. E$ XZZA0?,$/#& D+-, -0$3'&$,<, 0 =,3=4 0$ + &<#, El conde de0ontecristo , %'0-2& @+0 2,#%'3'2,<, 0$ , #0+$'&$0 /0 =lub



des 5ac#ic#ins ?+$%& 3&$ C=,#0 B,+/0,'#0 T:&2='0 G,+%'0# &%#& 8,-&& '$%003%+,0 /0 , :2&3,. E$ & ,& X2'@+',%#, 8#,$300 #03&-0$/,<,$ , + 0%+/',$%0 0 +& /0=,3=4 3&-& -&/0& /0 ,%0#,3'&$0 -0$%,0 , 8'$,0 /0-'-& '1& & 2'3&1& =,<,<,$ /0 =,3=4 3&-& +$,

=0##,-'0$%, 2,#, ,-2'8'3,# & 0%,/& 24@+'3& ,4 2&/0#0%+/',#& -6 ,-2',-0$%0.

D0 2,4 @+0 ,3%+,-0$%0 0 3&$'/0#, 3&-& 0 2#'$3'2,3&$+-'/&# -+$/', /0 =annabis2,#, 8'$0 #03#0,%';& 0 ,<0@+0 =,3', G0&#10 W,='$1%&$ 3+%';,<, 0 36,-& 0$,1+$& 0%,/& /0 , +$'$ ,-0#'3,$, 0%0 3+%';& 0#, '$3+&&<'1,%&#'& 2,#, 2#&;00#0 /0 -,%0#', 2,#, , #0/0 /0 203,.E$ X F. L+/& 2+<'3, 0 2#'-0# %#,%,/& 0%,/+$'/0$0&<#0 0 +& /0 , =annabis W,%0# B0$?,-'$ $,##, +020#'0$3', 3&$ 0 =,3=4 0$%#0 X XZ.

E$ M:'3& , -,#'1+,$, 0 ;&;' -6 3&$&3'/, , 2,#%'# /03&##'/& La cucarac#a @+0 /,%, /0 , R0;&+3'$ M0'3,$,H

La cucarac)a$ la cucarac)a$

%a no puede caminar$

porque le falta$ porque no tiene$

mariguana que fumar.

FIGURA 22V"I" a Canna5i$"



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,1+$& /0 0& '1+,0 , & 2#&/+3'/& 2&# , 3&-<+%'$ /0%,<,3&.

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L, ;'/, -0/', /0 THC 0 /0 ,2#&'-,/,-0$%0 =&#, 20#&

;,#'& /0 + -0%,<&'%& &$ /0%03%,<0 /+#,$%0 /4, ,0-,$, /02+: /0 , %'-, ,/-'$'%#,3'$. E%, 00;,/,20#'%0$3', /0 THC + -0%,<&'%& 0 /0<0 , + 1#,$&+<''/,/ 0$ , 1#,, 3&$ , 3&$03+0$%0 %0$/0$3', ,,3+-+,#0 0$ 0 %0?'/& ,/'2&& /0 3+0#2& 2,#, /02+:'<0#,#0 0$%,-0$%0. E%& =,30 /'843' #0,3'&$,# , ,%0#,3'&$024@+'3, 3,+,/, 2&# =annabis 3&$ + 2#00$3', 0$ & %0?'/&3&#2&#,0 3&-& 0$ 0 3,& /0 ,3&=&. P&# 0& $& 0 3+0$%,%&/,;4, 3&$ +$ -:%&/& 3&$8',<0 2,#, /0%0#-'$,# 863'-0$%0 +$0%,/& /0 '$%&'3,3'$ , -0$& @+0 0 3+,$%'8'@+0$ & $';00

/0 THC :%& 0 -+0%#0$ 00;,/&.U%''7,$/& 020#'-0$%,-0$%0 THC 2+#& 0 =, 2&/'/& 0%,<030#+$, #0,3'$ /&'50803%& 0$ +?0%& $& =,<'%+,/&H , /&'+-<#, 2,#, '$/+3'# 0+8&#', /'3#0%, 0 /0 -1 3+,$/& 0 8+-, -1 3+,$/& 0 '$1'0#0 -1 8+-,/& %&-,/& 2#&/+30$3,-<'& 0$ , 20#3023'$ 0$ 0 0$%'/& /0 %'0-2& +$, /&'/0 -1 8+-,/& & -1 '$10#'/& 2#&/+30 3,-<'&-,#3,/& 0$ , '-,10$ 3&#2&#, /'%&#'&$0 20#302%+,0'$3&&#/'$,3'$ -+3+,# '+'&$0 =,%, ,+3'$,3'&$0. L,-0-&#', , 3&#%& 2,7& 0 =,, ,%0#,/, , 3,2,3'/,/ 2,#,

#0,'7,# %,#0, @+0 #0@+'0#0$ 0%,/& -0$%,0 -%'20 &03+0$3', 2#03', /0 -&;'-'0$%& 0 /0%0#'&#,.



E <,,$30 0 0@+''<#'& %,-<':$ 0 ,%0#,$ 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 3&$& &?& 30##,/& 0%& 0803%& /0 '$3&&#/'$,3'$ 0$%#02#&30& /0 20#3023'$ ,%0$3'$ 2#&30,-'0$%& /0 ,'$8&#-,3'$ 2+0/0$ 0# 2&%0$3',-0$%0 20'1#&& 0$3&$/+3%&#0 & 2'&%&. E%& 0803%& /0 /0%0#'&#& 0$ +?0%& @+0

-,$0?,$ ,+%&-&%&#0 & -6@+'$, =,$ '/& 3&$8'#-,/&H , +$1#+2& /0 +?0%& , & @+0 0 0 20#-'%' 8+-,# -,#'1+,$,=,%, 2&$0#0 3&-& @+0#4,$ 0 0 2#,3%'3,#&$ 2#+0<, /0&<#'0/,/ 0$ 3,##0%0#, , 3,#1& /0 &8'3',0 /0 , 2,%#+, /03,-'$&. E Z^ /0 & +?0%& $& 2,,#&$ 0%, 2#+0<,2#,3%'3,/, -'$+%& /02+: /0 , '$%&'3,3'$ 0 \^ ,#02#&< , & -'$+%& /0 , ,/-'$'%#,3'$. E%& #0+%,/&/00%:#0& &$ -+3=& -6 '-2&#%,$%0 3+,$/& 0 3&-<'$,$ 3&$,3&=&.

L& 8+-,/&#0 /0 -,#'1+,$, #02&#%,$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 -6

,20%'%& 0@+0/,/ /0 , <&3, 1,#1,$%, ,+-0$%& /0 ,8#03+0$3', 3,#/',3, 0$#&?03'-'0$%& /0 & &?& -,&# ,1+/07,0$&#', (%&/& 0 '0$%0 -6 8+0#%0 -6 '$%0$&J).

L& 0803%& +<?0%';& /0 , =annabis &$ /'80#0$%0 01$ 0%#,%0 /0 +$ +?0%& 020#'-0$%,/& & /0 +$& @+0 $& , =,2#&<,/&. S0 =,$ =03=& 020#'-0$%& '$%0#0,$%0 3&-2,#,$/&,-<& %'2& /0 2&<,3'&$0 +%''7,$/& 3'1,##& /0 -,#'1+,$,3&$%0$'0$/& & $& THC &%#& 3,$,<'$&0. L, 3&-<+%'$ /0,-<& %'2& /0 3'1,##& 2#&/+34, 0 -'-& &&# ,<&#.

L& +?0%& 020#'-0$%,/& #02&#%,<,$ 0803%& +<?0%';& 3&$ 02,30<& -+3=& -6 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 @+0 & +?0%& $&020#'-0$%,/& , %'0-2& @+0 #080#4,$ -0$&# '$%0$'/,/ /0 &0803%& @+0 & &%#&. E%& @+'0#0 /03'# 2&# +$, 2,#%0 @+00'%0 +$ ,2#0$/'7,?0 /0 & 0803%& /0 , =annabis @+0 :%02+0/0 3&$/+3'# , , 0;&3,3'$ /0 0%,/& 2#&/+3'/& 2&# , 2,$%,,+$ 0$ ,+0$3', /0 0, 2,#,/?'3,-0$%0 %,-<':$ '1$'8'3, @+0& +?0%& =,<'%+,/& -+0%#,$ 3'0#%, %&0#,$3', , & 0803%& /0,=annabis.

E +$, &<0#;,3'$ 8#03+0$%0 , ,+0$3', /0 0803%& ,1#,/,<00$ , 20#&$, @+0 3&$+-0$ =annabis 2&# 2#'-0#, ;07 ,+$ 0$0 3,& /0 8+-,/&#0 /0 %,<,3&H 0 +?0%& %'0$0 @+0 ,2#0$/0# ,#0%0$0# 0 =+-& , '/0$%'8'3,# & 0803%& , 3&$%#&,#& 8'$,-0$%0 , '$%0#2#0%,#& 3&-& 2,30$%0#&. E$ 0 +?0%&020#'-0$%,/& & 0803%& &$ <,%,$%0 0%0#0&%'2,/& 2+0/0$/'%'$1+'#0 ;,#', 8,0. L, 8&#-, /0 /03#'<'#, 2+0/0$;,#',# '1$'8'3,%';,-0$%0 2+0 &$ 0%,/& +<?0%';& , & @+0& %0$0-& ,330& 2&# -0/'& /0 0$1+,?0. V0,-& /&;0#'&$0 /0 0&H

n >pasón> 5high6 de $annais implica usualmente variasfases. Los efectos iniciales pueden ser considerados como

estimulantes % en algunos individuos puede provocar una leve



tensión o angustia que es reempla;ada usualmente por una

agradable sensación de bienestar. sta ltima tiende a volver

al su#eto introspectivo % apacible. 4ueden ocurrir cambios

rpidos del estado de nimo$ % a un periodo de enorme

)ilaridad puede seguir un silencio contemplativo.

O 0%0 &%#& /0 C=,#0 B0,+/0,'#0H(l inicio$ te sobrelleva una cierra )ilaridad$ absurda e

irresistible. Las palabras ms ordinarias$ las ideas ms simples

asumen un aspecto nuevo % bi;arro. sta frivolidad se vuelve

intolerable$ pero es intil resistirse. l demonio te )a

invadido...

( veces sucede que gente completamente incapa; de #ugar con

las palabras improvise una cadena interminable de albures % de

asociaciones de ideas totalmente improbables$ capaces de

sobrepasar a los ms )biles maestros de este oficio frsico.

4ero despu,s de algunos minutos$ la relación entre las ideas se

vuelve vaga$ % el )ilo que las une es tan tenue$ que sólo tus

allegados... pueden entenderlas.Iespu,s$ tus sentidos se vuelven e/tremadamente finos %

agudos. Hu visión se vuelve infinita. Hus o*dos pueden

discernir el sonido apenas perceptible$ incluso a trav,s de los

ms estridentes ruidos.

Las ambigJedades ms e/tra<as$ las transposiciones de ideas

ms ine/plicables$ aparecen. n los sonidos )a% color$ en los

colores msica... sts sentado % fumando crees que te

encuentras sentado en tu pipa % que tu pipa te est fumando te

e/)alas a ti mismo en vapores a;ulosos.

La fantas*a se contina por una eternidad. n intervalo lcido$

% un gran esfuer;o$ te permiten mirar el relo#. Kesulta que la

eternidad sólo )ab*a durado un minuto.La tercera fase... est ms all de la descripción. s lo que los

orientales llamaban ef& es la felicidad completa. 9o e/iste

nada revuelto o tumultuoso en ella. s una beatitud plcida %

tranquila. Hodo problema filosófico se )alla resuelto. Hoda

pregunta dif*cil que presenta un punto de contensión para

teólogos % que desespera a los ms sabios$ se vuelve clara %

transparente. Hoda contradicción se reconcilia. l Bombre )a

trascendido a los dioses.

L, /&' 00;,/, /0 THC 2+0/0$ 2#&/+3'# 0%,/& %'3&

0;0#& 3&$ 0$%'-'0$%& /0 26$'3& 2,#,$&', /0/020#&$,'7,3'$ ,$1+%', 0%#0-, %,$%& 0$ +?0%&020#'-0$%,/& 3&-& 0$ & $& =,<'%+,/&. E%& 0%,/& /02'3&' %'3, 2+0/0$ 0# -6 8#03+0$%0 0$ 0$80#-&2'@+'6%#'3& 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0 0$ 0@+'7&8#:$'3& ,+$@+0 00$3+0$%#0$ 0$ 8,0 0%,<0.

L& 0%+/'& %&'3&1'3& #0,'7,/& =,%, , 803=, =,$3&$8'#-,/& , 3&$3+'&$0 /0 +$ #02&#%0 @+0 /,%, /0 ZZ2#02,#,/& 2&# , A3,/0-', /0 C'0$3', /0 N+0;, Y&#> ,&'3'%+/ /0 ,3,/0 V'$30$% L,G+,#/', <,,/& 0$ 0%+/'& /0

, A#-,/, 0%,/+$'/0$0 /02+: /0 ,$6'' #0,'7,/& 0$%#0+ &/,/& 0%,3'&$,/& 0$ P,$,-6 0$ H S0 0$3&$%#



@+0 , -,#'1+,$, , /&' 0803%';, '$%0#8'0#0 3&$ 08+$3'&$,-'0$%& '$%003%+, 0$ 10$0#,... L, -,#'1+,$, $& 3,-<',, 0%#+3%+#, <6'3, /0 , 20#&$,'/,/ /0 '$/';'/+&. P#&/+30+$, 0$,3'$ /0 ,+%&3&$8',$7, 20#& 02#0,/, -6 0$ 020$,-'0$%& @+0 0$ , ,33'$. D0 =03=& 0'%0$ 2#+0<, /0 ,

/'-'$+3'$ /0 , ,3%';'/,/ 84'3,... A@+0& @+0 =,$ 8+-,/&-,#'1+,$, /+#,$%0 ,& $& -+0%#,$ /0%0#'&#& 84'3& & -0$%,

@+0 2+0/, 0# ,%#'<+'/& , , /#&1,.

T,-<':$ 0 =, -0$3'&$,/& +$ 0803%& $01,%';& &<#0 0 ,2,#,%&'$-+$&1'3& (/'-'$+3'$ /0 , #02+0%, '$-+$0) &<#0 0'%0-, 0$/&3#'$& 0$ -,/#0 @+0 8+-,#&$ =annabis /+#,$%00 0-<,#,7&. T&/& 0& /0<0$ 3&$8'#-,#0 3&$ 0%+/'&3&-2,#,%';& /0 2&<,3'&$0 '$%01#,/, 2&# +?0%&3&-2,#,<0.

S0 =, =,<,/& %,-<':$ /0 /,& 30#0<#, /0 &3+#, 2#&/+3'/&2&# , =annabis. A 20,# /0 @+0 0 =,$ 0$3&$%#,/& 2#+0<, /02#'-0#& 0$ ,$'-,0 (/,& 30+,# /0 ='2&3,-2&) :%0 $& 0 =,3&$8'#-,/& 0$ 0#0 =+-,$&. L, '$,$'/,/ ,/?+/'3,/, , +& /0, -,#'1+,$, =, '/& '$?+%'8'3,/,. E 2#03'& -0$3'&$,# @+0 0$, 3&$/'3'&$0 =,<'%+,0 0$ , @+0 0 0%+/', , 0%& +?0%&0 ;+0;0 -+ /'843' /'%'$1+'# & 0803%& /0 , -,#'1+,$, /0 &/0 ,3&=& & %#,$@+''7,$%0 & &;0$%0 &#16$'3& /0 &%#,/#&1, 3&$+-'/, 0$ 8&#-, 3#$'3, ,+$,/, ,/0-6 ,3&$/'3'&$0 /0 /0$+%#'3'$ 0$80#-0/,/ , 3+,0 3&0'%0$

0$ , 2&<,3'$ ;+$0#,<0.O%#& 2#&<0-, '1,/& , +& 3#$'3& /0 -,#'1+,$, @+0 =,#03'<'/& -0?&# 3&$8'#-,3'$ 0 0 ,-,/& 4$/#&-0,-&%';,3'&$,. É%0 0 =, /03#'%& 3&-& +$ 3+,/#& /0 ,2,%4,,<+##'-'0$%& ,%0#,3'&$0 /0 ?+'3'& , 3&$30$%#,3'$ ,-0-&#', 2:#/'/, /0 '$%0#: 2,#, #0,3'&$,#0 3&$ &%#,20#&$, & 2,#, &1#,# +$, +20#,3'$ 20#&$,. E$ 0%04$/#&-0 0 =, '$3+'/& %,-<':$ 0 /01,$& 0$ 10$0#, , 8,%,/0 3+'/,/& 0$ , ,2,#'0$3', 20#&$,. E%0 4$/#&-0 0 =,/0%03%,/& 0$ 8+-,/&#0 3#$'3& /0 ,%, /&' /0 -,#'1+,$,

2,#030 ;'$3+,/& -6 , , 3&$30$%#,3'&$0 00;,/, /0 THC 0$, ,$1#0 , 3+,0 20#'%0$ =,%, ;,#', 0-,$, /02+: /0'$%0##+-2'# , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ @+0 , , 2#00$3', /0 /,&&#16$'3& 30#0<#, '##0;0#'<0 2+0 & 4$%&-, /0,2,#030$0;0$%+,-0$%0 /02+: /0 +$ <+0$ 20#'&/& /0 ,;,/&.

S0 =,$ <+3,/& =+0, /0 0%0 /,& 30#0<#, 0$ -&$& +?0%&, '$%&'3,3'$ 3#$'3, 3&$ =+-& /0 =annabis (,/-'$'%#,/& ,%#,;: /0 +$, -63,#,) /';'/'/& 0$ %#0 1#+2&H +$& @+0#03'<4, +$, /&' /0 +$ 3'1,##'& /',#'& &%#& @+0 & #03'<4,$ ,/#&1, /+#,$%0 & 8'$0 /0 0-,$, &%#& @+0 #03'<4,$ 0 =+-&

/',#',-0$%0 20#& /0 3'1,##'& /0 & @+0 0 =,<4, 0%#,4/&0 THC. E 0%+/'& /+# +$ ,&. A 0%& -&$& 0 0 0$%#0$ 2,#,




&2#'-'# +$ <&%$ , 3,-<'& /0 #03'<'# 2,%', /0 3&-'/, 3&$,<&# , 26%,$&. S0 '1+' +$ -:%&/& ,-,/& /0 #08&#7,-'0$%&2#&1#0';& 0$ 0 @+0 0 ,$'-, 0-207,<, &2#'-'0$/& 0 <&%$+$, ;07 2,#, &<%0$0# +$, 2,%', /02+: /& 2,#, &<%0$0# /&2,%', /02+: %#0 ;030 2,#, &<%0$0# %#0 2,%', ,4

+30';,-0$%0. D0 0%, -,$0#, 0#, 0$3'& 3+,$%'8'3,# @+: %,$%&%#,<,?,<, 0 ,$'-,. D02+: /0 ,1+$, 0-,$, /0'$%&'3,3'$ /',#', & -&$& 0-207,#&$ , #03'<'# -0$&2,%', /0 3&-'/, 0803%& @+0 20#'%' /+#,$%0 ;,#'& /4,/02+: /0 =,<0# +20$/'/& , ,/-'$'%#,3'$. E0,-0$ postmortem $& #0;0 /,& 20#-,$0$%0 , $';00%#+3%+#, & $0+#&@+4-'3&.

E #02&#%0 L,G+,#/', ,$%0 -0$3'&$,/& , 20,# /0 @+0 =,,$2,,/& ,& '1+0 2#&;&3,$/& 3&$%#&;0#', 2,#%'3+,#-0$%0&<#0 ' , -,#'1+,$, 3&$/+30 & $& , ,<+& /0 &%#, /#&1, & '

2#&/+30 & $& ,/'33'$. T,$%& 0$ ,$'-,0 3&-& 0$ 0#0=+-,$& 0 =, ;'%& , ,2,#'3'$ /0 %&0#,$3', (& 0803%& /0 ,/#&1, 0 ;+0;0$ -0$& '$%0$& 3&$ , ,/-'$'%#,3'$#020%'/,) %,@+'3,#/', /'-'$+3'$ /0 , %0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#, /0 , 2#0'$ '$%#,&3+,# 3,-<'& 003%#&0$308,&1#68'3&0803%& &<#0 0 0%,/& /0 6$'-& ,%0#,3'&$0 2'3&-&%&#,.T,-<':$ 0 =, &<0#;,/& 4$/#&-0 /0 ,<%'$0$3', 0$ +?0%&=,<'%+,/& , 3&$+-'# /&' 00;,/, /0 THC /+#,$%0 ,#1&%'0-2&. É%0 3&$'%0 0$ '##'%,<''/,/ '$@+'0%+/ $0#;'&'-&2:#/'/, /0 ,20%'%& 2:#/'/, /0 20& '$&-$'& %0-<&#

,+-0$%& /0 , %0-20#,%+#, 3&#2&#,. E$ 10$0#, 0%0 4$/#&-00 #0,%';,-0$%0 /'3#0%&. C&-'0$7, ,1+$, =&#, /02+: /0=,<0# +20$/'/& , ,/-'$'%#,3'$ /+#, /0 3+,%#& , 3'$3&/4,.

N& 0 =, ,3,#,/& , #0,3'$ /0 4$/#&-0 3&$ , 3&$/+3%, /0<@+0/, /0 , ,+%&,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 -,#'1+,$,.

E -03,$'-& /0 ,33'$ /0 THC 3&-'0$7, , ,3,#,#0. A '1+,@+0 2,#, & &2'&'/0 (;:,0 0 3,24%+& !) 0 =, ,',/& +$#0302%&# 0$/10$& 2,#, 3,$,<'$&'/0. E20#'-0$%& #03'0$%0

#0,'7,/& 0$ , U$';0#'/,/ 0<#0, /0 *0#+,:$ 2&# D0;,$0 M03=&+,- =,$ -&%#,/& , 0'%0$3', /0 +$, +%,$3', @+0 00$3+0$%#, $&#-,-0$%0 0$ 0 30#0<#& @+0 0 3&-<'$, 0$8&#-, 020348'3, 3&$ 0 #0302%&# /0 THC. A 0%0 '1,$/&0$/10$& 0 0 /0$&-'$ anandamida 2,,<#, @+0 2#&;'0$0/0 6$3#'%& @+0 '1$'8'3, <0$/'3'$ '$%0#'&#.

¿Q+: 8+$3'$ 2+0/0 %0$0# 0%0 THC '$%0#'&#" ¿2,#, @+: $& 2+0/00#;'# +$, -&:3+, %," ¿0'%0 ,1+$, #0,3'$ 0$%#0 $+0%#,0-&3'&$0 & $+0%#, 02'#'%+,'/,/ 3&$ 0%, +%,$3'," E%,2#01+$%, 0 ,2'3,$ %,-<':$ , & &2'&'/0 0$/10$& &$

3+0%'&$0 @+0 %&/,;4, ,1+,#/,$ #02+0%,.



L& +& %0#,2:+%'3& /0 , -,#'1+,$, 0 THC & /#&1,#0,3'&$,/, 0 0$3+0$%#, ,3%+,-0$%0 0$ '$;0%'1,3'$. U$, /0, ,2'3,3'&$0 -6 2#&-0%0/&#, 0 2,#, 0 3&$%#& /0 ,$6+0, 0 ;-'%& @+0 ,3&-2,,$ 8#03+0$%0-0$%0 ,,/-'$'%#,3'$ /0 /#&1, ,$%'3,$30#410$,. A/0-6 /0 0803%&

,$%'0-:%'3& , THC 2,#030 0%'-+,# 0 ,20%'%& 2+0 0 =,&<0#;,/& ,+-0$%& /0 20& 0$ 0%& 2,3'0$%0. T,-<':$ 0 =,0$,,/& , =annabis 0$ 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 1,+3&-, (,+-0$%&/0 , 2#0'$ '$%#,&3+,# @+0 2+0/0 2#&;&3,# , /0%#+33'$ /0$0#;'& 2%'3& 301+0#,) 3&$ #0+%,/& '$%0#0,$%02,#%'3+,#-0$%0 3+,$/& 0 0 +%''7, 3&-& +20-0$%& /0 &%#&86#-,3&.

O%#& +& -:/'3& 2&'<0 /0 , -,#'1+,$, '$3+0$ ,/'-'$+3'$ /0 , 02,%'3'/,/ (,+-0$%& /0 %&$& -+3+,# /0& #080?& &%0&%0$/'$&&) 0$ 2,#,2:?'3& 2,3'0$%0 3&$

030#&' -%'20 0$ 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0 , /02#0'$ /0 /&&#/0 ,3&=&'-& /0 , /020$/0$3', 84'3,. T,$%&, =annabis 3&-& +$ /0#';,/& '$%:%'3& 0 $=0 0 =,$+,/& 3&$ 3'0#%& :'%& 0$ I$1,%0##, 2,#, 0 %#,%,-'0$%& /0,1+$& %'2& /0 /02#0'$. E$ Á8#'3, /0 S+# ,1+$, -+?0#08+-,$ =annabis 2,#, /'-'$+'# 0 /&&# /0 2,#%&. E$ 0,<&#,%&#'& , =annabis ,1+$& /0#';,/& =,$ -&%#,/&2#&2'0/,/0 ,$%'02':2%'3, 20#& %,-<':$ /0 ,3+0#/& 3&$ 0-&/0& 020#'-0$%, +%''7,/& 3&$;+';,.

E 2#&<,<0 @+0 0 2+0/,$ 0$3&$%#,# /0#';,/& %'0/0 THC 2,#, /';0#& %#,%&#$& 3&-& & -0$3'&$,/&,$%0#'&#-0$%0. U$ 8,3%&# $030,#'& , '/0$%'8'3,# 0 ' :%&2#&/+3'#6$ & $& , %&0#,$3', @+0 0 &<0#;, 3&$ , =annabis=03=& @+0 2&/#4, '-'%,# + +& 0$ 2,3'0$%0 3#$'3&.

2 2 V I " N A R C Ó T I C O S

EN EL CAPÍTULO =,<,-& /0 & /0#';,/& /0 &2'& 0$ +$3&$%0%& %0#,2:+%'3&. V0,-& ,=&#, ,1& /0 + ,203%& %'3&#0,3'&$,/& 3&$ + ,<+& ,/'33'$.

L, ,-,2&, (Papaver somniferum) 2,$%, /0 , @+0 0 &<%'0$0 0&2'& 0 3+%';, /0/0 =,30 -'0 /0 ,&. U$, %,<0%, +-0#',/0 \ ,& /0 ,$%'1`0/,/ 8+0 0$3&$%#,/, 3&$ ,#02#00$%,3'$ /0 , ,-,2&, ,&3',/, , , 2,,<#, ,01#4, 2,$%,. L& 01'23'& (2,2'#& /0 E<0# /0 & ,& ,. C.)'$3+0$ 0 &2'& 0$ , '%, /0 3,' 3&-2+0%& -0/'3'$,0/&$/0 8'1+#, +$ #0-0/'& 2,#, 2#0;0$'# @+0 & $'& &#0$-+3=& @+0 2#&<,<0-0$%0 3&$%0$4, &2'& (?+$%& 3&$ &%#&

'$1#0/'0$%0 3&-& 03#0-0$%& /0 -&3,) T0&8#,%& 0$



G#03', ('1& III ,. C.) #08'0#0 +$ -:%&/& 2,#, 0%#,0# 0 ?+1&/0 ,-,2&, opion -&'0$/& , 2,$%, 3&-20%,.

&-0#& 0$ La odisea @+0 /,%, /0 & ,& ,. C.-0$3'&$, 0 +& /0 +$, 2&3'$ @+0 #03+0#/, , &2'& @+0

-073,/, 3&$ 0 ;'$& =,34, &;'/,# , 20$, , %#'%07,.E$ , #,2&/', IV &-0#& /'30H

ntonces Belena$ )i#a de eus$ tuvo otro pensamiento$ % en

seguida me;cló con el vino que beb*an$ 9epent,s$ un blsamo

que )ace olvidar los pesares. Muien bebiera esta me;cla no

podr en todo el d*a derramar una lgrima$ igual si viera

muertos a sus padres con sus propios o#os$ que si ante ,l

mataran con el bronce a un )ermano o a un )i#o querido. La

)i#a de eus pose*a ese precioso licor porque se lo )ab*a

regalado 4olidamna$ mu#er de H)os$ nacida en gipto$ tierra

f,rtil que produce muc)os bebedi;os$ saludables unos %mortales otros.

FIGURA 22VI"I" a amapola y sus deriados!

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Lo tom,$ % al cabo de una )ora$ No) cielosO Nqu, revulsiónO

Nqu, resurrección$ la del esp*ritu$ desde sus profundidades ms

remotasO Nqu, (pocalipsis del mundo dentro de m*O 8is

dolores se )ab*an desvanecido$ volvi,ndose triviales frente a

mis o#os el efecto negativo fue tragado en esa inmensidad de

los efectos positivos que se abrieron delante de m*$ en el

abismo de un regoci#o divino que de pronto se me reveló. Be

aqu* una panacea... para todas las miserias )umanas aqu* seencontraba el secreto de la felicidad$ acerca del cual los



filósofos )ab*an disputado durante siglos$ descubierto de

inmediato la felicidad se pod*a adquirir a)ora por unos

centavos$ % transportada en el bolsillo del pantalón el ,/tasis

porttil$ se pod*a descorc)ar de una botella de un cuarto$ % la

pa; del esp*ritu pod*a ser a)ora enviada por correo.

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2 2 V I I " S O L V E N T E S E I N 3 A L A N T E S

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SIGNOS GENERALES DE INTOICACIÓN

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ALGUNOS INDICIOS DE ABUSO DE DROGAS

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TÉCNICAS DE RESUCITACIÓN CARDIORRESPIRATORIA

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