ipe 481 nabila madam

8/8/2019 Ipe 481 Nabila Madam

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Email: [email protected]

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

(CLASS NOTES OF NABILA MADAM:1 TO 15)

Prepared By,

S. Ehtesham Al Hanif

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology

Mobile No: 01670839383

Email: [email protected]


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Industrial Management (S. Ehtesham Al Hanif [ID: 0510035]

Lecture: 01

Characteristics of organizations:

1) Structure2) Resource3) Goal4) PeopleBUET: educational organizations

Definition of organization:

Two or more people work together in a structured way to achieve a goal or set up goals.

Management:

The process of planning, controlling, leading and organizing the work of organizations members

and of using all available organizational resources to reach the stated organizational goal

Manager:

Organizational members who tell what to do and how to do

Efficiency: doing things right

Effectiveness: doing the right things

Plan: short time thinking

Mission: long term thinking to make successful plan

Vision: long term thinking to make future better

Interactive management process:

Fig: interactive management process

Types of manager:

1) Front line manager2) Middle line manager3) Top line manager

(1) Front line manager: dealing with bottom line such as assistant manager, area manager,supervisor and labor etc

(2) Middle line manager: dealing with co-ordination such as GM, marketing manager, industrialmanager etc

Planning

Leading

OrganizingControlling


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(3) Top line manager: dealing with top level such as CEO, COO, MD, chairman, president, vice-president etc

Based on works:

1) Functional manager2) General manager

(1) Functional manager: responsible for a functional work. Such as HR manager, marketingmanager, operation manager etc

(2) General Manager: having combined responsibility to observe a group of work or responsible forwhole function. Responsible for a complex unit, a company or its subsidiary or an independent

operating division

General Manager

Functional manager

Managerial skill or management level and skill:

1) Technical skill2) Conceptual skill3) Human skill(1) Technical skill: ability to use techniques, procedures and knowledge of a specialized field(2) Conceptual skill: ability to co-ordinate and iterate all of organizations activity(3) Human skill: ability to work with motivation and understand other peopleTop manager T H C

Middle manager T H C

Front line manager T H C

Henry Mintzberg:

Role of a manager:

(1) Head(2) Liaison inter personal role(3) Symbol(4) Monitor(5) Share information informational role(6) Spokes person

Industry

Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3

Marketing FinanceProduction


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(7) Take initiative(8) Handle disagreement(9) Allocate and resource decision making role(10)Negotiation

Lecture: 02

[1] Scientific management theory:- Proposed by Frederick W. Taylor- Title: father of scientific management- Book: principles of scientific management- Worked in Pennsylvania (Midville steel company)Four basic principles:

(1) Development of a true science management(2) Scientific selection of worker(3) Scientific education and development of worker(4) Intimate, friendly co-operation between management and worker

Differential Rate System:

- Proposed by Henry L. Grantt- Accomplishing work timely to get bonus for that- Example: If one worker did his job finish in time he will get 50 cent bonus for that.

Supervisor will get bonus for each worker under him do work in time

Fatigue and motion study:

- Proposed by Frank B. & Lillian Gilberth:- Psychologist- By research they reduce body movement to finish a work- Example: For exterior brick: 18 movements to 5 and interior brick: 18 movements to 2

[2] Classical organizational theory:

- Proposed by Henry Fayol- Fayols 14 principles of management- Those principles are:

o Division of labor (work divided into small part)o Authority (ordering power of manager)o Discipline (doing ones work in time by following regulations)o Unity of command (worker will obey ones order)o Unity of directiono Subordination of individual interest (priority to group interest)o Centralization (lessen worker decision making nature)o Order (right person at right place and time)


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o Remuneration (wage will be enough with respect to his job)o Equity (to grow mentality to not to give up job)o Stability of staffo Initiativeo Team spirito The hierarchy

[3] Bureaucratic Management:

- Proposed by Max Weber- Rules and regulation strict environment impersonal

Organizational Behavior:

- The field of study concerned with the action of people at workHawthorne experiment:

- Proposed by Elton Mayo- Worked in Western Electronics Company: how to increase productivity of worker bychanging variables

- Why he called: select a test group and increase light intensity and observed that productivityincreased and then he reduced the light intensity and make it close to dark but there is no

certain amount of change in production. So it is not a production rate factor. By increasing

wage of that group nothing changed. So the company called Elton Mayo ( Professor of

Harvard University)

Hawthorne Effect:

Employees would work harder if they believe management is concerned about their welfare and

supervisor paid special attention to them. This phenomenon is known as Hawthorne Effect.

Lecture: 03

Behavioral Science Approach:

- Proposed by Abraham Maslow- Known as Maslows Hierarchy of Need- Provided by organization

Self Actualization Need (activity to develop itself)

Esteem Need (honor, pride)

Social Need (love, affection, friendship)

Safety and Security Need (shelter)

Physiological Need (food)


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Early views of motivation:

1) F.W. Taylor2) Human relations model by Elton Mayo3) Human resources model by McGregor

(1) Taylor: manager determined the most efficient way to do repetitive jobs and motivate workerswith the system of wage initiative.

(2) Elton Mayo: boredom and repetitiveness of many tasks reduce motivation while social contacthelped to create and sustain motivation

(3) McGregor: Theory X and Theory YContemporary views of motivation:

(1) Need theory : (a) Maslows need theory (b) ERG theory (c) Two factors theory(2) Reinforcement theory(3) Equity theory(4) Goal setting theory(5) Expectancy theorya) Maslows need theory:

A satisfied need is not a motivation. It will be added with previous Pyramid.

b) ERG theory:a. Proposed by Clayton Alderferb. Sub theory:

i. Existence theory ( fundamental needs)ii. Relatedness theory ( social, love, esteem, pride, friendship)

iii. Growth theory ( self actualization)c. Pyramid of need will go both in up and down directiond. When higher needs are frustrated lower needs will return

Lecture: 05

c) Two factors theory:a. Proposed by Fredrick Herzbergb. There are two types of facto in case of job satisfaction.c. Those are:

i. Satisfier or motivating factor: 1753 items or factorsii. Dis-satisfier or hygiene factor: 1844 items or factors

Need Drive

Satisfaction Action


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Equity theory:

Ratio between individuals job input and job rewards.

Expectancy theory:

People choose how to behave from among alternative behavior based on this expectation of

what there is to gain from each behavior.

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Work Environment

Relationship with Superviser

Salary

Supervision

Company Policy

Growth

Responsibility

Work itself

Recognition

AdvancementHygiene Factor

Motivator

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Motivator

Hygiene Factor

Percentage of Frequency

All factors contributin to ob satisfactionAll factors contributin to ob dissatisfaction


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Four Assumptions:

(1) Behavior is determined by a combination of factors in the individual and environment(2) Individuals make conscious decision about their behavior(3) Individuals have different needs, desired and goals(4) Individuals decide between alternative behaviors on the basis of expectation that a given

behavior will lead to a desired outcome.

The major components:

(1) Performance (outcome expectancy)(2) Valence (power to motivate): high or low valance(3) Effort Performance efficiency (to give same effort for desired outcome every time)

Reinforcement Theory:

A manager wishes to change employee behavior must change the consequences of behavior.

Four methods of behavior modification:

(1) Positive reinforcement (to be praised for desired work done)(2) Avoidance learning (avoid those work which responsible for unpleasant consequences)(3) Extinction (express distaste to a work by ignoring or avoiding)(4) Punishment (give punishment due to wrong step or bad consequences)

Goal setting theory:

Individuals are motivated when they behave in ways that move them to certain clear goals that

they accept and can reasonably expect to attain.

Assumptions:

(1) Establishment of standard(2) Evaluate whether the standard can be achieved(3) Evaluate whether the standard matches personal goal(4) Standard is accepted goal if it is set, behavior proceeds towards goal

Stimulus Respons Consequence Future Response


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Lecture: 06

The process of directing & influencing the task related activities of group members.

Four aspects: -

(1) Other People: Member will respect him as leader(2) Power(3) Values: other member will admire values(4) Influence: influential position over others

Trait approach to Leadership:

(1) Self confidence(2) Extrovert: exception- Abraham Lincoln(3) Tall: exception: Napoleon(4) Bright & Dynamic

Traits must be the results of leadership experience rather than causes of leadership ability.

Behavioral approach to leadership:

1) Manager took all the decisions; Tell the worker how to do their task; closely monitor worker2) Duty is placed to workers will, how they do and what they do to complete the task

Boss Centered Leadership Employee Centered LeadershipUse of authority by manager

Area of freedom for subordinate

LeadershipFunction

Group

Maintenance

Task Related or

Problem Solving

LeadershipStyle

Task OrientedStyle

EmployeeOriented Style

Manager

makes

decision &

announced it

Manager sells

decision

Manager

present idea,

take

su estion

Manager

makes

tentative

decision

subject to

change

Manager

present

problem, get

suggestion,

make

decision

Manager

defines limit,

ask group to

make

decision

Manager permit

employee to

function with

limitation, defined

by superior


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Ohio state and University of Michigan study:

Lecture: 07

Leadership Grid:

Robert Blake and Mouton

1, 1

1, 9

5, 5

9, 9

9, 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Concernf

orpeople

Concern for production

Low S

High C

High S

High C

Low S

Low C

High S

Low C

Initiatin Structure task oriented S

Consideration(Employeeorie

nted),

Country club manager Team manager

Middle of the road mana er

Im overished mana er

Authorit com liance


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Lecture: 08

Organizational Design:

The determination of organizational structure that is most appropriate for strategy, people, technology

and task of organization.

Organizational Structure:

The way in which organizations activities are divided, organized and co-ordinated.

Four Building Block:

1. Division of work2. Departmentalization : works are divided into various groups3. Hierarchy : a few sub-ordinate will present and who will be whose under4. Co-ordination: integration in between several departments

Division of work: (Adam Smith)

Breakdown of a complex task into components

i. Advantages: job specialization, so increases productivity & efficiencyii. Disadvantages: boredom, absence of sense of control

Departmentalization:

Combine the task in a logical and efficient manner

Hierarchy:

i. Span of management control:- No. of subordinates reporting directly to a managerii. Chain of command:- A plan that specifies who reports to whom

a. It affects what happens to work relationship in one particular departmentb. Span can affect the speed of decision making

Two types:

Wide span is better as decision making can be fast, chance of break of command is less.

Widespan (flat) Narrow span


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i. Co-ordination: Integrating the activities of separate department in order to persueorganizational goal effectively

ii. Differentiator: Barriers towards co-ordinationLawrence & Lorsch:

1) Perspective : everyone think own as most important than others2) Time orientation3) Interpersonal style (want of explanation of their communication are different for different

person)

4) Formality

Lecture: 09

Classic Approach:(Max Weber, Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol)- Bureaucracy- - Organizational structure rigid and well defined- Characteristics:

i. Specialization of activitiesii. Routinization of activitiesiii. Appointment by meritiv. Provision of career opportunityv. Rational, impersonal work climate

Task Technology Approach:(Joan Woodward)

1. Unit production (produce 1 customized unit such as tailor knit customize clothes unit)2. Small batch production ( production process combined with a lot of steps and then assembled)

a. Small batch production: cycle productionb. Large batch production: car production

3. Mass Production (large amount of production of a product from a single machine such as soapfactory)

4. Process production (large process follow line system and example is like: liquid materialproduction)

Classification of production:

i. Unit and small batch productionii. Large batch and mass productioniii. Process production

3 Conclusions:

1) The more complex the technology the greater the number of manager and managerial level


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2) The span of management for first level manager increases as we move from unit to massproduction but decreases as we move from mass to process production

3) As technology become complex, administrative and clerical staff increases

Functional Organization:

- Local pharmaceutical company or local bankDisadvantages:

a. Hierarchy becomes complex when the company becomes largerb. Accountability diminishes. It become impossible to find out the reason of error of a work

Advantages:

a. Easier supervisionProduct / Market Organization:

Division by

i. Geographyii. Product

iii. ConsumerExample: Multinational Companies

(1)Geography:


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- Example: Shevron, Unilever, Nestle etc.(2)Product:

- Example: Beximco, Rahimafrooz etc(3)Consumer:

Advantages:i. High work performance and good co-ordination

ii. Accountability is cleariii. Burden on central management is eased

Disadvantages:

i. Very expensive structureMatrix Structure:


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- Example: construction companyAt first they take a project in their hand. They involve human resource at different part.

After finishing that work, they transfer their HR to another project.

Advantages:

i. Cost saving flexibilityii. No un-necessary duplication of human resource

Disadvantages:

i. If there is absence of co-ordination among the managers then the total structurewill fail down.

Lecture: 10

Market Place Physical existence present ( Bashundhara City)

Market Space Digital Existence (Online Selling & Buying, Share Market)

Core Concept of Marketing:

i. Need: generally necessity of something is indicated (we need food)ii. Wants: specifically mentioned whats need (we need food but it must be burger)iii. Demand: ability or capability to fill-up the need (want to buy Mercedes Benz)

Scope of Marketing:

1) Goods : physically something is available (example: rice)2) Service : what we cant find out physically (example: doctor, beauty parlors, hospital, airlines)3) Experience : gathering experience by visiting park, cinema etc4) Events : sponsorship in sports (puma, nike, soft drinks company)5) Person : celebrity marketing6) Places : picnic spot, jamuna resort7) Property : real estate business8) Information : newspaper, internet9) Organization : private university, English medium school10)Idea : Revlon company

In factory we make cosmetics but in shop we sell hope

Types of Market:

i. Consumer marketii. Business marketiii. Non-profit and govt. market


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In details of those markets are given below:-

(1) Consumer market:a. a place where normal customer buying productsb. Number of buyers are much more but selling lessc. Advertisement so high

(2) Business market:a. Number of buyers are less but everyone buy huge quantityb. Less advertisement

(3) Non-profit and govt. market:a. Maximum time, products are selled at less price than normal market conditionb. Less or no profit sector

Business Concept:

1) Production concept2) Product concept3) Selling concept4) Marketing concept5) Social marketing concept

In details of those markets are given below:-

1) Production concept:a. As less price as possible, products are soldb. Example: Chinese company

2) Product concept:a. Whatever the price, quality of product is quite good or highb. Example: general motorsc. No input taken from customersd. Consumer will buy product if the quality of product is high

3) Selling concept:a. Products are sold by giving pain to customerb. Example: lottery ticket, insurance

4) Marketing concept:a. Customer targetb. Input taken from customerc. Product will be produced depending on customers demand and specificationd. Example: nokia, Toyota, Kohinoor etc producing their product for every class customere. Production process is going in a continuous progress process

5) Social marketing concept:a. Presence of social messageb. Example: aarong (local handicraft product), deshal (local brand for clothing, bags)


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Lecture: 11

Market segments:

Identify the distinct group of customers and product will be manufactured according to their demand

(1) Geographic segmentation: Hilton hotel built different type or models hotel dependent on thelocation such as:- Bangladesh and middle east have difference in Hilton hotel; Sopno

(Bangladeshi company-shopping store house), having their shopping mall size based on location

such as gulshan, dhanmondi etc arena difference.

(2) Demographic Segmentation:a. Age and life cycle stage: Milk of NIDO having age limit (full cream for children, half

cream for middle age)

b. Gender: Fair & Lovely is manufactured for both male and femalec. Generation:

i. 1946-1964: baby boomersii. 1964-1984: generation X

iii.

1984 to present: Generation YBased on generation clothes have variation

d. Income: Nokia company (mobile set of different price)e. Social class: products are manufactured based on particular social class (in foreign

country high class automobile are available such as Roles Royce, Limozine, Mercedes

etc)

(3) Psychographic segmentation:a. Life style: conscious people eat sugar free food. Who are late sleeper, take tea or coffeeb. Personality: human normally choose dress based on their personality. Example: dress-

up varies from public university to private university & English medium school

c. Values: news-papers kept on household based on political view point(4) Behavioral Segment:

a. Occasion: increases in price of cattles due to eid-ul-fitr and kurbanib. User status: ex-user, non-user, first time user (telecom company of Bangladesh: closed

sim open bonus for ex-user, decrease call rate for non-user, subscription of zoom 2

months free for first time user)

c. Usage rate: low, medium, high (grammen do business deal with corporate company tograb customer or user)

d. Loyalty status: hard core loyal (loyal to a fixed brand always;example: Bata), split loyal(loyal to more than one brand; example: Bata and Apex shoe), shifting loyal (loyalty

towards brand is change after few days)

e. Switches: whatever found they buy that one not follow brand loyalty(5) Buyer readiness stage:

a. Some people fully aware, some people fully un-aware and some people know few aboutnew product (marketing also done based on this)

(6) Attitude:Vote marketing scenario

a. Enthusiastic: just light discussion is enoughb. Positive: needed slight reinforcementc. Indifferent: try to teach or try to make understandabled. Negative: cant be motivated


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e. Hostile: never want to go there for convincing evenEffective segmentation:

(1) Measurable:(2) Substantial: market should be large enough(3) Accessible: market should be accessible (example: pepsi company established place for them by

removing the cocacola compaies power over market)

(4) Actional: different action should be taken(5) Differentiable:

Selecting and entering target market:

(1) Single segment concentration: targeting a small market by just a single product (such as: vox-wagen, porche, puma start car manufacturing just for one sector of a market)

M1 M2 M3

P1

P2

P3

(2) Specialization: targeting different market by different product (such as: star world, star sports,star movies, mobile companies etc)

M1 M2 M3

P1

P2

P3

(3) Product specialization: targeting all type of market by just a single product (microscopemanufacturing for doctor, engineer etc)

M1 M2 M3

P1

P2

P3

(4) Market specialization: for a particular market, production of every type of products (example:jordana produces every types of products for female consumer)

M1 M2 M3P1

P2

P3

(5) Full market coverage: producing different types of product for all types of market coverage(example: sony company, toshiba etc)


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M1 M2 M3

P1

P2

P3

Lecture: 12

What will be the life cycle of a product after it is launched in market?

Example:

Intro apples ipod, wi-max (Qubee, Banglalion)

Growth laptopMaturity car, desktop

Decline type writer, cd, newspaper, normal camera

Growth-lumped maturity pattern:

At first when a product launched in market having great demand but after a long time it will be mature.

Example: apples i-phone, djuice sim etc

Introduction

Growth

MaturityDecline

Due to technical

advancement, product will

be obsolete in market

Time

Salesrevenue/p

rofit

Time


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Cycle Recycle pattern:

Example: Pharmaceuticals Company

When a product come to the decline stage then those company manager increase their advertisement

so that there could create sharp change in demand.

Scalloped Pattern:

Example: mobile phone

At first mobile phone set are used for communication purpose only. After stabilized, it enriched its

features. Such as: camera built in, walk-man, internet browsing etc. its in ever increasing pattern in the

field of its own development.

Buying Behaviour:

(1) Complex buying behaviour(2) Dissonance reading buying behaviour(3) Habitual buying behaviour(4) Variety seeking


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In details discussed below:

(1) Complex buying behaviour:After a lot of thinking consumer buy a product. Example: car, laptop etc.

(2) Dissonance reading buying behaviour:Even after buying costly product, consumer does not satisfied fully. Example: buying carpet,

dress (at the time of buying its feeling good but after buying consumer think that this was not

that much better)

(3) Habitual buying behaviour:Consumers buy a product without thinking about anything. Example: rice, egg etc.

(4) Variety seeking:Variation and variety checking case, we buy some product such as ice-cream, biscuit, chocolate.

Designing competitive strategies:

(1) Market leader(2) Market challenger(3) Market follower(4) Market nicher

In details discussed below:

(1) Market leader:Market share is more than 50%. Example: soft drinks - cocacola, food business macdonalds,

mobile GP, computer software - microsoft

(2) Market challenger:After market leader who has majority in share in market and always challenge market leader

Example: warid, baglalink, apple, burger king, pepsi etc

(3) Market follower:Try to alive in the market by producing product as like market leader

(4) Market nicher:Does not compete with others. They poses small customer base. Example: porche, only make

sports car.

Strategy of market leader:

(1) Expanding total market(2) Defending market share:

Tackle other company when they are in competition. Such as: when warid provide any new tariff

offer then GP also provides some offers by reducing their tariff too.

(3) Expanding market shareMarket challenger:

(1) Price discount(2) Cheaper good(3) Improved service (warranty is much more provided by others than Rahimafrooz)(4) Product innovation (throw challenge towards market leader by launching new products)(5) Product pliferation (varieties of goods are used for challenge such as when apple throw

challenge by launching Ipod in market then Microsoft launch Zune)


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Objectives of Niche Marketing:

It has two main objectives. These are:

(1) Protect Niche marketing(2) Increase customer number

Market Follower:

(1) Counterfeiter: exact copy of market leaders product and launch them in the stable market.Example Zinzira made products

(2) Cloner: copy sophisticatedly. Example: Nokia Nokla(3) Imitator: give their own brand name but copy market leaders product and cheaper in price(4) Adapter: steal idea of product but they improve the product and manufactured that product.

Such as, windows OS copy a lot of thing form MAC.

Lecture: 13

(1)Rankinga. Simplest and oldest method of performance appraisalb. Compare everyone with everyonec. Example:

i. 5 employees are A, B, C, D, Eii. No of choice of ranking = ()

=

= 10

d. Presence of Biasnesse. Complexity arise when ranking system allotted among employees

(2)Person to person comparison:a. Always compares everyone with some key personb. Determine a few characteristics at first

i. Such as (1. Leadership 2. Initiative 3. Dependability)1. Supervisor will give points on those categories (example: if a employee

did good work and show good performance then he will get 5 points

and based on that others will be pointed or scored)

(3)Grading:a. It is first used by US Federal Civil Serviceb. It is categorized into 3 parts (satisfactory, unsatisfactory and outstanding)c. In a few company 5 grade is available (A, B, C, D, E) and also some condition is applicablei. They should give 50% A, 40% B like this. So it is not that easy to give someone

grade.

ii. A few % of employee give those grades which is known as Forced Distribution(4)Graphic Scale:

a. 57% company used this method (most commonly used)b. Every supervisor provided with 1 sheet like below:


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category Consistently

unsatisfactory

Occasionally

unsatisfactory

Consistently

satisfactory

Sometimes

superior

Always

superior

1 Quality

of work

2 Quantity

of work3 Attitude

4 .

Total 12 categories included in 5 groups

(5)Checklist:a. Most easiest for a supervisorb. Questionnaire provided for employee relatedc. For different employee different types of series of questions are set depending on their

types of work

d. Two option provided for each question (yes and no)(6)Behaviorally anchored rating scale:

a. Behavior expectation scale: what are expected behaviour from an employee

Disadvantages: if we give someone 5 then we can assume that he full-filled every lower

scale. But in reality it may be not true. Who do well in term final he may be not regular

in class.

b. Behaviour observation scale: by observing behaviour supervisor did this rankingExample:

a. Does he say plz & hello to his customer?

Almost never 1 2 3 4 5 Almost always

b. Does he smile?50%< 1 ; 50-64% 2 ; 65-79% 3 ; 80-89% 4 ; 90%> 5 ; 100% almost

always

1. Attendance good

3. Attendance good

5. Get good marks in exam

2. Regular at study

4. Get good marks in CT


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(7) Essay description:One employee should be ranked among 3 categories and should have to describe behind the

reasons.

(1) Marginal(2) Competitive(3) Excellent

Lecture: 14

Forced choice description:

- Probability is less in case of biased nature towards employee- Pair of question will be provided to supervisor- It is forced to supervisor to answer minimum one Question answer among pair of questions- In each pair all could be positive or negative in nature- This method is not popular because people do not keep the answers in secret- Example 1:

o Can be dependent upon to complete any job assigned?o Gives clear, good instruction to sub-ordinate

- Example 2:o Makes promises that he or she knows cant be kepto Shows favoritism towards some employees

The appraisal program:

- Who is to rate an employee?o immediate supervisor who is in touch always, he will rate that employee at first then

send that report to management)

o Sometimes group appraisal is done to make rating of employee where supervisorand sub-ordinate combined-ly giving rating

- When to rate?o Appraisal made in every 3 month after of jobs of employeeo Rating made in every 6 monthso Better practice to give rating different person at different timeso In general, july in a year is the optimum time to make ratingo Training of the rater: who did rating should be taught how to rate and give solution

of his mistakes in case of rating. Example:

Halo error: comment good or bad depends on just only one characteristics Central tendency error: without knowing or knowing less, sometimes rating

is made and that is common number or type rating

Similar to me error: whom one think like him, rated highly and favoritism Systematic / constant error: (1) too harsh (2) too easy

3 7


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Constant error: due to making sequencing error happened. If a employeedid well in 1

st7 question out of 10 then his ranking become good in overall

even after just 7 out of 10 answer

Position error: higher position human got higher rating and lower positionhuman got lower rating

Biases of gender, race, religion:

Lecture: 15

Marketing Management

(From Sheet)

ipe 481 nabila madam

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