las pyme y el comercio electrónico

8/8/2019 Las Pyme y el Comercio Electrnico

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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IBEHE@Q]JI@B=? `cb ae ~iqb hiae}cab pb} pyge epcbhc

HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB

EHE@Q]JI@B=? `cb ae ~iqb hiae}cab pb} pyge epcbhc


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IBEHE@Q]JI@B=? `cb ae ~iqb hiae}cab pb} pyge epcbhc


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[e}b Dc`qb}y P*H*

Ct* I`}ic =?5 = 3

Qeh* 90 ==1 ?3 5? Dc 90 ==5 39 >3

?>??5 Mc}èhbjcijdbOijdbjbgic*`bg

nqqp;""vvv*ijdbjbgic*`bg

Ijdbjbgic

_}ige}c eaiìj; aiìegm}e =??9

Aepiqb Hefch;

Aieb ae pb}qcac; Jcqhic Qei}c

Igcfej ae pb}qcac; Eagbj ae Nc}b

Gcsueqcìj; Eagbj ae Nc}b

Igp}eij; Pyqeg M@J P*H*

Igp}eb ej Epcc ' _}ijqea ij Ppcij

Ijdbjbgic jb e ncè }epbjcmhe ae hc bpijibje e~p}ecac pb} hb cuqb}e .ejq}etiqcab( `b'

hcmb}cab}e***) ji ae hb acqb sue dcìqiqej b `bgejqej ej u q}cmckb .c}qùhb( ejq}etiqc***) `bj

hc jchiaca ae ekegphi`c} u c`qitiacae( e~pe}iejìc b ne`nb sue `bjiae}ej ae ijqe} pc}c

eh he`qb}*


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JAI@E

IJQ]BAU@@IJ***************************************************************************************************************************************** p* 1

3* Cq}pchb* Ji hb auae( CQ]_CHB# ******************************************************************************** p* 6

=* Ctcj`c}* @cgmic ae `b`ne `bgb ae `cgic********************************************************p* 3=

0* Mc}}cm* Ujb pibje}b c suieje jb `bgie}bj hb ijaib*****************

p* 341* @cj Kb}acjc* Aeh nue}qb c `cc ej uj `hi` **************************************************************p* =3

5* A}itcjic* Eh qci ae hukb ******************************************************************************************************************* p* =6

4* De}}eqe}c B}qi{* Qb}jihhb ej hc }ea ************************************************************************************ p* 0=

6* Dhb}e D}e`c* Ujc b}( ujc bj}ic ***************************************************************************** p* 0>

>* Hc M}uic aB}* ]epc}qi} ihuij pb} ijqe}jeq ************************************************************p* 10

9* Hc qiejac nbge* Eh ae`cjb qcgmij pueae `bgp}c}e ************************p* 5?

3?* Gcjfb* Ujc qiejac g( pe}b ij d}cjsuiìc ******************************************************p* 5533* Gi}c ej qu ijqe}ib}* _c}eae ae aieb ********************************************************************** p* 4?

3=* Gbmipcy* Hc `c}qe}c gtih ******************************************************************************************************* p* 44

30* G]V* Pefui} ch gejcke}b *************************************************************************************************** p* 6=

31* _e`c ]piqc* Eh pe`cab g }piab ********************************************************************** p* 6>

35* _}itchic* Eh hbv `bpqae hc gbac**************************************************************************************** p* >1

34* _}bau`qb Fchhefb* Hc eejìc ae Dijiqe}}e ej `cc***************************p* 9?

36* _ukc hiqc* Eh jefbìb eq ej hc pukc ************************************************************************** p* 953>* Pigphy@bhb}* Hc igphiìaca ej hc b}ifijchiaca y eh `bhb} ****************p* 3??

39* PbhbPqb`l* Uj ge}`cab ti}quch pc}c egp}ec *****************************************p* 3?5

=?* =JAECH* Hb p}eìb `hc}b******************************************************************************************** p* 33?

@BJ@HUPIBJEP********************************************************************************************************************************* p* 336


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B1

IJq}bAu@@IJ

Eqc pumhi`cìj( ùyc eaiìj nc iab pbimhe f}cìc ch cpbyb aeh Gijiqe}ib ae Ijauq}ic( @bge}ìb y Qu}igb( c q}ctae bjab aeh _hcj Ctcj{c( gueq}c teijqe e~pe}iejìc aepyge epcbhc sue ncj aeìaiab cpbqc} `bj ue}{c pb} eh`bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b*

Pbj egp}ec ae e`qb}e guy aite}b .chigejqcìj( ae`b}cìj( bìb)( jefbìb jcìab f}cìc c ijqe}jeq y jefbìb ae qbac hc tiac sue ncj cmiab cp}bte`nc} hc juetcbpb}qujiacae sue b}e`c hc }ea< b}fcji{cìbje pesuec ybq}c sue e ncj ne`nb f}cjae< ej aejiqitc( egp}ec ae{bjc ae Epcc guy aipc}e `bj uj gigb aejbgijcab}

`bgj; tejae} pb} ijqe}jeq*

Ehefi} hc teijqe `cjaiacqc jb nc iab ujc hcmb} ejìhhc ji(p}bmcmhegejqe( kuqc* C ac ae nby( ncy ejqejc}e ae pesuecy geaicjc egp}ec ej Epcc sue eqj ijti}qiejab qiegpby }eù}b ej `bge}ìchi{c} u p}bau`qb b e}tiìb pb} ijqe}jeq( y sue ge}eèj( hb pb} eb( uj `cpquhb ej eqe him}b* Ae

eqe gbab( sue}egb }e`bjbè} eh g}iqb ae hb p}beibjchesue ncy aeq} y aeqc`c} sue `cac ujc ae hc b}fcji{cìbjejchgejqe ehefiac }ep}eejqc c gu`nc bq}c sue ej eh gigbe`qb} hb eqj ijqejqcjab*

qc( ncj iab ehe`ìbjcac pb}sue `cac ujc ae ehhc qiejeuj ehegejqb aie}ejìcab} sue hc ncè epeìch; u q}cye`qb}ic(

hc }etbhuìj sue nc upueqb ej eh e`qb}( hc `cpcìaca ae ejqejae} `gb ujìbjc hc }ea y ùm}i} uj nue`b `bj uj e}tiìbijjbtcab}( cme} hhefc} ch `hiejqe jch ae ujc gcje}c `}ecqitcy }ejqcmhe***


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5=? @CPBP AE ~IQB HIAE]CABP _B] _YGEP EP_CBHCP

Ehcmb}c} eqc pumhi`cìj nc upueqb ùhgijc} uj p}bye`qbcgmiìbb sue p}eqejac cìhiqc} hc igphcjqcìj aeh `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b ej hc pyge epcbhc* qe nc `bjiqiab ejehcmb}c} ujc e}ie ae `hip pc}c e~phi`c} `bjèpqb ae `bge}ìbehe`q}ji`b ae gcje}c ejìhhc .c`qu}c ehe`q}ji`c( qehebjc

I_)( uj gcpc ej eh sue e gueq}cj ae b}gc f}`c hc e~pe}iejìc ae ~iqb y ej b}fcji{c} ab etejqb `bj g ae 5??ciqejqe ej hb sue e gbq}c}bj hb }euhqcab aeh p}bye`qb.g ijb}gcìj ej vvv*ijbjbgic*`bg)*

Qbab ehhb `bj eh bmkeqitb ae ijpi}c} ch gcyb} jge}b aep}beibjche ae hc pyge epcbhc pc}c sue aeìacj cpbqc}

pb} eh `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b; ujc cpueqc `cac te{ g efu}c(g }ejqcmhe y g jeèc}ic* C pue( he ijtiqcgb c sue`bjb{`cj chfujc ae eqc e~pe}iejìc ae ~iqb pc}c cjigc}hec `cgijc} ej ec ai}e`ìj*

_c }i

Ai}e`qb} ae p}bye`qb( Ijdbjbgic


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8/122

6=? @CPBP AE ~IQB HIAE]CABP _B] _YGEP EP_CBHCPHC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B

Cq}_CHb

JI Hb AuAEp( Cq}_CHb#_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)

Cq}pchb ge}eè}c uj p}egib ej eh gujab aeh jcgijf* Jijfj bq}b jbgm}e e}c gekb} pc}c aeji} hc hbbc ae eqc

pujqb`bg mc}èhbjec( èjq}cac ej b}eè} bhuìbje ae bìbc mckb `bqe b `bj f}cjae tejqckc c u ab gihhbje ae uuc}ib* Pu hbfbqipb( ujc ihueqc ej pbiìj ae `c}}e}c( jb ijtiqcc pejc} cq}pchb y b}}e( cjqe ae sue e qe e`cpe eqc be}qc*Y e c `bgb tieje c ujìbjc} eqc }gc qbqchgejqe bjhije*

Cq}pchb e eh hae} jcìbjch ej hc `bjq}cqcìj ae c`qitiacaeae bìb y qiegpb him}e( aeae epe`qùhb ncqc ticke* Eb`}eegb( sue Cq}pchb e uj hae}( cefu}c ujb ae u ùcq}bbìb ujacab}e( Ifjci Pchc* Pbm}e qbab c hc nb}c ae p}b'


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B>

pbje} be}qc b phcje ijjbtcab}e pc}c `bjefui} }ebhte} ehp}bmhegc; su ncfb eqc jb`ne( su ncfb eqe j ae egcjc(su ncfb ej eh puejqe ae hc _u}igc( su ncfb ej gi tc'`cìbje* Y q}cqcjab iegp}e ae `bgmijc} hb sue e}c ujcbe}qc ae ticke `bj ujc c`qitiaca( b `bj ujc be}qc ae fcq}b'jbgc( y c pc}qi} ae cn `bjefui} sue eqc c`qitiacae ecjhb g e`bjbgi`c pbimhe*

Cq}pchb ùejqc `bj 31? q}cmckcab}e y 34? gihhbje ae eu}bae c`qu}cìj cjuch( pe}b jcì ncè b`nb cb ae uj fc}cmcqb ej hc e}tihheqc ae uj mc}* Pu ùcq}b ujacab}e e niìe}bje`b ae hc `cjqiaca ae muqc`c tc`c ej hb qecq}b ae qbac Epcc( e ijtejqc}bj uj jefbìb bjhijesue pe}giqie}c hhejc} hcchc bj muejc be}qc y cè}`c} p}bpueqc uhqu}che c hb kteje* @bj ehhb( jb hb `bjifuie}bj hhejc} hc chc y cpb}qc}

f}cjae ijf}eb c uj e`qb} ùhqu}ch ej nb}c mckc* Qcgmij`bjifuie}bj aepe}qc} ejq}e juetb pmhi`b( eejìchgejqekteje( eh ijqe} pb} eh bìb ae `chiaca*

Ae cn( y aeh ~iqb hbf}cab( `hbjc}bj hc iaec pc}c }eqcu}cjqe( g qc}ae pc}c nbqehe ae te}cjb sue ej ijtie}jb sueacmcj tc`b y( jchgejqe( i}}ugpie}bj ej eh e`qb} ae ticke

pb} gc}( qie}}c y ci}e* Nby( u e`}eqb `bjiqe ej `bgmijc}p}bpueqc `bgpheqc( aeae e`cpcac ae j ae egcjc sueij`b}pb}cj ticke( nbqeh y cfejac ae c`qitiacae( ncqc ticke caeqijb e~qi`b `bj chsuihe} ae tenùhb y e~`huitc p}bpueqc fcq}bjgi`c*

Pu jge}b( ae `hiejqe y ae c`qu}cìj( ctchcj hc `bjcj{c

aeh uuc}ib ej hc be}qc ae Cq}pchb( pe}b jb ue ìh bjtejè}ch `hiejqe ae hc efu}iaca ae casui}i} u e}tiìb y }ee}tcpcfcjab pb} ijqe}jeq* Ae ne`nb( Ifjci Pchc }e`bjbè sue qb'actc e~iqe( cujsue guy pb`b( ujc ìe}qc }eqièjìc ch pcfb


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bjhije bj qc}keqc( }c{j pb} hb uch qbactc e~iqe hc pbimihiacaae pcfc} epe`qùhb ej qcsuihhc* @ucjab eb uèae( eh uuc}ib `bgp}uemc sue ùeqc hb gigb pcfc} ej uj iqib sue ejbq}b( y c`cmc pb} `bjtejè}e ae sue hb g `gbab e hhefc}ch aeqijb `bj qbab hb pcfb }echi{cab*

Aeae Mc}èhbjc pe}b `bj p}bye`ìj( ae gbgejqb( ej Epc

c e Iqchic( eh pe}bjch ae Cq}pchb }epc}qe u qc}ec pb} }ecepeìchi{cac* Ae ne`nb( eh f}cj e`}eqb ae Cq}pchb }eiae ejhc `bgpeqejìc ae uj pe}bjch chqcgejqe ùchi`cab pc}c ej`bjq}c} be}qc }epc}qiac pb} qbab eh gujab( jefbìc} pcsueqe ae p}eìb y `bguji`c} hb gekb} pbimhe qbac hc tejqckc chb uuc}ib* _c}chehcgejqe( uj esuipb ae `}ecqitb e aeai`c cpejc} ae su b}gc pueaej hhcgc} hc cqejìj ch uuc}ib( `bj

`cgpcc ae pumhiìaca( eq}cqefic ae bguji`cìj ae juetcbe}qc y bjù}b bgb hc hqigc p}bgbìj; hc b}fcji{cìjae hc hujc ae gieh ae qu ueb* Y giejq}c qbab eb uèae(eh hcmb}cqb}ib qe`jbhfi`b ae Cq}pchb `bjqijc aec}}bhhcjab


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B3?

eh bqvc}ep}bpib ae hc `bgpcc pc}c cacpqc}hb c hc juetcjeèiacae aeh uuc}ib y c hc juetc pbimihiacae* Y e sueeh uqu}b jb hb }eiae ej ijqe}jeq ijb qcgmij ej eh gtih*Eqe f}upb ae è}em}b eq aec}}bhhcjab uj iqegc geaicjqeeh ùch pba}egb }eìmi} be}qc ae bìb è}`c ae hc {bjc abjaejb ej`bjq}cgb* Mcqc} `bj ejtic} uj PGP aeae eh iqib y}eìmi}egb bq}b gejcke `bj hc hiqc ae pbimihiacae ae qiegpb him}e( epe`qùhb( }eqcu}cjqe b chbkcgiejqb*

Bq}c jbteaca ae Cq}pchb pc}c =??9 e hc Hcj{cae}c* Ejq}cgb ej eh cpc}qcab ej ùeqij ae hc vem( ijai`cgb ej sugbgejqb jb fuqc}c tickc} y c su `bjqijejqe( y jb cpc}eèuj gcpc `bj eqisueqc ej hb aeqijb `bj be}qc( `bj `bhb}eaie}ejqe ej ujìj aeh p}eìb* Eqe juetb gqbab( }eìejqe

gejqe pueqb ej gc}`nc( u}fi ùcjab jb aigb ùejqc aesue gu`nc teè hc fejqe jb eq mu`cjab ejq}e uj hiqcabae aeqijb( ijb sue he }euhqc gu`nb g ìh te} uj gcpc`bj be}qc( c}fugejqc Pchc* Ujc te{ tiuchi{cab eh gcpc ae


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iqib ijqe}ecjqe( sue c p}ib}i jb bj aegcicab pbpuhc}e(hc fejqe ifue eqc qejaejìc; aepu ae umi`c} hb aeqijbej eh gcpc( piejc nbgm}e( pe}b i eq è}`c ae uj hcfb( bae hc `bqc( jb hb numie}c ai`nb juj`c y ejqbjè e cjigc c`bjugi}hb pb}sue( caeg( b}eèj muejc be}qc*

Chfujb pueaej `bjiae}c} Cq}pchb( i `cme( `bgb eh hbv `bqaeh hbv bq( pb}sue e cpc{ ae ej`bjq}c} hc gekb}e be}qc ae

ejq}e hc gekb}e be}qc .tchfc hc }eaujacjìc)* _e}b( ae ne`nb(eh ejgejb ae hc ce}bhjec ae mckb `bqe .]ycjci}( Tuehijf(@hi`lCi} y bgpcc) nc mejeìcab ejb}gegejqe pb}qche aebe}qc `bgb qe* _e}b ej eqe `cb( Ifjci Pchc ijiqe ej suehc `hcte nc iab hc ae e} `cpcè ae `bgmijc} be}qc `bgb(pb} pbje} uj ekegphb( uj ticke c Nbhcjac tbhcjab ej EcyKeqncqc Cgqe}acg y tbhtiejab aeae Eijanbtej `bj ]ycjci}*

Ae pb} geaib( Cq}pchb jb pba}c mu`c} jb`ne ej aie}ejqenbqehe ae eqe pesueb pc( gbjqc} ujc }uqc ae c`qitiacaeej `cac ìuaca ej abjae ab}gi}egb( mu`c}jb hb }eqcu}cjqe cp}bpicab y chsuihc}jb uj `b`ne c`b}ae `bj jueq}cpbimihiacae e`bjgi`c* @ucjab }ef}e}cgb( qbab e}cjbab pc}c `bjbè} jueq}c e~pe}iejìc y qbgc} muejc jbqc ae`c}c c hb uqu}b ticke}b*

Cq}pchb nc cmie}qb uj mhbf( Cq}pchbpujqbmhbf( qch `bgbuejc .vvv*cq}cpchbpujqbmhbf*`bg)( pb}sue qch `bgb uejce `bgb e pueaej e~p}ec} u `hiejqe* Ae ne`nb( hc f}cj`hcte ae Cq}pchb c jiteh ùchiqcqitb( efj u }epbjcmhe(e eh ejb}ge eeamc`lejq}e ehhb y hb uuc}ib( sue ej qbabgbgejqb qiejej hc bpb}qujiaca ae `bgejqc} u e~pe}iejìc

ej nbqehe( ticke( epe`qùhb b }eqcu}cjqe* B ec( jb e sueCq}pchb jb qejfc aepc}qcgejqb ae `bjq}bh ae `chiaca( ijbsue ab gihhbje ae uuc}ib aeìaej `bjqcjqegejqe pb} sup}bau`qb y p}bteeab}e tche hc pejc cpbqc}*


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B3=

CtCJ@C}

@CgmIC AE @b@nE @bgb AE @CgIpC_b} Icmeh _ch

@bjauì} uj b`ne aie}ejqe cac ac2 P( e pbimhe y caeg(igphe* Ncègb hc }ee}tc pb} ijqe}jeq( cm}igb eh `b`ne( sue

e ejùejq}c ej ujc phc{c }ee}tcac( y `bjauìgb* Eqc e hcìh eùcìj sue phcjqec Ctcj`c}( ujc ijiìcqitc sue jcè ejeh =??5 ucjab `bgb epekb hc e~pe}iejìc ae `c}nc}ijfaepce `bgb Pui{c b Chegcjic*

Pe q}cqc ae ujc egp}ec ae chsuihe} ae cuqbgtihe c `b}qbphc{b* Eh uuc}ib pueae aipbje} ae uj tenùhb ec au}cjqe

uj pc} ae nb}c b tc}ib ac* E ujc }guhc ee`qitc y sue(qcgmij( cyuac c }e`b}qc} fcqb* Qch `bgb jb e~phi`c De}jcjab ae hc ]bc( sue uc eqe iqegc c qquhb pe}bjch( pe}bqcgmij c jiteh ae egp}ec; @bj ehhb cnb}}cgb ae 0?? c1?? eu}b }epe`qb c hb sue fcqmcgb cjqe ejq}e qc~i ycpc}`cgiejqb*

Eh ujìbjcgiejqb e ejìhhb y eq guy miej epeì`cab ejvvv*ctcj`c}*e* _}ige}b e }ee}tc eh tenùhb pb} qehbjbb c q}ct ae hc p}bpic pfijc vem( abjae e pueae e`bfe}eh qipb ae cuqbgtih sue e jeèiqe y cme} ej su cpc}`cgiejqb eq .Ctcj`c} qieje uj qbqch ae 3?? phc{c pc}c utenùhb }epc}qiac ej 0>pc}lijfae Mc}èhbjc( Pcjq @ufcq(Pcmcaehh y F}cjbhhe})* Ujc te{ ehe`ìbjcab eh gbaehb ae

`b`ne sue sue}egb( qbac hc ijb}gcìj e q}cjgiqe c qey ucjab eh uuc}ib bhb`c u qc}keqc ejìgc aeh tenùhb( qehc iaejqi`c y e cm}e* E uj iqegc sue cìhiqc eh c`èb ch`b`ne( jb ùejqc Kbep Pchc( ai}e`qb} feje}ch ae Ctcj`c}


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@c}nc}ijf* Eh qu}igb iegp}e aeme aetbhte}e ch iqib abj

ae e nc }e`bfiab y eh jge}b ae lihgeq}b y eh qiegpb sueeh `hiejqe nc aipueqb ae h e c`qu}c c jch ae ge( ccae*

B}eè} uj e}tiìb aie}ejìch e hb sue aeje eh ep}iqu aeCtcj`c}( sue qieje `bgb p}ijìpch bmkeqitb p}bpb}ìbjc} uje}tiìb ae gbtihiaca sue p}bau{`c uj ub g }cìbjch aehb geaib ae q}cjpb}qe* _ueae aipbje} ae uj tenùhb ij

e} q eh p}bpieqc}ib* Ctcj`c} aipbje ae uj hb`ch i`b( cujsue eh q}cqb `bj eh `hiejqe e ncè( `ci ej u qbqchiaca( c q}ctae qehbjb b pb} ijqe}jeq* Eh iqegc mu`c ujc g~igc cfihiaca* _b} eb ijqe}jeq e} ujc pie{c hcte* Y( ie}qb( hc }ea enc `bjte}qiab pc}c Ctcj`c} ej ujc qiejac sue pueae qeje}ej qu `cc qbab eh qiegpb* E ujc ne}}cgiejqc guy qih pc}chb è}`c ae 0*1?? `hiejqe aeh e}tiìb* Uuc}ib sue( etiaej

qegejqe( ncj p}bpb}ìbjcab c hb p}beibjche ae Ctcj`c}ghqiphe cjàbqc( hc gcyb}c p}bpic ae hc ije~pe}iejìc(aeh jb cme} guy miej `gb ujìbjc eh iqegc* Ujc te{numb ujc pe}bjc c suiej jb e he cm}c eh `b`ne* Jb `bq


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aeqe}gijc} sue jb eqcmc `bhb`cjab hc qc}keqc `b}}e`qcgejqeej eh caneitb }bjqch aeh tenùhb( }eùe}ac Kbep Pchc*

Eh `c}nc}ijf.c e he hhcgc c eqe e}tiìb) sue b}eè Ctcj`c}e `c}c`qe}i{c pb} e} guy aie}ejìch; Ej Epcc jb ncy iji

ìcqitc ae eqe qipb( ej bq}b pce ncy g ae ujc egp}ecsue bpe}c ej eh e`qb}* Hc aie}ejìc e sue Ctcj`c} b}eè ujqipb ae e}tiìb epeìchi{cab c `b}qb phc{b* Chsuihcgb pb}nb}c b pb} ac* E aie}ejqe ch e}tiìb sue pueae b}eè} ]ejqc @c}( sue e pb} pe}bab g hc}fb* Jb bgb `bgpeqejìc(jb `bgphegejqcgb*

_e}b( ùh e eh pe}h ae uj uuc}ib aeh `c}nc}ijfae Ctcj`c}2E aiìh ae aeqe}gijc} pb}sue( efj Pchc( eh qipb ae hiejqe eguy q}cjte}ch* Pi c`bqcgb pb} pb}èjqcke pba}c e} chfbc; 6?% mc}bje y 0?% guke}e( ej hc }cjkc ae 0? c 5? cb*Eh ub ae pc}qiùhc}e e ac g ej je ae egcjc y e guyqih pc}c cgihic abjae ncy g pe}gib ae `bjauì} suetenùhb* Ucjab hc egpcqc( Kbep Pchc e pbje ej hc pieh aeh

`hiejqe y aeqc`c ab cpe`qb pbiqitb sue pueaej igpuhc} ehub aeh `c}nc}ijf* Eh p}ige}b e sue eh uuc}ib hb pcfc hblihgeq}b }e`b}}iab y eh efujab( sue qieje ujc pe}pe`qitcbìch( p}bgbtiejab uj ub }cìbjch aeh tenùhb* Eh uuc}ib e


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hb piejc cjqe ae `bfe} eh `b`ne* E qe( ej pc}qe( eh gbqitbpb} eh sue eh `c}nc}ijfnc `bjqcab `bj eh cpbyb ae hc cagijiq}cìbje cujsue ij umtejìbje* Ae qbab gbab( `cmeaeqc`c} sue hb p}bgbqb}e ijiìche ue}bj hc Feje}chiqcq ae@cqchuc( eh Cyujqcgiejqb ae Mc}èhbjc y eh Gijiqe}ib ae Ijauq}ic y @bge}ìb aeh Eqcab*

Hc hcte aeh ~iqb( efj Pchc( bj hc gbae}jiaca bjèpquch

aeh iqegc y hc de~imihiaca y aipbjimihiaca ae qe* Eqcgb`ci iegp}e guy è}`c ae ajae q eq* Ae ne`nb( cnb}c ehe}tiìb eq bjbhiacjab u c`qitiaca ej Mc}èhbjc y iuacae`bgb F}cjbhhe}( Pcjq @ufcq y Pcmcaehh* Jueq}b bmkeqitb e}ec}gc} eh e}tiìb ej eqc ùcq}b pbmhcìbje pc}c aepu`}eè} ncìc bq}b hufc}e abjae ncyc uj gjigb ae pbmhcìj( e~phi`c Pchc*

Eh `bjq}cqb ijiìch pc}c eh `hiejqe e ae uj cb y e tc p}b}}bfcjab( i h jb aiè hb `bjq}c}ib* Ae gbgejqb( pc}eè sueeh e}tiìb tc bm}e }ueac y eb e etiaejìc `bj hc ì}c aetiiqc ej hc vem( sue uehe e} ae ujc 5*??? gejuche* Ehae Ctcj`c} e( ij auac( uj ekegphb ae p}bpueqc ijjbtcab}c(mcjabe ej iaec ae hb pce teìjb( pe}b hhetjabhc c u

qe}}ejb y ncìejab sue ujìbjej* Uj ~iqb c jiteh egp}ec}ich( pe}b qcgmij bìch( pue upbje uj pcb g ncìc ujub aeh q}cjpb}qe u}mcjb mccab ej hc bqejimihiaca*


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mC}}Cmp

uJbp _IbJE}bp C suIEJEp Jb @bgIE}bJ HbpIJAIbp_b} Icmeh _ch

qc e hc niqb}ic ae ujc f}cj e`chcac sue qieje eh `cgpb

mce ej Mejcsue( uj puemhb aeh _i}ijeb c}cfbj* Pe q}cqc aehc niqb}ic ae Mc}}cm( ujc qiejac sue( ch ifuch sue u cèjbej eh ge}`cab bjhije( jcì pc}c tejae} gcqe}ich c csuehhbsue( `bgb ehhb( qiejej fcjc ae e`chc}* Eqb( ej `cgmib( hbncèj hiqe}chgejqe* Mc}}cm p}ige}b tejae pb} `cqhbfb y(ej 3990( ej uj `bjf}eb bm}e i`c( hb igpuhb}e ae Mc}}cm bjhije( ejùejq}cj ujc ihc ae `bjbìgiejqb( efj

jb e~phi`c @c}hb Mc}}cm* Chh egpie{cj c ijqe}ec}e pb}hc cuqbpiqc ae hc ijb}gcìj* Hc p}bpueqc equtb ej ehci}e guy p}bjqb( ej eh 95 e `bjbhia y ej eh 94 yc e}c ujc}echiaca guy cgphic y ujc be}qc sue e}ti}c ae gbaehb pc}cgu`nc bq}c egp}ec*

Mc}}cm( sue e aeai`c c hc tejqc ae gcqe}ich ae chpijigb y

aepb}qe ae gbjqcc( yc `bjqcmc `bj ujc qiejac i`c( y hcaiùhqca ue hc chqc ae }ee}ejìc y cacpqc} eh gujab qe`jbhfi`b c chfb sue jb hb e}c* _e}b eqe e eh p}eìb c pcfc} pb}e} pibje}b; ]eùe}ab ujc }ce sue ge aikb uj p}beb} ujac sue ui c ac} ujc `nc}hc y sue ae`c; @nctch( guy mbjiqb(pe}b c hb pibje}b e hb `bgej hb ijaib* Eb sui{ ejpc}qe e uj pejcgiejqb fhbmch( hc fejqe uehe i} bm}e efu}b(

pe}b y i qe cq}ete c aecc} ch }iefb2 Ejqbjè( ( qe pueaej`bge} hb ijaib( pe}b qcgmij pueae e} ijjigb ae ~iqb;E te}aca sue i eh pibje}b `bjifue gcjqeje} ujc {bjc yc`bqc}hc e guy ìh sue e sueae pb} gu`nb cb* Y c e


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`bgb Mc}}cm cpbq ue}qe( pi qe}}ejb ti}fej `bj ejquicgb y e suea( ncqc nby( `bj eqc pc}èhc aeh ge}`cab( qcjqb`bj u qiejac i`c `bgb `bj u qiejac bjhije*

_b} eb( pc}c uj fu} ae ijqe}jeq ejqejae} ujc egp}ec ijqe`jbhbfc e ije~phi`cmhe( c jb e} sue qu bmkeqitb ec jb

`}eè}* Hc }ea nc pe}giqiab c eqe jefbìb hhefc} c uj gcyb}jge}b ae pmhi`b( epeìchi{cab ej hc gcqe}ic y( pb} hb qcjqb(e~ifejqe* Hb uuc}ib ncj pccab c `bjfu}c} ujc epeìe ae`bgujiaca ti}quch* Muejc pc}qe ae hb sue nby e Mc}}cm ej}echiaca hb ncj ne`nb ehhb( c}gc @c}hb Mc}}cm* Y e sueej hc pfijc vem jb bhb e pueaej `bgp}c} p}bau`qb epe``b sue tcj aeae ujc `gc}c nipe}m}i`c ncqc ujc `cj

qigphb}c( ijb sue eh uuc}ib y `hiejqe pueae ej`bjq}c} qbabqipb ae ijb}gcìj }ehcìbjcac `bj eqb aepb}qe* Jbqiìc(taeb e ij`hub }ee}ejìc bm}e eh qiegpb* E hc b}gc ae te}hc tiac ae Mc}}cm( ujc hbbc ej u ac c ac ae q}cmckb y


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B3>

qcgmij ae `bqiaicjiaca* Mc}}cm jb e jcac ij qe`jbhbfc*E ujc b}gc ae te} hc tiac y ae ejqejae}hc* Mc}}cm }epbjaec uj `bjèpqb sue jb pueae aetijùhc}e ae hc ijjbtcìj*

_c}c `bgp}c} chfujb ae hb p}bau`qb sue tejae Mc}}cm bj'hije.sue e esuipc}cj `ci ej u qbqchiaca `bj hb ae hc qiejaci`c)( eh `hiejqe hb aeme ai}ifi}e c vvv*Mc}}cm*`bg* Chh

aeme} }efiq}c}e y pcec} ejq}e hc f}cj `cjqiaca ae p}bau`qbae hb sue aipbje eh epcìb; p}bau`qb ae esu( chpijigb(e`chcac( q}ellijfy `cgpijf( ejq}e bq}c c`qitiacae ae gbjqcc* Ij`hub pbaegb ej`bjq}c} him}b y gcpc* Eh `hiejqeji`cgejqe aeme ehe`ìbjc} eh p}bau`qb sue aeec casui}i} y`c}fc}hb c hc eqc ae hc bgp}c* Ej pc}chehb( egpie{c( qcgmij(ujc baiec pc}c hc fejqe ae Mc}}cm sue aeme feqibjc} eh pe

aiab y p}epc}c}hb pc}c ncè}hb hhefc} hb cjqe pbimhe* Aejq}baeh p}bèb ae }eèpìj( ùcjab Mc}}cm }eìme eh peaiab eaecqc ujc `caejc* Ejq}c ej kuefb hc hbfqi`c( hc cqejìj ch`hiejqe( hc tiij fhbmch ae qe y hc aiùhqca feje}ch aeh p}b


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au`qb* Qbac ujc `c}}e}c ae bjab sue Mc}}cm bhuìbjc ctehbìaca ae `}uè}b yc sue gigc} c u pmhi`b e ujb ae up}ijìpche bmkeqitb* E( ej aejiqitc( u gekb} chicab*

Eh `hiejqe ae Mc}}cm qieje u pe}h p}bpib* Pe q}cqc ae fejqec suiej he fuqc hc gbjqcc y `bj hc sue `bijìaigb( yc suepc}c jbbq}b hc gbjqcc e ujc gcje}c ae titi}( ùejqc @c}

hb Mc}}cm* _b} eqe gbqitb( pb} u igphi`cìj y `bje~ij`bj hc iaibij`}cic ae hc egp}ec( hb `hiejqe `bjqiquyej ujcae hc q}e pujqc aeh q}ijfuhb aeh ~iqb aeh jefbìb* Hc efujac bj hc pe}bjc sue `bjb}gcj eh esuipb; Uj f}upb aefejqe qe}}imhegejqe ijjbtcab}c( `cpc{ ae `}ec} uj gi`}b`}ùhb ti}qubb ae ijjbtcìj* Uj pujqb ej eh sue( i cpc}eè chfb(eh teìjb cpbyc pc}c sue pueac ncè}e gekb}* Y( pb} hqigb(

Mc}}cm uejqc bj ujc tiij eq}cqfi`c guy hc}c ae ej supc}qe suie}e eqc} pbiìbjcab y( iegp}e( ejb`cab c uj pmhi`b jb guy f}cjae pe}b e~ifejqe* ]c{bje g sue uìejqe pc}c kuqi`c} eh pbiìbjcgiejqb ae Mc}}cm ej hc }ea*


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B=?

Uj e`qb} sue nc e~pe}igejqcab uj f}cj `cgmib ej hb hqigb 35 cb; Cnb}c gigb hc q}cjb}gcìj aeh gujab qiejegu`nb sue te} `bj hc `cpcìaca ae ijqe}jeq( cujsue qcgmijncy bq}b c`qb}e c qeje} ej ùejqc( `bgb eh aieb b uj gcyb}`bjbìgiejqb aeh ejqb}jb y aeh `bjqe~qb `cgmicjqe*

Ej aejiqitc( c ku{fc} pb} hb }euhqcab( pc}eè sue Mc}}cmue uj pibje}b sue e`cp ae hb ijaib* Nc `bjefuiab u

epcìb ej eh ujite}b ti}quch y ifue }eijtejqjabe `bjqijucgejqe; Jbbq}b egpe{cgb ncè cb( cnb}c jb }ephcjqecgb uj `}eìgiejqb `bjqijub* E chfb sue tcgb ncìejab*Pbgb ujc egp}ec ae `}eìgiejqb b}fji`b( ejqejìc @c}hb Mc}}cm* Y ej eqc hjec ifue e`chcjab( y juj`c gekb}ai`nb( pb} hc ee}c ae hc }ea( `bjifuiejab jb hb e} qiejacae }ee}ejìc bjhije ijb qcgmij ujc `bgujiaca ti}quch ae

cgcjqe aeh chpijigb*


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=3=? @CPBP AE ~IQB HIAE]CABP _B] _YGEP EP_CBHCP

@CJ Kb}ACJC

AEH nuE}qb C @CpC EJ uJ @HI@_b} Cjjc Tihckbcjc y Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)

Kb}ai @b}mchj e uj cgpeijb tiibjc}ib* Ncè ij`b cb( ephcjqe e~phb}c} hc pbqejìchiacae ae ijqe}jeq pc}c tejae} hb

p}bau`qb aeh `cgpb chqjabe eh ì}ùiqb q}caiìbjch( hhejbae ijqe}geaic}ib y g}feje pe}aiab* Pu `bgpce}b cf}iùhqb}e e qbgc}bj c m}bgc eh p}bye`qb; @gb tc c tejae}uj pcy( sue q}cmckc ej eh nue}qb( u he`nufc y qbgcqe pb}ijqe}jeq2( e p}efujqcmcj( e`pqi`b( chfujb* Hc }epueqcb hc `bjq}cai`ìj jb e ni{b epe}c}*

@b}mchj eqcmc `bjtejìab ae sue qejc ej u gcjb ujcmuejc bpb}qujiaca ae jefbìb* He pub cnj`b* @bjqc`q `bjuj aiecab} ae vem( uj `cjcaieje }eiaejqe ej Mc}èhbjc(pc}c sue he p}epc}c}c uj p}bye`qb c hc geaiac ae u jeèiacae y c jcì @cjkb}acjc*`bg*

Hc j`c ae @cj Kb}acjc eq iqucac ej Eh Gcjbu( ej hc `b

gc}`c gc}qigc aeh Gc}ege( guy è}`c ae Mc}èhbjc* Nby(ùcjab gi}c cq}( e gueq}c b}fuhhbb ae hc etbhuìj ae ujefbìb* Ae ne`nb( c`quchgejqe( c q}ct ae hc }ea e pueae`bgp}c} ae qbab b `ci ae qbab( pe}b ùcjab eqe cf}iùhqb}aib eh chqb c ijqe}jeq( e c}}ief y @cjkb}acjc*`bg e `bjti}qi ej ujc ae hc pfijc vem pibje}c ej b}eè} hb p}bau`qbaeh nue}qb c abgiìhib ej qcj hb uj `hi`*

@b}mchj qejc guy `hc}b sue jb sue}c uqiqui} eh `cgpbpb} ujc gec ae b}aejcab}* @u}ibcgejqe( h e cf}iùhqb}ae `bjti`ìj y jb pb} q}caiìj< hc j`c e ae hc cgihic ae


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u guke}< u uef}b y u ùcab e aeai`cj mi`cgejqe chùhqitb ae db}e( guy c}}cifcab ej eqc {bjc* _e}b u `bjtejìgiejqb c gcjqeje} hb b}feje ae u epbc y c hu`nc} pb}`bje}tc} eh pcq}igbjib hefcab pb} aeèjc ae feje}cìbjehe ncj `bjte}qiab ej uj cpcibjcab ae eqe cjèq}ch bìb*_e}b ej qiegpb gbae}jb jb ncy hufc} pc}c eh }bgcjqiìgb( y i ujb e suie}e fcjc} hc tiac ej hb sue suie}e( aemehu`nc} pc}c `bjte}qi}hb ej `bgpeqiqitb*

_b} hb qcjqb( u p}bpiqb e}c }c{bjcmhe( igphe y `hc}b; gekb

}c} hc }ejqcmihiaca ae u e~phbqcìj etiqcjab hb ijqe}geaic}ib* Ae qbab e cmiab sue hc aie}ejìc ae p}eìb ejq}e hb suepcfc eh `hiejqe pb} ujc he`nufc y hb sue ijf}ec eh cf}iùhqb}jb }epe}ùqe ej eh mbhihhb ae eqe hqigb* Y ae eb e hb sue esuekcj hc gcyb}c ae p}bau`qb}e* Eh q}cjpb}qe( hc èjq}cheae `bgp}c y eh p}bpieqc}ib ae hc qiejac b upe}ge}`cab suetejae eh p}bau`qb qcgmij e mejeìcj `bgb jb pba}c e}

ae bq}c gcje}c ae ec gigc he`nufc*

Eh p}bpieqc}ib ae @cjkb}acjc*`bg qcgmij qejc bq}b p}bpiqb ùcjab pub ej gc}`nc u vem; aegbq}c} sue q}cmckc} chfb


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qcj i`b `bgb hc qie}}c jb e ij`bgpcqimhe `bj abgijc} ujepcìb qcj ti}quch `bgb e ijqe}jeq*

Ej @cj Kb}acjc bhcgejqe q}cmckcj ab pe}bjc h gigb eIcc`( uj kbtej sue he cyuac `bj eh }epc}qb* _b} hc gcjb aeKb}ai @b}mchj pcc qbab hb sue e q}ckijc ej hc j`c* h uhqitchb ckb( hc cèhfc( hc he`nufc( hb qbgcqe( hc {cjcnb}ic(qbab hb p}bau`qb aeh cgpb y( c hc te{( e ej`c}fc ae c`quchi

{c} hc vem aic}icgejqe* E aeì}( `bhb`c hc bqb ae u }uqc yte}au}c y eh p}eìb ae tejqc ch pmhi`b( e ej`c}fc ae }eìmi} hbpeaiab qcjqb pb} ijqe}jeq `bgb pb} qehbjb( hb p}epc}c yhb aiq}imuye c abgiìhib* Chfuiej ac g2

Pu kb}jcac hcmb}ch e b}fcji{c ae hc ifuiejqe gcje}c; ae acq}cmckc hc qie}}c y( ùcjab qe}gijc( e iejqc aehcjqe aeh b}

aejcab} pc}c ijb}gc} c hb `hiejqe sue ejq}ej ch ac ifuiejqe ej u vem ae ùhe bj hb p}bau`qb }e`b sue pueaeb}eè}he* Huefb( aeqijc ab qc}ae y ab jb`ne c hc egcjcc }epc}qi} hb ej`c}fb ae }uqc y te}au}c c u `bgp}cab}e(sue p}bèaej( bm}eqbab( ae Mc}èhbjc( Mcachbjc( eh Gcjbuy u ch}eaeab}e*

Eh tbhugej ae aegcjac sue nc `bjefuiab eqe cf}iùhqb} cq}ct ae hc u vem nc upe}cab u p}bpic e~pe`qcqitc*

@b}mchj nc hbf}cab( f}cìc c @cjkb}acjc*`bg( cugejqc} ugc}fej ae mejeìb pb} eh gigb qbgcqe y hc gigc he`nufcsue ùhqitcmc cjqe ae cm}i} u qiejac ej ijqe}jeq* _c}qe aeh~iqb ae u p}bye`qb e aeme c hc fc}cjqc ai}e`qc sue ac ch

`bjugiab} ae sue u p}bau`qb bj }e`b y sue pccj ai}e`qcgejqe aeh `cgpb c u gec* Pij sue}e}hb( nc iab `cpc{ae `bjte}qi} ej }echiaca ujb ae hb gejcke pumhiìqc}ib suehc egp}ec aeh e`qb} ae hc chigejqcìj ijqejqc} aiujai}


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ejq}e u `hiejqe; hc fc}cjqc sue csuehhb sue `bgej e cjby }e`b*

_b`c cgihic( ùcjab ncèj hc `bgp}c egcjch( qiejej hcbpb}qujiaca ae `bjbè} hc pe}bjc sue ùhqit y }e`bfi ehp}bau`qb sue geqej ej u èqc y( ~gejb cj( igcfijc}e sueeh }epc}qiab} sue he hhetc ch }ehhcjb ae u e`che}c eh peaiab ehc gigc pe}bjc sue hb phcjq y }e`bhe`q ej u nue}qb* Hb

`hiejqe ae @cjkb}acjc*`bg qiejej ee phcè} pb} uj p}eìb}c{bjcmhe( efj bpijc @b}mchj( qejiejab ej ùejqc hc `chiaca sue e he b}eè*

Hc muejc c`bfiac ae @cjkb}acjc*`bg he nc `bjauìab `ci chhgiqe ae hc cqu}cìj* @b}mchj qieje guy `hc}b sue( pc}c ac}`chiaca y p}eìb( u jefbìb qieje uj qe`nb y( ej eqe gbgejqb(

jb e phcjqec upe}c}hb* Jb suie}b `}eè} g pb}su jb geijqe}ec pe}ae} eh bjqc`qb bj eh cgc ae `cc( y jb suie}b suehc }ehcìj `bj eh `hiejqe e `bjtie}qc ej chfb }b( cefu}c* Epb} ehhb sue qieje higiqcac hc {bjc ae aiq}imuìj y hb hb`bgp}cab}e ae ujb aieìi gujiìpib è}`cjb c hc j`cpueaej mejeìc}e ae u e}tiìb*

Pu `bhefc cf}iùhqb}e aeh ge}`cab gujiìpch ae Gcjbu(sue tecj `bj eèpqiìgb hc ticmihiaca aeh jefbìb bjhije( jbqiejej( ej hc c`quchiaca( jijfujc auac ae sue hc tejqc ae }uqcy te}au}c pb} ijqe}jeq ujìbjc y( bm}eqbab( e guy }ejqcmhe*Ae ne`nb( uj f}upb ae p}bau`qb}e aeh gujiìpib yc e nccf}upcab ej ujc `bbpe}cqitc y nc egpe{cab c `bge}ìchi{c}hb p}bau`qb aeh `cgpb pb} hc }ea*

@b}mchj nc cpbqcab( g sue pb} `}eè}( pb} gekb}c} hc `chiaca ae u c}qùhb y cugejqc} hc be}qc ae e}tiìb ch `hiejqe*Eh `bgp}cab} sue ejq}c ej u vem pueae te} hc hiqc ae }uqc(


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te}au}c y nb}qchi{c ae @cj Kb}acjc( bj ijb}gcìj aeh p}eìb y hc e`nc p}etiqc ae `be`nc* Qcgmij aipbje ae ijb}gcìj bm}e hb }uqb aeh `cgpb ej be}qc* Caeg( aeaencè pb`b gee( nc ccaiab c u cmcji`b ae p}bau`qb p}bpib bq}b ae }uqc y eqc( y uj cpc}qcab ae nie}mc ùhijc}ic`bj ijb}gcìj guy mi`c bm}e ùhe bj hb phcqb suegekb} hb c`bgpccj*

Hb `hiejqe g ehe`qb ae @cjkb}acjc*`bg qcgmij pueaej c`èae} ch }ij`j aehi`cqeej( abjae pueaej `bgpheqc} u`bgp}c bj( pb} ekegphb( cj`nbc aeh @cjqm}i`b b gekihhbjeae Fchiìc* Pi hb sue e mu`c bj }eèqc( hc vem qcgmij b}eèuj cpc}qcab ijqe}c`qitb pc}c sue hb `bgp}cab}e `bgpc}qcju phcqb p}ee}iab bgb ujc ejchcac ae te}cjb y ujc }egc

ae chcmc`j* @b}mchj uejqc sue u gekb} pumhiìaca nc iabeh iqegc mb`cb}ekc; @ucjab fcjc uj `hiejqe juetb ej ujmhbsue ae eaiìb( ch pb`b qiegpb efu}b sue qieje bq}bsue e teìjb aeh p}ige}b y sue qcgmij suie}e sue he hhete


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B=4

hc `bgp}c c `cc* Eqe qipb ae pumhiìaca( hc g ai}e`qc suee~iqe( he nc ne`nb qege} hhcgcac bgb hc jueq}c pc}c }echi{c}eqe }epb}qcke* Ejqiejae sue e pbiqitb fcjc} jbqb}ieaca y suehc p}ejc ncmhe miej ae u gc}`c( pe}b hb sue g he p}ebùpcej eh gujab e sue hc bhiìquae ae juetb `hiejqe he pueacjncè} aecqejae} c u pc}}bsuic g eh* Cgifb he`qb}( }bfcgb qejfc pcìejìc*


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A}ItCJIC

EH qC~I AE HuKb_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)

Suiej }gc eqe c}qùhb nc peaiab uj qc~i uj qcjqb epeìch*Pbj hc abè aeh geaibac ùcjab chigb ae ujc ejq}etiqc

ae qehetiij( ùcjab jb }e`bfe eh `b`ne( pujquch `bgb iegp}e* Eh `ne} mckc aeh tenùhb( jb ijtiqc c ejq}c} `bj cgcmihiaca y e pbje ej gc}`nc* Pij p}ic pe}b ij pcuc( c hbab gijuqb hhefcgb c aeqijb* @hc}b sue e q}cqcmc ae ujcpesuec p}uemc( y eh q}cye`qb e }eau`c c uj pc} ae `chhe( hcsue epc}cj hb equaib `cqchcje ae Qehetiij Epcbhc y hceae gujaich ae A}itcjic( ej Pcjq @ufcq aeh Tchh* Y aeìgb

gujaich pb}sue( aeae csu( e bjq}cqcj e}tiìb ai`}eìbjche ae `b`ne ae jefbìb `bj `ne} ej => ìuacae epcbhcy >? pce aeh gujab*

Yc ae`cgb sue eh qc~i ae nby e}c uj pb`b epeìch*** Ee`qitcgejqe; ujc epeìe ae qc~i ae hukb( `bj e}tiìb e~`huitb(ai`}eìbjch y ae chqc p}eqcìbje* Pi e uqea cgbb( hc ae

A}itcjic e} u gekb} bpìj pc}c pcc} aecpe}ìmiab< i qieje gu`nb aije}b y nc cqe}}i{cab ej uj ce}bpue}qb q}c tbhc} ejp}ige}c hce( eh q}chcab ej uj b`ne ae hukb ij`hub ej higuijc e} uj fbhpe ae ee`qb< cujsue i( ejìhhcgejqe( qiejefcjc ae sueac} miej y c`cmc ae `bm}c} hc pcfc abmhe( qcgmijpueae uqihi{c}hb pc}c hhetc} c èjc} c chfuiej guy epeìch*

_e}b eh èjq}b ae jueq}c cqejìj jb }cai`c ej hc `chiaca i`caeh e}tiìb ae A}itcjic( ijb ej hc igphegejqcìj ae hc juetc qe`jbhbfc ijqe}jc y e~qe}jcgejqe* Ijqe}jc( pb} u hqigcf}cj ijte}ij; uj iqegc ae efuigiejqb bjhije ej qiegpb


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HC _YGE Y EH @BGE]@IB EHE@Q]JI@B=>

}ech( ij gbte}e ae hc ihhc( ae ùchsuie} e}tiìb ej ùchsuie}pujqb aeh phcjeqc* Ujb ae u q}e bìb ujacab}e y pb}qctb{ ncmiquch ae hc egp}ec( Fe}c}a Gcq}eq( ijiqe ej suehc ijte}ij g igpb}qcjqe ae A}itcjic iegp}e nc iab hcqe`jbhbfc* Negb ucab uj iqegc ae `bjq}bh ae e}tiìb yae }ee}tc( sue negb hhcgcab ]bbq Bje( y sue e uj mc`lbdèsue jb pe}giqe `bjq}bhc} ùchsuie} e}tiìb pb} guy

f}cjae sue ec eh tbhugej ae q}cmckb ej uj bhb ac( ej ùch'suie} hufc} aeh gujab( ij jeèiaca ae qeje} sue ncè} ujefuigiejqb nugcjb* @bj eb e}}cai`cgb muejc pc}qe aehb e}}b}e sue pueaej cpc}eè} ej eqe qipb ae bpe}cìbje*

Y bj eb( p}eìcgejqe( bjq}bhcj qbab u gbtigiejqb fhbmchaeae uj ejqb}jb qcj hb`ch `bgb u p}bpic ìuaca* Eq `hc}b

sue ujc ae hc f}cjae tejqckc ae hc }etbhuìj qe`jbhfi`c ehc pbimihiaca sue casuie}e ùchsuie} nugcjb ae q}cmckc} aeae abjae suie}c y pc}c ùchsuie} pujqb aeh gujab* Cujsueqcgmij e te}aca sue( pb} ueqibje ae p}b~igiaca( hbfqi`c


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y ùhqu}c egp}ec}ich( A}itcjic yc nc ccj{cab ujc bìjc ej_c}( y p}eqejae eqcmheè}e ej Juetc Yb}l y Hbja}e ej hbp}~igb gee*

Tcgb c hc cphi`cìj e~qe}jc ae hc juetc qe`jbhbfc* Ej hcvem ae A}itcjic pbaegb `bjq}cqc} uj q}chcab aeae eh ce}bpue}qb aeh _}cq ncqc eh Nbqeh C} pb} uj e}tiìb gjigb

ae 36> c =50 eu}b( pe}b qcgmij qeje} c jueq}c `bgpheqcaipbiìj uj `b`ne ae hukb ej Pyajey( Qblib b Mu}ujai*Hb gekb} ae qbab e sue( f}cìc c bq}c ae hc }eìejqe ijte}ibje ej bqvc}e( sue nc `bqcab `ci uj cb ae q}cmckb(eh `hiejqe pueae `bjbè} ae b}gc cuqbgqi`c ùjqb he tc c`bqc} ùchsuie} e}tiìb `bj`}eqb( pb} pe}bjchi{cab sue ec*Ch q}cqc}e ae e}tiìb ai`}eìbjch( q}cjpb}qe `n}qe}( eb

suie}e aeì} sue `cac e}tiìb qieje ujc `bqi{cìj pujquch(`cac p}eìb pueae e} aie}ejqe ej ujc u bq}c ìuaca< qcjqbp}eìb( qcjqb `hiejqe* _b} qcjqb( nc iab guy igpb}qcjqe`}ec} uj chfb}iqgb ujite}ch( sue `bqiè e~c`qcgejqe eh p}e'


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ìb ae uj e}tiìb ej qiegpb }ech* Ae ec b}gc( jb negbcnb}}cab gu`nb q}cmckb bpe}cqitb y negb q}chcacab hc`bqi{cìj c jueq}b `hiejqe*

Pi suie}e( pueae `bgp}bmc}hb uqea gigb; ejq}e ej hc vemae A}itcjic y te} `bgb ej uj cm}i} y è}}c} ae bkb pueaebmqeje} uj p}eupueqb è}}cab pc}c ùchsuie} e}tiìb( aeaeuj ji`b q}chcab ncqc uj iqije}c}ib `bgpheqb `bj qbac hc

pc}cac y epe}c `bjqegphcac* _ba} `bjbè} su aie}ejìcae p}eìb e~iqe ejq}e uj `b`ne ae fcgc eqjac} jb suie}eaeì} uj qu}igb( ijb uj f}cj `b`ne y bq}b ae f}cj hukb*

Ej qbab `cb( eh cuqbgtih sue he }e`bkc ijaepejaiejqegejqe ae hc fcgc sue ehikc hb nc} `bj uj q}cqb p}ee}ejqe* Hb`ne}e( ujb =*??? ej qbqch( jb eqj ej phcjqihhc( bj cu

qjbgb sue p}eqcj u e}tiìb c A}itcjic( pe}b hc }gc hee~ife ujc aee}ejìc epeìch* Fe}c}a Gcq}eq ijiqe ej eqepujqb; Jueq}b `bjqc`qb pe}bjch `bj eh `hiejqe e }eauè cujc pe}bjc sue e pcc eh ac ch tbhcjqe( y pc}c jbbq}b hbg igpb}qcjqe e sue eqc pe}bjc he b}e{`c uj muej e}'

tiìb* Ch `ne} jb he peaigb sue ec uj e~pe}qb ej juetcqe`jbhbfc( eb e `bc jueq}c< hb ji`b sue he peaigb e

sue `bjau{`c miej y sue ec guy cgcmhe `bj hb uuc}ib*

Etiaejqegejqe( suiej hhetc eh tbhcjqe e `bjtie}qe ej eh ijqe}hbùqb} g ai}e`qb `bj eh `hiejqe( ne`nb sue hc egp}eccp}bte`nc pc}c `bjbè} hc bpijij ae hb uuc}ib* Y e sueA}itcjic jb suie}e bmtic} eh `bjqc`qb ai}e`qb `bj eh `hiejqepb} gu`nb ijqe}jeq sue ncyc ae pb} geaib( y jb e gejb

f}cj pc}qe aeh pmhi`b c`cmc p}e}iejab hc hhcgcac qeheji`cc hc `bjq}cqcìj e~`huitcgejqe ehe`q}ji`c* Eh q}cqb nugcjb(efj A}itcjic( aeme e} e~suiiqb ej qbab hb `cb( aeae ehbpe}cab} sue ej`c}fc hc }ee}tc ncqc hb `ne}e sue ekeùqcj


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eh e}tiìb* Ej f}cjae geq}pbhi bgb Juetc Yb}l( Hbja}e(_c}( Gca}ia b Mc}èhbjc( hc gcyb}c ae `bjau`qb}e q}cmckcje~`huitcgejqe mckb eh pc}cfuc ae A}itcjic( y ej bq}c `bjgejb tbhugej pbqejìch b}eèj e}tiìb pujquche* Hc e~pcjij ijqe}jcìbjch èjq}c eh nb}i{bjqe ae hc egp}ec( cujsue eh epcbh e uj ge}`cab `bj gu`nb pbqejìch( epeìchgejqe ej hb f}cjae èjq}b e`bjgi`b aeh pc*

Pbjc} c qpi`b( pe}b eqc egp}ec jcì yc `bj tb`cìj fhbmch(y hb ni{b ej uj q}cqe}b( ae hc gcjb ae hb q}e ne}gcjb sue ieqe cb aepu qbactc cugej hc ai}e`ìj* Fe}c}a Gcq}eq eeh pesueb( bj qcj hb 0? cb e aeì}( egp}ejai eh jefbìb`bj =0* @bj A}itcjic( hb Gcq}eq ncj `be`ncab f}cjae hbf}by juge}bb }e`bjbìgiejqb aeh qekiab egp}ec}ich epcbh*

Q}c u q}iujb ej eqe e~`huitb e`qb}( eh ejgejb A}itcjic(iegp}e ej hc `}eqc ae hc bhc qe`jbhfi`c( e ijq}bauè cnb}c ejbq}c tc ae jefbìb; hb q}cjpb}qe ej cuqb`c} y gijimu( `bjg pccke}b pe}b ifuchgejqe ehe`qb*


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DE}}EqE}C b}qI{

Ej 3999( hc cgihic B}qi{ equaicmc ajae `}eè}( ej ajaeumi`c} ujc juetc qiejac( y hb qutb `hc}b; hc juetc uù}ch e

hhcgc}c De}}eqe}icb}qi{*`bg* Ej csuehhc e`nc( guy pb`b enumie}cj cq}etiab c ejq}c} ej ijqe}jeq `bgb hb niìe}bj hbB}qi{( ujc egp}ec ae qbac hc tiac y phejcgejqe `bjbhiacac`bgb uj hae} ej hc @bgujiaca ae Gca}ia* Pij auac( hc i}}upìj ej eh ejqbjè ijìpiejqe gujab aeh bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`bnc iab hc gekb} eq}cqefic ae gc}`c ae eqc }gc ae Hefcj*Pu ai}e`qb} nikb aeh ujacab}( Gifueh Cja} B}qi{( `bj

iae}c sue hc juetc qiejac ti}quch jb nc cpb}qcab( c pc}qeaeh }e`bjbìgiejqb ae gc}`c( uj p}eqifib c jiteh jcìbjchej qbab eh e`qb} ae e}}eqe}c* Duigb hb p}ige}b( negbne`nb mcqcjqe miej hc `bc( y hc fejqe tiiqc jueq}c pfijcuj pb`b `bgb }ee}ejìc ae qbab eh e`qb}*

Caeg( hc e~pe}iejìc ae hc pueqc ej gc}`nc ae hc aiti

ij ae `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b nc e}tiab c eqc egp}ec pc}cb}fcji{c}e gekb}; Jb nc cpb}qcab uj `cgmib ej hc b}fc'ji{cìj aeh q}cmckb y ae hc feqij( pb}sue jb nc e~ifiabq}cmckc} c jiteh ijqe}jb( c jiteh ae mce ae acqb( c jiteh aesue qbab hb p}bau`qb sue eqj i`cgejqe( eqj qcg'mij ej ijqe}jeq( `bj bqb( `bj u `c}c`qe}qi`c( `bj up}eìb ej hc qiejacbjhije* Qbab eqb nc ne`nb sue gekb}e'

gb ijqe}jcgejqe jueq}b p}bpib iqegc( sue nby e guy`bgpeqiqitb* Ej hc c`quchiaca( eh `cgijb }e`b}}iab i}te ceqc egp}ec pc}c aipbje} ae ujc igpb}qcjqe mce ae acqb(f}cìc c hc ùch pueae q}cjgiqi} c u pmhi`b pbqejìch hc

qb}JIHHbp EJ HC }EA_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)


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be}qc aeh gbgejqb y hc p}bgbìbje pujquche ae u aie}ejqe aepc}qcgejqb*

C p}bmc} e nc ai`nb* Ejq}cgb ej hc vem ae De}}eqe}c B}qi{y( ee`qitcgejqe( ej`bjq}cgb g }ee}ejìc ae hc sue uj jbejqejaiab pueae hhefc} c cigihc}* G ae 0?*??? c}qùhb aiqijqb( aeae pbgb ae pue}qc ncqc gsuijc }ecab}c pc

cjab pb} `b}qc`peae( mbqe ae pijqu}c( ehegejqb ae mcby `bìjc( tckihhc y ne}}cgiejqc ae qbab qipb( eqj hiqb y ejeqb` pc}c sue eh `hiejqe hb pueac casui}i} ej uj `hi` y }eìmi}ej `cc cjqe ae =1 nb}c*

Ncy e~iqejìc ae qbab ij`hub qb}jihhb#( yc sue hc q}caiìj cgihic} ej eh bìb `bjtie}qe hc pbhqi`c ae e~iqejìc

ej ujc ùeqij ae `c}`qe}; Pbgb e}}eqe}b( y eh e}}eqe}bq}caiìbjchgejqe qieje uj `}iqe}ib aie}ejqe ch ae hb p}be'ibjche ae gu`nb bq}b e`qb}e* Qejegb gu`nb g e'qb`( pb}sue hb sue suie}e e ac} e}tiìb c csueh `hiejqe sue


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suie}e uj p}bau`qb pc}c nby* Eqb nc feje}cab ujc c`qiquasue ijiqe ej }ejqcmihi{c} gekb} eh f}cj eqb` sue efuigbqejiejab( pb}sue jueq}b iqegc ae q}cmckb e mcc ej qeje}eh p}bau`qb* Pi eh `hiejqe suie}e chfb( hb suie}e nby< i jb(jb he i}te*

De}}eqe}b `bgb hb ae cjqe e hb sue jb nc sue}iab aekc} ae e}

De}}eqe}c B}qi{( cujsue ej hb hqigb cb nc aite}i`cab ube}qc( aeae hc kc}aije}c ncqc eh m}i`bhcke abgqi`b( pccjabpb} eh guemhe ae `bìjc( eh gejcke b eh mcb* Ae hc gigc b}gc( nc `}ecab uù}che epeìchi{cac ej m}i`bhcke cìbjcab(efu}iaca( ijqe}ib}igb( y nc bjqiquiab ujc bìjc q`ji`c bjp}beibjche p}bpib* @bj eh qiegpb y f}cìc c u }ejbgm}e( enc `bjte}qiab ej aiq}imuiab} bìch ae hc gcyb}c ae p}ige}c

gc}`c ej gcqe}ich ae e}}eqe}c( gsuijc ae bìb p}beibjche( ne}}cgiejqc ae m}i`bhcke e ijq}ugejqb ae kc}aije}c* Ehe`}eqb eq ej hc etbhuìj( y hc etbhuìj( ej uj e`qb} `bj }cè qcj q}caiìbjche bgb hc e}}eqe}c( bjiqe ej hc aite}i`c


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ìj* Hc iaec ae hb }epbjcmhe ae De}}eqe}c B}qi{ e èjq}c ej`bjefui} sue eh `hiejqe jb hb ejùejq}e ej u qiejac ti}quchy i`c ùchsuie} p}bau`qb ej eqb`( ijb sue pueac ej`bjq}c}hc bhuìj c ùchsuie} p}bmhegc pc}qiùhc} b p}beibjch( ec aehc aiìphijc sue ec( ac ifuch i jeèiqcgb c}}efhc} ujc ce}c(pijqc} ujc pc}ea( `b}qc} eh `pea b ncè} ehiè c hb jueq}b`bj ujc juetc au`nc c p}eij*

Ej ùchsuie} `cb( hb sue jb nc bhtiacab eqc egp}ec ae e}}eqe}c e u q}caiìj( y eh f}cj `bjbìgiejqb sue nc cùguhcabej hc cèqc g c}qecjch ae u bìb* @bje}tc eh qeqifb aehc feje}cìbje pccac f}cìc c ujc hich qcgmij p}eejqe ejijqe}jeq( [iq}b sue( keje( e B}qi{ ch }et* [iq}b e aeai`c chc e}}cke}c hi`c( y e hhetc p}`qi`cgejqe qbab eh pcqeh ej eqege}`cab* Pu ejb}ge `c`n ej eqc hjec nc `bjte}qiab c B}qi{

b [iq}b ej ujb ae hb f}cjae jbgm}e c jiteh gujaich* _b}ehhb( ncj }esue}iab u e}tiìb juge}bc p}bau`qb}c ijegcqbf}`c y qehetiitc* Uj f}cj ekegphb e hc upe}p}bau`ìjae Nbhhyvbba Eh ]eijb ae hb @iehb( aeh ai}e`qb} ]iahey P`bqqej ujc `bp}bau`ìj ejq}e Eqcab Ujiab( Epcc y eh ]eijbUjiab* _e}b qcgmij ncj cm}i`cab ne}}cke pc}c hc pbpuhc} e}ieae Cjqejc 0 Eh ijqe}jcab( y Vchq Aijey he nc chsuihcab tc}ic

ne}}cgiejqc y ne}}cke pc}c p}bau`ìbje ae ije e ijqchcìbjeqegqi`c ej aie}ejqe pce ae Eu}bpc*

Ae tuehqc c `cc( qcgpb`b pccj aecpe}ìmiac cpb}qcìbjeae aiecab}e ae hc qchhc ae Cfcqnc ]ui{ ae hc _}cac b Fuihhe}gb Pbh( cuqb}e ae ab ae hb cgmiejqe sue eh tiiqcjqepueae te} i e cè}`c c hc eae èjq}ch ae Hefcj* Hc pbhqi`c

`bge}ìch ae hc }gc bjiqe ej eq}ejc} pe}iai`cgejqe epcìb aiecab jqef}cgejqe pb} f}cjae jbgm}e jcìbjche(pb}sue( caeg ae fcjc}e hc cp}bmcìj aeh `hiejqe( `bjifueujc }epe}ùij geaiqi`c ae gcfjiqua( bj hc p}bye`ìj sue


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eb `bjhhetc* E aiìh tejae} qbab eh cgmiejqe( pe}b eh `hiejqee pueae ncè} ujc iaec ae `gb pba}c sueac} ee b( eeceb b ec hgpc}c ej u nbfc}*

Etiaejqegejqe( qbac eqc igcfej ae pue}qc ncìc ue}c }epe}ùqe pbiqitcgejqe ej eh jge}b ae ejq}cac ej hc vem( sueeq hhcgcac c `bjte}qi}e ej ujc f}cj uejqe ae jefbìb ej uj

uqu}b c geaib phc{b* Ej uj phc{b g `b}qb( hc tejqc bjhije`bjqiquye uj pb}èjqcke pb`b igpb}qcjqe( y( `bgb hc tejqcej hc qiejac cugejqcj p}bf}eitcgejqe( eh pb}èjqcke ae ijf}eb ae hc vem qiejae c gcjqeje}e cujsue umc ej ì}c cmbhuqc* Ej hb p}~igb gee( B}qi{ tc c eq}ejc} ujc juetcpfijc( gu`nb g ijquiqitc( g p}`qi`c sue hc c`quch( `bjg be}qc y fihe iqegc ae hcj{cgiejqb ae p}bgbìbje*

Eh uqu}b e ae hb tchiejqe( aièj( y hc f}cjae geqc iegp}e aemej eqc} ej eh nb}i{bjqe ae qbab egp}ejaeab}* Uj}eqb `ci pe}bjch ae Gifueh Cja} B}qi{ e eh ae `bjefui}


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tejae} ujc `bìjc ejqe}c pb} ijqe}jeq* Suiej aiè ujc `bìjc( aiè uj mcb( b cgmc `bc* Q}cjsuihb( ee ac hhefc}* Cujsue hb ìe}qb e sue gu`nb `hiejqe sue c`cmcj `bgp}cjab ujc `bìjc( hhefcj ch guhqièjq}b `bj hc he`ìj miejcp}ejaiac f}cìc c hc igfeje sue ncj pbaiab tiuchi{c} ejhc vem* Bab `bìjc*


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DHb}Ep D}Ep@Cp

C suij jb he fuqc}c }eìmi} uj }cgb ae db}e ej `cc( ijqcj isuie}c qeje} uj gbqitb epeìch pc}c ehhb2 Hc egp}ec

gca}ihec Dhb}e D}e`c ncè }echiaca hb sue pc}e`c uqpi'`b* C q}ct ae ijqe}jeq b}eè c u `hiejqe hc pbimihiacaae }eìmi} q}e }cgb ae db}e aiqijqc; uj }cgb tc}icab(uj }cgb ae }bc y hc hhcgcac db}e ae hc egcjc( sue`cac egcjc bj ae ujc tc}ieaca aiqijqc* Hc hbbc aeDhb}e D}e`c( sue jcè ej =??1( u}fe ae hc jeèiaca aepbae} aipbje} ae db}e }e`c ej `cc( cujsue jb e qejfc

gu`nb qiegpb pc}c i} c hc qiejac y `bgp}c}hc* Hc iaec epbae} hhetc} hb mejeìb ae ijqe}jeq c chfb qcj `bqbb`bgb `bgp}c} db}e( e~phi`c Me}jc}ab Ne}jjae{( bìbujacab} ae hc egp}ec*

@bj eqc hbbc q}cmckc vvv*db}e}e`c*`bg y hb ncè bjejquicgb y chef}c* _b}sue jb ncy gekb} gcje}c ae q}c

mckc} `bj fcjc sue }baecab ae db}e ae qbab hb `bhb}e yc}bgc* C ujc he }bmcj ujc bj}ic ij cpejc ac}e ùejqc*Caeg( Dhb}e D}e`c p}bguete eh e}tiìb ae u`}ipìjpc}c ejtic} db}e `cac egcjc( b ujc y ujc jb* C( ejte{ ae uj ji`b }cgb( pbaegb }efchc} db}e }e`c ej hcpue}qc ae `cc au}cjqe uj cb; Gi gca}e y gi cmuehc hc}eìmej y eqj ej`cjqcac( ùejqc Ne}jjae{* Ej hc pfijc

vem qcgmij e~iqe hc bpìj ae sue eh uuc}ib ehe`ìbje ehac sue p}ee}e pc}c sue e ejte u peaiab* C( qcgmijpueae ncè} `bijìai} hc ejq}efc aeh peaiab `bj ujc e`nc echcac* _c}c sue eh }cgb hhefue kuqb c qiegpb ae b}p}ejae}(

uJC DHb}( uJC pbJ}IpC_b} Icmeh _ch


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pb} ekegphb( ej uj cjite}c}ib* Hc ejq}efc ae hb peaiab e}ehcqitcgejqe }piac( aepejaiejab aeh hufc} aeh ejtb( pb}sue aeme qeje}e ej ùejqc sue Dhb}e D}e`c bpe}c ej qbachc _ejjuhc Im}i`c*

Ncy gu`nb cpe`qb sue aie}ejìcj Dhb}e D}e`c ae ujcdb}iqe}c `bjtejìbjch* _b} ekegphb( eh ne`nb ae sue eh f}cj

mejeìb jb hb eq ej hc `bgbaiaca ae hc `bgp}c( ijb ejeh cnb}}b ej hb `bqe< uj }cgb jb}gch `bgp}cab ej uj f}cjèjq}b `bge}ìch jb pueae `bqc} ejq}e 45 y 6? eu}b< ej `cg'mib( pb} ijqe}jeq pbaegb qeje} eh gigb }cgb ejq}efcabpb} =1 eu}b( ITC y fcqb ae ejtb ij`huiab* qe e( etiaej'qegejqe( uj }cfb aie}ejìcab} ae hc egp}ec; eh p}eìb* _e}bncy g cpe`qb sue ncj cyuacab c Dhb}e D}e`c c fcjc}e c

u `hiejqe* Ujb ae ehhb e hc au}cmihiaca ae hc db}( sue `bj ehiqegc ae bgp}c sue uqihi{cj pueae hhefc} c au}c} gu`nb gqiegpb* _b} hqigb( eq hc ujìbjchiaca ae hc pfijc vem( suecagiqe }ee}tc hb 045 ac aeh cb c ùchsuie} nb}c*


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Caeg ae qbac eqc tejqckc( Dhb}e D}e`c b}eè ej u pb}qch bjhijeujc cgphic ijb}gcìj ae qbac hc db}e( u b}feje y u niqb}ic( ej uj chefcqb ej aeejc aeh pcpeh ae ujc db}*Jb e q}cqc hb ae uj bmkeqb eqqi`b sue cyuac c bj}e}( ijbsue e uj e} titb sue nc hhefcab c jueq}c tiac pb} aie}ejqeù}ibiacae* Hc db}e qiejej gu`nc niqb}ic y eqb hc ncèij`hub g cq}c`qitc( e~phi`c Ne}jjae{*

Etiaejqegejqe( jb qbab e qcj mbjiqb `bgb pc}eè* Hc nb}c ae q}cmckb aeq} ae uj p}bye`qb ae eqc `c}c`qe}qi`c epbjej ej etiaejìc `bj hb }euhqcab jche y hc cqic`ìjaeh `hiejqe* @bj qbab( ej u ijiìb Dhb}e D}e`c `nb` `bjhb ab c`qb}e pb} e~èhejìc ae csuehhb sue jb e ckejb; ehae`bjbìgiejqb y hb gieab( cujsue Me}jc}ab Ne}jj

ae{ uejqc sue yc e nc etbhuìbjcab gu`nb ej eqe cpe`qb*Ae qbab gbab( eh bìb ujacab} ae Dhb}e D}e`c ncè ujhhcgcgiejqb c aegbhe} giqb* Hc fejqe qieje gieab bm}e qbabej eh gbgejqb ae ncè} ee`qitb eh pcfb( pe}b hb pbimhe


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}cuae eqj cnb}c gu`nb g ùmie}qb< caeg( ej Dhb}eD}e`c e pueae pcfc} ucjab hc qc}keqc ej ujc pcc}ehc aepcfb efu}c( b tc _cy_ch( c`hc}c*

Pu gcje}c ae ac}e c `bjbè} nc iab( iegp}e( c q}ct aeijqe}jeq( ncìejab gc}leqijf bjhije( pe}b qcgmij c q}ct aehc }ee}ejìc pbiqitc sue ncj iab aekcjab u `hiejqe; Eh

mb`c c b}ekc ujìbjc guy miej* Cnb}c pueaej geai} eh jge}b ae hiejqe c q}ct ae hb peaiab sue qb tcj ncìejab;Pbj tc}ib gihe `cac ab b q}e gee*

_e}b jb qbab qe}gijc csu* Cnb}c hc egp}ec qieje u epcìb( u

pujqb aie}ejìch y nc ej`bjq}cab c uj pmhi`b cqie`nb c suiej

he ej`cjqc qeje} hc `cc hhejc ae hc chef}c sue aep}ejae ujc db}*

_e}b( `bgb ej qbab( ncy cpe`qb ej hb sue ncy sue q}cmckc};Ujb ae hb }eqb e hc `bguji`cìj( sue hc fejqe qejfc uj gc'

yb} `bjbìgiejqb( y uj efujab }eqb e hhefc} c bpqigi{c} hc hb'

fqi`c pc}c sue hc ejq}efc e pueacj ncè} `bj g cfihiaca*


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Y ej ee cgijb e ejùejq}c cnb}c gigb eqc e~pe}iejìc ti}quch sue qieje u èjq}b ae bpe}cìbje ej hc `chhe C{uèjc aeGca}ia* Jb b pc}eè uj jbgm}e caeùcab pc}c uj jefbìbdb}ch2 _b} ìe}qb( hc c{uèjc ue hc p}ige}c db} ae hc egcjcsue }epc}qi Dhb}e D}e`c*** `bijìaejìc2


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HC m}uI~C Ab}

Hhefc uj e'gcih`bj eh qquhb Eh Fb}ab e tejae csu* Eh p}bau`qb e hhcgc Eh Pc`b ae B}b( ùeqc 3?? eu}b y `bjiqe

ej uj pcsueqe ae pc}qiìpcìbje ej 1?? aìgb aie}ejqe aehc hbqe}c jcìbjch* Hc be}qc `b}}epbjae c Hbqbjeq( p}bteeab}ae cpueqc bjhijeae ujc pesuec cagijiq}cìj( ej uj pesueb puemhb ae 3*5?? ncmiqcjqe ej eh _i}ijeb `cqchj* Heuejc Hc M}ukc ae B}b2

Muejb( ncmhcgb ae ujc cagijiq}cìj pesuec ji`cgejqe

ej geq}b ùca}cab( pb}sue e hc sue g tejae ej Epcc`bj aie}ejìc( g sue qbac hc Ihc @cjc}ic( Fchiìc( b hc]ibkc( Jctc}}c y @cjqcm}ic kujqc* Pu c`qu}cìj ej =??> ncupe}cab hb 33? gihhbje ae eu}b( g aeh >5% ae hb ùchee tejaej pb} ijqe}jeq* C pec} ae e} uj jefbìb `bj g ae3? gihhbje ae `hiejqe( Hc M}ui~c aB} jbgm}e b}ifijch( ej`cqchj ijtie}qe cb q}c cb ej eh gujab ti}quch pc}c efui}

iejab hae} jb hb ae hc cpueqc ej Eu}bpc( ijb ej eh ge}`cab aeh `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b gujaich*

C pec} ae tbhc} pb} hc }ea c }iqgb ijch`cj{cmhe pc}c ùchsuie} `bgpeqiab}( ùcjab ^ctie} Fcm}ieh( p}bpieqc}ib y ujacab}( cm}e eh eqcmheìgiejqb `cac ac c hc juete y geaicae hc gccjc( yc he eq epe}cjab ujc hc}fc `bhc ae `hiejqe*

Cùaej c eqe puemhb `bgb cuqjqi`b pe}ef}ijb c hc msueac ae hc ue}qe( cujsue Fcm}ieh p}ee}e aeì} sue hb suetejae e ihuij y bpqigigb* Ee`qitcgejqe; hc tejqcjihhcae hc cagijiq}cìj }epc}qe ihuij y bpqigigb c =? eu}b

}E_C}qI} IHupIJ _b} IJqE}JEq_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)


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eh aìgb( c ujb `hiejqe sue jb hb `bgp}cj pc}c ehhb(ijb pc}c guhqiqua ae cgifb( cgihic}e( teìjb y `bjbìab* G ae ìj`b gihhbje ae aìgb `cac cb# Pb}q eqhekb ae `ci qbab eh gujab( y tche hc pejc cp}bte`nc} eh tickeae chfuiej ae `bjcj{c pc}c ej`c}fc}he ujc abi ae b}qujc*Ej uj ac jb}gch( pueaej pcc} pb} hc cagijiq}cìj aePb}q ù}ibcgejqe ej eh jge}b 30 ae hc Ctejiac Feje}chiqcq uj gihhc} ae pe}bjc*

Etiaejqegejqe( au}cjqe hb je ae egcjc ae jbtiegm}e yaiìegm}e( hc geaic e q}iphi`c* ^ctie} Fcm}ieh e gueq}c cqie`nb aeh q}iujb ae u jefbìb ej ijqe}jeq( pe}b qcgmijb}fuhhbb ae sue( c pec} ae hb ìh sue e `bgp}c} c aiqcjìc(`cac ac e cùguhej gcyb}e bhc ej u ji`b eqcmheìgiej

qb i`b( c q}e nb}c ej `b`ne aeae Mc}èhbjc b [c}cfb{c*

@ucq}b pe}bjc aepc`ncj ae `c}c ch `hiejqe c uj }iqgb te}qifijbb( ij ae`cjb( cujsue pc}c `cjqiacae igpb}qcjqe hb


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ijf}eb hhefcj ai}e`qcgejqe pb} hc }ea c q}ct ae hb mcj`b*Ae qbab gbab( c hb `bjbìab ae }ee}tc igpb}qcjqe e heijtiqc c pcc} y c e} cqejaiab pe}bjchgejqe pb} ^ctie} b pb}u epbc( ]bc Fch( sue e c hc te{ hc qiquhc} aeh jefbìb* Hc`bhc }ech( e guy }ech# Y hb sue `bgp}cj ej hc }ea( m}bgec^ctie} Fcm}ieh( e}cj hc gu}chhc pe}e`qc pc}c sue jcaie `}u{c}c eh _i}ijeb#*

Hb sue ij auac jb pueaej ncè} hb `hiejqe bjhijee eh }iquchg cf}cab ej Pb}q; }bqc} u aìgb ej hc jc}i{ ae hc eqcqucae hc M}ukc sue p}eiae eh `bge}ìb( pe}b eh p}~igb cb jbac} hc b}p}ec ae `gb qeje} hb aìgb }bqcab tc bjhije*Eh hbqe}b g cgbb aeh gujab ijiqe ej sue hc `bhc aehcjqe ae hc cagijiq}cìj bj gc}leqijf ij bqe chfujb* Eq`hc}b sue cf}caeègb ejb}gegejqe c qbab eh sue ncè uj

eue}{b pc}c cè}`c}e ncqc Pb}q( pb}sue( f}cìc c eb( hbuqu}b `bgp}cab}e ejq}cj ej uj gujab ae gcfic( ihuijy chef}c* E cjqqi`b te} cgifb y `hiejqe epe}cjab u gbgejqb pc}c `bgp}c} u aìgb `bj ujc c`qiqua pbiqitc( ij`hub q}c hc epe}c `bj uj mb`caihhb ej hc gcjb( pc}c jbpe}ae} u qu}jb( y hb gigb e `bjqegphc ej hc gec ae hb}eqcu}cjqe( sue e qu}jcj pc}c cùai} c hc `bgp}c ae hbqe}c

pc}c hb uyb( pc}c u `bge}ìb b pc}c u egp}ec*

Hc ihuij( b hc ue}qe( jb e tejae ji`cgejqe ej b}gc ae aìgb* Ej hc vem ae hc M}ukc ae B}b pbaegb ej`bjq}c} bgmijcìbje pe}bjchi{cac( gbae}jc( cacpqcac c qbab hb mbhihhb y fuqb* _ueqb c `}ec} niqb}ic ae hc sue ihuibjcj ch`hiejqe( hb bq}b kuefb ae hc Hbqe}c Jcìbjch eqj quqehcab

pb} hb pca}e ae hc M}ukc* Ij`hub qejegb hc pbimihiaca aeae`c}fc}jb( ae b}gc qbqchgejqe f}cquiqc( qbac hc be}qcy jbteacae ae hc vem( ejq}e ehhc ijjbtcab}e chtcpcjqchhc(bjab y gp0 pc}c b}aejcab} y gtih* Eh bmkeqitb ae eqe ge}'


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`ncjaiijfti}quch e eh ae hhetc} hc gc}`c ae Hc M}ukc c qbabhb }ij`bje( y pc}c eb jb ncy jcac gekb} sue bùpc} qbac hcpcjqchhc aeh gujab*

D}uqb aeh `cgijb }e`b}}iab ej gcqe}ic ae `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b( Hc M}ui~c aB} .Hc M}ukc ae B}b) nc }epc}qiab f}cjaep}egib pb} hc }ea( chfujb ae ehhb tejaiab jqef}cgejqebjhije* Ae ne`nb( yc e ùejqcj pb} èjqejc}e hb gihhbje

ae eu}b }epc}qiab f}cìc c u aitiij bjhije* Pefj ^ctie}Fcm}ieh( eh }epc}qb ae f}cjae p}egib ae b}gc ti}quch jbnc pe}giqiab gbq}c} `gb hc M}ukc tuehc( pb} hb ci}e( sueeq ej ijqe}jeq pc}c eqc} `bjqifb iegp}e sue q suie}c* Chc te{( hc }ea qe pe}giqe( ij gbheqc}qe( casui}i} qu aìgbae ujb ej ujb b ae gih ej gih hc abè nb}c aeh ac*** Y hcabè ae hc jb`ne*

Eqc de~imihiaca( etiaejqegejqe( `bjq}imuye c ij`}egejqc}ijècmhegejqe `hiejqe y jge}b ae tejqc bjhije* Qbactce~iqe ujc ìe}qc }eqièjìc aeh uuc}ib c pcfc} ti}quchgejqe(pe}b hc cgc( jbqb}ieaca y p}eqifib ae Hc M}ukc ae B}b chtc eqe bmqùhb jcqu}ch( efj u p}bpieqc}ib* Pi chfuiejsuie}e qeje} jueq}b aìgb ej hc gcjb( mcqc `bj sue

kuefue uj gjigb ae 3?? eu}b pc}c sue ch ac ifuiejqepueac qeje} u aìgb ej eh bq}b e~q}egb ae Epcc( cefu}c Fcm}ieh* _b} eb e nc `bjte}qiab ej eh p}ijìpch `hiejqeae Peu} ej Epcc*

Aeh ejgejb ti}quch ae Hc M}ukc ae B}b ncmhcj geaib qbabeh gujab( c`}eèjqcjab hc }epe}ùij y hc aigejij ae hc

mce ae acqb ae eqc }gc( sue( c pec} ae gcjqeje} u jcqu}che{c cgihic}( e `baec `bj f}cjae egp}ec y guhqijcìbjche mcj`b( `bgpcc eje}fqi`c( `caejc `bge}ìche ejcùe}ab ae `bhcmb}cìj bm}e igpb}qcjqe p}bgbìbje*


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Hc M}ui~c aB} nc iab pibje}c ej eh gujab ti}quch* Ej 3991(`bhf u p}ige}c vem( y aeae ejqbjè nc iab hc p}ige}c qiejac ti}quch ej hb sue c cpueqc e }ee}e* Qcgmij ej hc vem(`bge}ìchi{c ge}`ncjaiijfc q}ct ae hc qiejac ae u ujacìj*Hc Dujacìj ae hc M}ukc ae B}b( ijtbhu`}cac ej hc cyuac cjib `bj ja}bge ae Abvj y eje}geacae ijuuche ae mckcp}etchejìc( }eìme cjqiacae igpb}qcjqe f}cìc c hc tejqc aeùchsuie} c}qùhb 3=? }ee}ej ic ae kbye}c( }bpc( `bgeqimhe

y kufueqe( c `bgb eh mejeìb jqef}b ae hb him}b ae ^ctie}Fcm}ieh( eh hqigb Hc 30 `hcte ae hc ue}qe .Jbv Mbbl)*

Ifuchgejqe( ej hc vem pbaegb bmqeje} eh ji`b p}bau`qbsue( efj hb e~pe}qb( juj`c pie}ae tchb}; uj hijfbqe ae b}bae aie}ejqe peb pe}b( iegp}e( ae =1 lihcqe ae pu}e{c y

è}qi`cab pb} kbye}b ae p}eqifib jcìbjch*

_e}b hc c}}e}c qe`jbhfi`c jb c`cmc csu* ^ctie} Fcm}ieh suie}eeqc} iegp}e c hc hqigc( `bjbè} hb gekb} y hc jbteacae


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g cq}c`qitc pc}c eh `hiejqe b eh uuc}ib* ^ctie} y Hc M}ukcqiejej uj `cjch p}bpib ej Ybuqume `bj g ae q}eijqc taebae p}bau`ìj p}bpic( u f}upb ej Dcèmbbl( u hmuge aeDhi`l} y u epcìb ej hc Vilipeaic y ej GyPpcè( caeg aeijjuge}cmhe cjigcìbje ae Hc M}ukc ae B}b ì}ùhcjab pb}eh ìme}epcìb* Hc ijqejìj ae hc }gc e efui} cugejqcjabhc jbqb}ieaca ae gc}`c y eh g~igb ae tiiqc y }efiq}b ej u

vem( y pb} eb bgejqc hc cpc}iìj ej }eae bìche aeae hcùche eh uuc}ib e tec ijtiqcab c tiiqc} vvv*hcm}ukcaeb}b*e*

Eh gigb gbqitb nc hhetcab ^ctie} Fcm}ieh c `bjte}qi}e ejujb ae hb pe}bjcke g geaiqi`b aeh Eqcab( cpc}eìejabncqc eh gbgejqb ej g ae 5*0?? ejq}etiqc c geaib ijqe}ecab ej eh q}iujb ae eqe ijjbtcab} egp}ejaeab}( ieg

p}e pejaiejqe ae pejc} ej hb hqigb pc}c e} eh p}ige}b* Y esue( cjqe ae e} hbqe}b( igphcjq hb aepb}qe ae ctejqu}c ejEpcc( `bgb eh }cqijfy ujc abèjc g( c hc te{ ae p}bauì}ab e}ie abùgejqche ej phejb Cgc{bjc( Jemhijc yTejqc'


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jc ch @iehb( casui}iac pb} qehetiibje eu}bpec( uacge}i`cjc( ae Kcpj y Eqcab Ujiab*

Pu juetc ctejqu}c e} eh ticke epcìch c mb}ab ae ujc jcteae Ti}fij Fchc`qi`p}bpieaca ae ]i`nc}a M}cjbj* Aejq}b aeguy pb`b gee( Fcm}ieh e `bjte}qi} ej eh p}ige} qu}iqcepcìch epcbh( y eh p}ige} `cqchj ej pic} eh epcìb( ujccuqjqi`c `cgpcc ae gc}leqijf sue h gigb `chi`c `bgb

hc gekb} aepu ae @}iqmch @bhj*

Aeae eqe puemhb ùyb jbgm}e( Pb}q( h gigb q}caukb ch`cqehhcjb `bgb ue}qe( Hc M}ukc ae B}b nc }epc}qiab è}`cae q}eijqc f}cjae p}egib ae hc Hbqe}c Jcìbjch* Y eb( ij`bjqc} ej iqucìbje `bgb hc aeh b}qeb ae Jctiaca ae =??6(ùcjab caeg ae ac} eh Fb}ab g ae hc giqca ae hb aì

gb bm}c}bj chfj }eijqef}b f}cìc c uj f}cj }iefb cèpqcabpb} ^ctie} Fcm}ieh; `bjc} ej sue eh Fb}ab c`cmc}c ej ujby casui}i} hc giqca ae hc e}ie ej eqc qe}gijcìj* Ej `cb`bgb qe( eh hbqe}b aekc ae hcab qbac ìejìc b qe`jbhbfc pc}cejqejìc}; Hc M}ukc ge ni{b `cb*


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HCqIEJAC nbgE

E~iqej chfujc pcuqc mi`c pc}c cefu}c}e uj gekb} ujìbjcgiejqb aic}ib y }ejai} ch g~igb* Ejq}e ehhc( sui{ hc

g }epeqiac bj hc ae efui} ujc muejc chigejqcìj y ab}gi} miej* _}eìcgejqe ae eqc efujac p}egic e ae hc sue ebùpc Qiejac Nbge( ujc egp}ec pibje}c ej hc tejqc ae esuipb ae ae`cjb c q}ct ae ijqe}jeq; vvv*hcqiejacnbge*`bg*

Hc ijiìcqitc e`n c cjac} ej =??0 y ej csuehhc pb`c qutbsue ej}ejqc}e c uj ge}`cab `bj e`cc ùhqu}c ehe`q}ji`c(

ej `bgpc}cìj `bj hb Eqcab Ujiab b chfujb pce eu}bpeb* Hc te}aca e sue ej Epcc eh `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`be}c p}`qi`cgejqe ije~iqejqe( `bgejqc Kcige ]umib( ai}e`qb}feje}ch ae Qiejac Nbge* Due uj p}bye`qb sue hcj{cgb `bjgu`nc ihuij( ij sue epe}egb hb }euhqcab bmqejiab*Ae ne`nb( nc iab eh p}bye`qb sue gekb} nc ujìbjcab ae hbsue negb `}ecab( ccae* Ej u b}feje( hc Qiejac Nbge

aipub ae uj hb`ch cmie}qb ch pmhi`b( pe}b jchgejqe aeìaicpbqc} pb} eh bge}ìb bjhije* Ae qbab gbab( aipbje ae ujepcìb i`b ej Fcjac* Jb pueae `bjiae}c}e p}bpicgejqeujc qiejac< e}c g miej ujc chc ae e~pbiìj y eh mc`lqcfeaeh pb}qch( e aeì}( abjae e ùeè qbab eh p}bau`qb jch*

Hb p}ijìpib juj`c ncj iab ìhe* Puejc c qpi`b( pe}b pc}c

su ijtejqc} ujc }ce gekb}( i qc e ckuqc c hc }echiaca2 Hcp}ijìpch aiùhqca ae Qiejac Nbge ue hc ij`}eauhiaca ae hbp}bteeab}e( pe}b qcgmij numb sue hiaic} `bj p}bmhegc aehbfqi`c* _b} ue}qe( nby e pueae gi}c} ncìc cq} `bj chitib*

EH AEp@CJpb qCgmIJ _uEAE @bg_}C}pE_b} Icmeh _ch


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Qbab eqb c`qb}e eqj g sue bhuìbjcab* Ae ne`nb( hctejqc ej hc }ea nc upueqb c Qiejac Nbge gu`nc g tejqckc sue ij`bjtejiejqe* Hc tejqckc ae ijqe}jeq egpe{c}bjpb} cm}i} juetb ge}`cab( `bjbè} y qeje} juetb `hiejqe ypbae} hhefc} c abjae jb hhefmcgb* Jueq}c egp}ec hb qejc uj gmiqb }efibjch( bpe}cmc ej hc bgujiaca tchejìcjc( ycnb}c ùm}igb qbac Epcc( e~phi`c ]umib*

_c}c hc egp}ec hc tejqckc bj ghqiphe( pe}b qcgmij hbbj pc}c eh `hiejqe* Eh qegb} pueae eqc} ej jb pbae} qb`c} i`cgejqe eh p}bau`qb y eh `bjifuiejqe ejqigiejqb aeijefu}iaca sue pueac feje}c}e* Hc Qiejac Nbge( ijegmc}fb( cme `bjq}c}}eqc} eqc `bjq}c b}eìejab gu`nbg p}b( pc}c sue hc mchcj{c e ij`hije c u ctb}* Jbb

q}b uphigb eh jb pbae} qb`c} eh c}qùhb `bj ujc cgphicijb}gcìj ej jueq}c pfijc vem* Caeg( ccaigb gu`nc `chiae{( yc sue aipbjegb ae ceb}e ej ae`cjb sue}euehtej qbac hc auac aeh `hiejqe( `bgejqc Kcige ]umib*


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Eh `bgp}cab}( jb hb fb{c ae eqe c`qb} pbiqitb( ijb suecaeg qieje c u aipbiìj uj e}tiìb =1 nb}c au}cjqehb 045 ac aeh cb*

Y eb ij bhtiac} hc fu}c aeh ceb}( sue tc qeheji`c pueaeb}iejqc} ch bjugiab} bm}e uh e eh `bh`nj sue pueae e}heg `bjtejiejqe* Pe aie}ejìc ae uj qehebpe}cab} ej sue ehp}ige}b hee uj fuij y( eh efujab( hb sue eq ncìejab e

te} hc jeèiacae aeh `hiejqe* C( ùcjab ujc pe}bjc bhiìqc uj `bh`nj caeùcab pc}c ehhc( eh ceb} qieje ej ùejqcp}efujqc cè}`c ae hc eaca aeh au}giejqe( u peb y i u}echfujc pcqbhbfc* Ej eqe pujqb e etiaejìc hc igpb}qcjìcsue qieje( pc}c Qiejac Nbge( eh q}cqb ai}e`qb y hc pe}bjchi{cìj ej eh gbgejqb ae e`bfe} uj `bh`nj*

Aeqc`c( qcgmij( hc igpb}qcjìc ae `cgmic}hb c u aemiab qiegpb< pc}c g efu}iaca( `cac > 3? cb( `bgbg~igb*


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@bjekb pe}bjchi{cab y ujb p}bau`qb `bj p}eìb guy`bgpeqiqitb ncj cyuacab c eqc egp}ec bjhijec fcjc}e upc}qe aeh pcqeh `bge}ìch* Ej u gcyb}c( hb p}bau`qb suetejae p}bèaej ae cm}i`cjqe ae p}eqifib c e`chc jcìbjch*

@bj qbab( eh ne`nb ae uqihi{c} Nbge `bgb gc}`c `bge}ìchhe pe}giqe cmc}cqc} `bqe y b}eè} p}eìb g ckuqcab* Hb

c}qùhb ij`huyej( qcgmij( è}qi`cìbje ae `chiaca y qiejejuj phc{b ae ejq}efc guy b}qb* Hc f}cj aie}ejìc ae jueq}bp}bau`qb( ej }ehcìj `bj hb p}bau`qb ae bq}b `bge}ìb(}cai`c ej sue jueq}b bh`nbje ti`behqi`b qiejej hc gcyb}aejiaca aeh ge}`cab è}qi`cac y( c pc}qe( u p}bèaejìc e ae b}ifej jcqu}ch* Ej ùcjqb c e`bhbfc y mejeìb pc}ceh ùe}pb( bj hb gekb} sue pbaegb }e`bgejac}*

@bj uj p}eejqe }euehqb .ujc p}etiij ae tejqc ae 6 gihhbje ae eu}b ej =??9 y g ae 5?*??? `hiejqe) y uj uqu}bp}bgeqeab}( hc Qiejac Nbge piejc cnb}c ej u `}eìgiejqb*


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Dikc eh =?3? pc}c e~pcjai}e ncìc D}cjìc y( cujsue e èjq}cej hb p}bau`qb ae ae`cjb( piejc cpbqc} qcgmij pb} c}qùhb `bgb( pb} ekegphb( b*

C( `bj f}cjae p}etiibje ae `}eìgiejqb( hc Qiejac Nbgee bjbhiac ac c ac ej eh ge}`cab aeh ae`cjb* Pe p}ebùpc(ej aejiqitc( ae sue ùcjab qbab qe}gijegb jueq}c kb}jcac pbacgb ae`bje`qc}( e}}c} hb bkb y pbae} ai}uqc} ae uj

ge}eìab ae`cjb* Pnnn#


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gCJfb

Ae Gcjfb cmegb sue e ujc `caejc aeai`cac c hc tejqc ae}bpc y `bgphegejqb ae aieb p}bpib* Hc }gc( jcìac ej

eh _ceb ae F}cìc ae Mc}èhbjc( e nc e~pcjaiab jcìbjch eijqe}jcìbjchgejqe c pc}qi} aeh gbaehb ae }cjsuiìc; eh p}bpieqc}ib b c}}ejacqc}ib ae uj hb`ch `bge}ìch `bjtie}qe eqeepcìb ej ujc qiejac Gcjfb( y eqc egp}ec e `bjtie}qe ejbìb aeh jefbìb*

Hc ijgejc gcyb}c ae `caejc ae eqc jcqu}che{c qieje chfujc

qiejac p}bpic( pe}b pb`c aeìaej bqb}fc} eqc `bjaiìj( yjijfujc g( c u qiejac ti}quch* E~c`qb; Gcjfb `bjiae}c uqiejac bjhije( Gcjfbnbp*`bg( ujc qiejac g( efj hcc}gcìbje ae u ai}e`qb}c ae `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b( Eqne}Chbjb* Ch j y ch cmb( Gcjfb jb jeèiqcmc eqc} ej ijqe}jeq(y cj c ue ae hc p}ige}c egp}ec ej bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b*Nby Gcjfb tejae hb eh ?(5% bjhije( y eh ji`b tchb} cc

aiab sue ejùejq}c ej u qiejac ehe`q}ji`c e sue eh `hiejqepueae ej`bjq}c} g ìhgejqe hb sue mu`c*

Eh pe}h aeh bgp}cab} e eh gigb sue ej eh gujab i`b( uj`bjugiab} sue `bjbè Gcjfb c hc pe}e`ìj* Eqne} Chbjb}e`bjbè sue f}cj pc}qe aeh `hiejqe bjhijee eh `hiejqe ncmi'quch ae jueq}c gc}`c* Eh `bjbìgiejqb ae gc}`c sue qieje

ncè sue ec guy ejìhhb pbae} tejae}he jueq}b p}bau`qb(pb}sue hb `bjbè( `bjbè u qchhc( cme suij Gcjfb( bec( sue ejùejq}c ujc fc}cjqc aeq}* Chbjb jb `bjiae}c igp}eìjaimhe hc p}eejìc ti}quch( cujsue pueae e} uj

uJC qIEJAC gp( _E}b pIJ D}CJsuI@IC_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)


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muej `bgphegejqb c jueq}c tejqc ej hc qiejac* Ae ne`nb( ujac qcjqb qe ncèj ujc `bgp}cbjhije`bgb ch }et( pb}suee~iqe gu`nc de~imihiaca ej eqe cpe`qb; ncy gu`nc fejqesue `bgp}c ej Gcjfbnbp( pe}b i jb he sueac miej b jbhe `bjtejè( tc c `cgmic} eh p}bau`qb c ujc qiejac i`c< y

ch }et; ncy fejqe sue nc tiqb pie{c ej chfujc ae jueq}cqiejac( e hc nc p}bmcab y( `bgb jb ncmc ae u qchhc( hc nc`bgp}cab pb} ijqe}jeq*

E`ncjab uj tiqc{b ej eqe iqe( pbaegb pe}`cqc}jb ae hbsue e hhetc} ùcjab hhefue eh muej qiegpb* @hc}b sue( giejq}c eb jb uèac( pbaegb efui} hb pcb ae hc ne}gcjc

@}u{( _ejhbpe y Gji`c( eqcjac}qe ae hc `bhe`ìj g `bbhae Gcjfb* Hb c}qùhb cmcjae}cab pb} hc ab c`q}iè jbai}uqcj ae g tejqckc ej ijqe}jeq sue ej uchsuie} }cjsuiìc( pe}b hc }gc equaic }ec} p}bgbìbje epeìche ej hc }eapc}c chfujc ae u hjec ae p}bau`qb*

Gcjfb `bgej{ u cjacau}c ej 3991( y uj cb g qc}ae

yc qejc pfijc vem* Pu qiejac ti}quch ujìbjc aeae eh cb=???( y c q}ct ae ehhc tejae ej hb ùc}ejqc pce abjaeqieje qiejac* Cnb}c Gcjfb equaic hc e~pcjij i`c ej Cic(pe}b jb e}c ae`cmehhcab pejc} sue p}ige}b hhefce u tejqc


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bjhijesue ujc }cjsuiìc* Eh ge}`cab fhbmch jb epe}c( y hcjuetc qe`jbhbfc bj ujc muejc chqe}jcqitc c hb `bqe ae hce~pcjij i`c* Aeae ncè ujb gee( Gcjfbnbp*`bg yctejae ej Eqcab Ujiab( y aipbje ae ujc èjq}ch aiq}imuiab}c p}bpic ej Juetc Ke}ey ìuaca( pb} ìe}qb( ae jbgm}ecp}bpicab pc}c ujc }gc ae }bpc*

Ae qbab gbab( qbab hb sue tejae ej ùchsuie} pujqb aehphcjeqc y hb pb`b sue pbaegb `bjbè} ae hc juetc qegpb}cac chtb hb tiqb ej hc hqigc pcc}ehc ae gbac che aehnbv}bbg ae Gbhheq aeh Tchh( ej hc ijqchcìbje èjq}che aehc `bgpcc* Jb pbaegb `bjqc}he `bj gu`nb aeqchhe hb suetieje( pb}sue hb gbaehb sue negb pbaiab te} ej p}ige}cpe}bjc( y sue feje}chgejqe hb pueaej te} hb }cjsuiìcab

pc}c pbae} e`bfe} su fje}b ej`c}fcj pc}c u qiejac( qbactcjb e ejùejq}cj ej eh ge}`cab* Hb juetb `bhb}e( hc juetc qejaejìc( eh juetb `b}qe( hb juetb gcqe}iche y qe~qu}cb}gcj pc}qe aeh ljbv nbvae hc gc}`c( eh e`}eqb g miej


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fuc}acab }ejqe c hc au}e{c ae ujc `bgpeqejìc sue `cac te{}ee}tc gejb `bjqegphcìbje* Ej qbab `cb( he ijtiqcgbc ejq}c} ej Gcjfbnbp*`bg( ùyc be}qc e hc gigc sue ejùchsuie} bq}c qiejac( `bj hc aie}ejìc ae sue }c}c te{ e nccfbqcab uj p}bau`qb*

Y( pueqb c ù}ibec}( pb} pbimihiacae sue jb sueae( y i

jb( bkeegb hc kbtej qiejac buqheq* Ujc `cgieqc pb} gejbae 0 eu}b* Uj teqiab pb} gejb ae =?* Hc fcjfc ae ijqe}'jeq e~iqe#( cujsue hc }epbjcmhe ae e'`bgge}èjb gueq}egu`nb jci ej eqc cèqc; Hb cm}igb ej gcyb ae =??4*

Yc ej uj p}ijìpib( hc ijqejìj e}c igphegejqe `bgpheqc}

hc bde}qc( e aeì}( ac} uj ccaiab c hb sue yc eqcgb acj'

ab `bj Gcjfbnbp* Dujìbjc guy miej( pe}b `hc}b( jb e

gbac( yc e }bpc ae bq}c qegpb}cac* Ej eqb e jbqc( sueeh buqheqtejae g miej mi`b b `bc ae`cqchbfcac( ej

hufc} ae gbac* Hc gbac eq ej Gcjfbnbp*


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E hfi`b sue Gcjfb cpueqe g pb} u tejqc ae gbac bjhi'jesue jb pb} hc tejqc ae c}qùhb ae`cqchbfcab b ue}c aeqegpb}cac( chqc}c g* Cujsue e ìe}qb sue( `bj hc sue eqaekcjab `ce} hc `}ii( tche hc pejc qeje} c gcjb uj muej }eù}b buqheq( sue juj`c eq ae g*

_e}b ( jb nc sueacab `hc}b sue Gcjfbnbp eq ae gbacjuj`c gekb} ai`nb y sue ej`bjq}c}egb ej ehhc hb gigb

sue ej eh }eqb ae qiejac( pe}b ij nb}c}ib( `bhc ji c}qùhbij eqb`* Qcgmij pbaegb ej`bjq}c} c}qùhb pc}c nbgm}e(ujc ae hc cifjcqu}c pejaiejqe pc}c gu`nc qiejac Gcjfbej ìuacae pesuec( sue( c hc nb}c ae p}ib}i{c}( p}ee}ej ac}g `cj`nc c u be}qc egejijc* Hb hqigb ej Gcjfbnbp ehc juetc `bhe`ìj ae }ehbke* Due}c m}bgc; aieb e~`huitbaeae qcj hb 59 eu}b y ncqc 319( p}eìb sue qejegb sue

pcfc} pb} uj }ehbk( `bgb gjigb( ù}ibb; uj `bhfcjqe ae phcqc `bj uj }ehbk ej eh e~q}egb*

Qbab cmegb `gb sueac uj }ehbk( pe}b hb g aiìh pueaee} igcfijc}jb `gb jb pueae ejqc} uj q}cke b uj teqiab*_c}c ehhb( qbab hb gbaehb aipbjej ae bqbf}cc aeae tc}ib pujqb ae tiqc `bj uj `ni`b b `ni`c ejujajabe hc pie

{c* _}eìcgejqe( i chfb e`ncgb ae gejb jctefcjab pb} hcvem ae Gcjfb e hc }eèqc pc}c sue c qbab jb sueae qcj miejhc }bpc bgb c hc gbaehb ae hc bqb* _e}b eb jb ncy qe`jbhbfcchfujc sue hb }egeaie*** Ae gbgejqb*


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gI}C EJ qu IJqE}Ib}

_C}EAEp AE AIpEb_b} Cjjc Tihckbcjc y Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)

Pi chfb qiejej ej `bgj hc gcyb}c ae `cc( yc ecj pibae 1? geq}b ùca}cab( ujicgihic}e cabcac b titiejac ae

q}e ncmiqcìbje `bj mcb y qe}}c{c( bj hb qe`nb y pc}eae*_b} qcjqb( i qbab eh gujab ch gejb qieje ucq}b pc}eae y ujqe`nb( ncy ge}`cab#

Ujc egp}ec ae Gbhheq aeh Tchh( ej Mc}èhbjc( e nc epeìchi{cab ej c`c} eh g~igb pc}qiab eqqi`b c hc pc}eae sue jbc`bgpccj ej jueq}b suencè} aic}ib( yc ec ej eh abgiìhib

pc}qiùhc} b ej eh q}cmckb* Pe q}cqc ae ujc p}bpueqc igcfijcqitcsue tc g chh ae egpcpehc} pc}eae b `bhfc} ùca}b*

Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg u jbgm}e yc e ujc ijtiqcìj c hc }ede~ij e `bjqiquy ncè uj cb y geaib( y jb qieje qiejacji equaib cmie}qb ch pmhi`b* Eb jb suie}e aeì} sue jb jbcm}cj u pue}qc pc}c `bgp}bmc} u aieb ej pcjqchhc b

cphi`cab c hc p}bpic pc}eae ae u bìjc* _e}b hc c`qitiacaae eqc }gc e }echi{c e~`huitcgejqe c q}ct ae ijqe}jeq( yhc b}ifijchiaca ae u jefbìb e mcc ej b}eè} muejc abiae aieb e igcfijcìj pc}c ae`b}c} eh ejqb}jb ae jueq}ctiac ae ujc gcje}c ejìhhc 'e aeì}( ij `bgphi`cìbje aegbjqcke' y `bj hc pbimihiaca ae sue ujb gigb 'ij qeje}sue e} uj gcjiqc' pueac }eae`b}c} u epcìb*

Su nc ne`nb Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg pc}c }etbhuìbjc} eh`bjèpqb ae hc ae`b}cìj2 _ue cphi`c} eh tijihb( uj gcqe}ichphqi`b sue aeae ncè cb e uqihi{c pc}c }bquhc} tenù


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hb y eqcmheìgiejqb `bge}ìche( ej eh egmehheìgiejqb aeijqe}ib}e* @uchsuie} igcfej( pchcm}c b }ce( f}cjae `bgbpc}c bùpc} qbac ujc pc}ea y pc}qe ae bq}c b pesuec `bgbpc}c `bhb`c}e ch hcab aeh ijqe}}upqb} ae hc hu{( aemckb ae ujctejqcjc( ch hcab ae ujc pue}qc b ejìgc ae ujc gec( qiejeepcìb ej eqc vem ae ae`b}cìj*

Gc}imeh _e{( ai}e`qb}c `}ecqitc ae hc egp}ec( e~phi`c sue( aene`nb( e nc ijjbtcab g ej eh bjèpqb sue ej eh gcqe}ich* Eh

iqegc e eh gigb sue e uqihi{c pc}c }bquhc} bm}e uj tia}ib* Hb

sue negb ne`nb e `bhb`c} eh tijihb bm}e ujc pc}ea( y eqe e

uj gqbab gu`nb g dìh ae ijqchc}* Pij `bgphekb chfujb(

ccae; Hb iejqb( pe}b jb bgb bgpheqcgejqe b}ifijche#*

Hc b}ifijchiaca( ij auac( e hc ncj }ee}tcab pc}c hb gbqitb ae`b}cqitb* Hc vem gueq}c ujc fche}c ae ufe}ejìc qcjcq}c`qitc sue aepie}qc hc fcjc ae ae`bhfc} qbab hb uca}bae hc pc}ea y egpe{c} c e~pe}igejqc}* Pij auac( hc }ce ujc


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igcfej tche g sue gih pchcm}c tc `bgb cjihhb ch aeab pc}ceqc egp}ec ae aiecab}e f}`b `bj eqihb p}bpib*

_hcjqec p}bpueqc ijjbtcab}c bgb c`bgpcc} eh gbmihic}ibae cc bj gbqitb db}che* Eh }euhqcab tc aeae bhb`c} ej hc`cmeè}c ae hc `cgc uj aieb ae nbkc y db}e c ncè} m}bqc}hc tefeqcìj ej `cc `bhb`cjab uj }mbh ch hcab ae uj b biguhcjab ujc }bjabc phcjqc ej hc pc}eae aeh pcihhb*

C pc}qe ae hc db}iqu}c( Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg qcgmij b}eèaieb bj}i`b* Ej u vem e pueae te} ujc kcuhc `bhb`caceq}cqfi`cgejqe ej hc pc}ea `bgb i e bqutie}c bm}e ujguemhe( uj }bq}b `bj ujc hc}fc gehejc( b ujc `ckc cmie}qcae hc sue e e`cpcj gc}ipbc* Bq}c p}bpueqc `bj ehetcac

abi ae igcfijcìj e }ee}ej c hc ae`b}cìj ae ncmiqcìbjeijcjqihe y c hb sue hhcgcj aeqchhc{b( sue bj pesueb aimu kb sue e `bhb`cj ch hcab aeh qehbjb( aeh ijbab}b( aeh ci}ec`bjaiìbjcab b ae hc hgpc}c sue ùehfc aeh qe`nb*


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_e{ ùejqc sue hc muejc c`bfiac ae u egp}ec e aeme c hcpbimihiaca ae b}eè} c hb `hiejqe uj aieb eqcjac}i{cab(pe}b `bj uj qbsue ae e~`huitiaca( y c uj p}eìb g `bgpeqiqitb sue i uee pb} ej`c}fb* Hc cìhiaca ae bhb`cìj e bq}bc`qb} sue kuefc c u ctb}( pb}sue eh aieb ae tijihb e `bhb`cc pc}eae y qe`nb `bgb i uee uj caneitb* _b} hb qcjqb( ehp}bpib `hiejqe pueae cugi} hc ijqchcìj ae b}gc p}`qi`c yejìhhc* Caeg( jb e jeèc}ib pijqc} hc pc}ea ae juetb* Qcj

hb e jeèc}ib efui} hb pcb sue e cakujqcj bj hc ejq}efcaeh tijihb Y hiqb#

Hc ai}e`qb}c `}ecqitc e~phi`c sue( `bgb aiecab}e( u qc}ec e`}ec} y ehcmb}c} p}bye`qb c geaiac ae u hiejqe* Hc ijiìcqitcae Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg e mccmc( ej pc}qe( ej phcjqec}jbujc juetc b}gc ae }ejqcmihi{c} jueq}c iaec y aieb* E

aeì}( yb jb pueab ncè} uj hbfb y teja}ehb c aie{ pe}bjc(pe}b pueab ncè} uj aieb y sue ge hb `bgp}ej aie{ pe}'bjc* @cac aieb qeja} u qcgcb( u `bhb}( y e b}iejqc}ncìc uj iqib b ncìc bq}b( `bj hb ùch eh }euhqcab e} aie'}ejqe ej `cac `cb* Ej }echiaca( Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg e ujp}bye`qb jcìab ae Gi}e( eh equaib ae aieb f}`b ch suepe}qejeè qbab u pe}bjch `}ecqitb*

Ch gc}fej ae u `cqhbfb( eqc egp}ec qcgmij b}eè aiebc hc `c}qc pc}c sue hb `hiejqe g cq}etiab pueacj ufe}i}u iaec y( p}etib p}eupueqb( igp}igi}hc ej tijihb* Eh cpc}qcab ae `bjekb ae u vem ijtiqc c ncè} tbhc} hc igcfijcìj*_}bpbje }echi{c} uj }e`b}}iab tiuch pb} eh chj( hc `bìjc( hcncmiqcìbje _c}c aeùm}i} csuehhb }ij`bje ej hb sue e

cacpqc}c ujc p}bpueqc f}`c* Ijiqej ej sue hc ufe}ejìcsue p}bpbjej jb ncj ae e} uj `bjaiìbjcjqe* Uj gbqitbsue ncègb cpc}eè} pb} aeq} ae uj b pueae ujìbjc}pe}e`qcgejqe ej qu cc cbgcjab pb} eh e`}iqb}ib( hc gec(


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eh c}gc}ib( c`hc}cj* Bq}b `bjekb qih; bhtiac}e ae hb hgiqe y ae hb gc}`b* E aeì}( eh aieb pueae ijtcai} abpc}eae c hc te{( b chpi`c} uj qe`nb b gcj`nc} ujc `bhugjc*Uqihi{c qu igcfijcìj pc}c umi`c} eh aieb ae ujc gcje}cb}ifijch y `}ec} gcyb} p}bujaiaca* Hc egp}ec b}eè teijqiùcq}b `bhb}e ae tijihb aiqijqb( hb sue pe}giqe `bgmijc}`bj eh `bhb} ae hc pc}ea e~iqejqe ij jeèiaca ae ijq}bauì}

aegcicab cgmib*

Eh cgpb ae q}cmckb ae eqc egp}ec ae aieb jb e ìe e~`huitcgejqe c hb abgiìhib pc}qiùhc}e* Pu p}bpueqc ae ae`b}cìj ae ijqe}ib}e qcgmij e b}iejqcj c bìjc( egp}ec(nbqehe( }eqcu}cjqe( hb`che ae gbac( qiejac ae ae`b}cìj(equaib ae c}suiqe`qu}c e ijqe}ib}igb y( ej feje}ch( qbab qipb

ae eqcmheìgiejqb*

Hc muejc gc}`nc aeh p}bye`qb nc hhetcab c hc egp}ec c cgphic} eh e}tiìb `bj hc casuiiìj ae hc gsuijc igp}eb}c


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pc}c eh tijihb* Ae eqe gbab( Gi}cejquijqe}ib}*`bg `bjq}bhc}qbab eh p}bèb aeh ej`c}fb; aeae eh aieb ncqc eh ejtb ch`hiejqe* Ej eqe gbgejqb( eh phc{b ae ejq}efc e ae ùcq}b achcmb}cmhe* Hc iaec `}ecqitc jb pc}cj ae db}eè} ej eqe jefbìb ajae yc e eq `bìejab ujc juetc hjec ae p}bau`qb;ej hb p}~igb gee( hc }gc ijiìc} ujc juetc eqcpc eju be}qc ae p}bau`qb( sue `bgmijc} eh tijihb `bj aiqijqbgcqe}iche* Piegp}e e nc ai`nb sue e aeh ijqe}ib} ae abjae

chej hc gekb}e iaec* Y eqc egp}ec cqchcjc e nc cp}ejaiabhc he`ìj ch pie ae hc heq}c*


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gbmI_Cy

HC @C}qE}C gtIH_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)

Ej uj uqu}b guy è}`cjb( jb jb gi}c}egb eh qehbjb gtih `bj hb gigb bkb `bj sue hb ncègb nby* Eh gtih e

eh cpc}cqb sue g nc ijduiab ej jueq}c }ehcìbje bìcheau}cjqe hc hqigc a`cac y( pb} }epeqiqitb sue pueac pc}eè}(ej hb p}~igb cb e tc c `bjte}qi} ej uj ijq}ugejqb sue(caeg ae qbab( jb pe}giqi} }echi{c} hhcgcac* _b} cnb}c( hctiij e ijte}c; `bj eh gtih pbaegb }echi{c} gu`nc gbpe}cìbje caeg ae hhcgc}* G chh ae ncmhc} aeae abjaesue}cgb i cjqc `bme}qu}c jb hb pe}giqe( i}te pc}c `b

je`qc}jb c ijqe}jeq( ncè} bqb `cac ac g muejc( kufc}(gcjac} PGP y*** Cqejìj# Ij`hub pbaegb pcfc}*

Gbmipcy e hc egp}ec hae} ej eh ege}fejqe ge}`cab aeh pcfbpb} gtih y eq hhcgcac c `bjte}qi}e ej ujb ae hb f}cjae}ee}ejqe ej hc ee}c eu}bpec* _b} geaib ae u iqegc ae aec}}bhhb p}bpib( pbaegb `bgp}c} ticke ae q}ej( kufc} c hc hb

qe}c( pcfc} c uj qc~iqc( cmbjc} eh I]_D b ncè} abjcìbje cBJF( pb} pbje} chfj ekegphb* Hc iaec ue qcj ejìhhc `bgbaeqe`qc} hc p}bhie}cìj aeh gtih ej hc tiac `bqiaicjc y c`c}pc}qiab ch pbqejìch ae ee ejgejb ej pcfb ùyb igpb}qejb hhefcmc c hb gjigb e~ifiab `bj hc qc}keqc* Piejab p}`qi`b; jcaie jb pbja} jijfj p}bmhegc c sue pcfuegb ujcèjc( pe}b ifuch jb pbjej gchc `c}c i ijqejqcgb pcfc} `bj

eh phqi`b uj pe}iai`b( uj }e}e`b b uj pcsueqe ae `ni`he*

Eh ai}e`qb} feje}ch ae eqc `bgpcc gca}ihec( Kctie} Ac{(}eùe}ac sue( cjqe aeh jcìgiejqb ae Gbmipcy( ncmc e'


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pcìb( ejqb}jb ae `bge}ìb( abjae eh pcfb `bj qc}keqc jbsueacmc ùmie}qb* Y pb} bq}b hcab `bjqmcgb `bj uj ej'gejb ijaiqb( sue e}c hc chqigc pejeq}cìj ae hb qehb'jb gtihe ej hc bìeaca* E guy aiìh ej`bjq}c} chfuiejsue jb qejfc uj qehbjb gtih y sue jb eq ncmiqucab cuc}hb( jb hb pc}c `bguji`c}e ijb pc}c q}cje}i} y }e'ìmi} acqb* Qbab eh gujab cme ejtic} uj gejcke `bj ehgtih* Tigb sue eh pcfb e}c uj `bjèpqb sue e c`bphcmc

ae b}gc guy jcqu}ch* Pe q}cqcmc( igphegejqe( ae uji} ehqehbjb gtih c hc qc}keqc y ae cn }echi{c} pcfb*

_}eìcgejqe `bj ujc ge`ji`c igihc} c hc aeh pcfb `bj qc}keqc ae `}aiqb b ae amiqb( `bj `c}fb ai}e`qcgejqe ej hc ùejqcmcj`c}ic tijùhcac ch gtih b miej pb} `bjugb ae uj chab

ae p}epcfb( eh uuc}ib aeh e}tiìb ae Gbmipcy pueae `bgp}c}c ae ìh( c ae ejìhhb; mcqc `bj ac}e ae chqc ch e}tiìb aeGbmipcy( ejq}c} ej ujc vem ae `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b u`}iqc y(ej eh gbgejqb ae pcfc}( e`bfe} hc bpìj ae pcfb pb} gtih*


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Cuqbgqi`cgejqe( hc vem ej ùeqij cìhiqc uj àifb sue ehuuc}ib aeme ijq}bauì} ej u qe}gijch( ejtic} y hiqb# Pe jb`c}fc} eh igpb}qe ej hc ùejqc mcj`c}ic tijùhcac c jueq}bgtih( sue pueae e} b jb hc gigc c q}ct ae hc uch pcfcgbeh }eìmb qeheji`b*

_e}b( ijiqigb; pc}c pbae} }echi{c} eqc bpe}cìj( egib} y

}eèpqb} qiejej sue eqc} acab ae chqc ej Gbmipcy* Pi cgmcpc}qe jb ncj e~p}ecab e~phìqcgejqe u tbhujqca ae pc}qiìpc} ej eqe juetb iqegc ae pcfb( jb e pbimhe }echi{c} hcbpe}cìj* Y( cjqe qbab( pc}c sue eh ub e feje}chiè qbactcchqc chtc} eh }eèhb aeh pmhi`b( ujc qc}ec jcac ejìhhc pc}ceh esuipb ae tejqc ae eqc egp}ec ijqchcac ej hc hb`chiacagca}ihec ae Ch`bmejac*

Hb epcbhe qiejej p}epc}cac hc p}efujqc aeh gihhj ùcjabe q}cqc ae }c`c}e eh mbhihhb; e efu}b pcfc} `bj eh gtih2 Kctie} Ac{( `bgb jb pbac e} ae bq}c b}gc( jb hb eq


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c`bqugm}cab c }epbjae} eqc ùeqij( ijb sue hc qieje p}epc}cac ch ijqcjqe; E efu}b aeae eh gbgejqb ej sue jbe eqj gcjekcjab acqb( jb eqj tickcjab acqb ejimheej hc q}cjgiij* E efu}b yc sue hc `bguji`cìbje aehqehbjb gtih chej ì}cac( y (pb} qcjqb( hb acqb pc}c cu'qb}i{c} hc bpe}cìj jb bj `cpqu}cab* E efu}b yc sue eh`bge}ìb sue `bm}c he cpb}qc hc fc}cjqc sue hc pe}bjc sueeq pcfcjab `bj u gtih eq pcfcjab `bj u _IJ( y eq

uqihi{cjab uj bjèpqb esuitchejqe ch sue e uqihi{c ej eh cke'}b cuqbgqi`b c hc nb}c ae c`c} aije}b* Eq `hc}b( jb2

Bq}b hc}fb `cgijb pb} }e`b}}e} e hc `cpqcìj ae juetc egp}ec sue bjej ej hb e}tiìb ae Gbmipcy y( ej bjeùejìc( aeìacj cèpqc} eh pcfb pb} gtih ej u vem ae `bge}ìbehe`q}ji`b* Yc ùejqcj `bj eqc tc ae ijf}eb egp}ec ae

cpueqc bjhije( aie}ejqe aepc}qcgejqb fume}jcgejqche(`bgpcc ae q}cjpb}qe e}}btic}ib y c}eb( qc~iqc y aie}ejqe bge}ìb i`b y }eqcu}cjqe* Cujsue( bgb hc jeèiacancè hc b`cij( gu`nc egp}ec e `bjb}gcj qbactc `bju pcc}ehc ae pcfb ti}quch `bjtejìbjche e ij`hub `bj eh`bm}b `bjq}c }eegmbhb*

@bc sue qieje e} eh p}ige}b ej hb sue ec* @ucjab e ncèchfb `bgpheqcgejqe juetb( p}ige}b e jeèc}ib sue hc bìeaca `bgp}ueme sue ujìbjc( y pb} eb Gbmipcy nc qejiabsue }echi{c} uj pihbqb pc}c `cac juetc pbimihiaca ej eh pcfb*Q}c hc p}ige}c p}uemc fej}i`c ej Tchhcabhia( ej eqe gbgejqb ujc hb`chiaca ae hc `bqc `cqchcjc yc nc pueqb ej gc}`nc ehp}ige} iqegc ae pc}lgeq}b sue e pueae pcfc} `bj eh g

tih* Hb `bjau`qb}e pueaej i}e q}cjsuihb q}c pcc} pb} ehaipbiqitb ae `bm}b e ije}qc} eh àifb ae pcfb ej eh gtih(c`bgpccab aeh jge}b ae u gcq}ùhc( ij qisueqe aeq} aehc hujc aehcjqe}c ae u tenùhb* @ucjab ec eh gbgejqb( eh ti


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fihcjqe aeh pc}lgeq}b hhefc} aehcjqe aeh `b`ne( qe`hec} ej u_AC eh jge}b ae gcq}ùhc y `bgp}bmc} i eq eqcìbjcab`b}}e`qcgejqe ej hc {bjc c{uh b te}ae*

_e}b eh iqegc g }etbhuìbjc}ib nc jcìab ej Ghcfc( f}cìc c hc `bhcmb}cìj ae hc egp}ec gujiìpch ae q}cjpb}qe yGbmipcy( `bj eh Cyujqcgiejqb `bgb pc}qje}* Hc ij`b}pb}cìj ae uj ge`cjigb ae qe`jbhbfc ij bjqc`qb pe}giqe c hb

ticke}b `nc} pccjab eh gtih pb} aehcjqe ae uj aeqe`qb}*

Cuqbgqi`cgejqe( e he aeùejqc uj ticke aeh mbjb sue ycncj `bgp}cab `bj eh gtih*** Suij cme i ujb efujabcjqe ae umi}* Eh qehbjb gtih( pb} hb qcjqb( ijqef}c hc ujìbje ae ujc qc}keqc `bj mcjac gcfjqi`c( ae ub pe}bjch e

ijq}cje}imhe( sue hb pbaegb uqihi{c} jbbq}b pb}sue ehqehbjb gtih jb e hb pbaegb aekc} c jcaie* Qcgmij eìe}qb sue jb qbab hb aipbiqitb pueaej ujìbjc} `bj eqeiqegc( ji`cgejqe hb g ctcj{cab( pe}b ej uj uqu}b guy


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`e}`cjb e} pbimhe `bj qbab hb qehbjb* _ueqb c mu`c}hc geqb}c ej eqe `cgpb( eh uqu}b eq ej umi}e ch q}ej aehp}bf}eb( ch mu aeh pcfb pb} gtih*


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g}V

Pbj hc abè aeh geaibac ej Eh _}cq ae Hhbm}efcq( c ìj`bgijuqb ae hc ejq}cac u} ae Mc}èhbjc* _b`c fejqe hb cme(

pe}b pueae sue aepu ae hee} eqe c}qùhb e `bjtie}qc ejuj epe`qùhb pc}c hb ù}ibb ae hc {bjc* Jb }ee}igb c hcchiac ae u}fbjeqc ae hc ijqchcìbje mc}èhbjec ae G]V(ej pe}e`qc ij`}bji{cìj( `bj cmbhuqc pujquchiaca( ej }ifu}bb b}aej eqcmheìab ae gc}`nc* Eh p}ige} u}fj e ai}ife chce}bpue}qb iqucab kuqb ch hcab ae eqe pbhfbjb pc}c `c}fc}u `bjqejiab ej eh puejqe c}eb ncìc Gca}ia* Eh hqigb ae

hb `b`ne e( hfi`cgejqe( eh sue e ai}ife c hc }cjsuiìc gè}`cjc* _b} i ue}c pb`b qbab eqe b}aej( hc `c}}bè}c eqjigpe`cmhe( }eìj hctcac*

C e eh ac c ac ej G]V; ujc pe}eùìj `bjqcjqe ae hc e~èhejìc ej eh q}cjpb}qe ae pcsueqe y bm}e( bgej{cjab pb}hc chiac y c`cmcjab ej hc }ebhuìj ae ùchsuie} ijìaejìc*

E pb} eb sue eqe hae} aeh e`qb} ae hc gejcke}c nc cp}bte`ncab hc juetc qe`jbhbfc pc}c cìhiqc} hc `bguji`cìj`bj eh uuc}ib( pe}b aeae hc }c{; p}c`qi`cjab uj efuigiejqbbjhijeaeh ejtb pc}c pbae} ijb}gc} ch ijqcjqe ch `hiejqe( ycec `bj hc ijqe}hbùìj ae u bpe}cab}e qeheji`b b miej`bj eh c`èb ai}e`qb ae hb uuc}ib c hc ijq}cjeq*

G]V jcì ej 3966 ej Mc}èhbjc( y nby e hc p}ige}c egp}ec ae q}cjpb}qe u}fejqe ae hc pejjuhc( bj 3*0?? }cjsuiìc(g ae 3?*??? q}cmckcab}e( 5*??? tenùhb qe}}eq}e y ucq}bctibje* Qieje èjq}che hbfqi`c ej qbac hc `bgujiacae

pEfuI} CH gEJpCKE}b_b} Acji Pchc .E=P _}bau`ìbj)


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cuqjbgc( y g ae uj gihhc} ae }uqc qe}}eq}e `bj pujqbij`}bji{cab ae `}uè pujqb eq}cqfi`b abjae ab b gtenùhb e ejùejq}cj pc}c ijqe}`cgmic} pcsueqe y fc}cjqi{c} sue qbab hb q}cjpb}qiqc tuehtej ch pujqb ae b}ifejau}cjqe hc kb}jcac hcmb}ch*

Etiaejqegejqe( i G]V suie}e efui} iejab eh p}ige}b ej

eh ejtb ae pcsueqe}c ej Epcc( Cjab}}c y _b}qufch( aemee} eh p}ige}b ej eh ub ae hc juetc qe`jbhbfc( y c e efj u ai}e`qb} ae qe`jbhbfc ae hc ijb}gcìj( Fuihhe}gb]ui{; Hc qe`jbhbfc ae hc ijb}gcìj y hc `bguji`cìj

kuefcj uj pcpeh ujacgejqch pc}c jbbq}b( ej ab hjecujacgejqche; ujc( sue e jueq}b p}bpib `hiejqe( jueq}b`hiejqe ai}e`qb( pc}c eh ùch qejegb aie}ejqe iqegc ae

efuigiejqb ae ejtb* Y qcgmij ujc efujac hjec guyigpb}qcjqe( sue e hc sue pe}giqe c eqb uuc}ib b}eè}c u `hiejqe eh efuigiejqb ae ejtb geaicjqe u p}bpicpfijc vem ae `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b*


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E aeì}; jb eqcgb ncmhcjab ae ujc egp}ec sue uqihiè ai}e`qcgejqe eh `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b pc}c u bpe}cqitc ncmiquch(ijb uj e}tiìb cu~ihic} y ujacgejqch ch `bge}ìb ehe`q}ji`b ae u hiejqe* F}cìc ch e}tiìb ae efuigiejqb bjhijeaeG]V( gu`nc qiejac ti}quche `bjifuej fcjc}e hc `bjcj{cb hc q}cjsuihiaca ae u uuc}ib b}eìjabhe hc pbimihiacaae `bgp}bmc} eh eqcab aeh ejtb ae u peaiab* Hc igphegejqcìj ae eqe iqegc ej `cac te{ g vem ae `bge}ìb ehe`

q}ji`b `bjtie}qe eh uuc}ib pc}qiùhc} ej uj pmhi`b pbqejìchej cufe( uèpqimhe ae bjbè} G]V y suij cme2 aeìai}`bjqc} `bj u e}tiìb pc}c ejtb jb p}beibjche*

Eh iqegc ae efuigiejqb bjhijeujìbjc aeae eh cb =??3( yu `}eìgiejqb nc iab p}bf}eitb ncqc nby( gcyb}iqc}icgejqe

ae hc gcjb ae egp}ec y p}beibjche* Pij auac( tc c `bjq}imui} ej eh ub abgqi`b eh p}ige} pcb ae G]V ej hc tejqcehe`q}ji`c ai}e`qc ne csu hc e~èpìj ae hc sue ncmhmcgbujc hjec cjqe* Aeae ncè ujb gee( hc }gc `bge}ìc


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hi{c ej u vem ab qipb ae pcsueqe ae p}epcfb( b ec( bm}esue pcfcgb cjqe aeh ejtb( }eìmigb c abgiìhib y pbaegbuqihi{c} pc}c ejtic} hb sue ec ùcjab sue}cgb< muejb( hb sueec( giejq}c suepc ej eh bm}e( `hc}b*

Dhe~imihiaca y qe`jbhbfc ch ch`cjè aeh `hiejqe Y qcgmij ejhc gcjb aeh gejcke}b* G]V eq c`cmcjab ae pe}e`ìbjc}uj p}bye`qb pihbqb sue eq c pujqb ae `bjte}qi}e ej }echiaca*

Pe q}cqc ae hc _AC sue uqiqui} qbqchgejqe eh chmc}j ae cùe ae ejq}efc b }eèpìj* @bj eh juetb aipbiqitb( egib}ey }eèpqb}e ae pcsueqe aekc}j `bjqcjìc ae hc chiac b hchhefcac ae `cac ejtb ai}e`qcgejqe bm}e eh qe}gijch( e ijqcjqjecgejqe ijf}ec}j eb acqb ej eh iqegc ae efuigiejqbae G]V* Ej bq}c pchcm}c; eh efuigiejqb aeh ejtb e} ejtitb( ùgphiejab c `bj eh bmkeqitb ae q}cjpc}ejìc qbqch ej

hc ijb}gcìj `bj u `hiejqe*

F}cìc c phcqcb}gc qe`jbhfi`c bgb hc sue uqihi{c hc juetc}ea ae _AC '`bj `bje~ij F_]P ybqvc}ep}bpib'( G]Vnc cgphicab u hiae}c{fb c hc te}qiejqe ehe`q}ji`c aeh e`qb} aegejcke}c* Cujsue hc }etbhuìj ae hc juetc qe`jbhbfc aehc ijb}gcìj y hc `bguji`cìj pueae `bjqiqui} ujc cge

jc{c ej eh q}cqb `bj eh `hiejqe( uj }iefb sue eqc `bgpcc jbe suie}e pe}giqi}* Fuihhe}gb ]ui{ }e`bjbè sue eqe pehif}beq p}eejqe ej qbab hb e`qb}e( e

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