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N` `kkjsmemnma`a `n @cu` jl

Krage` Qr`e`fg aj mlvjstmc`kml

_rgyjktg [`nua y @bemjltj

_rktmk` Jspjkm`nmz`a` aj Kmjlkm`s L`tur`njs

ML[QMQZQG [JKZLA@UMG _UMX@AG UJ_ENMK@ AJ MQ@NM@Krage`, 5?0;

@utgrjs6 Ejrk` @ermn, Dm`tdgvsdm Jrmk, Mlki`uspj B`t`s, Qgurms Lmkgns.

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@cr`ajkjbgs n` kgn`egr`kml jl jst` mlvjstmc`kml aj Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg, njcmsn`agr` prgvmlkm`najn p`rtmag hrjltj aj mzqumjra` y ngs tr`e`f`agrjs4 Bjnms` Cmgrcm,emngc`, tr`e`f`agr` jmlvjstmc`agr` jl n` kggpjr`tmv` aj Ug Kje`nngs4 Hjrl`lag E`rr,emngcg, B`cmstjr jl

B`ljfg aj Xma` [mnvjstrj y Agktgr jl Kmjlkm`s Emgncmk`s pgr n` Zlmvjrsma`a L`kmgl`n aj

Krage`4qumjljs lgs prgpgrkmgl`rgl mlhgrb`kml `kjrk` aj n` `kkjsmemnma`a `n `cu`, jl n`

_rgvmlkm` aj Krage`, `s kgbg ajn b`rkg njc`n rjcun`tgrmg y ul` bmr`a` prgpm` y

hula`bjlt`a` kjrk` aj jstj prgenjb` bemjlt`n.

@ajbs, `cr`ajkjbgs ` ngs prghjsgrjs B`rm`lg K`rrmzg, Funmjt` N`zz`rmlg y Amjcg Nukjrg

qumjljs lgs `yua`rgl kgl jn prgkjsg, cumlaglgs y pjrhjkkmgl`lag jn kgltjlmag y hgrb`tg.

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lamkj

Mltrgaukkml ;

Gefjtmvgs 1K@_QZNG0 (Kglkjptgs Mltrgauktgrmgs) :

K@_QZNG 5 (@kkjsmemnma`a ajn `cu` jl Krage`) 00

K@_QZNG ; (Njcmsn`kml ajn `cu`) 01

K@_QZNG 1 (@cu` kgbg ajrjkig ) 03

Kglknusmgljs 0=

Emenmgcr`h` 5?

@ljxgs 50

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Mltrgaukkml

Kgbg jstuam`ltjs ajn Mlstmtutg [jkula`rmg _rmv`ag Ujpenmk` aj Mt`nm`, ajltrg aj n` prktmk`

grmjlt`a` jl kmjlkm`s l`tur`njs, lgs ijbgs jlhgk`ag jl tjbtmk`s rjn`kmgl`a`s kgl n`

prgenjbtmk` bemjlt`n.

Jl jstj tr`e`fg aj mlvjstmc`kml, lgs ijbgs k`p`kmt`ag jl jn tjb` @CZ@, i`kmjlag

imlk`pm jl n`s amhmkunt`ajs p`r` su `kkjsmemnma`a jl n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage`. I`rjbgs p`r`

jnng, jspjkm`n rjhjrjlkm` `n `cu` kgbg AJUJKIG, tjlmjlag jl kujlt` amhjrjltjs h`ktgrjs

kgbg jn jkglbmkg, sgkm`n, pgntmkg, jtk.

Jstj tjb` huj jnjcmag pgr lgsgtrgs pgr su cr`l mbpgrt`lkm` ` lmvjn bulam`n y ngk`n, `s kgbgpgr su `bjl`z`ltj prgyjkkml ` kgrtg y n`rcg pn`zg. Jl jstj sjltmag, lgs mltjrjs` pgajr

kglgkjr y jxpgljr ngs amhjrjltjs pultgs aj vmst` quj jxmstjl `n rjspjktg jl lujstr`

sgkmja`a ktu`n.

Jstj tr`e`fg kgltg kgl n` `yua` aj jspjkm`nmst`s jl jst` prgenjbtmk`, ` tr`vs aj tutgr`s,

quj grmjlt`rgl n` esquja` ` ng n`rcg aj n` jt`p` aj k`p`kmt`kml.

Kgl jstgs jnjbjltgs ijbgs pgamag ajs`rrgnn`r ul b`rkg tjrmkg quj rjsp`naj lujstr`

mlvjstmc`kml y lgs yuaj rjspglajr lujstr` prjcult` mlmkm`n y ngs gefjtmvgs pn`ltj`ags.

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_rgenjb`

N`s amhmkunt`ajs jl n` `kkjsmemnma`a `n `cu` jl n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`, kglsmajr`lag ` stj

rjkursg kgbg ul AJUJKIG

Gefjtmvg Cjljr`n6

Mla`c`r sgerj n`s kglamkmgljs quj mbpmajl n` `kkjsmemnma`a ajn `cu` jl Krage` K`pmt`n.

Gefjtmvgs jspjkhmkgs6

Majltmhmk`r n`s k`us`s quj rjstrmlcjl jn `kkjsg ajn `cu` ` ngs i`emt`ltjs aj n` prgvmlkm` ajKrage`.

Kglgkjr n` Njcmsn`kml vmlkun`a` `n usg aj jstj rjkursg jl n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`

@l`nmz`r prgpujst`s njcmsn`tmv`s quj pn`ltj`l jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig.

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K@_QZNG 0

B`rkg Qjrmkg

KGLKJ_QG[ MLQUGAZKQGUMG[

Jn 59 aj funmg aj 5?0?, ` tr`vs aj n` Ujsgnukml 81/5=5, n` @s`benj` Cjljr`n aj n`s

L`kmgljs Zlma`s rjkglgkm jxpnkmt`bjltj jn ajrjkig iub`lg n `cu` y n s`lj`bmjltg,

rj`hmrb`lag quj ul `cu` pgt`enj nmbpm` y jn s`lj`bmjltg sgl jsjlkm`njs p`r` n` rj`nmz`kml

aj tgags ngs ajrjkigs iub`lgs. N` Ujsgnukml jxigrt` ` ngs Jst`ags y grc`lmz`kmgljs

mltjrl`kmgl njs prgpgrkmgl r rjkursgs hml`lkmjrgs, prgpmkm`r n` k`p`kmt`kml y n`

tr`lshjrjlkm` aj tjklgngc` p`r` `yua`r ` ngs p`sjs (jl p`rtmkun`r ` ngs p`sjs jl v`s aj

ajs`rrgnng) p`r` jn submlmstrg aj `cu` pgt`enj y s`lj`bmjltg s`nua`enj, nmbpmg, `kkjsmenj y

`sjqumenj p`r` tgags.

Jl lgvmjberj aj 5??5, jn Kgbmt aj Ajrjkigs Jkglbmkgs, [gkm`njs y Kuntur`njs aj n`s

L`kmgljs Zlma`s, `agpt n` Gesjrv`kml Cjljr`n l 0: sgerj jn ajrjkig `n `cu`. Jn `rtkung

M.0 jst`enjkj quj "Jn ajrjkig iub`lg `n `cu` js mlamspjls`enj p`r` ul` vma` iub`l`

amcl`". N` Gesjrv`kml l 0: t`beml ajhmlj jn ajrjkig `n `cu` kgbg jn ajrjkig aj k`a`

ulg amspgljr aj cu` suhmkmjltj, s`nua`enj, kjpt`enj, hsmk`bjltj kkjsmenj y `sjqumenj

p`r` su usg pjrsgl`n y agbstmkg.

Jn `cu` js n` jsjlkm` aj n` vma`. Jn `cu` pgt`enj y jn s`lj`bmjltg sgl mlamspjls`enjs p`r`

n` vma` y n` s`nua, y hula`bjlt`njs p`r` n` amclma`a aj tga` pjrsgl`. [ml jbe`rcg, 991

bmnngljs aj pjrsgl`s k`rjkjl aj `kkjsg ` hujltjs bjfgr`a`s aj `cu` pgt`enj, y 5.:??

bmnngljs lg amspgljl aj sjrvmkmgs bjfgr`ags aj s`lj`bmjltg. ] `ulquj jst`s kmhr`s aj pgr

s y` rjvjn`l ul` smtu`kml prjgkup`ltj, n` rj`nma`a js bukig pjgr `l, pgrquj bmnngljs aj

pjrsgl`s pgerjs quj vmvjl jl `sjlt`bmjltgs prjk`rmgs smbpnjbjltj lg jstl

kglt`emnmz`a`s jl n`s jst`astmk`s l`kmgl`njs. (Jn Ajrjkig `n @cu`, _rgcr`b` aj n`s

L`kmgljs Zlma`s p`r` jn Ajs`rrgnng, Iub`l Ajvjngpbjlt Ujpgrt 5??86 Ejygla [k`rkmty

_gwjr, pgvjrty `la tij Cnge`n S`tjr Krmsms (E`smlcstgdj (Ujmlg Zlmag) _`ncr`vj B`kbmnn`l,

5??8).)

Q`n kgbg js sj`n`ag pgr n`s L`kmgljs Zlma`s6 N`s k`us`s esmk`s aj n` `ktu`n krmsms ajn

`cu` y jn s`lj`bmjltg r`amk`l jl n` pgerjz`, n`s ajsmcu`na`ajs y n` amsp`rma`a jl n`srjn`kmgljs aj pgajr, y sj vjl `cr`v`a`s pgr ngs rjtgs sgkm`njs y `bemjlt`njs, kgbg n`

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ure`lmz`kml k`a` vjz bs rpma`, jn k`bemg knmbtmkg, y n` krjkmjltj kglt`bml`kml y

bjrb` aj ngs rjkursgs iarmkgs.

PZ J[ JN AJUJKIG @N @CZ@7

Jn ajrjkig `n `cu` jl n` lgrb`tmv` mltjrl`kmgl`n aj ajrjkigs

iub`lgs

Jn ajrjkig `n `cu` lg jst rjkglgkmag jxprjs`bjltj kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg

mlajpjlamjltj jl ngs tr`t`ags mltjrl`kmgl`njs, n`s lgrb`s mltjrl`kmgl`njs aj ajrjkigs

iub`lgs kgbprjlajl genmc`kmgljs jspjkhmk`s jl rjn`kml kgl jn `kkjsg ` `cu` pgt`enj.

Js`s genmc`kmgljs jxmcjl ` ngs Jst`ags quj c`r`ltmkjl ` tga`s n`s pjrsgl`s jn `kkjsg `

ul` k`ltma`a suhmkmjltj aj `cu` pgt`enj p`r` jn usg pjrsgl`n y agbstmkg, quj kgbprjlaj jn

kglsubg, jn s`lj`bmjltg, jn n`v`ag aj rgp`, n` prjp`r`kml aj `nmbjltgs y n` imcmjlj

pjrsgl`n y agbstmk`. Q`beml njs jxmcjl quj sjcurjl prgcrjsmv`bjltj jn kkjsg

sjrvmkmgs aj s`lj`bmjltg `ajku`ags, kgbg jnjbjltg hula`bjlt`n aj n` amclma`a iub`l` y

n` vma` prmv`a`, pjrg t`beml quj prgtjf`l n` k`nma`a aj ngs submlmstrgs y ngs rjkursgs aj

`cu` pgt`enj.

Jn kglkjptg aj n` k`ltma`a esmk` aj `cu` rjqujrma` p`r` s`tmsh`kjr n`s ljkjsma`ajs

iub`l`s hula`bjlt njs sj jlulkm pgr prmbjr` vjz jl n` Kglhjrjlkm` aj n`s L`kmgljs

Zlma`s sgerj jn @cu`, kjnjer`a` jl B`r ajn _n`t` (@rcjltml`) jl 0=33. Jl su _n`l aj

@kkml sj `hmrb quj tgags ngs pujengs, ku`njsqumjr` quj sj`l su jt`p` aj ajs`rrgnng y sus

kglamkmgljs jkglbmk`s y sgkm`njs, tmjljl ajrjkig `n `cu` pgt`enj jl k`ltma`a y k`nma`a

`kgrajs kgl sus ljkjsma`ajs esmk`s. Jl jn _rgcr`b` 50, `prge`ag jl n` Kglhjrjlkm` aj

n`s L`kmgljs Zlma`s sgerj jn Bjamg @bemjltj y jn Ajs`rrgnng aj 0==5, sj kglhmrb jstj

kglkjptg. _gstjrmgrbjltj, v`rmgs gtrgs pn`ljs aj `kkml i`l bjlkmgl`ag jn `cu` pgt`enj y

jn s`lj`bmjltg kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg.

Jl jn _rgcr`b` aj @kkml aj n` Kglhjrjlkm` Mltjrl`kmgl`n sgerj n` _gen`kml y jn Ajs`rrgnng

aj 0==1, ngs Jst`ags `hmrb`rgl quj tga` pjrsgl` tmjlj ajrjkig ` ul lmvjn aj vma` `ajku`ag

p`r` s y su h`bmnm`, ng quj mlknuyj `nmbjlt`kml, vjstmag, vmvmjla`, `cu` y s`lj`bmjltg

`ajku`ags. Jl jn _rgcr`b` aj Iemt`t, `prge`ag pgr n` Kglhjrjlkm` aj n`s L`kmgljs

Zlma`s sgerj ngs @sjlt`bmjltgs Iub`lgs (Iemt`t MM) jl 0==8, jn `cu` y jn s`lj`bmjltg

t`beml sj kglsmajr`rgl p`rtj ajn ajrjkig ` ul lmvjn aj vma` `ajku`ag.

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_gajbgs rjs`nt`r spjktgs kn`vjs ajn ajrjkig n cu`6

[uhmkmjltj.Jn `e`stjkmbmjltg aj `cu` pgr pjrsgl` ajej sjr suhmkmjltj y kgltmlug p`r` jn

usg pjrsgl`n y agbstmkg. Jstgs usgs mlknuyjl aj hgrb` cjljr`n jn `cu` aj ejejr, jn

s`lj`bmjltg pjrsgl`n, jn `cu` p`r` rj`nmz`r, p`r` n`v`r n` rgp`, n` prjp`r`kml aj`nmbjltgs, n` nmbpmjz` ajn igc`r y n` imcmjlj pjrsgl`n. Aj `kujrag kgl n` Grc`lmz`kml

Bulam`n aj n` [`nua (GB[), sgl ljkjs`rmgs jltrj :? y 0?? nmtrgsaj `cu` pgr pjrsgl` y a`

p`r` c`r`ltmz`r quj sj kuerjl n`s ljkjsma`ajs bs esmk`s y surcjl pgk`s prjgkup`kmgljs

jl b`tjrm` aj s`nua.

[`nua`enj. Jn `cu` ljkjs`rm`, t`ltg p`r` jn usg pjrsgl`n kgbg agbstmkg, ajej sjr

s`nua`enj4 js ajkmr, nmerj aj bmkrggrc`lmsbgs, sust`lkm`s qubmk`s y pjnmcrgs r`amgncmkgs

quj kglstmtuy`l ul` `bjl`z` p`r` n` s`nua iub`l`. N`s bjama`s aj sjcurma`a ajn `cu`

pgt`enj vmjljl lgrb`nbjltj ajhmlma`s pgr jstla`rjs l`kmgl`njs y/g ngk`njs aj k`nma`a ajn

`cu` aj egk`. N`s Cu`s p`r` n` k`nma`a ajn `cu` pgt`enj aj n` Grc`lmz`kml Bulam`n aj

n` [`nua (GB[)prgpgrkmgl`l n` e`sjs p`r` jn ajs`rrgnng aj jstla`rjs l`kmgl`njs quj,

mbpnjbjlt`a`s `ajku`a`bjltj, c`r`ltmz`rl n` s`nuerma`a ajn `cu` pgt`enj.

@kjpt`enj. Jn `cu` i` aj prjsjlt`r ul kgngr, gngr y s`egr `kjpt`enjs p`r` `begs usgs,

pjrsgl`n y agbstmkg. Qga`s n`s mlst`n`kmgljs y sjrvmkmgs aj `cu` ajejl

sjr kuntur`nbjltj`prgpm`ags y sjlsmenjs `n cljrg, `n kmkng aj n` vma`y ` n`s jxmcjlkm`s

aj prmv`kma`a.

Hsmk`bjltj `kkjsmenj.Qgag jn bulag tmjlj ajrjkig ` ulgs sjrvmkmgs aj `cu` y

s`lj`bmjltg kkjsmenjs hsmk`bjltj ajltrg g smtu`ags jl n` mlbjam`t` kjrk`l` ajn igc`r,

aj n`s mlstmtukmgljs `k`abmk`s, jl jn nuc`r aj tr`e`fg g n`s mlstmtukmgljs aj s`nua. Aj

`kujrag kgl n` GB[, n` hujltj aj `cu` ajej jlkgltr`rsj ` bjlgs aj 0.??? bjtrgsajn

igc`r y jn tmjbpg aj ajspn`z`bmjltg p`r` n` rjkgcma` lg ajejr` supjr`r ngs ;? bmlutgs.

@sjqumenj. Jn `cu` y ngs sjrvmkmgs j mlst`n`kmgljs aj `kkjsg `n `cu` ajejl sjr

`sjqumenjs p`r` tgags. Jn _rgcr`b` aj n`s L`kmgljs Zlma`s p`r` jn Ajs`rrgnng (_LZA)

sucmjrj quj jn kgstj ajn `cu` lg ajejr` supjr`r jn ;%aj ngs mlcrjsgs ajn igc`r.

Jn agktgr aj Kmjlkm`s hsmk`s _jarg @rrgfg @cuag kgl n` jspjkm`nma`a jl jn K`bpg

Jkglbmkg ajn `cu`, ajhmlj y jst`enjkj jn `cu` jl 1 k`tjcgr`s6

-Jn `cu`-vma`, jl hulkmgljs esmk`s aj supjrvmvjlkm`, t`ltg aj ngs sjrjs iub`lgs, kgbg

aj ngs ajbs sjrjs vmvgs, ajej tjljr prmgrma`a bxmb`, aj hgrb` quj sj c`r`ltmkj n`

sgstjlmemnma`a aj ngs jkgsmstjb`s y jn `kkjsg aj tgags ` kugt`s esmk`s aj `cu`s aj

k`nma`a, kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg, pgr jstg n` kugt` esmk` aj `cu`-vma` ajej smtu`rsj jl jn

bemtg aj ngs Ajrjkigs Iub`lgs y, kglsjkujltjbjltj, ajejr` c`r`ltmz`rsj kgl jhmk`km`ajsaj ul lmvjn bxmbg aj prmgrma`a. _gr jsg sj jst`enjkj ul blmbg aj `cu` pgt`enj quj

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gskmn` jltrj ;?-1? nmtrgs aj `cu` pgt`enj pgr pjrsgl` `n a`, quj sj vmjljl sucmrmjlag kgbg

rjhjrjlkm` ajn blmbg ljkjs`rmg p`r` ul` vma` amcl , supglj `pjl`s jn 0,5% ajn `cu` quj

us`bgs jl n` sgkmja`a `ktu`n.

@ajbs jl `cu`-vma` ajejl mlknumrsj t`beml ngs k`ua`njs p`r` prgaukmr `nmbjltgsesmkgs ljkjs`rmgs p`r` n` supjrvmvjlkm` aj kgbulma`ajs pgerjs y vunljr`enjs. Jl bukigs

k`sgs sj tr`t` aj ajrjkigs `lkjstr`njs sgerj jn tjrrmtgrmg y ngs jkgsmstjb`s `kutmkgs aj ngs

quj ajpjlajl `ktmvma`ajs `crgpjku`rm`s y pjsqujr`s jsjlkm`njs p`r` n` supjrvmvjlkm aj

js`s kgbulma`ajs.

-Jn `cu`-kmua`a`l`, jl `ktmvma`ajs aj mltjrs cjljr`n, kgbg ngs sjrvmkmgs aj

`e`stjkmbmjltg aj `cu` pgt`enj y s`lj`bmjltg, ajej smtu`rsj jl ul sjculag lmvjn aj

prmgrma`a, jl jn bemtg aj ngs ajrjkigs kmua`a`lgs, vmlkun`ags kgl ngs kgrrjspglamjltjsajejrjs kmua`a`lgs pgr jsg lgs jlkgltr`bgs `ltj jn rjtg aj `rtmkun`r ul fujcg aj ajrjkigs

y ajejrjs quj sml aua` js kgbpnjfg y pujaj nnjc`r ` sjr kglhnmktmvg. Jl tgag k`sg, sj tr`t`

aj cjstmgl`r v`ngrjs kgbg n` jquma`a y n` kgijsml sgkm`n i`km` ngs quj jn bjrk`ag js

mlsjlsmenj. X`ngrjs quj, `n jst`r vmlkun`ags kgl jn kglkjptg aj kmua`a`l , sj smt`l, pgr su

prgpm` l`tur`njz`, jl jn jsp`kmg aj ng quj ajej kglsmajr`rsj kgbg rjpenmk`, js ajkmr,

kgs` aj tgags y tga`s4 r`zl pgr n` quj ajejl sjr cjstmgl`ags e`fg rjspgls`emnma`a

kgbulmt`rm` g penmk`.

N`s mlstmtukmgljs penmk`s, `n tmjbpg quj c`r`ltmz`l ` tgag jn bulag ngs ajrjkigs aj

kmua`a`l , ajejl jst`enjkjr ngs kgrrjspglamjltjs ajejrjs kmua`a`lgs. [m sj qumjrjl

c`r`ltmz`r sjrvmkmgs penmkgs aj `cu` y s`lj`bmjltg aj k`nma`a, sjr ljkjs`rmg, jltrj gtr`s

kgs`s, amsj`r bgajngs t`rmh`rmgs quj c`r`ltmkjl ul` `ajku`a` hml`lkm`kml, vjrtjer`lag n`

rjspgls`emnma`a kmua`a`l` ajsaj n` ljkjs`rm` sjlsmemnma`a sgkm`n.

Jl ul` sgkmja`a kgbpnjf` kgbg n` `ktu`n, c`r`ltmz`r jn `kkjsg ulmvjrs`n ` sjrvmkmgs aj

k`nma`a, bmlmbmz`lag jn mbp`ktg jkgncmkg sgerj ngs jkgsmstjb`s `kutmkgs, kglstmtuyj ulrjtg aj jlvjrc`aur`. . Zl smstjb` t`rmh`rmg pgr engqujs aj kglsubg, kgl prjkmgs krjkmjltjs,

pujaj c`r`ltmz`r n` rjkupjr`kml aj kgstjs ajn sjrvmkmg, ajsaj krmtjrmgs sgkm`njs

rjamstrmeutmvgs, mlaukmjlag n tmjbpg mlkjltmvgs aj jhmkmjlkm` y rjspgls`emnma`a mlamvmau`n y

kgnjktmv`. Jn prmbjr engquj aj ;? 1? nmtrgs/pjrsgl`/a` pgar` mlknusg sjr cr`tumtg, `n

bjlgs p`r` qumjljs jstl e`fg jn uber`n aj pgerjz`. Jn smcumjltj jsk`nl aj 0?? nmtrgs

ajejr` p`c`rsj ` ul prjkmg quj sj `kjrquj `n kgstj rj`n ajn sjrvmkmg. Jl ul tjrkjr

jsk`nl, jn prjkmg pgr bjtrg kemkg ajejr` jnjv`rsj aj hgrb` kn`r`4 p`r` hml`nbjltj

amsp`r`rsj jl jn ku`rtg jsk`nl, prgpmg aj usgs sultu`rmgs (f`ramljs, pmskml`s).

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-Jn `cu`-jkglgb`, jl hulkmgljs prgauktmv`s, pgr jlkmb` aj ng quj pgar`l kglsmajr`rsj

lmvjnjs aj suhmkmjlkm` p`r` ul` vma` amcl`, ajej rjkglgkjrsj jl ul tjrkjr lmvjn aj

prmgrma`a, jl kgljxml kgl jn ajrjkig aj k`a` ku`n ` bjfgr`r su lmvjn aj vma`. Js n` hulkml

jl n` quj sj us` n` b`ygr p`rtj ajn `cu` y jl n` quj sj cjljr`l ngs prgenjb`s bs

rjnjv`ltjs aj jsk`sjz y kglt`bml`kml.

Jstj tmpg aj `cu`-jkglbmk` sj k`r`ktjrmz` pgr utmnma`a ajn `cu` p`r` ul emjl jkglbmkg,

pgr jsg n` b`ygr p`rtj aj ngs k`ua`njs jxtr`ags aj rgs y `kuhjrgs lg sj ajamk`l `

c`r`ltmz`r ajrjkigs iub`lgs, lm ` sustjlt`r sjrvmkmgs aj mltjrs cjljr n, smlg ` `ktmvma`ajs

prgauktmv`s quj cjljr`l rmqujz` pgr jlkmb` ajn lmvjn aj suhmkmjlkm` p`r` ul` vma` amcl`.

Ajsaj ul pultg aj vmst` tmkg, rjsunt` jvmajltj quj t`njs usgs ajejl cjstmgl`rsj ajsaj ul

tjrkjr lmvjn aj prmgrma`a, pgr ajtrs ajn `cu`-vma` y ajn `cu` kmua`a`l`. Jl jstj sjltmag,ajcr`a`r ul rg gpgljr jl rmjscg n` pgt`emnma`a aj ngs k`ua`njs `cu`s `e`fg, e`fg n`

fustmhmk`kml aj quj sj mbpuns` jn ajs`rrgnng jkglbmkg, kglstmtuyj ul `cr`vj mlbgr`nma`a.

Jl jstj tmpg aj usgs, cum`ags pgr gefjtmvgs nukr`tmvgs, ajejl `pnmk`rsj, ku`ltg bjlgs,

krmtjrmgs aj rjspgls`emnma`a y aj r`kmgl`nma`a jkglbmk`. Jl jn bemtg ajn `cu`-jkglgb`,

sj mbpglj, jl ajhmlmtmv`, n` ljkjsma`a aj `pnmk`r jn prmlkmpmg aj rjkupjr`kml ltjcr` aj

kgstjs, mlknuyjlag6 kgstjs hml`lkmjrgs (`bgrtmz`kml aj mlvjrsmgljs y kgstjs aj

b`ltjlmbmjltg y cjstml), kgstjs `bemjlt`njs y jn v`ngr ajn rjkursg jl s bmsbg, js ajkmr jn

kgstj aj gpgrtulma`a, sm n` amspglmemnma`ajs bjlgr quj n` ajb`la`. Jl jstj k`sg, lg jxmstjlr`zgljs quj fustmhmqujl suevjlkmgljs amrjkt`s lm kruz`a`s4 aj n` bmsb` hgrb` quj lg sj

suevjlkmgl` n` b`ajr` `n k`rpmltjrg, lm jn kgbeustmenj `n t`xmst`.

@ajbs jxmstjl `ktmvma`ajs jkglbmk`s quj, `ul smjlag nukr`tmv`s, pujajl sjr kglsmajr`-

a`s, jl ul` u gtr` bjama`, aj mltjrs cjljr`n quj cjljr`l ejljhmkmgs sgkm`njs g

`bemjlt`njs, lg v`ngr`ags pgr jn bjrk`ag. _gr gtrg n`ag, ngs cr`vjs mbp`ktgs kglt`bml`ltjs

aj ngs bgajngs agbml`ltjs aj `crmkuntur` y c`l`ajr` (lmtr`tgs, pjstmkma`s, purmljs, jtk.)

pgljl jl kujstml jn mltjrs cjljr`n aj t`njs bgajngs.

_gr jsg js ljkjs`rmg, jst`enjkjr lujvgs krmtjrmgs sgkm`njs y `bemjlt`njs quj pjrbmt`l

ajnmbmt`r qu jxpngt`kmgljs `cr`rm`s bjrjkjl igy sjr kglsmajr`a`s kgbg vjra`ajr`s

`ktmvma`ajs jkglbmk`s aj mltjrs cjljr`n. Kglsgnma`r jn tjfmag rur`n, kgl sus v`ngrjs

sgkm`njs, kuntur`njs y p`ms`fstmkgs, g h`vgrjkjr n` kglsjkukml aj ajtjrbml`ags gefjtmvgs

`bemjlt`njs, sjr`l, sml aua`, `rcubjltgs aj mltjrs cjljr`n jl n` sgkmja`a `ktu`n.

-Jn `cu`-ajnmtg , jl usgs prgauktmvgs mnjctmbgs quj, pgr t`ltg, ajejl sjr mnjc`njs (vjrtmags

kglt`bml`ltjs, jxtr`kkmgljs `eusmv`s, jtk.), jl n` bjama` quj njsmgl`l jn mltjrs cjljr`n

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aj n` sgkmja`a, jvmt`ags y pjrsjcumags `pnmk`lag kgl rmcgr n` njy. Jl gtr`s p`n`er`s jn usg

mrrjspgls`enj ajn `cu` pglj jl rmjscg, amrjkt`bjltj j mlamrjkt`bjltj aj hgrb` cr`vj, n`

s`nua y n` sjcurma`a penmk`s. Q`njs prktmk`s, sgl fustmhmk`a`s jl lgberj ajn ajs`rrgnng

jkglbmkg y n` krj`kml aj pujstgs aj tr`e`fg, quj sujnjl ajs`rrgnn`rsj jl zgl`s

ajprmbma`s, ng quj pjrbmtj jfjrkjr ul `utltmkg ki`lt`fj sgkm`n quj sujnj kglt`r kgl n`

kgbpnmkma`a aj n`s `utgrma`ajs.

Jstj tmpg aj usg `cu`- ajnmtgajejl, lg sng mnjc`nmz`rsj, smlg pjrsjcumrsj aj hgrb` jhmk`z

ajsaj `ktmtuajs aj tgnjr`lkm` kjrg, quj sng pgarl pgljrsj jl b`rki` sm jxmstj ul `ntg

lmvjn aj mlhgrb`kml y aj kglkmjlkm` kmua`a`l`s quj pjrbmt`l rjki`z`r sgkm`nbjltj n`s

i`emtu`njs k`bp``s mltjrjs`a`s aj ajsmlhgrb`kml y n`s prjsmgljs aj kgrrupkml sgerj

n`s `utgrma`ajs kgbpjtjltjs pgr p`rtj aj ngs pgajrgsgs mltjrjsjs jkglbmkgs quj sujnjl

bgvjrsj tr`s js`s prktmk`s.

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K@_QZNG 5

N@ @KKJ[MEMNMA@A @N @CZ@ JL KUAGE@

Q`n kgbg ng jxpglj L`kmgljs Zlma`s jl su ajkn`r`kml ajn @cu` kgbg ajrjkig jsjlkm`n,

Jn `cu` js n` jsjlkm` aj n` vma`. Jn `cu` pgt`enj y jn s`lj`bmjltg sgl mlamspjls`enjs p`r`

n` vma` y n` s`nua, y hula`bjlt`njs p`r` n` amclma`a aj tga` pjrsgl`. [ml jbe`rcg, 991

bmnngljs aj pjrsgl`s k`rjkjl aj `kkjsg ` hujltjs bjfgr`a`s aj `cu` pgt`enj, y 5.:??

bmnngljs lg amspgljl aj sjrvmkmgs bjfgr`ags aj s`lj`bmjltg. ] `ulquj jst`s kmhr`s aj pgr

s y` rjvjn`l ul` smtu`kml prjgkup`ltj, n` rj`nma`a js bukig pjgr `l, pgrquj bmnngljs aj

pjrsgl`s pgerjs quj vmvjl jl `sjlt`bmjltgs prjk`rmgs smbpnjbjltj lg jstl

kglt`emnmz`a`s jl n`s jst`astmk`s l`kmgl njs. N`s k`us`s esmk`s aj n` `ktu`n krmsms ajn

`cu` y jn s`lj`bmjltg r`amk`l jl n` pgerjz`, n`s ajsmcu`na`ajs y n` amsp`rma`a jl n`s

rjn`kmgljs aj pgajr, y sj vjl `cr`v`a`s pgr ngs rjtgs sgkm`njs y `bemjlt`njs, kgbg n`

ure`lmz`kml k`a` vjz bs rpma`, jn k`bemg knmbtmkg, y n` krjkmjltj kglt`bml`kml y

bjrb` aj ngs rjkursgs iarmkgs.

Jl n` jltrjvmst` quj tuvmbgs kgl Bjnms` Cmgrcm, jnn` lgs kgbjlt ng smcumjltj6 jn `cu` quj

sj nj ajejr` ermla`r ` n` pgen`kml quj lg tmjlj ul `kkjsg `n `cu` pgt`enj js ajhmlma`

kgbg ajrjkig ulmvjrs`n. Jst` rgla` jltrj ngs 1? y 8? nmtrgs pgr pjrsgl`, js jltglkjs

ku`lag jn `kkjsg rjstrmlcmag y jn `ubjltg aj ul` pgen`kml mltjrvmjljl jl jstj ajrjkig

ulmvjrs`n aj `kkjsg n `cu` y jstg cjljr` ul kglhnmktg kgl n` pgen`kml. _gr jsg n`

sgkmja`a tr`t`r aj eusk`r ul` hgrb` aj sgnukmgl`r jstj prgenjb` p`r` quj tgag jn bulag

tjlc` `kkjsg `n `cu`, tjlmjlag jl kujlt` quj jn `cu` js ul rjkursg hmlmtg Kgl jstg

`submbgs quj jn `cu`, `p`rtj aj sjr ul ajrjkig jl lujstr` prgvmlkm` jst smjlag b`n

`abmlmstr`a` y lg i`y ul` njy quj pjrbmt` kgltrgn`r jhjktmv`bjltj su usg.

Jn sjrvmkmg aj `cu` pgt`enj js `abmlmstr`ag ajsaj 0==3 pgr n` jbprjs` @cu`s

Kgragejs`s [.@. Jst` jbprjs` jst cjrjlkm`a` pgr [ujz Nygll`msj ajs J`ux aj Hr`lkm`.

N` rja nnjc` `n =3,80% aj n` pgen`kml (159.599 kgljxmgljs) kuermjlag bs aj ;.;:5 db jl

tgt`n. Jl 5??3 sj kglsub`l jl prgbjamg ;;:,9 nmtrgs aj `cu` pgr a` pgr i`emt`ltj,

bmjltr`s quj jl 5?0? sj rjaufg ` 5=5 nmtrgs.

N` prgaukkml `lu`n aj `cu` js aj `prgxmb`a`bjltj 0;9.???.??? b. Jn ==% ajn `cu`

p`r` jn sjrvmkmg js aj grmcjl supjrhmkm`n, jn rjstg sj prgaukj ` p`rtmr aj smjtj pjrhgr`kmgljs

p`r` jxtr`jr `cu`s suetjrrlj`s.

N` k`pt`kml, amstrmeukml y tr`t`bmjltg jstl amvmamags jl ags smstjb`s6

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[mstjb` Lgrtj6 tgb` aj `cu` aje`fg aj n` kjltr`n Imargjnktrmk` aj N` K`njr`, quj

`nmbjlt`l n`s pn`lt`s pgt`emnmz`agr`s [uqu` (5,01 b/s) y @ntg @nejram (0,1? b/s).

[mstjb` [ur6 tgb` jl jn K`l`n Ngs Bgnmlgs-Krage` quj `e`stjkj n` pn`lt`

pgt`emnmz`agr` aj Ngs Bgnmlgs (?,8? b/s), uemk`a` jl n` ngk`nma`a aj Egwjr.

N` amstrmeukml sj rj`nmz` pgr ags suesmstjb`s aj k`jr`s b`jstr`s y rjajs aj amstrmeukml

agbmkmnm`rm`s (Lgrtj y [ur). Qgag jn smstjb` sub` ul` nglcmtua aj 5.0?? db aj k`jr`s.

[m gesjrv`bgs, igy jl a`, n` zgl` aj Zlqumnng, Bjlamgn`z` y gtr`s, i`l krjkmag

jxpgljlkm`nbjltj. _gr jfjbpng6 n` k`pmt`n aj Krage` tmjlj buy pgk` amspglmemnma`a aj

`cu`, jltglkjs i`y bukigs nuc`rjs quj sj `e`stjkjl kgl k`bmgljs g nuc`rjs quj i`y

kgrtjs rgt`tmvgs aj `cu`4 i`kj ulgs `gs jn amquj aj n` qujer`a` quj js buy kimkg, e`fg

bukig, `n mcu`n quj jl jn `g 0==:, y ul` aj n`s sgnukmgljs huj tr`jr `cu` aj n` k`njr` yi`kjr ul` kgljxml aj n` k`njr` ` n` qujer`a` y jsg sj nn`b` `tr`vjs`bmjltg aj kujlk` y

jsg sj i` ijkig jl v`rmgs nuc`rjs aj Jurgp` y cjljr` ul krjkmbmjltg jxpgljlkm`n jl ul

nuc`r pgr n` jxpjkt`tmv` aj `cu` y `ubjlt` ngs kglhnmktgs sgkm`njs jltrj n`s kmua`ajs, y

kgbg jn cgemjrlg lg tmjlj ul` pgntmk` kn`r` ajn b`ljfg y n` `abmlmstr`kml jltrj n`s

kmua`ajs y rjcun`kmgljs aj kbg ajej krjkjr ul` kuma`a jsg ng kgbpnmk` `l bs ` n`

`kkjsmemnma`a ajn `cu`.

Ajejbgs tjljr jl kujlt` quj, jl jn `cu` i`y ul pgrkjlt`fj ajn rjkursg quj lgkglt`emnmz`a`. Zl jfjbpng aj jstg sjr`6 tjlcg ul amquj g ul t`lquj aj 0??? nmtrgs,

amstrmeuyg jsgs 0??? nmtrgs jl amhjrjltjs igc`rjs, pjrg nnjc`l sng =?? nmtrgs. N` amhjrjlkm`

jltrj ng quj s`nm aj ul nuc`r mlmkm`n y ng quj nnjc ` ajstmlg sj ng quj sj ajlgbml` `cu` lg

kglt`emnmz`a`.

N` bjamkml aj jstj pgrkjlt`fj js ul mlamk`agr p`r` vjr kul jhmkmjltj sgl n`s rjajs quj

amstrmeuyjl jn `cu`. Kgbg b`lmhjst Bjnml` Cmgrcm jl n` jltrjvmst` quj lgs kglkjam4

_ujaj sjr quj lg n` jst bmamjlag (`n `cu`) g quj sj v`y` pgr rgtur`s jl n` k`jr` ngku`n sj ajlgbml` kgbg `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a`. @ltmcu`bjltj jst`e` emjl pjls`r quj jn

`cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a` rgla`r` jltrj ul 1? % jl ul smstjb`. @ktu`nbjltj, jl Ug Kje`nngs

jn `cu` kglt`emnmz`a` jst jltrj 1? %, pjrg `n vjr`lg p`s` `n :? % g jn 8? % y jstj

pgrkjlt`fj ajn `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a` js buy `ntg igy jl a`. Jst` `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a`

cjljr` kglhnmktgs jl n` sgkmja`a, pgrquj jl nuc`rjs aglaj jn knmb` js rmag y js b`ygr n`

jsk`sjs ajn `cu`, js buy r`zgl`enj pjls`r aglaj sj pmjraj js` `cu`. @ amhjrjlkm` aj gtrgs

nuc`rjs ajn bulag kgbg jl Jurgp` jn `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a` js aj ul : ` 0; % y nnjc`r `n ;?

% p`r` lgsgtrgs js ul cr`l ajs`hg

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Zlg aj ngs prgenjb`s prmlkmp`njs aj n` `kkjsmemnma`a `n `cu` jl n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage`

jst rjhjrmag ` n`s pgntmk`s ljgnmejr njs `ktu`njs agbml`a`s pgr jn HBM y jn EB. Jst`s

pgntmk`s sj `sjlt`rgl jl krmtjrmgs aj usg kgrrmjltj p`r` n` kglkjsml gtgrc`bmjltg ajlujvgs kramtgs, ` k`bemg aj n` `pnmk`kml aj rjkjt`s p`r` `kimk`r jn Jst`ag, js ajkmr,

jst`s pgntmk`s, quj njlt`e`l n` prmv`tmz`kml aj ngs sjrvmkmgs penmkgs, tuvmjrgl kgbg

prmbjr rjsunt`ag n` tr`lshjrjlkm` ajn b`ljfg aj ngs rjkursgs l`tur`njs aj b`lgs ajn jst`ag

` b`lgs prmv`a`s, kgbg jn b`ljfg ajn `cu` aj n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage`, jst jl b`lgs aj

`cu`s kgragejs`s.

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K@_QZNG ;

Njcmsn`kml ajn `cu` jl Lmvjn L`kmgl`n, _rgvmlkm`n y Bulmkmp`n

@ktu`nbjltj jl @rcjltml` rmcjl ngs smcumjltjs b`rkgs njc`njs6

Njcmsn`kml L`kmgl`n

Njy 5;93= y 51:;= Mbp`ktg @bemjlt`n aj Ger`s Imarunmk`s kgl @prgvjki`bmjltg

Jljrctmkg.

Njy L 5:899 - Ucmbjl aj Cjstml @bemjlt`n aj @cu`s.

Njy L 5:83: _gntmk` @bemjlt`n L`kmgl`n.

Jl n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage` rmcjl kmjrt`s njyjs y ajkrjtgs sgerj jn `cu`, quj i`l smag

bgamhmk`ags ` ng n`rcg aj ngs `gs, pjrg quj lg kglkujra`l kgl ngs lujvgs prgyjktgs aj njy

p`r` jn `cu`.

Njcmsn`kml _rgvmlkm`n

Njy L :;;: Kgbmts aj Kujlk`s Iarmk`s

Njy L ::9= y 99:; Kamcg aj @cu`s. Ajkrjtgs L 1:8?-K-:: y 10:/== Ujcn`bjlt`rmgs

aj Ajs`cjs Mlaustrm`njs. Ujsgnukml 8?9/=; Lgrb`s aj k`nma`a y kgltrgn aj `cu` p`r`

ejema`. Ajkrjtg 10:/== Lgrb`s p`r` n` prgtjkkml aj ngs rjkursgs iarmkgs supjrhmkm`n y

suetjrrljg.

Njy L :9;: Amrjkkml _rgvmlkm`n aj Imarunmk` Hulkmgljs.

Njy L 88?1 Krj`kml aj Kglsgrkmgs aj usu`rmgs aj Umjcg y gtrgs usgs aj `cu`.

Njy L 333; y 955: Krj`kml ajn Kgbmt aj Kujlk` y Ajs`rrgnng [gstjlmenj ajn N`cg

[`l Ugquj. Ujsgnukmgljs 0?3;/=; y 03:/=1 Ajsk`rc` aj jhnujltjs nqumags y pn`lt`s ajtr`t`bmjltg. Ujsgnukml L 030/=1 _`rbjtrgs aj vgnk`bmjltg aj jhnujltjs nqumags

`hnujltjs.

Njy L 3=83 Kglsjrv`kml y bjfgr`bmjltg jkgncmkg ajn Ug [uqu`. Ujsgnukml 3?=/=1

_rgiej n` jxtr`kkml aj rmags.

Njy L 9003 Jbprjs` _rgvmlkm`n aj Ger`s [`lmt`rm`s.

Njy L 9509 Krj`kml aj n` Amrjkkml _rgvmlkm n aj @cu` y [`lj`bmjltg (AM_@[)

Ajkrjtg L 1:8?-K/:: y 10:/== _rgtjkkml aj ngs rjkursgs iarmkgs supjrhmkm`njs y

suetjrrljgs. Ajkrjtg L 5;9=/8= Ujcun` jxtr`kkml aj rmags jl k`ukjs. Ujsgnukml L 598/=1

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@utgrma`a aj Amp`s jl jxpngt`kml aj rmags.

Ajkrjtg L 3119/9: Krj`kml Ujsjrv` Jkgncmk` ajn [uqu`.

Ajkrjtg L :5=/=1 B`rkg rjcun`tgrmg aj n` prjst`kml aj sjrvmkmgs penmkgs aj `cu`

pgt`enj y ajs`cjs kng`k`njs.

Njy L 3;1; _rmlkmpmgs Ujktgrjs p`r` n` prjsjrv`kml, kglsjrv`kml ajhjls` y

bjfgr`bmjltg ajn @bemjltj.

@ s bmsbg jl n` K`pmt`n aj Krage` rmcjl Grajl`lz` sgerj n` rjcun`kml ajn `cu` y kgltrgn.

Njcmsn`kml Bulmkmp`n

Grajl`lz` L :1:1/89 Ujcun` n` jxpngt`kml y jxtr`kkml aj rmags.

Grajl`lz` L 30?1/9? Kamcg aj Ajs`rrgnng Zre`lg. Ujcn`bjltg aj _rgtjkkml

@bemjlt`n. Ajkrjtg 500/J/=9 Jst`enjkj lgrb`s aj k`nma`a aj jhnujltjs quj pgarl sjr

`rrgf`ags ngs kursgs aj cu` supjrhmkm`njs, kglauktgs pnuvm`njs, pgzgs g pjrhgr`kmgljs

`esgrejltjs jl jn jfmag ure`lg aj n` kmua`a aj Krage`.

Grajl`lz` L 93?8/=5 @pruje` kglvjlmg jltrj n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage` y n`

Bulmkmp`nma`a aj Krage`, p`r` kglstrumr y/g kglkjsmgl`r ngs jsp`kmgs kgrrjspglamjltjs `

`be`s brcjljs ajn rg [uqu` y pgr jlkmb` aj su k`ukj.

Grajl`lz` L =503/=1 @pruje` Kglvjlmg jltrj jn Cgemjrlg aj n` prgvmlkm`, n` Amrjkkml

aj @cu` y [`lj`bmjltg pgr ul` p`rtj y n` Bulmkmp`nma`a aj Krage` pgr n` gtr`, kgl jn

prgpsmtg aj jfjkut`r n`s ger`s aj Ujtjlkml y B`ljfg Iarmkg aj n` Kujlk` aj @pgrtj

[jktgr Lgrgjstj aj n` Kmua`a aj Krage`.

Grajl`lz` L =:0=/=8 Jn A.J. jhjktu`r pjrmamk`bjltj ` tr`vs aj ngs Grc`lmsbgs

tklmkgs pjrtmljltjs ngs kgrrjspglamjltjs kgltrgnjs aj lmvjnjs aj pgnukml ajn rg [uqu`.

Ajkrjtg L 30/J/=3 Kglhgrb`sj Kgbmsml Bulmkmp`n p`r` n` Hmf`kml aj ngs lmvjnjs aj

mlbmsml pjrbmtmags jl n`s `cu`s ajn rg [uqu` y jl n`s l`p`s suetjrrlj`s. Grajl`lz` L 0??8;/== Jst`enjkj kgbg rj` aj Ujsjrv` Xjraj ` n` Ujsjrv`

Jkgncmk` ajn [uqu`.

Jl @rcjltml`, t`ltg jl n` kmua`a aj Krage` kgbg jl gtr`s kmua`ajs, n` prgenjbtmk` ajn

`cu` smcuj sml sgnukmgl`rsj, pgr ng quj i`kjl `p`rjkjr g mltjlsmhmk`r kglhnmktgs sgkm`njs,

quj cjljr`l ul` mlkgbgama`a sgkm`n y ajn cgemjrlg. _`r` tr`t`r aj sgnukmgl`r jstgs

prgenjb`s sgerj n`s njyjs, ajkrjtgs y grajl`lz`s, sj prjsjlt`rgl prgyjktgs aj njy p`r`

bgamhmk`r n` njcmsn`kml vmcjltj ajn `cu`, jl ul k`sg p`rtmkun`r, B`r` Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg,prjsjltg jl n` njcmsn`tur` aj n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage` ul prgyjktg aj njy quj bgamhmquj n`

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Njy `ktu`n L =.53=, kgbg jspjkmhmk` jl jn `rtkung L 5 ajn prgyjktg aj njy, lg gest`ltj jl

jn `rtkung 0 ajn prgyjktg aj njy @rtkung0.-Ajknrjsj jn submlmstrg aj `cu` pgt`enj emjl

penmkg, sgkm`n y ajrjkig iub`lg jsjlkm`n lg sufjtg ` n`s rjcn`s aj bjrk`ag, jl

kglkgra`lkm` kgl n` Ajkn`r`kml Zlmvjrs`n aj ngs Ajrjkigs Iub`lgs., kgltr`amkj ` jn

@rtmkung L 8 aj n` njy L :.:9= @rtkung 8.-Kgstg ajn @cu`. Jn Jst`ag _rgvmlkm`n, pgr

mltjrbjamg aj n` `utgrma`a aj `pnmk`kml, ajtjrbml`r `lu`nbjltj jn kgstg ajn `cu` jl k`a`

ulg aj ngs smstjb`s, tjlmjlag jl kujlt` ` jsj hml ngs c`stgs aj kglstrukkml,

`abmlmstr`kml, kglsjrv`kml y b`ltjlmbmjltg aj ger`s y aj amstrmeukml aj n`s cu`s.

Jl rjn`kml ` n` njcmsn`kml `ktu`n y vmcjltj, bulmkmp`n y prgvmlkm`n, pgajbgs ajkmr quj jst`s

jstl amrmcma`s `n usg ajn `cu` kgbg ul` bjrk`lk` y rjn`kmgl`a` jl `nculgs k`sgs `n

bjamg `bemjltj. @ncg buy eujlg sjr` quj n` b`lu`nma`a g n` prgvmlkm` bgamhmk`r` n`

njcmsn`kml ktu`n pgr n` prgpujst` prg Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg.

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K@_QZNG 1

Jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig

N` @s`benj` Cjljr`n aj n`s L`kmgljs Zlma`s i` ajkn`r`ag jn `kkjsg `n `cu` pgt`enj y `n

s`lj`bmjltg kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg. Js n` prmbjr` vjz quj ngs grc`lmsbgs

mltjrl`kmgl njs `kjpt`r mlknumr ul tjb` `bemjlt`n ajltrg ajn bemtg aj ngs Ajrjkigs

Iub`lgs. [gl lubjrgs`s n`s njcmsn`kmgljs quj ng i`kjl, pjrg i`st` `igr` lg sj i`e`

ngcr`ag jn bmsbg jlulkm`ag pgr p`rtj aj ulg aj ngs grc`lmsbgs ajn smstjb` aj L`kmgljs

Zlma`s. Jl rj`nma`a, ulg aj ngs bs pgajrgsgs grc`lmsbgs ajn bmsbg smstjb`, jn E`lkg

Bulam`n, sgstmjlj jx`kt`bjltj ng kgltr`rmg. _`r` jn E`lkg Bulam`n, ngs sjrvmkmgs penmkgs aj

`cu` y s`lj`bmjltg sgl, `ltj quj l`a`, gpgrtulma`ajs aj ljcgkmgs.

Jn `kkjsg `n `cu` ajej sjr kglsmajr`ag kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg, y` quj stj hgrb` p`rtj

aj n`s c`r`lt`s mlamspjls`enjs p`r` `sjcur`r ul lmvjn aj vma` `ajku`ag, jl p`rtmkun`r

pgrquj js ul` aj n`s kglamkmgljs hula`bjlt`njs p`r` n` supjrvmvjlkm`. Jn ajrjkig `n `cu`

t`beml jst mlamsgnuenjbjltj `sgkm`ag kgl ngs bs `ntgs lmvjnjs pgsmenjs aj s`nua, jn

ajrjkig ` ul` vmvmjla` y ul` `nmbjlt`kml `ajku`a`. Aj mcu`n hgrb`, jstj ajrjkig ajej

kglsmajr`rsj kglfult`bjltj kgl gtrgs ajrjkigs kgls`cr`ags jl n` K`rt` Mltjrl`kmgl`n aj

Ajrjkigs Iub`lgs, jltrj ngs quj gkup` ul nuc`r prmbgram`n jn ajrjkig ` n` vma` y ` n`

amclma`a iub`l`.

[j pujaj jltjlajr quj jn `kkjsg `n `cu` ul ajrjkig iub`lg hula`bjlt`n j

ml`nmjl`enj, ul emjl lg suskjptmenj aj `prgpm`kml prmv`a` lm aj sjr sgbjtmag ` n`s

njyjs ajn bjrk`ag, smtu`kml quj jl Krage` lg sj ngcr` `ajku`a`bjltj y jnjv`r `

r`lcg kglstmtukmgl`n n` mbpgsmemnma`a aj prmv`tmz`kml g kglkjsml ajn `cu` p`r` usg y

kglsubg aj n` pgen`kml, y aj ngs sjrvmkmgs aj s`lj`bmjltg jl su tgt`nma`a. @ajbs aj

gtrgs sj`n`bmjltgs jn jlkujltrg rjki`z ngs prgyjktgs y n`s `ktmvma`ajs bmljr`s

bjt`nhjr`s ` kmjng `emjrtg kglt`bml`ltjsy tgags `qujnngs quj usjl aj b`ljr`prja`agr` ngs kursgs aj `cu` y sus kujlk`s.

Jl n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage` i`y ul` lgtmkm`, jl n` ku`n sj pujaj vjr kbg n` cjltj y ngs

jstuam`ltjs aj n` h`kunt`a l`kmgl`n aj Krage` jstl prjgkup`ags pgr n` smtu`kml y jstl

mltjlt`lag k`bem`rn`. Ajsaj n` Kgbmsml _gpun`r pgr n` Ujkupjr`kml ajn @cu` (K_U@) jl

kglfultg kgl n` [jkrjt`rm` aj Jxtjlsml aj n` Zlmvjrsma`a L`kmgl n aj Krage` rj`nmz`rgl

ajsaj jn 5: `n ;0 aj b`rzg jn Hgrg jl Ajhjls` aj Lujstrgs Ajrjkigs pgr jn @cu`, n` Qmjrr`

y jn @bemjltj kgbg jfj.Jst` ajkn`r`kml sj kglsjlsu kgl n` Kgbmsml _gpun`r pgr n` Ujkupjr`kml ajn @cu`, n`

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ZLK, mlvmt`lag ` tga`s n`s grc`lmz`kmgljs quj p`rtmkmp`rgl ajn hgrg, js ul jfjbpng aj

`rtmkun`kml y p`rtmkmp`kml

Q`beml jl jstj bmsbg `rtkung, sj pujaj gesjrv`r quj n` K_U@ prgpglj bgamhmk`kmgljs `n

smstjb` `ktu`n kgl rjspjktg `n `cu` kgbg ajrjkig.

Mlst`r `n jst`ag bulmkmp`n, prgvmlkm`n y l`kmgl`n `6

`) Ajkn`r`r jn `kkjsg `n `cu` jl k`ltma`a y k`nma`a suhmkmjltj ul ajrjkig iub`lg

hula`bjlt`n j ml`nmjl`enj.

e) Ajkn`r`r jn `cu` kgbg ul emjl lg suskjptmenj aj `prgpm`kml prmv`a` lm aj sjr sgbjtmag `

n`s njyjs ajn bjrk`ag y/g ku`nqumjr hml aj nukrg.

k) Jnjv`r ` r`lcg kglstmtukmgl`n n` mbpgsmemnma`a aj prmv`tmz`kml g kglkjsml ajn `cu` p`r`

usg y kglsubg aj n` pgen`kml, y aj ngs sjrvmkmgs aj s`lj`bmjltg jl su tgt`nma`a.

_gajbgs bjlkmgl`r ` ul` Kgbmsml L`kmgl`n jl Ajhjls` ajn `cu`, Gktuerj @zun, quj js6

Jn Gktuerj @zun js ul bjs mltjrl`kmgl`n aj bgvmnmz`kml jl kgltr` ajn kgltrg n

kgrpgr`tmvg ajn `cu` pgr p`rtj aj n`s cr`lajs kgbp``s y ul bjs aj `kkml p`r`

prgtjcjr jstj rjkursg quj pjrtjljkj ` tgags ngs sjrjs vmvgs .Jn ;0 aj Gktuerj aj 5??1

jn pujeng ajn Zrucu`y vgt ` h`vgr aj jlbjla`r su kglstmtukml p`r` rjkglgkjr jn `cu`

kgbg ul ajrjkig hula`bjlt n. Jl n` ktu`nma`a, n` kglstmtukml Zrucu`y` c`r`ltmz` jn

sjrvmkmg aj `cu` pgt`enj y s`lj`bmjltg p`r` tgag jn pujeng urucu`yg y prgiejjxprjs`bjltj quj ul` kgbp`` prmv`a` sj` prgvjjagr` ajn bmsbg.

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Kglknusmgljs

Kgbg kglknusml pgajbgs ajkmr quj, n` smtu`kml bulam`n, l`kmgl`n y prgvmlkm`n kgl

rjspjktg ` n` `kkjsmemnma`a `n `cu` kgbg ajrjkig js buy mrrjcun`r, kgbpnjf` y i`st` jl

`nculgs k`sgs k`tmk`. Qjlmjlag jl kujlt` lujstr` rj` cjgcrhmk` aj mlvjstmc`kml

pgajbgs ajkmr quj n` smtu`kml `ktu`n jl n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage` lg js n` quj sj pn`ltj`

jl n`s njyjs, lm sj `ajku` ` n`s rjkgbjla`kmgljs jl tgrlg `n rjscu`rag aj ngs ajrjkigs

iub`lgs jsjlkm`njs ajkrjt`ags pgr ngs grc`lmsbgs mltjrl`kmgl`njs (kgbg pgr jfjbpng n`

GLZ).

Grmjltg lujstrg tr`e`fg n` prjgkup`kml `kjrk` aj n` ljc`kml, ` cr`lajs crupgs

pgen`kmgl`njs, aj `kkjajr ` ul rjkursg iub`lg vmt`n kgbg js jn `cu`. Jl t`ltg y kgbg

rjkursg, jn `kkjsg `n `cu` sj kglhmcur` kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg esmkg vmlkun`ag ` n`

supjrvmvjlkm bmsb`. Jltjlajbgs quj ajtrs aj jst` smtu`kml jxmstjl kglamkmgl`ltjs

majgncmkgs pgntmkgs y jkglbmkgs quj sj jlb`rk`l jl n` jstruktur` k`pmt`nmst` y

ljgnmejr`n. Ajsaj amkig b`rkg sj kglsmajr` `n `cu` kgbg ul sjrvmkmg penmkg (b`ljf`ag

pgr k`pmt`njs prmv`ags), kgbg ul` bjrk`lk`.

Kgl rjspjktg ` ngs gefjtmvgs jspjkhmkgs aj jstj tr`e`fg, pgajbgs ajkmr, quj nujcg aj

i`ejr mlvjstmc`ag y i`ejr hgrb`ag ul b`rkg tjrmkg rjn`kmgl`ag `n tjb`, ngcr`bgs

jltjlajr quj buki`s aj n`s k`us`s quj rjstrmlcjl jn `kkjsg `n `cu` ` ngs i`emt`ltjs aj n`

prgvmlkm` aj Krage` sgl pgntmk`s y jkglbmk`s. Jst` prgenjbtmk` js kglsjkujlkm` aj

ul` ajhmkmjltj mlstrubjlt`kml aj n`s pgntmk`s penmk`s pgr p`rtj ajn Jst`ag.

Kgbg p`rtj aj lujstrg tr`e`fg y p`r` mla`c`r `kjrk` aj `ncul` `ntjrl`tmv` vm`enj p`r` jn

jst`ag aj smtu`kml `ktu`n ijbgs `l`nmz`ag n` prgpujst` aj n` njcmsn`agr` kgragejs` pgr jn

HMQ Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg. Jl su prgyjktg aj njy n` njcmsn`agr` prgpglj bgamhmk`r n` njy l`kmgl`n

vmcjltj. Jn prgyjktg aj njy `l`nmz` n` smtu`kml bulam`n, y sj prgpglj smclmhmk`r `n `cu`

kgbg ul ajrjkig vmt`n, ul emjl lg suskjptmenj aj `prgpm`kml prmv`a` lm aj sjr sgbjtmag `

n`s njyjs ajn bjrk`ag y/g ku`nqumjr hml aj nukrg.

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50

Emenmgcr`h`

Kggpjr`tmv` aj ger`s y sjrvmkmgs Ug Kje`nngs

ittp6//www.kggprk.kgb.`r/sjkkmgl/krmsms-imarmk`-5?007gkunt`r20(Hjki`6

;?/?9/5?0;4 Igr`6 16?? is)

Jn Ajrjkig `n @cu`.L`kmgljs Zlma`s .Ajrjkigs Iub`lgs. GB[

ittp6//www.gikir.grc/Agkubjlts/_uenmk`tmgls/H`kt[ijjt;:sp.pah (Hjki`6

;?/?9/5?0;4 Igr`6 16?? is)

Ajp`rt`bjltg aj @sultgs Jkglbmkgs y [gkm njs aj L`kmgljs Zlma`s (GLZ-A@J[)

ittp6//www.ul.grc/sp`lmsi/w`tjrhgrnmhjajk`aj/iub`lWrmcitWtgWw`tjr.sitbn

(Hjki`6 ;?/?9/5?0;4 Igr`6 16?? is)

[jkrjt`rm` aj @bemjltj y Ajs`rrgnng [ustjlt`enj aj n` L`kml

ittp6//www.`bemjltj.cgv.`r/7`pnmk`kmgl2lgrb`tmv`&MaLgrb`29??&Ma[jkkmgl2

? (Hjki`6 09/?=/5?0;4 Igr`6 ;6?? is)

Imargcjgngc`

ittp6//www.imargjkgngcm`.kgb.`r/mlajx.pip7`kkmgl2`rtmkung&maWk`tjcgrm`2:&m

aWtjb`25?&m asuetjb`2:=&maW`rtmkung2;??&jspmlc2jsp (Hjki`6

09/?=/5?0;4 Igr`6 ;6?? is)

Mlhgrbj sgerj n` cjstml ajn `cu` jl n` Ujpenmk` @rcjltml`

ittp6//www.jkn`k.kn/AULM/prgyjktgs/s`bt`k/Ml@r??5??.pah (Hjki`6

09/?=/5?0;4 Igr`6 ;6?? is)

Bmljr` ` Kmjng `emjrtg, `cu`, tjrrmtgrmg y s nua (pah)

@rrgfg @cuagk93eehj:-9009-1a;8.pah (Hjki`6 09/?=/5?0;4 Igr`6 ;6?? is)

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@ljxgs

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?98;1/N/?8

N@NJCM[N@QZU@ AJ N@_UGXMLKM@AJ KUAGE@

[@LKMGL@ KGL HZJUV@ AJ NJ]

@rtkung0.-Ajknrjsj jn submlmstrg aj `cu` pgt`enj emjl penmkg, sgkm`n y ajrjkig iub`lg jsjlkm`n lg sufjtg `

n`s rjcn`s aj bjrk`ag, jl kglkgra`lkm` kgl n` Ajkn`r`kml Zlmvjrs`n aj ngs Ajrjkigs Iub`lgs.

@rtkung5.-Ajknrjsj rjskmlamag jn kgltr`tg aj kglkjsml p`r` n` prgvmsml aj `cu` pgt`enj ` n` kmua`a aj

Krage` suskrmptg kgl n` jbprjs` @cu`s Kgragejs`s [.@.

@rtkung;.-Jl kglkgra`lkm` kgl n` k`aukma`a jst`enjkma` jl jn @rtkung5, sjaj rgc` n` njy L =53=, y tgag gtrg

mlstrubjltg njc`n quj sj gpglc` ` n` prjsjltj. Puja`l aj rgc`a`s, ` sm bmsbg, tga`s n`s lgrb`s, ajkrjtgs y

rjsgnukmgljs, kgbg `s t`beml n`s amspgsmkmgljs quj sj iuemjrjl amkt`ag, kgl rjn`kml ` amki` kglkjsml,

kgbg t`beml ` su hulkmgl`bmjltg y jxtjlsml.

@rtkung1.Kr`sjn` JB_UJ[@ _UGXMLKM@N aj [@LJ@BMJLQG (J._UG.[) aj n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`,

`utrqumk`, aj prgpmja`a ajn Jst`ag _rgvmlkm`n y aj cjstml penmk`, kgl p`rtmkmp`kml jl su `abmlmstr`kml y

amrjkkml aj usu`rmgs, tr`e`f`agrjs aj n` `ktmvma`a y jn jst`ag prgvmlkm`n.

@rtkung:.-Kr`sj jn [M[QJB@ LMKG aj [@LJ@BMJLQG (ajn `cu` kgbg rjkursg l`tur`n, su prjsjrv`kml,

prgtjkkml y usg iub`lg) ` k`rcg aj n` JB_UJ[@ _UGXMLKM@N aj [@LJ@BMJLQG (J._UG.[) aj n` _rgvmlkm`

aj Krage`.

@rtkung8.-Jlkglsjkujlkm`, pgr mbpjrmg aj jst` Njy, quml vmstj k`rktjr aj grajl penmkg, sj amspglj jn

mlbjam`tg rjkupjrg sml mlajblmz`kml `ncul`, aj n` tmtun`rma`a aj amki` kglkjsml aj n` kmua`a k`pmt`n.

@rtkung 3. - Kr`sj n` Kgbmsml aj Kgltr`ngr j Mlvjstmc`agr` Mlajpjlamjltj mltjcr`a` pgr rjprjsjlt`ltjs

aj ngs tr`e`f`agrjs y usu`rmgs, jnjcmags ajbgkrtmk`bjltj y kgl k`rcgs rjvgk`enjs, quj kglt`r kgl n`

`smstjlkm` aj ul Kujrpg aj @sjsgrjs kglhgrb`ag pgr prghjsmgl`njs j mlstmtukmgljs, ` tgags ngs jhjktgs quj

iuemjrj nuc`r.

@rtkung9.-N`Kgbmsmlajejrmlvjstmc`rjnprgkjsgnmkmt`tgrmgyngsamvjrsgspn`ljsaj`fustjajn smstjb`, kgl

k`p`kma`ay`trmeukmgljsp`r`rjk`e`r,kgnjkt`ryjxmcmrpruje`sajku`nqumjrjltma`au

grc`lmsbg,`hmlajsj`n`rngsamstmltgslmvjnjsajrjspgls`emnma`ajbjrcjltjs,t`ltg`abmlmstr`tmv`s, pjkulm`rm`s,

kmvmnjs y pjl`njs quj gk`smgl`rgl jn `ktu`n kgn`psg ajn smstjb`4 kgbg `s t`beml gtrgs

`spjktgsvmlkun`ags`nprgkjsgajprmv`tmz`kmlpgrn`squjsjgtgrc`rglngskgltr`tgsajkglkjsml`

h`vgrajnp`rtmkun`r.N`skglknusmgljsajjst`Kgbmsmlsjrlpujst sjlkglgkmbmjltgajn`Fustmkm` L`kmgl`n jl ng

Krmbml`n y Kgrrjkkmgl`n, y ` n` Njcmsn`tur` Zlmk`bjr`n aj n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`.

@rtkung=.-@ltjku`nqumjr`kkmlnjc`nqujpuja`surcmrjltrjn`JB_UJ[@_UGXMLKM@Naj[@LJ@BMJLQG(J._UG.[)ytjrkjrgs,qujsjaje`amrmbmrjltrjn`sp`rtjs,sjrjkglgkjkgbgbemtg

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aj`pnmk`kmlylmk`mlst`lkm`pjrtmljltj`ngsQrmeul`njsajn`_rgvmlkm`ajKrage`.Kgbgmlst`lkm` supjrmgr, p`r`

mltjrpgljr rjkursg, sj rjkglgkj kgbg bemtg jn Qrmeul`n [upjrmgr aj Fustmkm` aj n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`.

@rtkung 0?.- Jn Jst`ag _rgvmlkm`n rj`subj n` cjstml aj ngs emjljs, jstruktur`s gpjr`tmv`s y `abmlmstr`tmv`s,

quj kglhgrb`l `ktu`nbjltj ngs sjrvmkmgs aj prgvmsml aj `cu` pgt`enj, jl jn bemtg cjgcrhmkg aj n` kglkjsml,

aj emjl ag c`r`ltmz`r sj n` ulmvjrs`nma`a ajn sjrvmkmg, kgl n` suprjsml aj ngs kgrtjs, y suspjlsml aj rjb`tjs,

rji`emnmt`lag n` prgvmsml aj `cu` ` ngs sjktgrjs `hjkt`ags pgr ngs bmsbgs.

@rtkung00.-[j prgiej tga` amspgsmkml g `kkml ajstml`a` ` rjkgrt`r g jnmbml`r ngs ajrjkigs n`egr`njs

`aqumrmags, g n` prgaukkml amrjkt` g mlamrjkt` aj ajspmags aj pjrsgl`n, `hjkt`ag ` n`s t`rj`s aj ngs sjrvmkmgs

ajtjrbml`ags jl jst` lgrb`, quj sj ajsjbpj`e`l `n bgbjltg aj prgaukmrsj n` rjskmsml ajn kgltr`tg aj

kglkjsml t`n kgbg sj jstmpun` jl n` prjsjltj njy. [j rjkglgkjrl tgags ngs ajrjkigs ` `qujnngs tr`e`f`agrjs

quj sj ajsjbpj`e`l `n bgbjltg aj n` kglkjsml, kgbg rjp`r`kml imstrmk`.

@rtkung 05.- Kr`sj n` Kgbmsml Jspjkm`n aj Am`clstmkg y _rgyjktg aj [`lj`bmjltg , kgl furmsamkkml jl

tgag jn tjrrmtgrmg prgvmlkm`n, y `trmeukmgljs ` ngs hmljs ajn kgltrgn y sjcumbmjltg aj n` krmsms quj p`ajkjl jstgs

sjrvmkmgs, `s kgbg p`r` n` jn`egr`kml ajn prgyjktg aj ul` lujv` njy sgerj ngs sjrvmkmgs mlamk`ags, ` p`rtmr aj

amkig am`clstmkg, jl ul pn`zg aj lgvjlt` a`s.

@rt ku ng 0;.- N` Kgbmsml Jspjkm`n krj`a` jl jn `rtkung prjkjajltj, jst`r mltjcr`a` pgr rjprjsjlt`ltjs aj6

Amrjkkml _rgvmlkm`n aj @cu` y [`lj`bmjltg, tr`e`f`agrjs, usu`rmgs, ZLK y ZQL.

@rt ku ng01.-N` Kgbmsml Jspjkm`n, krj`a` jl jn @rtkung 05, tjlar n`s hml`nma`ajs y `trmeukmgljs smcumjltjs6

@) Kglhjkkmgl`r jl jn trbmlg aj =? a`s jn Mlhgrbj y Am`clstmkg sgerj n` smtu`kml `ktu`n ajn [jrvmkmg aj

@cu` _gt`enj y Ajs`cjs Kng`k`njs4 jn ku`n sjr jnjv`ag `n Bmlmstjrmg aj Ger`s y [jrvmkmgs _enmkgs aj n`

_rgvmlkm` y ` n` Njcmsn`tur` Zlmk`bjr`n aj n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage` p`r` su kglgkmbmjltg y kglsmajr`kml.

E) Jn`egr`r ul prgyjktg aj Njy ` ngs hmljs aj kglt`r kgl ul lujvg b`rkg lgrb`tmvg quj kgl tjbpnj jn

hulkmgl`bmjltg y ajs`rrgnng ajn sjrvmkmg jl ul pn`zg lg b`ygr ` ngs =?a`s, jn ku`n sjr jn jv`ag ` n`

Njcmsn`tur` Zlmk`bjr`n aj n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage` p`r` su tr`t`bmjltg y s`lkml, kglsmajr`lag n`s

gesjrv`kmgljs ijki`s pgr jn _gajr Jfjkutmvg.

@begs tr`e`fgs sjrl jnjv`ags `n _gajr Jfjkutmvg _rgvmlkm`n, qumjl jl ul pn`zg lg b`ygr ` 8?a`s ajejr

rjbmtmr ng, `kgbp``ag aj n`s kglsmajr`kmgljs quj nj bjrjzk`, ` n` Njcmsn`tur` Zlmk`bjr`n aj n` _rgvmlkm` ajKrage` p`r` su tr`t`bmjltg.

@rtkung 0:. - Aj hgrb`.

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Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg

HZLA@BJLQG[

N` rjkmjltj s`lkml aj n`njy=53=, pglj lujv`bjltj sgerj jn t`pjtj n` amskusml ajn prgenjb` ajn `cu`.

Lujstrg p`s, kgbg t`ltg lgsgtrgs, huj vktmb` aj n`s pgntmk`s ljgnmejr`njs aj ngs =?, sgstjlma`s pgr jn E`lkg

Bulam`n y jn HBM. Jst`s pgntmk`s sj` sjlt`rgl jl krmtjrmgs aj usg kgrrmjltj p`r` n` kglkjsml u gtgrc`bmjltg aj

lujvgs kramtgs rj hml`lkm`kmgljs aj ngs jxmstjltjs, ` k`bemg aj n` `pnmk`kml aj rjkjt`s p`r` `kimk`r jn

Jst`ag.

Js ajkmr, jst`s pgntmk`s, quj `njlt`e`l n` prmv`tmz`kml aj ngs sjrvmkmgs penmkgs, tuvmjrgl kgbg prmbjr rjsunt`ag

n` tr`lshjrjlkm` ajn b`ljfg aj ngs rjkursgs l`tur`njs aj b`lgs ajn jst`ag ` b`lgs prmv`a`s.

Kgbg kglsjkujlkm` ajrmv`a` aj ng `ltjrmgr, sj prgbgkml ul krmtjrmg pur`bjltj jkglgbmkmst` jl jn

tr`t`bmjltg aj jstj tjb`, js `s quj sj pmjraj aj vmst` jn k`rktjr aj Ajrjkig Iub`lg quj tmjlj jn `kkjsg `n

`cu`. [j gnvma` quj jn `cu` js smllmbg aj vma`. [j ajf`l aj n`ag jstgs kglkjptgs hula`bjlt`njs, y sj eusk`

ul b`ljfg pur`bjltj jkglbmkg jl ng `tmljltj ` n` prgvmsml aj jstj emjl. @n kglkjptg aj prgauktg sj `crjc`

jn aj knmjltj, y sj pmjraj vmst` jn v`ngr ajn kmua`a`lg, jn ku`n quja` b`rcml`ag aj ul smstjb` quj jl n`

jku`kml aj kgstgs ajs`tmjlaj ` ngs b`s pgstjrc`ags.

Jxmstjl prgenjb`s sgkm`njs mlsgsn`y`enjs. Lujstr` prgvmlkm`, quj `n mcu`n quj lujstrg p`s, tmjlj `ntgs lmvjnjs

aj pgerjz` y ajsjbpnjg, lg pujaj i`kjr k`sg g bmsg ` jst` rj`nma`a4 lg pujaj ajskglgkjr, quj ul` h`bmnm`

lubjrgs`, sml rjkursgs jkglbmkgs suhmkmjltjs, quja` rjaukma` ` kglamkmgljs aj mls`nuerma`a, quj ` n` n`rcrjpjrkutjl jl n` sgkmja`a tga`, ku`lag js sgbjtma` ` p`rbjtrgs aj `fustj jxtrjbg p`r` kgltrgn`r ul c`stg

mbprjskmlamenj aj n` vma` am`rm`.

Jn kgltr`tg vmcjltj jst`enjkj n` amvmsml pgr zgl`s, jskglamjlag k`sgs quj ajejr`l sjr kglsmajr`ags

pultu`nbjltj4 gtr`s vjkjs, n`s zgl`s prjsjlt`l k`r`ktjrstmk`s ajb`sm`ag ijtjrgclj`s quj lg `tmjlajl ` n`s

pgsmemnma`ajs jkglbmk`s aj qumjljs vmvjl ajltrg aj jnn`s, mltrgaukmjlag kn`r`s smtu`kmgljs aj mljquma`a6

*[j bgamhmk` jn `ktu`n rcmbjl t`rmh`rmg ejljhmkm`lag ` ngs bs rmkgs quj jl prgpgrkml p`c`rl

bjlgs quj ngs aj jsk`sgs rjkursgs. _gr jfjbpng ul e`rrmg kgbg Jbp`nbj, mlknumag jl Vgl` ;, quj

igy `egl` $00.81 pgr bjs kgl n` lujv` t`rmh` p`s`r ` p`c`r $;:.:8 bjlsu`njs. Gsj` 5??% aj`ubjltg.

*N` Jbprjs` jstmb` quj jn kglsubg aj `cu` sj smt` jl ulgs 5?b; prgbjamgs pgr knmjltj pgr bjs.

@ pjs`r aj quj jstj v`ngrjs aj pgr sjs k`sg, ngs k`rcgs hmfgs sjrl jl e`sj ` ul kglsubg

ajsgng0?b;pgrbjs, y jn rjstg pgr jlkmb` sjr kglsmajr ag jxkjajltj y sj `egl`r kgbg t`n, sjcl

jn rjcmstrg aj bjamagrjs pgr jn lujvg smstjb` bmkrg bjamkml.

*Gtrg jfjbpng js jn tjb` aj n`s p`rkjn`s g tjrrjlgs e`nags aj cr`lajs supjrhmkmjs quj sjcl jn

Bmlmstrg [`lt`rjnnm p`c`e`l hgrtul`s sgng pgr sjr ul cr`l tjrrjlg4 jltglkjs sj i` ulmhmk`ag y

ajtjrbml`ag ul k`rcg hmfg buy pjqujg jltrj : y 8pjsgs- mcu`n `lag ` ngs rmkgs aj ngs Kgultrys kgl

ngs tr`e`f`agrjs y fuemn`ags quj tmjljl ul tjrrjlmtg pjqujg jl ul e`rrmg iubmnaj. Q`beml jl jsgs

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Kgultrys y e`rrmgs kjrr`ags i`y bs ajn :?% aj prgpmja`ajs kglstruma`s kgl supjrhmkmjs aj

b`lsmgljs quj supjr`l ngs :??b5 y hmcur`l kgbg e`nags pgr g er`sm njc`njs lg rjcmstr`a`s, jl

aglaj vmvjl lubjrgsgs hulkmgl`rmgs y jbprjs`rmgs. @ quml sj ejljhmkm` y quml js jn quj bjlgs

p`c`7

_gr gtr` p`rtj, n` jbprjs` sj ejljhmkm` tga` vjz

quj6

*[j nj suspjlaj jn p`cg ajn K`lgl pgr ags `gs jl kn`rg ejljhmkmg kgbg hglag aj rjsjrv` ` hml aj

suesmam`r ` ngs sjktgrjs quj lg p`c`rl, p`r` quj n` jbprjs` smc` c`l`lag sukunjlt`s hgrtul`s,

cr`km`s ` jstj kgltr`tg.

@tjlajr jn prgenjb` ajn `cu` lg js hkmn, pgr jnng, i`y quj tgb`r kglkmjlkm` aj quj js ljkjs`rmg jlk`r`r ul

tr`e`fg mltjlsg, quj v ` bs `nn aj smbpnmhmk`r ` r`zl aj vgnbjljs, kgstgs y ejljhmkmgs4 js a`rnj ` k`a` ulg

ng suyg, y jstg ajsaj nujcg, lg sj v` ` pgajr i`kjr ajsaj ul Jst`ag ajscu`z`ag.

Lujstrg engquj, kglskmjltj aj n` mbpgrt`lkm` aj jstj tjb`, prgpglj ` tr`vs aj jstj prgyjktg aj njy, quj jn

Jst`ag rjkupjrj jn b`ljfg aj n` prgvmsml aj `cu` quj igy rj`nmz` n` kglkjsmgl`rm` @cu`s Kgragejs`s [@, quj

sj mlvjstmcuj (` tr`vs aj ul` Kgbmsml mlajpjlamjltj krj`a` ` t`n jhjktg) jn `kkmgl`r aj jst` hmrb` y ajn prgpmg

Jst`ag _rgvmlkm`n, jl ku`ltg `n kubpnmbmjltg ajn kgltr`tg grmcml`n, quj sj prjsjrvjl ngs ajrjkigs aj ngs

tr`e`f`agrjs, quj sj mbpunsj n` kglkrjkml aj ul pn`l mltjcr`n quj c`r`ltmkj n` `ajku`a` prgvmsml aj `cu` y jn

tr`t`bmjltg aj nqumags kng`k`njs p`r` ngs prxmbgs `gs, bjam`ltj n` kglstmtukml buntm sjktgrm`n aj ul`

kgbmsml quj sj `egquj `n jstuamg aj jstj prgenjb` p`r` hml`nbjltj, ` tr`vs aj n` jbprjs` jst`t`n (J._UG.[)

jn Jst`ag v` y ` rjtgb`lag kgbg prgpm` n` t`rj` aj [`lj`bmjltg jl n` _rgvmlkm` aj Krage`.

Ngs rjkmjltjs k`sgs aj @cu`s @rcjltml`s, @cu`s aj [`lt` Hj, bs `trs jl jn tmjbpg @cu`s aj Qukubl, ngs

kglgkmags k`sgs Egnmvm`lgs aj Jn @ntg y Kgki`e`be`, lgs pjrbmtj prjajkmr kun sjr jn huturg aj n` Kmua`a aj

Krage` sm lg sj tgb`l n`s bjama`s urcjltjs quj prgpgljbgs.

Zl smstjb` t`rmh`rmg mlvm`enj, n` h`nt` aj rjspujst` jl ku`ltg ` ul pn`lj`bmjltg jstr`tcmkg ajn rjkursg, n`s `

lgrb`nma`ajs ajtjkt`a`s jl ku`ltg ` n` k`nma`a ajn `cu` submlmstr`a`, ngs klgljs `ajua`ags pgr n`

prjst`t`rm`, n`s aua`s sgerj n`s mlvjrsmgljs rj`nmz`a`s, jtk. sgl k`us`njs quj fustmhmk`l n` urcjltj ljkjsma`a aj

a`rnj kursg h`vgr`enj `n prjsjltj prgyjktg.

_gr jstgs y gtrgs bgtmvgs quj gpgrtul`bjltj jxpglarjbgs `n bgbjltg aj su tr`t`bmjltg js quj sgnmkmt`bgs n`` prge`kml ajn prjsjltj prgyjktg.

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JLQUJXM[Q@[ UJ@NMV@A@[ _GU JN JPZM_G AJ MLXJ[QMC@KML

Jltrjvmst` Hjrl`lag E`rr6 Emngcg, B`cmstjr jl B`ljfg aj Xma` [mnvjstrj y Agktgr jl Kmjlkm`s Emgncmk`s pgr

n` Zlmvjrsma`a L`kmgl`n aj Krage`. [j ajsjbpj` kgbg Mlvjstmc`agr @smstjltj ajn Kglsjfg L`kmgl`n aj

Mlvjstmc`kmgljs Kmjlthmk`s y Qklmk`s (KGLMKJQ). @ajbs js _rghjsgr aj n` Ktjar` aj _rgenjbtmk`@bemjlt`n, HKJHyL y ajn Kjltrg aj Jkgngc` y Ujkursgs L`tur`njs Ujlgv`enjs (KJUL@U), `begs

pjrtjljkmjltjs ` n` H`kunt`a aj Kmjlkm`s Jx`kt`s, Hsmk`s y L`tur`njs aj n` Zlmvjrsma`a L`kmgl`n aj Krage`.

E`rrm6 tjlar`l quj eusk`r jl Cggcnj jspjkm`nmst` jl `kkjsg `n `cu`, js ul igberj quj a` ki`rn`s jl n`s

jbprjs`s sgerj n` rjspgls`emnma`a ajn cu`, sj nn`b` rjspgls`emnma`a jbprjs`rm`n `ncg `s, jltglkjs, j sm ul

igberj quj i` jstuam`ag bukig, yg fustg jl n` r`amg jskukij ul` ki`rn` buy eujl`.

Jn tjb` aj n` `kkjsmemnma`a js ul `spjktg quj tmjlj quj vjr kgl, quj sj yg, pgr jfjbpng vgs tjls pgen`kmgljs

`msn`a`s ajn lgrgjstj aj krage` quj lg tmjljl `kkjsg `n `cu` pgrquj sgl zgl`s rma`s y jn cgemjrlg jn jst`ag

lg sj prjgkup` pgr jsgs sjktgrjs y lg njs h`kmnmt` bjamgs p`r` `kkjajr `n `cu` y` sj`l n`s k`jr`s p`r` qujnnjcuj jn `cu` smstjb` aj tr`t`bmjltg, jtk. jtk. Js` js ul` p`rtj ajn prgenjb`. N` gtr` p`rtj ajn prgenjb` tmjlj

quj vjr kgl jn rjkursg jl s, jn `cu` js ul rjkursg rjlgv`enj, ustjajs s`ejl quj js kknmkg, tmjlj ul smkng, pjrg

quj ajpjlaj aj quj jsj kmkng jstj jl eujl`s kglamkmgljs, esmk`bjltj ` quj vgy, yg lg s sm jstg ng i`erl

vmstg jl n` b`tjrm` pjrg lgsgtrgs ajsaj n` emgngc` lgs cust` i`en`r aj ngs sjrvmkmgs jkg smstbmkgs js ajkmr,

ku`lag i`en`bgs ajn bjamg `bemjltj, aj egsqujs y ajbs ajkmbgs quj ermla`l sjrvmkmgs, ulg aj ngs sjrvmkmgs

quj ermla` js n` prgaukkml aj `cu` ` n` pgen`kml pgr jfjbpng, `igr` jst`bgs jl mlvmjrlg. [7 I`kj lg s, ul

bjs ags bjsjs quj lg nnujvj suplc`lsj, sm yg bj vgy `n rmg smcuj vmlmjlag `cu` lg kmjrtg, jltglkjs js` `cu`

aj aglaj s`nj sm lg nngvm, js` `cu` js `cu` quj nngvm jl vjr`lg y quja` rjtjl` jl n`s bglt``s y jl kglfultg

kgl n` vjcjt`kml l`tmv`, jn sujng bs n` vjcjt`kml i`kjl kgbg ul t`lquj, ul jhjktg jspglf` quj sj nn`b`,

quja` rjtjlmag.

Jrmk6 kgbg ul amquj l`tur`n.

E`rr6 kn`rg pjrg quja` rjtjlmag jl jn sujng y jsg pjrbmtj quj tjlc`bgs `cu` tgag jn tmjbpg y kgbg tjljbgs

ul` smtu`kml knmbtmk` b`rk`a` amc`bgs, aj nnuvm`, ku`lag i`kj h`nt` `cu` js jl n` pgk` quj lg nnujvj.

Jltglkjs jl n`s zgl`s sjrr`l`s quj i` krjkmag bukig n` ure`lmz`kml6 n` kmjrr`s kimk`s, fulqumnng, rmg Kje`nngs,

K`rngs p`z, s`l @ltglmg, jtk. Puj p`s`, ku`lag vmjlj jn mlvmjrlg y h`nt` `cu` i`y krmsms iarmk`, tmjlj quj vjr kgl

quj jn rjkursg js nmbmt`ag.

Jltglkjs js ul agenj prgenjb`6 jn rjkursg js nmbmt`ag, k`a` vjz bs cjltj ajb`la` jsg y ` su vjz jn t`lquj

aj `cu`, mb`cljlsj quj ustjajs tmjljl ul t`lquj aj `cu` jl su k`s`, sm yg ajfg quj sj ajcr`aj, quj sj r`fj,

quj sj pmjra` `cu`, lg n` vgy ` tjljr amspglmenj, eujlg jsg js ng quj jst`bgs i`kmjlag ngs kgragejsjs kgl n`

kujlk`, n` kujlk` js ul` zgl` aj blt`n` quj k`pt` js` `cu`, n` jst`bgs ajcr`a`lag pgr ajhgrjst`kml, pgr

sgerjp`stgrjg, pgr quj `v`lz` n` ure`lmz`kml.

sj` lg jst`bgs kuma`lag jn rjkursg y jn rmjscg quj sj kgrrj js quj ulg pmjra` jn rjkursg. [j jltmjlaj7

Jltglkjs js` js gtr` prgenjbtmk` quj i`y quj, n` jst`bgs `egra`lag, jltglkjs, ng quj yg pujag i`kjr `igr`

js bgstr`rnjs jstj pgajr p`r` quj ng jltmjla`l, p`r` quj ng tjlc`l, p`s`rnjs ul p`r aj kglt`ktgs aj cjltj, aj

ul` kgnjc` quj js emngc` yg njs p`sg jn b`mn ustjajs nj amkjl quj js aj bm p`rtj, quj jnn` jst kgn`egr`lag jln` kggpjr`tmv` aj `cu` aj rmg Kje`nngs, tmjlj ngs knkungs sgerj jstj tjb`, ajspus njs vgy ` p`s`r jn b`mn aj

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ulgs kimkgs, yg jstgy jl n` ktjar` aj prgenjbtmk` `bemjlt`n, quj imkmjrgl ul tr`e`fg sgerj jn tjb` ajn `cu`,

p`r` quj ustjajs sj kgljktjl kgl jnngs njs p`sjl mlhgrb`kml.

Njs vgy ` p`s`r ul `rtkung aj ul mlvjstmc`agr jsp`gn quj js emjl mltjrjs`ltj pgrquj jn i`en` aj n`s k`tjcgr`s

ajn `cu`, n amkj, eujlg sm jn `kkjsg `n `cu` js ul prgenjb` y ` su vjz tmjlj quj sjr ul ajrjkig, tjljbgs quj,

kgbg sgkmja`a, cjljr`r k`tjcgr`s, jltglkjs n amkj, eujlg ul` js jn ajrjkig esmkg, jn ajrjkig quj tgags

tjljbgs `n `cu`, quj lg sj bjrk`ltmnmkj js` pgsmemnma`a aj `kkjsg `n `cu`, ajspus amkj, i`y qumjl nukr` kgl jn

`cu`, nukr` jl qu sjltmag6 ul `crmkuntgr sm rmjc` kgl `cu` aj ul` l`p` pgr jfjbpng y s`k` ul` c`l`lkm` pgr jsg

quj jst prgaukmjlag tjlar` quj p`c`r ul pgkg bs quj jn rjstg, g `ncumjl quj nnjl` n` pmnjt` aj ul kgltrm, js

ncmkg amc`bgs, pgrquj sm lg js` pjrsgl` jst utmnmz`lag ul `cu` jxtr` p`r` ul ejljhmkmg quj gtrgs lg n` v`l `

tjljr y ajspus amkj, jst jn `cu` kgbg ajnmtg, jn `cu` kgbg ajnmtg quj mbpnmk`6 `qujn quj ajstruyj g utmnmz` jn

`cu` p`r` ul ejljhmkmg jkglbmkg pjrg ng lmkg quj ajf` sgl jxtjrl`nma`ajs `bemjlt`njs, js ajkmr sgl a`gs,

pgr jfjbpng ul` bjc` bmljr`, n` bmljr` sj tj nnjv` tgag jn grg aj n` bglt``, p`r` jsg us` tga` jn `cu`, ajf`

sml `cu` ` n`s pgen`kmgljs.

Bj jltmjlajl7 Jltglkjs jn i`en` aj k`tjcgr`s y jst eujlg quj ng nj`l ng tjlc`l jl kujlt` y ng mlkgrpgrjl.

Jltglkjs yg p`r` jbpjz`r ng quj `rm` js h`kmnmt`rnjs tga` jst` mlhgrb`kml p`r` quj ustjajs aj `ncul` b`ljr`

sj v`nn`l bjtmjlag jl n` prgenjbtmk` y v`nn`l njyjlag, v`nn`l vmjlag amstmlt`s `rmst`s ajn prgenjb` y ul` vjz quj

tjlc`l tgag jsg njag y `l`nmz`ag y` punjl ul pgkg bs quj js ng quj ustjajs qumjrjl ajtjrbml`r, pgrquj i`y

kgs`s quj y` jstl ajtjrbml`a`s y i`y gtr`s quj lg jltglkjs jst`r` eujlg quj ustjajs i`c`l ul `pgrtj jl

jsj sjltmag. ]g tjlcg ul kgnjc` quj vmvj jl s`n sm pujajs, t`beml js jkngcg, jltglkjs jn imzg ul` vjz ul

knkung aj ku`ltg njs me` ` kgst`r ` ngs i`emt`ltjs aj s`n sm pujajs, sm sj ajcr`a` n` kujlk`, kgbpr`r `cu`.

Q`beml ku`lag ulg i`en` aj n`s jxtjrl`nma`ajs, ngs kgstgs aj ngs sjrvmkmgs jkg smstbmkgs, quj pujajl sjrkgs`s lujv`s p`r` ustjajs, ulg ng i`kj, pgrquj ng bjlkmglg, pgrquj ku`lag, kgbg jstg, n` `abmlmstr`kml aj

ul rjkursg t`l mbpgrt`ltj kgbg jn `cu` ajejr` sjr ul` pgntmk` penmk`, ku`lag amcg ul` pgntmk` puenmk` jn

jst`ag sj ajejr` i`kjr k`rcg aj i`kjrn`s kgs`s emjl, n`bjlt`enjbjltj jn jst`ag jl krage` n`s i`kj b`n y

smjbprj n`s imzg b`n, jn `bemjltj lg jltmjlajl l`a`, lg njs mltjrjs`, js purg b`rdjtmlc vjraj pn`lt`l ul p`r aj

`regnmtgs jxtmkgs jl `ncl n`ag y l`a` bs. _jrg ku`lag vgs ngcr`s quj n` sgkmja`a jltmjla` quj sm vgs tjbjs

ul` b`n` pgntmk` `bemjlt`n y ajcr`a`s n` kujlk` jsg sj tr`aukj jl kgstgs jkglbmkgs y sm i`en`gs aj kgstgs

jkglbmkgs jst`bgs i`en`lag aj kgstgs sgkm`njs, quj n` cjltj sj njv`ltj p`r` rjkn`b`r y i`y` n mg y kglhnmktg

qumjl tgb` ajkmsmgljs ajejr` tjljr ul pgkg bs aj mltjnmcjlkm` y ajkmr kglvmjlj `abmlmstr`r emjl jstj rjkursg

pgrquj sm lg n`s kglsjkujlkm`s sgl ljc`tmv`s.

Jltglkjs v`bgs ` i`kjr ul` kgs`, `igr` v`bgs ` n` kgbp` yg njs vgy ` p`s`r `ncul` mlhgrb`kml p`r` quj n`

v`nn`l njyjlag y ajspus jl tgag k`sg, yg bj qujag njyjlag jstg p`r` ajspus a`rnjs ul pgqumtg bs aj

grmjlt`kml. Jl hulkml aj jsg ustjajs v`nn`l punmjlag jn npmz aj ng quj qumjrjl vjr.

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Jltrjvmst` ` Bjnms` Cmgrcm6 Emngc`, tr`e`f`agr` j mlvjstmc`agr` jl n` kggpjr`tmv` aj Ug Kje`nngs.

@ermn6 Qj kglt`bgs ul pgkg kgbg js, jn kgnj sj jspjkm`nmz` jl l`tur`njs quj tmjlj ul` b`tjrm` q sj nn`b`

prgyjktg `bemjlt`n y jstj `g vjbgs tga`s n`s prgenjbtmk`s `bemjlt`njs, kgl rjn`kml ` bmljr` kmjng `emjrtg,

ajhgrjst`kml, `cu`, ng quj p`sg jl Mtumz`lc, lgsgtrgs jl jn crupg lgs jspjkm`nmz`bgs bs jl jn `cu` y

s`ejbgs quj jn tjb` `cu` js buy cr`laj y lgsgtrgs jst`bgs vmjlag jn `cu` jl krage`, qujr`bgs vjr bs jn

`cu` kgbg ajrjkig, y `ajbs n` p`rtj jkglbmk`, y pgrquj jn `cu` sj p`c` sm js ul ajrjkig y tjljbgs q

prjsjlt`r ul tr`e`fg jl gktuerj y tjljbgs q i`kjr ul` tutgr` kgl `ncumjl jspjkm`nmz`ag jl jn tjb` quj lgs v`nn`

`yua`lag y quj tjlc`bgs v`rmgs jlkujltrgs p`r` pgajr grc`lmz`rlgs bjfgr, y qujrjbgs quj lgs amc`s `ncg

p`r` s`ejr bs ajn tjb`.

Bjnmss`6 Bmrjl yg njs kujltg yg vmvg jl rgs Kje`nngs y bs i`y` aj sjr emngc`, i`kj v`rmgs `gs q jstgy jl n`

kggpjr`tmv` aj `cu` aj rgs Kje`nngs y jl jsj tr`lskursg ulg v` `prjlamjlag aj n` prgenjbtmk`, y jstg jn `cu`

kgbg ajrjkig jst` eujlg tjljrng kgbg ul kgltjxtg aj ngs prmlkmp`njs prgenjb`s `bemjlt`njs y quj jstl ulg `n

n`ag aj gtrg y tmjlj quj vjr bukig kgbg lgsgtrgs sjrjs iub`lgs ijbgs mag krjkmjlag y kgbulmklaglgs kgl

js` l`tur`njz` y i`y ul `utgr quj lg rjkujrag emjl kgbg sj nn`b` krjg quj sj nn`b` Ugcjr S`ntjr quj js ul

jkglgbmst` aj jst`ags ulmags y jn jbpmjz` ` i`en`r quj lgsgtrgs jste`bgs ` `kgstuber`ag ` pjls`r q jn

`cu` jr` mlhmlmt` kgbg lg us`rn` y jl cjljr`n `ncg n`rcg aj n` imstgrm` aj n` iub`lma`a g mlknusg jl krage` lm sj

p`c`e` pgr jn `cu` pgrquj r`bgs pgkgs y rjn`tmv`bjltj p`ce`bgs pgkg y jn `kkjsg ` jstg ajpjla` ajn

nuc`r bs g bjlgs smbpnj y ` bjama` q humbgs krjkmjlag y jn `bemjltj sj huj ajcr`a`lag jl jstj kgltjxtg aj

krage` quj js ul `bemjltj sjbm rmag jn `cu` sj huj i`kmjlag bs jsk`s` y `k jbpmjz` ` fuc`r n` ajb`la`

y n` ghjrt` aj `cu` `s vmlagng krujnbjltj kgbg jkglbmk`bjltj.

] ajspus kgbg jn `kkjsg `n `cu` lg js ulmhgrbj ` p`rtmr aj ul jst`ag quj mltjlt` rjcun`r p`r` q jsj `kkjsg

sj` aj `ncul` b`ljr` sj` jqumt`tmv` y aj jst` b`ljr` jbpmjz` ` fuc`r jst` sjrmjs aj rjcn`s aj kbgamstrmeumrngs, kgbg nnjv`rng, lg js ng bmsbg tjljr `cu` kgbl q `cu` pgt`enj q `cu` bmljr`n q sgl kgs`s

amstmlt`s y jl jsj tr`skursg q n` pgen`kml huj krjkmjlag y ajcr`a`lag n` l`tur`njz` `p`rjkjl kgs`s kgbg buy

mbpgrt`ltj ` lmvjn bulam`n q js n` ajkn`r`kml aj n` GLZ kgbg `cu` kgbg ajrjkig, pjrg ku`lag i`en`bgs `cu`

kgbg ajrjkig ulmvjrs`n sgl jltrj 1? y 8? nmtrgs pgr pjrsgl`s pgr a` lg js quj ul` pjrsgl` puja` us`r jn `cu`

kgbg qumjr`, jn `cu` js ul ajrjkig pjrg aj quj jst`bgs i`en`lag ku`lag jn `cu` js ul ajrjkig sjcl n` GLZ

js jsg

Jrmk6 [j nmbmt`

Bjnms`6 [j nmbmt` jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig ulmvjrs`n quj js jltrj 1? y 8? nmtrgs pgr pjrsgl` y jltglkjs ku`lag jn`kkjsg rjstrmlcmag y jn `ubjltg aj ul` pgen`kml js tr`t`r aj eusk`r ul` hgrb` p`r` quj tgag jn bulag tjlc`

`kkjsg ` jsg blmb`bjltj, tjlmjlag jl kujlt` quj jn `cu` js ul rjkursg hmlmtg y jsg js ng quj tjljbgs y quj

tjljbgs quj `abmlmstr`r y js kgbg quj ul bgltl aj cjltj jkglgbmst`s quj i`en`l ajn tjb` y i`y ulg quj js

buy mbpgrt`ltj j mltjrjs`ltj quj jstuvg i`kj ulgs `gs `k quj js ul jsp`gn quj sj nn`b` `rrgfg `cuag,

ajspus nj b`lag jn tr`e`fg pgr jb`mn.

@er6 sm e`rr lgs i`en ajn pjrg lg s`e` emjl jn lgberj aj jstj jsp`gn

Bjnms`6 sm, jn i`en` kgbg amstmlt`s k`tjcgr`s aj `cu`, cjljr`nbjltj ku`lag lgsgtrgs a`bgs ki`rn` i`en`bgs aj

jstg, `ajbs gtrg jkglgbmst` quj nj i`en`e` `ltjs i`en` bukig aj kultg v`nj jn `cu`, quj js ul` prjcult`

aj qu pgrquj tjljbgs quj p`c`r jn `cu` sm js ul ajrjkig y jn i`en`, pgr jfjbpng6 jl n` imstgrm` aj rgs

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Kje`nngs jn `kkjsg `n `cu` pgt`enj js aj i`kj pgkgs `gs, `ltjs tjl` sgng `cu` aj pgzg y ajbs y ` bjama`

quj n` pgen`kml v` krjkmjlag n`s l`p`s sj v`l kglt`bml`ag b`s jltglkjs js bs kgbpnjfg quj pujaj tr`jr

jlhjrbja`ajs kgbg c`strgjltjrmtms, am`rrj` quj jr`l buy hrjkujltjs jl jst` pgen`kml y rjkml jl ngs ntmbgs

`gs i`y `cu` pgt`enj y js` `cu` pgt`enj, rjamstrmeumrn` y prgaukmrn` tmjlj ul kgstg y jst` pjrsgl`, jstj

jkglgbmst` ng quj i`en` quj jsj kgstg lg js sgng jxtr`jr jn `cu` y pgt`emnmz`rn`, smlg t`beml kuma`r n` kujlk`,

b`ljf`rn` sustjlt`enjbjltj y jltglkjs ku`lag ulg v` mlkgrpgr`lag jsgs kgstgs jl jn v`ngr `n `cu`, jn v`ngr

krjsj jxpgljlkm`nbjltj y sm ulg lg ng kgltjbpn` sj tjrbml` ajcr`a`lag y quj jl rj`nma`a ulg lg s`ej kulag

v`nj jn `cu` y sgl tga`s kujstmgljs buy lujv`s ` lmvjn sgkm`n quj sj jstl amskutmjlag kgbg n` imstgrm` quj nj

kglt`e` `ltjs, huj buy rpmag quj lgs ambgs kujlt` quj jn `cu` jr` buy jsk`s` y i`y buki` cjltj q lg tmjlj

kglkmjlkm` y qumzs ustjajs quj jstl jl jn kgnjcmg tjlc` bs kglkmjlkm` quj cjltj bs cr`laj y quj jstl

`kgstuber`ag ` tjljr `cu` e`r`t` kgbp`r`a` kgl gtrgs nuc`rjs aj Jurgp`, jltglkjs ngs kgstgs y aj kbg

amstrmeumrngs tmjlj quj vjr kgl vmvmr jl jst` sgkmja`a kgl ul rjkursg nmbmt`ltj y i`y q tr`t`r q jsj v`ngr blmbg aj

`cu` sj` jqumt`tmvg p`r` tgags

@ermn6 Xgs sus emngc` y tj jspjkm`nmz`stj jl jn `cu` g lg7

Bjnms`6 Lg, yg sgy emngc` j imkj ul agktgr`ag jl n` vjcjt`kml aj krage`, h`ktgrjs quj n` kglamkmgl`l y

ajbs4 y `igr` jstgy jbpjz`lag ` vjr kgbg n`s amstmlt`s tmpgs aj kglvjrtmr vjcjt`n mlhnuyjl jl n` amspglmemnma`a

ajn `cu` jl Krage`. Qjljbgs v`rm`s lgt`s jl jn k`l`n agkj y tjljbgs ulgs nuc`rjs, ulg js p`bp` aj `ki`n`

y rjkml `igr` jst`bgs jbpjz`lag jl rmg Kje`nngs y p`rtmkun`rbjltj v`bgs ` jstuam`r kgbg n`s jspjkmjs

njgs`s mlv`sgr`s, vmjrgl q ` vjkjs sj amvmajl jl jspjkmjs l`tmv`s y jxtmk`s q sgl tr`a`s aj gtrg nuc`r, JF6

Jurgp`, jst`ags ulmags, jtk.4 kgbg jn smjbprj vjraj, jn pmlg quj sgl tr`ags aj gtrg nuc`r y sgl pn`lt`ags `k,

pgr kujstmgljs kgbjrkm`njs g ng quj sj`.

Ku`lag js`s pn`lt`s g `lmb`njs sj amspjrs`l sml quj lgsgtrgs n` pn`ltjbgs y rjcujbgs sgl n`s mlv`sgr`s, yjs`s jspjkmj k`bem`l ngs kmkngs aj lutrmjltjs aj n` tmjrr`, n` hngr` n` h`ul` y ajbs, pgr jsg i`y bukigs

prgkjsgs ajn jkgsmstjb` q sj k`bem` y jltrj jnngs js jn `cu` y pgr jsg v`bgs jbpjz`r ` jstuam`r jsg jl n`s

smjrr`s kimk`s. ] jl kujstmgljs aj `cu` y b`ljfg y ng pgkg q sj ng `prjla aj jst`r jl n` kggpjr`tmv`.

Ku`lag ulg jbpmjz` ` vjr n` p`rtj jstj fulqumnng, bulam`nmz` tga`s js`s zgl`s q i`l krjkmag jxpgljlkm`nbjltj

bukig bs q gtr`s kmua`ajs, pgr jfjbpng n` k`pmt`n aj krage` y quj tmjlj buy pgk` amspglmemnma`a aj `cu`,

jltglkjs i`y bukigs nuc`rjs q sj `e`stjkjl kgl k`bmgljs g nuc`rjs quj i`y kgrtjs rgt`tmvgs aj `cu`4 i`kj

ulgs `gs jn amquj aj n` qujer`a` quj js buy kimkg, e`fg bukig y ul` sgnukml huj tr`jr `cu` aj n` k`njr`,

i`kjr ul` kgljxml aj n` k`njr` ` n` qujer`a` y jsg sj nn`b` `tr`vjs`bmjltg aj kujlk` y jsg sj i` ijkig jl

v`rmgs nuc`rjs aj Jurgp` y cjljr` ul krjkmbmjltg jxpgljlkm`n jl ul nuc`r pgr n` jxpjkt`tmv` aj `cu` y kglhnmktgs

sgkm`njs jltrj n`s kmua`ajs, y kgbg jn cgemjrlg lg tmjlj ul` pgntmk` kn`r` ajn b`ljfg y n` `abmlmstr`kml jltrj

n`s kmua`ajs y rjcun`kmgljs aj kbg ajej krjkjr ul` kmua`a jsg sj kgbpnmk` `l bs.

_gr jsg jn b`ljfg ajn `cu` js kgbpnjfg, y n` p`rtj pgntmk` jl cjljr`n i` smag `abmlmstr`a` kgbg tgb`bgs `cu`

aj ul n`ag y n` pglc`bgs jl gtrg n`ag, y sml b`ltjljrn`, pgr jsg n`s rjajs aj amstrmeukml aj `cu` tmjljl jltrj

;? y ;: `gs y sgl ul` jspjkmj aj kgn`agr. ] gtr` kgs` q lg ijbgs ijkig kgbg kmua`a`lg js bjamr sm jsgs

smstjb`s sgl jhmkmjltjs g lg, `k jl krage` sgl buy pgkgs ngs nuc`rjs quj tmjljl bjamagr, jn `cu` lg n`

kger`l pgr ng quj bjas smlg pgr n` supjrhmkmj q js ul` grajl`lz` vmjf`, i`y` jl rmg Kje`nngs sj kger` pgr

kglsubg y ` r`z aj tgag ng quj yg nj kglt`e` imkmbgs ul jstuamg y tjljbgs ul` t`rmh` jxpgljlkm`n aglaj jn

v`ngr ajn nmtrg krjsj jxpgljlkm`nbjltj ` bjama` quj ulg kglsubj bs, js buy e`r`tg jl ul jsk`nl quj sj

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nn`b` blmbg, pjrg ajspus ku`lag ulg kglsubj ;? bjtrg kuemkg pgr bjs, jl vjz aj p`c`r 0 pjsg v` ` p`c`r

5.:? pjsgs y ` bjama` quj v`s p`s`lag jstgs jsk`ngljs js bs `crjsmvg.

@ermn6 jsg js kgbg quj tj nmbmt`l y tmjljl kglkmjlkm` quj jn `cu` tmjlj quj kuma`rsj

Bjnms`6 Kn`rg, pgrquj sm jn v`ngr pgr nmtrg pgr n`v`r n` njkiuc` s`nj ng bmsbg quj nnjl`r ul` pmnjt`, y n` prjcult` js

sm v`nj ng bmsbg7 y jstg cjljr` ul` cr`l amskusml.

_`r` quj lg v`nc` ng bmsbg ng quj sj i`kj js quj ul pmsg blmbg aj `cu` v`nc` buy e`r`tg y ng gtrg buy k`rg y

gtr`s kgs`s quj i`y js quj i`y grajl`lz`s quj prgiejl nnjl`ags aj pmnjt`s kgl `cu` aj rja, pgrquj jn `cu`

pgt`enj tmjljl ul kgstg `ntg, pgrquj pgt`emnmz`rn` js k`rg.

Jl jn b`ljfg ajn `cu` i`y `ncg quj sj nn`b` `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a` quj js yg tjlcg ul amquj g ul t`lquj aj

0??? nmtrgs y yg amstrmeuyg jsgs 0??? nmtrgs, pjrg ` ng bjfgr nnjc` l`a` bs quj =? nmtrgs, js` amhjrjlkm` jltrj ng

quj s`nm aj ul nuc`r y ng quj lg nnjcg sj nn`b` `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a`. ] js ul mlamk`agr p`r` vjr kul jhmkmjltj

sgl n`s rjajs quj amstrmeuyjl jn `cu`, pujaj sjr quj lg n` jst bmamjlag g quj sj v`nn` pgr rgtur`s jl n` k`jr`.

Jsg imstrmk`bjltj jst`e` emjl pjls`r quj jr` ul 1? % jl ul smstjb` pjrg lulk` sj bmag. @igr` jl rmg

Kje`nngs ku`lag lgsgtrgs bjambgs js `nrjajagr aj 1? %, pjrg `n vjr`lg p`s` `n :? % g jn 8? % y js buki`

`cu` y jl ul nuc`r aglaj jn `cu` js jsk`s` js ngkg pjls`r quj lg sjp`bgs ` aglaj v`. ] jl gtrgs nuc`rjs ajn

bulag kgbg jl Jurgp` jn `cu` lg kglt`emnmz`a` js aj ul : ` 0; % y nnjc`r `n ;? % p`r` lgsgtrgs js ul cr`l

ajs`hg.

Jn `kujauktg quj tr`s `cu` ajn amquj aj ngs bgnmlgs sgng jn ;? g jn 1? % ajn `cu` nnjc` hml`nbjltj, pgrquj i`y

`cu` quj sj pmjraj pgrquj jst rgtg jn `kujauktg g quj sj jv`pgr`.

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Jltrjvmst` ` Nmnm`l` Gnmvjrg6 js ul` pgntmk` `rcjltml`4 bmjberg jnjktmv` aj n` njcmsn`tur` prgvmlkm`n aj

n` prgvmlkm` aj Krage` (@rcjltml`).

Js bmjberg ajn p`rtmag Mzqumjra` [gkm`nmst` (@rcjltml`).

Huj jnjkt` jl 5??;, y rjjnjkt` jl 5??3 y jl 5?00, js` ntmb` vjz kgbg k`lama`t` ajn Hrjltj aj Mzqumjra` y aj

ngs Qr`e`f`agrjs. Huj k`lama`t` ` cgejrl`agr` jl 5??3, k`lama`t` `ktu`n ` sjl`agr` l`kmgl`n.

@ermn6 [gbgs `nublgs ajn kgnjcmg Ujpuenmk` aj Mt`nm`, tjljbgs kgbg prghjsgr ` B`rm`lg K`rrmzg, lgsgtrgs jl n`

prktmk` aj prgyjktg `bemjlt`n jst` `g js prgenjb`s `bemjlt`njs, jl lujstrg k`sg js kgbg `cu` kgbg

ajrjkig.

B`tm6 Lgsgtrgs jl kmjlkm`s L`tur`njs, sj amvmaj jl kgbulmk`kml y kmjlkm`s l`tur`njs, tgags ngs `gs jl 1tg, :tg

y 8tg sj amvmajl jl prgyjktgs jl n` prktmk`, sjxu`nma`a, argc`s, prgenjb`s `bemjlt`njs.

Nmnm6 quj i`kjl7

@ermn6 i`kjbgs ul prgyjktg quj ng tjljbgs quj prjsjlt`r jn 5? aj gktuerj, ` aglaj lgsgtrgs ng prjsjlt`bgs.

@ltjs lgsgtrgs ng prjsjlte`bgs ` ngs kimkgs aj kmkng esmkg. _jrg jstj `g sj k`bem y sj ng v`bgs `prjsjlt`r ` ngs prghjs y ` n` cjltj quj lgs `yua ` rj`nmz`r jstj tr`e`fg sm js sm qumjrjl.

Nmnm6 jl jstj k`sg ` b7

@ermn6 sjrm` jn kgnj jl jn kgnj pgr n` b``l`.

Nmnm`l`6 sjrm` prjvmg ` n`s jnjkkmgljs, bj `vms`l `s yg bj grc`lmzg y vgy.

@ermn6 lgsgtrgs `c`rr`bgs jn tjb` `cu`, pjrg s`ejbgs quj jn tjb` js buy `bpnmg y lgs jspjkmhmk`bgs jl jn

`cu` kgbg ajrjkig. Lgsgtrgs vmbgs su prgyjktg, ng tjljbgs jl b`lg. ] qujrjbgs s`ejr ` qu sj ajej jn

prgyjktg, quj sj imzg, t`beml qujrjbgs s`ejr pgrquj js `cu` kgbg ajrjkig, sm jn `cu` sj kger`.

B`tm6 ` quj rjspglaj jn amsp`r`agr ajn prgyjktg quj i`er` quj k`bem`r, kgl n` njy.

@ermn6 s`ejbgs quj jn `cu` sj kger`.

Nmnm6 sj kger` pgrquj sj prmv`tmzg, pgrquj js ul` bjrk`lk`, jn `cu` lg ajejr` sjr ul` bjrk`lk` js ul rjkursg

lg rjlgv`enj, quj i`y quj kuma`rng, jst`bgs sgerj kujlk`s. Fust`bjltj `yjr sj vgt ul prgyjktg quj yg bmsb`

ng rjki`kj pgrquj js ul p`rquj mlaustrm`n quj sj jxprgpm` jl 08 ijktrj`s p`r` pgljr ul p`rquj mlaustrm`n, quj

lg sj s`ej quj mlaustrm` quj utmnmz`kml ajn `cu`. Bgls`ltg y` jst i`kmjlag pjrhgr`kmgljs, quj jst

ajstruyjlag n`s l`p`s aj `cu` y ` n`s l`p`s aj `cu` kglt`bml`a`s y js jn smstjb` pujnkij quj mltjrvmjlj

eujlgs `mrjs, jltrj rgs, s lt` hj y Krage`. [m jst`bgs ajltrg ajn `kuhjrg cu`r`l y quj igy t`beml tmjlj

quj vjr quj sj jst prmv`tmz`lag. [`k`lag jstj pujnkij quj js n` kujlk` iarmk` ajn huturg, jst`bgs ljc`lag

gtr` vjz `n ljcgkmg aj ngs k`pmt`nmst`s quj tjlar` quj sjr aj tgags ngs kmua`a`lgs.

Ng quj bgtmvg jl jn `g 5??8 jst` mlmkm`tmv` ul`s n`rc`s nuki`s pgpun`rjs quj sj `rb`rgl jl jn tjrrmtgrmg

kgrages jl k`pmt`n sgerj tgag. _rgauktg quj sj jsk`lkm`e` jn `cu` aj ngs e`rrmgs y `nt`s pruje`s quj jn `cu`quj tgbe`bgs tjl`l ul `ntg lmvjn aj `rslmkg y aj kglt`bml`kml ` p`rtmr aj js` nuki` sj hgrb`rgl v`rmgs

crupgs pgpun`rjs, grc`lmz`kmgljs pgpun`rjs quj tgb`rgl mlmkm`tmv`s jl jn b`rkg vjl` smjlag kglkjama` ajn

jst`ag ` jbprjs`s [ujz. [ujz ul` buntml`kmgl`n s`quj`agr` aj rjkursgs jstr`tcmkgs. Jn `cu` js ul rjkursg lg

rjlgv`enj quj lgs pjrbmtj vmvmr, tjljr g lg tjljr `cu` lg js ng bmsbg, tjljr ul` jtmqujt` aj pukigs g lg tjljrn`

jhjktmv`bjltj lg p`s` l`a`, pjrg lg tjljr `cu` lgs nnjv` ` pjrajr n` vma`, pgr jsg sj jspjkun y jst jl aje`tj

` n` tjrkjr` cujrr` bulam`n prgauktg aj n` cujrr` ajn `cu`. Puj jstg vmjlj aj n` cujrr` quj imkmjrgl ngs

egnmvm`lgs jl Kgki`e`be`. Lgsgtrgs tgb`bgs n` mlmkm`tmv` ajn ijrb`lg pujeng egnmvm`lg jbpjz`r ` jltjlajr jn

`cu` aj gtr` bmr`a` kgbg ajrjkig `n `cu`, ng bmsbg imzg Zrucu`y jl jn `g 5??:-5??8.

Zrucu`y ajtjrbmlg ajspus aj prmv`tmz`r kgl n` jbprjs` jl jsj bgbjltg jr` `cu` urucu`y`s [ujz, jst`

jbprjs` ajprja`agr` quj v` pgr jn `cu` jl @rcjltml`, Zrucu`y, Er`smn, Egnmvm` ajltrg aj gtrgs pn`ljs [mrs`, ajn

`cu`, egsqujs , tmjrr`, jtk.

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Zrucu`y i`kj ul` pjnj` quj jl n` kglstmtukml jstuvmjsj jl jn `rtkung 13, jn `cu` kgbg ul ajrjkig iub`lg, yg

vm`fj ` Zrucu`y quj sj nn`b jn gktuerj `zun p`rtmkmp`bgs kgl n`s grc`lmz`kmgljs pgpun`rjs jl jsj bgbjltg

i`e`bgs smag `utgrjs y amfg i`e`bgs y js buy mbpgrt`ltj jstg pgrquj s`nm aj n` jn`egr`kml kgnjktmv` aj

qumjljs jr`l jl jsj bgbjltg ngs `utgrjs, vjkmlgs aj n` kmua`a aj Krage` quj lg tjl`l `cu`, lg p`c`e`l jn

`cu` pgrquj lg tjl`l y nj b`rk`e`l kgl ul` kruz rgf`, quj jl js` k`s` lg p`c`e`l g jst`e`l prgtjst`lag,

ul` cr`l amskrmbml`kml jltrj jn rmkg y jn pgerj jl jn `qujn bgbjltg humbgs ` Zrucu`y y aje`tmbgs quj tmjlj

ags p`t`s jst` prgpujst`, n` ajtjrbml`r jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig y sjr kglkjemag kgbg ul` bjrk`lk` sm js

kglkjemag kgbg ul` bjrk`lk` ng tmjlj quj tjljr jn jst`ag, n` h`kunt`a ajnjc`enj ajn jst`ag js b`ljf`r ngs

rjkursgs jstr`tcmkgs ` lmvjn l`kmgl`n, prgvmlkm`n y bulmkmp`n pgr jsg jn kgltjlmag aj n` njy lg sgng ng pn`ltj` jl

jn `rtkung 0 jn tjb` ajtjrbml`r jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig iub`lg smlg pn`ltj` t`beml `rb`r rj jst`tmz`rn` `n `cu`,

vgnvjr ` tjljr jl ul b`rkg ajn jst`ag amstmltg `n jst`ag k`pmt`nmst` quj smjbprj i` ijkig ljcgkmgs. Xgs qumjrjs

a`rtj ` jstj jst`ag kgrruptg quj `ktmv`bjltj lg utmnmz` jstgs rjkursgs `n sjrvmkmg aj n` pgen`kml, pjrg lgsgtrgs

pn`ltj`bgs fust`bjltj quj sj` ul jst`ag amhjrjltj. Jl prmbjr nuc`r kglhgrb`lag ul` kgbmsml jstr`tcmk` aj

kgbmsml jl jn tjb` ajn `cu`, lg sgn`bjltj jn `cu` quj `erj n` k`lmnn` y nnjl` jn v`sg kgl `cu` smlg tga` n`

pgntmk` prjvjltmv` , sm tjljbgs `cu` ` n`rcg pn`zg, sm tjljbgs p`r` jn rmjcg, sm tjljbgs p`r` n` prgaukkml aj n`rjcml, aj aglaj s`k`bgs jn `cu`. Jstg tmjlj quj vjr bukig kgl n` ajhmkmjlkm` aj n`s kujlt`s iarmk`s y tmjlj

quj vjr kgl n` ajhjls` ajn bjamg `bemjltj. Jltglkjs lgsgtrgs prgbgvjbgs n` jst`tmz`kml ajn rjkursg iarmkg

pgr ng t`ltg lg prmv`tmz`rn` t`l e`fg lmlcl pultg aj vmst` y quj jstj jbprjs` jst`t`n `utrqumk`, mlajpjlamjltj

aj ngs p`rtmags pgntmkgs jl jsj bgbjltg cgemjrlg. Ngs tr`e`f`agrjs v`l i`kjr ngs lmkgs quj v`l ` kuma`r ng

quj js prgpmg ` prgpml`ag aj js` ajsmcl`kml, y ngs usu`rmgs v`bgs i`kjr ngs quj tjljbgs p`rtmkmp`kml amrjkt`

jl n` pn`lmhmk`kml jl ngs kgltrgnjs y n` ajhmlmkml aj n`s pgntmk`s penmk`s v`bgs i`kjr ngs vjjagrjs y ngs lmkgs

aj kgltrgn kjrmg aj jstj rjkursg mbpgrt`ltj p`r` n` vma` lg tjrbmlj smjlag b`lmpun`ag pgr `ncl sjktgr ajltrg ajn

jst`ag kgbg jn quj i` sukjamag, ku`lag jn p`pjn i` jst`ag jl b`lg ajn jst`ag jr`l `bmcgs aj Kgajx, ngs aj

Kgajx jr` n` jbprjs` quj ajhmlmtmv`bjltj tjl` jn ljcgkmg ajn jst`ag. G ku`lag jn hjrrgk`rrmn ng tjl` jn jst`ag `

n` `abmlmstr`kml, jn `abmlmstr`agr jr` jn aujg aj H`tj jn aj n`s cgb`s, jr` jbprjs`rmg aj ngs ljubtmkgs,

jltglkjs jbpjz ` ajrmv`r tga` n` k`rc` pgr n` v` aj ngs k`bmgljs y lg pgr n` v` ajn hjrrgk`rrmn, pgr jsg

lgsgtrgs sgbgs jst`tmst`s pjrg kgl ul hrrjg kgltrgn aj ngs tr`e`f`agrjs y ngs usu`rmgs pgr t`bpgkg lg

qujrjbgs egrr`l y kujlt` lujv` pgrquj ` ngs kgrruptgs ngs v`bgs ` pjrsjcumr tga` n` vma` pgr jsg pn`ltj`bgs

ul` kgbmsml mlvjstmc`agr` mlajpjlamjltj p`r` quj ngs kgrruptgs p`cujl kgl sus p`trmbglmgs y kgl n` krkjn jn

ajsqumkmg quj imkmjrgl kgl n` jltrjc` ajn `cu` i`st` jn `gs 5?53. Krage` kglkjsmgl`ag jl jstj k`sg @cu`s

Kgragejs` Ugccmg quj jst i`kmjlag ljcgkmg aj kmbmjltg quj i`y k`sgs quj i`y cjltj quj tga`v` lg tmjlj

`cu` pgt`enj y aj kmbmjltg kgl cjltj quj tgb` `cu` kglt`bml`a` pgr jsg ajkmbgs kgbmsml mlvjstmc`agr` p`r`

lg pjragl`rnj n` vma` ` lujstrgs imfgs aj bujr`l.

B`tm6 jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig smclmhmk`r`, kgbg lg p`c`r jn sjrvmkmg, g kgbg sjrm`7

Nmnm6 jn `cu` kgbg ajrjkig tmjlj quj sjr ajn jst`ag y cr`tms, cr`tms p`r` jn quj tjlc` g lg tjlc` pn`t`.

B`tm6 bm prjcult` prmlkmp`n sjrm`, jn b`ygr ajrrgkij aj `cu`, n` ajrrgki`l ngs `crmkuntgrjs, tmjljl ul gefjtmvg

k`pmt`nmst` y sml jbe`rcg jn `cu` js jst`t`n js cr`tms js`s pjrsgl`s v`l ` sjcumr nukr`lag pgr ul sjrvmkmg sml

tjljr quj p`c`r l`a` ku`n sjr` n` rjcun`rmz`kml quj ajrjki` kgl jn gefjtmvg aj c`l`r `trs ajn rjkursg, jnngs lg

eusk`l s`tmsh`kjr ul` ljkjsma`a.

Nmnm6 js n` bmsb` `cu` quj utmnmz`l ngs vjkmlgs aj ku`rjlt` cu`sgs quj n` k`lki` aj cgnh quj qumjrjl `ermr `igr`,

kgl n` utmnmz`kml aj nmtrgs y nmtrgs. Fust`bjltj jn jst`ag kgl jst` kgbmsml aj usu`rmgs y aj tr`e`f`agrjs ng quj

ajhmljl jn kgltrgn mlknusg jl n` pgk` aj krmsms iarmk` y aj pgntmk`s penmk`s Krage` lg tjlar` quj tjljr

prgenjb`s aj krmsms, sm sj ajf`r` aj ajsbglt`r sm sj ajf`r` ngs :% aj pjlamjltj aj n` n`y aj egsqujs, sm `k sj

jvmt`r` kgl ngs mlkjlamgs mltjlkmgl`njs, Krage` js ul` kujlk` iarmk` pgr l`tur`njz` jltglkjs kgl pgntmk`penmk`s kgl cjltj sjrm`s quj tuvmjr`l n` prjvjlkml, pgr jfjbpng n` `crmkuntur` tjlar` quj tjljr jn kgltrgn aj

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js`s kgbmsmgljs. _grquj ulgs aj ngs h`ktgrjs quj igy prmlkmp`nbjltj lg tjlarjbgs `cu` sgl ngs sgfjrgs pgrquj

lg i`y rgt`kml aj n` tmjrr`, `ajbs js ul` bmr`a` aj prgyjktg kgbg p`s quj tmjlj quj vjr kgl n` pn`lmhmk`kml

aj jkglbmk` n` pn`lmhmk`kml jkglbmk` js jn mltjrk`bemg mlknusg quj lgsgtrgs tjljbgs p`r` ermla`rnj `

Egnmvm`, Zrucu`y, Er`smn quj jnngs lgs pujajl ermla`r ng quj tmjljl, pjrg jl jn b`rkg aj n` pn`lmhmk`kml

jkglbmk` js b`ltjljr n` mcu`na`a lg n` jquma`a. Lgsgtrgs krjjs quj jstg lg js sgn`bjltj p`r` Krage` p`r`

jstg js mbpgrt`ltj pn`ltj`rng p`r` quj ulg jst jl ul p`rn`bjltg prgvmlkm`n g ul p`rn`bjltg bulmkmp`n tmjljl

`t`a`s n`s b`lgs pgrquj lujstr` bmr`a` js kgbg p`s, pgr jsg ng quj qujrjbgs nnjv`r `n kglcrjsg aj n` l`kml

`igr` js mlkgrpgr`kml jl n` kglstmtukml aj n` l`kml jn ajrjkig `n `cu` js kgbg n` ajkn`r`kml ajn ajrjkig ` n`

tmjrr`, n` rjhgrb` `cr`rm` jltrj gtr`s kgs`s. _`r` quj qujaj kn`r` n` rjspujst` tmjlj quj vjr kgltrgn aj bjamkml

p`r` kgltrgn`r ngs bjamagrjs, lg tgags tmjljl bjamagrjs, jn ljcgkmg aj ngs bjamagrjs js jn ljcgkmg aj n`s

jbprjs`s, lg js jn ljcgkmg ajn jst`ag, jn jst`ag tmjlj quj i`kjrsj k`rcg js ajkmr sm i`en`bgs aj ljcgkmg jl ngs

eujlgs trbmlgs aj ljcgkmg, jn ljcgkmg ng ajejr` i`kjr jn jst`ag, lg bj cust` ajkmr ljcgkmg pgrquj lg js n`

p`n`er` `prgpm`a`, pgrquj jl rj`nma`a lg js ul ljcgkmg js a`r n`s c`r`lt`s p`r` quj tgags ngs kmua`a`lgs

tjlc`bgs `kkjsg ` ul ajrjkig iub`lg kgbg js jn aj n` jauk`kml, jl jstj k`sg jn ajrjkig `n `cu`.

@ermn6 jl jstj k`sg jn ljcgkmg ajn `cu` sjrm` n` kgbpr` y vjlt`.Nmnm6 ku`lag ulg i`en` aj ljcgkmg sj i`en` aj kgbpr` y vjlt`, pgr jsg lg bj cust` ajkmr bukig ljcgkmg jl

b`lgs ajn jst`ag, rjkgra`lag quj yg hum jbpnj`a` ajn e`lkg aj Krage` y ku`lag surcm jstg aj n` t`rfjt`, n`

mllgv`kml aj n`s t`rfjt`s, jn e`lkg aj Krage` nj i`e` a`ag jn ljcgkmg g n`s @HM_ (pjgr) nj a`e` jn ljcgkmg `

n`s jbprjs`s prmv`a`s. Lgs i`e`bgs pn`ltj`ag, yg jr` ajnjc`a` cjljr`n ajn e`lkg quj jn ljcgkmg ng imkmjr` jn

e`lkg pjrg pgrquj a`rnj ` ul` jbprjs` prmv`a`, jn ljcgkmg jl tgags ngs trbmlgs. Jstg js kgbg ul p`rltjsms

quj ustjajs quj sgl fgvjlkmtgs pgr `i quj i`eng kgl p`n`er`s amhkmnjs, p`r` quj bj jltmjla`l.

Qgags6 Lg, lg p`r` l`a`.

Nmnm6 js p`r` quj ustjajs ng jltmjla`l, lgsgtrgs smjbprj pjls`bgs js kgbpnjt`bjltj amhjrjltj ng quj pmjls`s

ngs gtrgs p`rtmags pgntmkgs, y ng jltmjla` n` cjltj.

@ermn6 ul` prjcult`, jsj prgyjktg quj ustja imzg jl jn 5??8 qujag jlk`fgl`ag g kgbg qujag.

Nmnm6 sm jsj prgyjktg lg sgn`bjltj qujag jlk`fgl`ag smlg `ajbs aj mr `n gktuerj `zun y tjljr kgljxml kgl

amstmlt`s GLC quj i`e` jspjkm`nbjltj aj Mt`nm`. ]g tjlcg ul` pcml` aj Mt`nm` quj mlknusg puenmk`rgl n` kglsunt`

pgpun`r pgrquj Jurgp` tmjlj cr`lajs prgenjb`s aj `cu` pgr jfjbpng jn lgrtj aj hrmk`, ngs p`sjs aj bjamg

grmjlt`njs Gz`bemquj tmjljl cr`vj prgenjb`s aj `cu`, `i sgl n`s bufjrjs quj ` n` b`aruc`a` s`njl sgl ulgs

s`kgs jl eusk` aj `cu`, jn `cu` aj kglsubg y jlkmb` ku`lag vujnvjl ngs b`rmags n` `p`nj`l pgr lg tr`jr jn

s`kg kgl `cu` ` ng bjfgr k`bml`l dmnbjtrgs y dmnbjtrgs kgl ngs imfmtgs p`r` tr`jr jn `cu`, js bs hkmn

kglsjcumr ul nmtrg aj kgk` kgn` quj ul nmtrg aj `cu`, jltglkjs `n tjljr kglt`ktg kgl jst`s GLC quj nuki`l pgr jn

`cu` kgbg ajrjkig iub`lg y quj sj` `cu` ul jnjbjltg b`ljf`ag pgr jn jst`ag, t`beml ` jsg surcmjrgl gtr`s

amskusmgljs sm tmjlj quj sjr penmkg quj qumjrj ajkmr sm ng b`ljf` n` cjltj g ng b`ljf` jn jst`ag pgrquj surcjl

ngs `l`rqumst` quj lg qumjrjl gevm`bjltj qumjrjl quj ng b`fjl jn jst`ag tuvj n` pgsmemnma`a aj tgb`r kglt`ktg

kgl ul crupg aj Mt`nm` quj bj ghrjkm p`rtmkmp`r jl jn _`rn`bjltg Jurgpjg, `nn hum kgl bm prgyjktg `n _`rn`bjltg

Jurgpjg jsg huj jl jn `g 5??8-5??3. Jstuvj jl Encmk` ku`lag jn p`rn`bjltg jurgpjg huj `prgpm`ag- tgb`ag

pgr n`s grc`lmz`kmgljs cuejrl`bjlt`njs jl tgag jn bulag, sj imzg jn prmbjr kglcrjsg bulam`n pgr jn ajrjkig `n

`cu`. _`rtmkmpg Egnmvm`, Kue`, Xjljzujn`, p`rtmkmp`bgs aj @rcjltml` yg kgbg lmk` amput`a` l`kmgl`n aj tgag jn

p`s y ul` GLC aj s`lt` hj quj ngcrg ` bjam`s jn `cu` kgbg ul ajrjkig ajn `cu` jst`tmz`lag jn `cu` jl s`lt`

hj. Jl jsj bgbjltg huj buy mltjrjs`ltj pgrquj puaj amskutmr bm prgyjktg y tgags ngs t`nnjrjs y hum p`ljnmst` jl

p`ljnjs kgbp`rtmjlag kgl cjltj aj Lmk`r`cu`, Egnmvm`, Jurgp`, bjamg grmjltj pgajr amskutmr lujstrg prgyjktg y

lg ng pujaj amskutmr lulk` jl lmlcul` kgbmsml `k jl jn p`rn`bjltg kgrages, f`bs. _uaj nnjv`r jstj prgyjktg

` n` Kuberj aj ngs _ujengs y `n tjrkjr jlkujltrg mltjrl`kmgl`n ajn `cu` jl Egnmvm` jl jn `g 5?00 fultg kgl ngs@nnmus y N`b`rk`s, fultgs kgl ngs pujengs `egrcjljs y lg ng puaj amskutmr lulk` `k. Ng puaj amskutmr jl n`

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bjs` 09 quj huj ul` bjs` quj sj hgrb` hujr` kgl ngs pujengs, ku`lag Jvg y Kivjz sj ljc`rgl ` ljcgkm`r

kgl ngs `egrcjljs y tuvmbgs quj hgrb`r pgr hujr` n` bjs`, jl ul bgbjltg buy mbpgrt`ltj quj jste`bgs jl n`

nuki` aj Gsmskgs jl H`b`tml` kgltr` n` jbprjs` bmljr` jl @la`n`c`, aj tgag bgags jstg jxprjs` quj jl

Krage` i`y ul` bmr`a` lg sgn`bjltj `ltm ajrjkigs iub`lgs smlg i`y ul` bmr`a` prg k`pmt`nmst`, aj jltjlajr

smjbprj jn ljcgkmg p`r` ngs sjktgrjs k`pmt`nmst`s y lg `n ajrjkig `n `cu` ` t`n pultg i`y ul` ngk`nma`a quj tmjlj

0?? i`emt`ltjs pgr jsg lg nj a`l t`lt` mbpgrt`lkm` pgrquj 0?? pjrsgl`s lg sgl l`a` quj lg tmjljl `cu` y quj

jn `cu` quj jstl kglsubmjlag js` `cu` lg jst `abmtma` pgr n` grc`lmz`kml bulam`n aj n` s`nua, n` k`ltma`a y

jnjv`ag aj `rslmkg, jn jst`ag vmjlj prgpglmjlag k`bem`r ngs k`gs pjrg jst`s 0?? h`bmnm`s jstl tgb`lag js`

`cu` kglt`bml`a`. Jst`s h`bmnm`s tmjljl quj mr ` ul` k`lmnn` puenmk` ` rjkgnjkt`r `cu`.

@ermn6 js`s h`bmnm`s quj s`k`l jn `cu` aj n` k`lmnn` tmjlj `rslmkg7

Nmnm6 js` `cu` js kglt`bml`a`. @k lg sgn`bjltj lg tjljbgs jn prgenjb` ajn `cu` smlg t`beml tjljbgs jn

prgenjb` aj n`s k`jr`s, yg lg qumjrg prghulamz`r bukig jl jstj tjb`. _jrg lgsgtrgs tjljbgs n`s k`jr`s

quj jn jst`ag sj n` i` a`ag ` n`s jbprjs`s p`r` kglkjsmgl`rnj jn prgenjb` ajn `cu`, pjrg tgag kgrrj jl b`lgs

ajn jst`ag y jn jst`ag tmjlj kgbprgbmsg kjrg kgl jstj rjk`bemg aj k`jr`s. _gr jsg k`a` t`ltg sj rgbpjl

js`s k`gs cmc`ltjs quj lgs ajf`l bjam` pgen`kml sml `cu` pgr jsg `k` i`y quj t`beml jltjlajrng jsjprgenjb` tmjlj quj vjr kgl n` mlhr`jstruktur` quj jn jst`ag lg sgn`bjltj tmjlj ul` ajkma` ul` `ktmtua ajsmamgs`

quj js kgbg `skg p`r` sjr emjl aur` y lg a`rnj egnmnn` ` jstgs tjb`s tmjlj quj vjr kgl n` bgamhmk`kml aj n`s

mlhr`jstruktur`s quj i`kjl tjljr eujl`s k`jr`s quj sgpgrtjl jn lmvjn ajn `cu`. Jl jn b`rkg quj `ajbs

jsk`sjs aj jstj rjkursg y jn lmvjn mlbgemnm`rmg js k`a` vjz jst bs pn`ltj`ag lg sgn`bjltj jl Krage` k`pmt`n,

smlg jl kgl ul` mlhr`jstruktur` jsk`s` y pgr gtrg n`ag kgl ngs kgultry y n`s k`lki`s aj cgnh quj utmnmz`l ngs

kmua`a`lgs. Ngs kmua`a`lgs aj k`pmnn`, aj kruz ajn jfj, jtk. lg tmjlj jn `cu` p`r` tgb`r tgags ngs a`s tmjlj quj

kgbpr`r jn `cu`, `i t`beml jst jn ljcgkmg, jltglkjs jn tjb` `cu` mlvgnukr` kgbg buki`s kgs`s jn `cu`

puenmk`, jn tjb` aj pn`lmhmk`kml jstr`tcmk` jn tjb` aj n`s b`lgs aj qumjl tmjlj quj jst`r n`s pn`lmhmk`kmgljs

jstr`tcmk`s aj jstj rjkursg y jl n`s b`lgs aj qumjl tmjlj quj jst`r jn kgltrgn pgr jsg jl jsj sjltmag ajkmbgs

quj sm emjl n` p`rtmkmp`kml ajn smstjb` rjpuenmk`lg ajbgkr`km` amrjkt`, lgsgtrgs qujrjbgs k`bem`r ` p`rtmr n`

p`rtmkmp`kml pgpun`r quj n` cjltj sj rj`nmkj kgbg bs njs cust` y krjjl kglvjlmjltj jn rjprjsjlt`ltj ajn pujeng

jn quj nj v` ` a`r c`r`lt` jn `kkjsg `n `cu` ` n` vmvmjla`, ` n` jauk`kml, ` n` s`nua quj sgl ngs jnjbjlt`njs,

jnjbjltgs p`r` tjljr vma`.

Qgags6 lgs quja` spjr kn`rg tgag.