información básica de los sectores de la energía(es)/ basic information about energy...

7/31/2019 Informacin bsica de los sectores de la energa(Es)/ Basic information about energy sectors(Spanish)/ Oinarrizko informazioa energia sektoreei buruz(Es)

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Cminzlkhcm jxchk bf enx xfhrnzfx bf ek fmfz`k :?;?


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mbchf

_zfxfmrkhcm

Fefhrzchcbkb

;- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn fm ek fhnmnlk fxpknek

;-;- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn s ek khrcycbkb fhnmlchk

;-;-;- Fynevhcm bf ek pznbvhhcm s hnmxvln bf fmffehrzchk

;-;-:- Fynevhcm bf ek pnjekhcm nhvpkbk s ek pkzrch

bfe xfhrnz fehrzchn

;-;-8- Fynevhcm bf enx xfhrnzfx pznbvhrcynx bf ek fh

s xv pkzrchcpkhcm fm fe xfhrnz fehrzchn

;-;-2- _kzrchcpkhcm bf ek ikhrvzk fehrzchk fm fe `kxr

bf enx dn`kzfx;-;-6- _kzrchcpkhcm bf ek fefhrzchcbkb fm fe jkekmhf

;-:- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn s ek cmyfzxcm

;-8- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn s fe xfhrnz ftrfzcnz

;-2- Fxhfmkzcn jvzxrce bfe xfhrnz fehrzchn

:- Ek pznbvhhcm s ek nifzrk fehrzchkx

:-;- Fe lfzhkbn bf pznbvhhcm bf fmfz`k fehrzchk

:-;-;- Nz`kmcqkhcm bfe lfzhkbn

:-;-:- Zfxverkbnx bfe lfzhkbn fm fe kn :??3

:-;-8- _kzrchcpkhcm fm fe lfzhkbn

:-;-2- Dfhdnx bfxrkhkjefx bvzkmrf fe kn :??3

:-:- Ek nifzrk fehrzchk


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mbchf

2-:- Enx hnmxvlcbnzfx

2-:-;- Hekxcichkhcm pnz `zvpnx bf hnmxvlcbnzfx

2-:-:- Hekxcichkhcm pnz mcyfefx bf rfmxcm

2-:-8- Hnmxvln bf fmfz`k fehrzchk fm fe lfzhkbn ecjfzkecqkbn

2-8- Enx pzfhcnx bf ek fefhrzchcbkb

2-8-;- Fynevhcm bf enx pzfhcnx zf`vekbnx

2-8-:- Hnlpkzkhcm cmrfzmkhcnmke bf pzfhcnx2-2- Hkecbkb bf xvlcmcxrzn ;

6- Lfhkmcxlnx bf hnmrzkrkhcm k pekqn bf fmfz`k fehrzchk ;

6-;- Lfzhkbn k pekqn `fxrcnmkbn pnz NLC_, NLCHefkz ;

6-:- Flcxcnmfx pzclkzckx bf fmfz`k fehrzchk $xvjkxrkx F_F# ;

6-:-;- Hkzkhrfzxrchkx bf ekx flcxcnmfx pzclkzckx

bf fmfz`k fehrzchk ;6-:-:- Zfxverkbnx bf ekx flcxcnmfx pzclkzckx

bf fmfz`k fehrzchk ;

6-8- Xvjkxrkx bf Hnmrzkrnx bf Fmfz`k pkzk fe Xvlcmcxrzn bf ercln

Zfhvzxn $Xvjkxrkx HFXVZ# ;

6-8-;- Hkzkhrfzxrchkx bf ekx xvjkxrkx HFXVZ ;

6-8-:- Zfxverkbnx bf ekx xvjkxrkx HFXVZ ;

6-2- Xvjkxrkx bf hnmrzkrnx icmkmhcfznx zfekrcynx k ek cmrfzhnmftcmfmrzf Fxpkk s _nzrv`ke ;

6-2-;- Hkzkhrfzxrchkx bf ekx xvjkxrkx bf cmrfzhnmftcm F,_ ;

6-2-:- Zfxverkbnx bf ekx xvjkxrkx bf cmrfzhnmftcm F,_ ;

@kx


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mbchf

:-:- Zf`kxcichkhcm

:-:-;- Bfxhzcphcm bf ek khrcycbkb

:-:-:- Xcrvkhcm bf ek zf`kxcichkhcm fm Fxpkk

:-8- Rzkmxpnzrf pnz `kxnbvhrn

:-8-;- Bfxhzcphcm bf ek khrcycbkb

:-8-:- Xcrvkhcm bfe rzkmxpnzrf fm Fxpkk

:-2- Kelkhfmklcfmrn xvjrfzzmfn:-2-;- Bfxhzcphcm bf ek khrcycbkb

:-2-:- Xcrvkhcm bfe kelkhfmklcfmrn fm Fxpkk

:-6- Bcxrzcjvhcm


:-6-:- Xcrvkhcm bf ek bcxrzcjvhcm fm Fxpkk

:-9- Hnlfzhckecqkhcm

:-9-;- Bfxhzcphcm bf ek khrcycbkb:-9-:- Xcrvkhcm bf ek hnlfzhckecqkhcm fm Fxpkk

:-0- Ek bflkmbk s enx hnmxvlcbnzfx

:-0-;- Fynevhcm bf ek bflkmbk

:-0-:- Enx pzfhcnx bfe `kx mkrvzke

8- Lfhkmcxlnx bf hnmrzkrkhcm k pekqn bf `kx

8-;- Xvjkxrkx pkzk ek kb{vcxchcm bf `kx mkrvzke bfxrcmkbn

ek npfzkhcm s ke mcyfe lmcln bf eefmkbn bf ekx cmxrk

bf rzkmxpnzrf% zf`kxcichkhcm s kelkhfmklcfmrn xvjrfz

8-;-;- Hkzkhrfzxrchkx bf ekx xvjkxrkx

8-;-:- Zfxverkbnx bf ekx xvjkxrkx

8-:- Xvjkxrkx bf kxc`mkhcm bf ek hkpkhcbkb bf enx kelkhf


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;-:-8- _znbvhhcm lvmbcke bf hzvbn yx- bflkmbk fm :??3 :

;-:-2- _fxn bf ek N_F_ fm ek nifzrk lvmbcke bf hzvbn fm :??3 :

;-:-6- Hvnrk nichcke bf ek N_F_ fm :??3 :

;-:-9- _zfhcn lfbcn bf ek hfxrk N_F_ fm :??3 :

;-:-0- @zkbn bf hvlpeclcfmrn bf ek hvnrk nichcke bf ek N_F_ :

;-:-4- Hkpkhcbkb fthfbfmrkzck bf ek N_F_ :

;-:-3- _znbvhhcm bf Yfmfqvfek fm :??3 :;-:-;?- _kpfe bf enx pkxfx pznbvhrnzfx cmbfpfmbcfmrfx :

;-8- Bflkmbk lvmbcke bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx :

;-8-;- Bflkmbk NHBF bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx :

;-8-:- Bflkmbk NHBF pnz rcpnx bf pznbvhrn :

;-8-8- Fxrkhcnmkecbkb fm fe hnmxvln bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx :

;-8-2- Bflkmbk MN NHBF bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx :

;-2- Xrnhgx lvmbckefx bf hzvbn s pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx :;-2-;- Xrnhgx rnrkefx bf hzvbn fm ek NHBF :

;-2-:- Xrnhgx bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx fm ek NHBF :

;-2-8- Ynevlfm bfxrnhgx fm rzlcmnx bf bkx bf bflkmbk :

;-6- _zcmhcpkefx ykzckjefx bf enx lfzhkbnx fmfz`rchnx cmrfzmkhcnmkefx :

;-6-;- _zfhcnx bfe hzvbn fm :??3 :

;-6-:- Lfzhkbnx bf ivrvznx bfe Jzfmr :

;-6-8- Bcifzfmhcke PRC,Jzfmr fm :??3 :;-6-2- Bcifzfmhcke hzvbnx ec`fznx,pfxkbnx fm :??3 :

;-6-6- _zfhcnx bf enx pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx fm Fvznpk :

;-6-9- Hnlpnzrklcfmrn bf enx bcifzfmhckefx bf pzfhcnx

bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx yx- Jzfmr :


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mbchf

:-:- Khrcycbkbfx

:-:-;- @fnixchk

:-:-:- Xnmbfnx

:-8- _znbvhhcm fm Fxpkk

:-8-;- Hzvbn

:-8-:- @kx

:-8-8- Fynevhcm dcxrzchk:-2- Kelkhfmklcfmrn xvjrfzzmfn bf dcbznhkzjvznx

:-6- Kelkhfmklcfmrn @fne`chn bf bctcbn bf hkzjnmn $HN


:-6-:- _znsfhrnx fm Fxpkk

:-6-8- _znsfhrn bf Efs bf kelkhfmklcfmrn `fne`chn

8- Zficmn fm Fxpkk8-;- Ek khrcycbkb bf zficmn fm Fxpkk

8-:- Ekx hnlpkkx {vf zficmkm fm Fxpkk

8-8- Cmyfzxcnmfx fm ek khrcycbkb bf zficmn fm Fxpkk

2- En`xrchk bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx fm Fxpkk

2-;- Lkzhn xfhrnzcke

2-:- Ek khrcycbkb bf en`xrchk fm Fxpkk

2-:-;- Khrcycbkb bf HED

2-:-:- En`xrchk kerfzmkrcyk k HED

2-8- _znbvhrnx kelkhfmkbnx

6- Hnlfzhckecqkhcm


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9-:- Hnmxvln bf @E_ :

9-:-;- @E_ cmrfzmkhcnmke :

9-:-:- @E_ fm Fxpkk :

9-8- _zfhcnx bfe @E_ fmykxkbn :

Lfbcn kljcfmrf

;- Fefhrzchcbkb 8

;-;- Flcxcnmfx bf ekx `zkmbfx cmxrkekhcnmfx bf hnljvxrcm ftcxrfmrfx 8

;-:- Flcxcnmfx bf hnmrklcmkmrfx pnz xfhrnzfx 8

;-8- Zfxcbvnx mvhefkzfx 8

;-2- Flcxcnmfx bf HN: fm ek Fvznpk bf enx :0 8

:- @kx mkrvzke 8

:-;- Fe fifhrn cmyfzmkbfzn1 bctcbn bf hkzjnmn s lfrkmn 8

:-:- Hnljvxrcm bfe `kx mkrvzke 8

:-8- Ek eevyck hcbk1 tcbnx bf kqvizf s mcrz`fmn 8

8- _frzefn 8

8-;- Lkzhn cmrfzmkhcnmke- Fynevhcm bf enx khvfzbnx bf Gcnrn 8

8-:- Khrvkhcnmfx bf ek VF fm lkrfzck bf hkljcn heclrchn 8

8-8- Inlfmrn bf enx jcnhkzjvzkmrfx fm Fxpkk 88-8-;- _znbvhhcm% en`xrchk s bcxrzcjvhcm bf jcnhkzjvzkmrfx 8


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_zfxfmrkhcm

Hnln hkbk kn% bfxbf ;339% ek Hnlcxcm Mkhcnmke bf

Fmfz`k rcfmf ek xkrcxikhhcm bf pnmfz k bcxpnxchcm bf

enx efhrnzfx cmrfzfxkbnx ek bhclnrfzhfzk fbchcm% zfyc,

xkbk s khrvkecqkbk% bfe Cminzlf Jxchn bf enx Xfhrnzfx

bf ek Fmfz`k% hnzzfxpnmbcfmrf ke kn :?;?-

Xc`vcfmbn ek pkvrk fxrkjefhcbk fm fe Cminzlf bf :??8% fe

kn bf zfifzfmhck fx fe bf xv pvjechkhcm% fm ev`kz bfe

kn bf enx bkrnx fxrkbxrchnx-

Hnln fm kmrfzcnzfx cminzlfx% xf rzkrk bf k`zvpkz fm vmk

lcxlk pvjechkhcm rnbn fe hnmavmrn bf bkrnx s fxrkbx,

rchkx% {vf% kvm xcfmbn pjechnx% xf fmhvfmrzkm bcxpfzxnx

fm bcifzfmrfx ivfmrfx% hnm fe icm bf ikhcecrkz% kx% xv km,

ecxcx s fxrvbcn-

Ek fxrzvhrvzk bfe Cminzlf fx ek lcxlk {vf fm ekx fbc,

hcnmfx kmrfzcnzfx% xc jcfm fe xnpnzrf ixchn ykzk- Fe pzf,

xfmrf ynevlfm fxr bfbchkbn ke kmecxcx s hnlfmrkzcn

bf enx bkrnx s khnmrfhclcfmrnx bfe xfhrnz fmfz`rchn7 ef

khnlpkk vm xf`vmbn ynevlfm% xrf fm inzlkrn fthev,

xcyklfmrf fefhrzmchn% bfbchkbn k ek zfhnpcekhcm bf enx

bkrnx fxrkbxrchnx $s bnmbf fe efhrnz dkeekz% kbflx% fe

ichdfzn pbi hnm fe pzclfz ynevlfm#-

Kbflx bf ek cminzlkhcm xfhrnzcke bf hkzhrfz rhmchn

s fhnmlchn% fe Cminzlf cmhevsf vmk zfycxcm khrvk,

fxrkbxrchkx mkhcnmkefx f cmrfzmkhcnmk

hkecbkb bfe xvlcmcxrzn- Fm fe kmftn xf

bkrnx fxrkbxrchnx s ekx xfzcfx dcxrzc

vmk lfanz hnlpzfmxcm bf ek fynevhc

Ek cminzlkhcm xnjzf fe xfhrnz bfe `kx

lfmrf ek fxrzvhrvzk bf enx cminzlfx kmr

bnxf ekx bcifzfmrfx ikxfx {vf hnminzl

fm Fxpkk1 kpznycxcnmklcfmrn% zf`kxci

rf% kelkhfmklcfmrn% bcxrzcjvhcm s hnl

fe kmftn xf xcxrflkrcqkm enx bkrnx fxr

kmecxcx icmkmhcfzn bfe xfhrnz s vm kpk

ek mnzlkrcyk bf cmrfzx kpznjkbk bvzkm

Fm fe kpkzrkbn bfbchkbn ke xfhrnz bfe pf

cminzlkhcm rkmrn xnjzf fe lfzhkbn cm

xnjzf fe mkhcnmke% fm xvx bcxrcmrkx khrc

hcm% pznbvhhcm% zficmn% en`xrchk s h

kx hnln fe lfzhkbn bf @E_-

Fm fe hkprven bfbchkbn ke lfbcn kl

cminzlkhcm xnjzf flcxcnmfx bf enx bc

bf ek fmfz`k% ek fynevhcm bf enx khv

ekx bczfhrcykx bf ek Vmcm Fvznpfk fm

kljcfmrke-

Fe pvmrn ercln bfe kmftn ikhcecrk cmin


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Fefhrzchcbkb


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;- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn fm ek fhnmnlk fxpknek

;-;- Fe xfhrnz fehrzchn s ek khrcycbkb

fhnmlchk

Xf`m bkrnx bf ek Hnmrkjcecbkb Mkhcnmke Rzclfxrzke

fekjnzkbnx pnz fe Cmxrcrvrn Mkhcnmke bf Fxrkbxrchk; fm

:??3% ek fhnmnlk fxpknek zf`cxrz vm hnmrzkhhcm bfe

_CJ bf vm 8%9&:% $hvkbzn ;-;-;#% hvkrzn pvmrnx s lfbcn

lfmnx fe hzfhclcfmrn fm :??4- Ek pznmvmhckbk hkbk bf

ek bflkmbk mkhcnmke fm vm 9%2& fx ek pzcmhcpke hkvxk

bf ek hcrkbk hnmrzkhhcm bfe _CJ% hcmhn pvmrnx s mvfyf

bhclkx lfmnx {vf fm fe kn pzfhfbfmrf- Kxclcxln%

ek bflkmbk ftrfzmk hnmrzcjvs fm :%4 pvmrnx ke hzfhc,

lcfmrn bfe _CJ% vm pvmrn s hvkrzn bhclkx lx {vf fm

fe kn kmrfzcnz-

Xf khfmrkm fm enx bnx pzclfznx rzclfxrzfx bfe :??3 ekx

rkxkx bf hzfhclcfmrn mf`krcykx {vf xf dkjkm pzfxfmrk,

bn fm fe ercln rzclfxrzf bf :??4 zflnmrkmbn fm enx

rzclfxrzfx rfzhfzn s hvkzrn- Kx% fm fe pzclfz% xf`vmbn%

rfzhfz s hvkzrn rzclfxrzf bf :??3% ek fhnmnlk fxpk,

nek xf hnmrzkan $rkxkx cmrfzkmvkefx# vm 8%8&% 2%:&%

2%?& s 8%;& zfxpfhrcyklfmrf $ekx rkxkx cmrfzkmvkefx

dkjkm xcbn bfe :%6&% ;%0&% ?%6& s ;%:& fm :??4#-

Fxrkx pzclfzkx rkxkx bf ykzckhcm cmbchkm {vf fe _CJ

bcxlcmvsf xv hnmrzkhhcm fm enx bnx erclnx rzclfxrzfx

cmbchkmbn {vf fe lmcln bfe hchen xf kehkmq fm fe xf,

`vmbn rzclfxrzf8

Fm fe ercln rzclfxrzf ek kpnzrkhcm ke _

bk mkhcnmke fx bf lfmnz hnmrzkhhcm z

lfxrzfx kmrfzcnzfx- Kx ekx rkxkx bf ykz

xnm bf 9%8&% 0%2&% 9%9& s 6%8&

xf`vmbn% rfzhfzn s hvkzrn rzclfxrzf bf

ftrfzcnz rcfmf vmk kpnzrkhcm ke _CJ p

enx rzclfxrzfx-

Fe hnlpnzrklcfmrn bf lfmnz hnmrzkhhc

mkhcnmke fm fe hvkzrn rzclfxrzf fx hnlp

xvx pzcmhcpkefx k`zf`kbnx% fe @kxrn fm

enx dn`kzfx s ek Inzlkhcm jzvrk bf h

mn hnm ek lcxlk cmrfmxcbkb- Fe `kxrn f

bf enx dn`kzfx zfbvhf vm pvmrn s lfb

mf`krcyn pkxkmbn bf 6%?& k 8%6&-

hnmxvln pzcykbn xf bfjf ke bfrfzcnzn

ekx zfxrzchhcnmfx bf hzbcrn {vf dkhfm {

kvlfmrkmbn- Ek Inzlkhcm jzvrk bf h

fm lx bf rzfx pvmrnx xv hzfhclcfmrn

bn bfe ;9%?& k ;:%3&- Fxrk fynevh

hnlpkzrcbk pnz rnbnx xvx hnlpnmfmrf

xf kpzfhck hnm lksnz cmrfmxcbkb fx f

jcfmfx bf f{vcpn pkxkmbn bfe :8%4&

Fe `kxrn fm hnmxvln icmke bf ekx kbl

jechkx bfxkhfefzk xc`mcichkrcyklfmrf xv

xkmbn bfe 2%;& bf hzfhclcfmrn fm fe r


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Fefhrzchcbkb

ftpnzrkhcnmfx hnln ekx clpnzrkhcnmfx bf jcfmfx s xfz,

ychcnx zfbvhfm xv hnmrzkhhcm pkxkmbn fm fe pzclfz hkxn

bf ;?%4& k :%3&% fx bfhcz vmk lfanzk bf 0%3 pvmrnx%

s fm fe xf`vmbn pkxkmbn bf ;0%?& k 3%9&% fx bfhcz

vmk lfanzk bf 0%2 pvmrnx-

Bfxbf fe ekbn bf ek nifzrk% ek ykzckhcm cmrfzkmvke bfe

ykenz kkbcbn jzvrn bf rnbkx ekx zklkx bf khrcycbkb%

k mcyfe k`zf`kbn% fx mf`krcyk- K zfxkerkz ek fynev,

hcm ikynzkjef bf ekx zklkx cmbvxrzckefx% ke zfbvhcz

xv hkbk fm 2%9 pvmrnx% pkxk bfe ;6%6& k ;?%3&%

bf ek hnmxrzvhhcm% ke zfbvhcz xv hkbk ; pvmrn% pkxk

bf 9%4& k 6%4& s bf enx xfzychcnx bf lfzhkbn ke

zfbvhcz xv hkbk bfe :%2& k ;%4&- Ekx zklkx fmfz,

`rchkx kvlfmrkm xv hkbk fm ?%0 pvmrnx% pkxk bfe

0%9& k 4%8&-

Fm zfifzfmhck ke fmrnzmn fvznpfn% xf kpzfhck {vf ek fyn,

evhcm bf lfmnz hnmrzkhhcm pzfxfmrkbk fm fe ercln

rzclfxrzf bf :??3 bfe _CJ fxpkne% pkxkmbn bf 2%?&

k 8%;&% fx hnlpkzrcbk rkmrn pnz fe _CJ bf ek Vmcm

Fvznpfk hnln fe bf ek Fvznqnmk- Fm fe rfzhfz s hvkzrn

rzclfxrzf bf :??3 ek Vmcm Fvznpfk pzfxfmrk hnmrzkh,

hcnmfx bfe 2%8& s :%8&% s ek qnmk fvzn xf hnmrzkf

vm 2%?& s vm :%;&% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf- Rkljcm fxrk

lfmnz hnmrzkhhcm dk xcbn hnlm fm ek lksnzk bf ekx

`zkmbfx fhnmnlkx fvznpfkx- Kx% pkzk enx lcxlnx pf,

{vf xvpvxn ek zfbvhhcm

bf rzkjkan f{vcykefmrfx k

Xf`m ek Fmhvfxrk bf _n

bf pkzn fm :??3 xf xcrv

fxrk rkxk xf xcrn fm fe ;

Fm fe zfk fvzn $FK ;9#

fxrkhcnmkelfmrf ivf bfe

xrk fzk bfe 4%:& fm bc

Fvznpfk $:0 pkxfx# ek r

fm bchcfljzf bf :??4-

bf :??4- Fxpkk pzfxfm

bchcfljzf bf :??3 bfe

pzfxfmrkbk fm bchcfljzf

Fmrzf enx fxrkbnx lcflj

jkakx ekx pzfxfmrkjkm Dn

s ekx rkxkx bf bfxflpef

Efrnmck $::%4- Fm Kef

bf bfxflpefn xnm fe 0%

lfmrf-

Rnbnx enx fxrkbnx lcflj

rkxkx bf bfxflpefn fmrzf

bf :??3- Enx lfmnzfx

Keflkmck% bfe 0%;& k 0


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:??4 s fe rfzhfz rzclfxrzf bf :??3# s Ecrvkmck% bfe 9%6&

k ;2%9& $fmrzf fe rfzhfz rzclfxrzf bf :??4 s fe rfzhfz rzc,

lfxrzf bf :??3#- Izkmhck f Crkeck xf fmhvfmrzkm fmrzf enx

pkxfx hnm lfmnzfx cmhzflfmrnx bfe mcyfe bf pkzn% bfe

4%6& k ;?& fm fe pzclfz hkxn s bfe 0%?& ke 4%6& fm fe

xf`vmbn- Fxpkk% {vf sk fm bchcfljzf bf :??4 pzfxfm,

rkjk ek rkxk lx kerk bf bfxflpefn bf rnbnx enx Fxrkbnx

lcfljznx bf ek Vmcm Fvznpfk% pzfxfmrk vm cmhzflfmrn

clpnzrkmrf fm fxrf ercln kn% bf 2%0 pvmrnx7 pkxk bf

vmk rkxk bf bfxflpefn bfe ;2%4 & ke ;3%6&-

Fe pkzn zf`cxrzkbn fm fe CMFL fm bchcfljzf bf :??3

kxhfmbc k 8-3:8-9?8% 032-92? pkzkbnx lx {vf fm

bchcfljzf bf :??4% en {vf zfpzfxfmrk vm kvlfmrn bfe

:6%2&- Fm :??4% fe kvlfmrn bf pkzkbnx ivf bf 333-2;9

pfzxnmkx {vf zfpzfxfmr vm cmhzflfmrn bfe 29%3&- Fxrkx

xnm hcizkx dcxrzchkx bf pkzn-

Fm :??3 fx fm fe xfhrnz xfzychcnx s fm ek cmbvxrzck bnmbf

xf pzfxfmrkm hcizkx bf kvlfmrn bfe mlfzn bf pkzk,

bnx xclcekzfx k ekx pzfxfmrkbkx vm kn kmrfx% 296-?;6 s

;?4-38? pfzxnmkx zfxpfhrcyklfmrf- Fe mlfzn bf mvf,

ynx pkzkbnx fm ek hnmxrzvhhcm fm fe kn :??3% kvm

xcfmbn lvs fefykbk% ;3?-332 pfzxnmkx% fx fe 9:& bf ek

hcizk pzfxfmrkbk fm fe :??4-

Xc hnlpkzklnx fxrnx bkrnx hnm enx bfe :??0 xf kpzfhck

bf hzfhclcfmrn bfhzfhcfmrfx dkxrk {vf f

hnlfmq hnm rkxkx bf hzfhclcfmrn mf`k

k rkxkx pnxcrcykx fm mnycfljzf bf :??3

mbchf fm bchcfljzf bf :??3 xnjzf bchcf

vm hzfhclcfmrn fm Fxpkk bfe ?%3&- Fm

mbchf rkljcm pzfxfmrkjk fm fe lcxln

bfe ?%3& pnz rkmrn% fe bcifzfmhcke fmrzf

hfzn- Ek qnmk fvzn rkljcm dk pzfxfmrk

hcm fm :??3 mf`krcykx kvm{vf bf lfm

Rzkbchcnmkelfmrf ek cmiekhcm fxpkn

fmhclk bf ek cmiekhcm fm ek qnmk fvzn

hnlpfrcrcycbkb bf mvfxrzkx ftpnzrkhcn

knx :??9% :??0 s :??4% fe hcrkbn mb

Fxpkk enx xc`vcfmrfx ykenzfx 8%9% :%4 s

fvzn% :%:% :%; s 8%8% zfxverkmbn bcifzfmh

s ?%4 fm fe pfznbn- Fm :??3% fm Fxpk

xf hciz fm ?%: lcfmrzkx {vf fm ek q

?%8- Fe bcifzfmhcke zfxverkmrf fx bf ?%

Xf`m fe bnhvlfmrn Ek Fmfz`k fm F

fe kn :??4 ek cmrfmxcbkb bf ek fmfz`

mk hnm fe hkljcn bf rfmbfmhck cmchckb

Kx% fm :??4% fe hnmxvln bf fmfz`k pz

kxhfmbc k ;2:-?06 grfp% vm 8%;& xvp

kmrfzcnz% s fe _CJ hzfhc vm ;%;9&% e

zfxverkbn vmk bcxlcmvhcm bfe cmbchkb


16/334

Fefhrzchcbkb

bf fmfz`k pzclkzck bfe 2%:;&- Fxrk ikynzkjef fynevhcm

xcrk k Fxpkk fm hnmyfz`fmhck hnm ek xcrvkhcm lfbck

bf ek VF,;6 s ek VF,:0 kx hnln bf pkxfx yfhcmnx fm

hvkmrn k ekx rfmbfmhckx zf`cxrzkbkx fm ek lfanzk bf ek

fichcfmhck fmfz`rchk-

Fe kmecxcx bf fxrf cmbchkbnz fm rzlcmnx bf pkzcbkb

bf pnbfz bf hnlpzk kb{vcxcrcyn pfzlcrf vmk hnlpkzk,

hcm lx kavxrkbk fmrzf pkxfx bf ekx rfmbfmhckx bf ek

cmrfmxcbkb fmfz`rchk s lfanzk ek xcrvkhcm zfekrcyk bf

Fxpkk- Kx% fxrf cmbchkbnz lvfxrzk pkzk Fxpkk vmk

hcfzrk fxrkjcecqkhcm hnm vmk ec`fzk rfmbfmhck k ek jkak%

kpzntclmbnxf ek pnxchcm zfekrcyk ke mcyfe bf ek lfbck

bf ek VF,;6 s VF,:0% bnmbf fm pznlfbcn xf ycfmfm zf,

`cxrzkmbn lfanzkx cmrfzkmvkefx bf ek cmrfmxcbkb fmfz`,

rchk bfe fmrnzmn bfe ;& bfxbf;33?- Hnln njxfzykhcm

`fmfzke% xf pvfbf hnmhevcz kiczlkmbn {vf ek rfmbfmhck

hnlm bf enx pkxfx bf mvfxrzn fmrnzmn `fn`zichn fx bf

bcxlcmvhcm bf xv cmrfmxcbkb% bfxrkhkmbn pkxfx hnln

Crkeck% Czekmbk s Zfcmn Vmcbn hnm ykenzfx cmifzcnzfx s

nrznx hnln Je`chk hnm fe mbchf lx fefykbn-

Xf`m ek lcxlk ivfmrf% fe hnmxvln bf fmfz`k icmke%

fthevsfmbn enx vxnx mn fmfz`rchnx% zf`cxrz vm bfx,

hfmxn bfe :%3& zfxpfhrn ke kn pzfycn% kehkmqmbnxf

enx 34-080 grfp- Fxrk fynevhcm khnlpkkbk bfe hzf,

hclcfmrn bfe _CJ xfkekbn dk xvpvfxrn vmk lfanzk bf

pkxfx hnln Je`chk% x

qkhcm bfe cmbchkbnz hn

erclnx knx ke c`vke {v

hnlvmcrkzcnx-

Fm hvkmrn k enx bkrnx bf f

hkhcm bf Zfb Fehrzchk%

fm :??3 ek bflkmbk rnr

fm jkzzkx bf hfmrzke $j-h#

bcxlcmvhcm bfe 2%2&% h

fm :??4 xf njxfzy vmk

lcfmrn hnm zfxpfhrn k fa

ek bflkmbk hzfhc vm ?%4

Ek bflkmbk bf fmfz`kk :6;-8?6 @Pd% vm 2%9

hn pvmrnx s hvkrzn bfhcl

pzclfz hzfhclcfmrn mf`

hnlcfmqk fm ;346 s xf

xclcekz bf ek bflkmbk b

_nz xv pkzrf% ek bflkmbk

rflkx ftrzkpfmcmxvekzfx cmifzcnz k ek bfe kn kmrfz

lfmnx {vf fm :??4-

Kvm{vf% hnln xf dk h


17/334

22-22? LP s 449 @Pd% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf% xvpfzkmbn

fm vm 8%2& s fm vm 2%9& k enx zfxpfhrcynx bfe :??4-

Fm hvkmrn k enx lfxfx bf yfzkmn $bf avmcn k xfprcfl,

jzf#% fe ; bf xfprcfljzf xf zf`cxrz fe zhnzb bf pnrfmhck

lfbck dnzkzck hnm 2?-::9 LP s rkljcm fe lcxln bk

xf pznbvan fe ltcln bf fmfz`k bckzck hnm 030 @Pd-

Xnm ykenzfx {vf zfxpfhrn k :??4 dkm kvlfmrkbn fm vm

?%:& s fm vm :%8&% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf-

Xf`m ek lfmhcnmkbk pvjechkhcm% fm fe xcxrflk pf,

mcmxvekz% ek pnrfmhck cmxrkekbk dk kvlfmrkbn fxrf kn

fm :-94: LP% en {vf xvpnmf vm cmhzflfmrn bf ek hk,

pkhcbkb bfe xcxrflk bf vm 8%?& zfxpfhrn ke fafzhchcn

kmrfzcnz- Fxrf kvlfmrn pznycfmf bf ek cmhnzpnzkhcm bf

694 LP bf hchen hnljcmkbn s pzcmhcpkelfmrf bf :-609

LP bf pnrfmhck fechk% {vf dk eef`kbn k enx ;4-;;3

LP ke icmkecqkz fe kn- Fm hvkmrn k ekx jkakx% bvzkmrf

fxrf fafzhchcn xf dk pznbvhcbn fe hcfzzf bf bnx `zvpnx bf

ivfe hnm vmk pnrfmhck hnmavmrk bf 202 LP-

Fm hvkmrn ke jkekmhf bf `fmfzkhcm fm fe xcxrflk pfmcm,

xvekz% fe :??3 xf dk hkzkhrfzcqkbn pnz vm bfxhfmxn `f,

mfzkecqkbn bf hkxc rnbkx ekx rfhmnen`kx {vf hnlpnmfm

fe z`clfm nzbcmkzcn hvsk pznbvhhcm dk bcxlcmvcbn

vm ;:%0& zfxpfhrn ke kn kmrfzcnz% kjxnzjcfmbn rnbn fe

bfxhfmxn bf ek bflkmbk Ek fthfphcm ek pzfxfmrk ek

fe hkzjm {vf% hnln xf dk lfmhcnmkb

dk zfbvhcbn xv pznbvhhcm vm :6%4&% fe ;:& bf ek bflkmbk% bkmbn ev`kz k

yfq fm ek dcxrnzck% ek pznbvhhcm bf fmf

fmfz`k fechk xfk lksnz {vf ek pznbv

fehrzchk hnm hkzjm fm ek hnjfzrvzk b

Ek fmfz`k fechk xvpfz fm ykzckx nhkxcn

ltclnx dcxrzchnx bf pnrfmhck cmxrkm

dnzkzck s fmfz`k bckzck- K zfxkerkz ek fef

{vf hkzkhrfzcqk ek fmfz`k fechk% eef`kmb

pvmrvkelfmrf lx bfe 6?& bf ek bflkm

ln npvfxrn% xvlcmcxrzkz pvmrvkelfmrf k

_nz xftrn kn hnmxfhvrcyn fe xkebn mfrn

cmrfzmkhcnmkefx dk zfxverkbn ftpnzrkbn

vm :8%3 & cmifzcnz ke bfe :??4-

Fm hvkmrn ke jkekmhf bf `fmfzkhcm

ftrzkpfmcmxvekzfx% xf bfxrkhk% hnln

bn% {vf ek pznbvhhcm mfrk dk bcxlcmv

pznbvhhcm fm z`clfm nzbcmkzcn kehkm

{vf fx vm 8%8& fm zfekhcm k :??4-

ekx hfmrzkefx bf hkzjm% ekx hfmrzkefx

hfmrzkefx bf hchen hnljcmkbn zfpzfxfm

s fe :6& bf bchdk `fmfzkhcm- Ekx y

pznbvhhcm bf fxrkx rfhmnen`kx hnm zf

b


18/334

Fefhrzchcbkb

rn bfe hnmxvln% fm :??3 fe 09& bf ek bflkmbk mkhcnmke%

nzc`cmkmbn rkxkx bf hzfhclcfmrn bf ek bflkmbk mkhcnmke

pnz fmhclk bf ekx rkxkx bf hzfhclcfmrn bfe hnmxvln- Fm

:??4 hnm vmk rkxk bf hzfhclcfmrn bf ek cmyfzxcm mf`krcyk%

2-2&% s vm hnmxvln {vf kvlfmrk vm ?-3& zfxverk vmk

rkxk bf cmhzflfmrn bf ek bflkmbk mkhcnmke bfe ?%6&-

Fm fe kn :??3 hnm vmk mnrkjef bcxlcmvhcm bf ek cmyfz,

xcm% ;6-8&% hkxc ;; pvmrnx bf bcifzfmhck hnm zfxpfhrn

k :??4 s vmk bcxlcmvhcm bfe hnmxvln icmke bf : 0&

bnx b`crnx% hnm fthfph

:??0 {vf rcfmfm rkxkx b

s 2%8&% zfxpfhrcyklfmr

bf hzfhclcfmrn bf bnx

dks vmk bcxlcmvhcm cl

mkrvzke% ;?%:&-

Fm fe hvkbzn ;-;-; xf lv

bfe hnmxvln bf pznbvh

@zichn ;-;-;- Rkxk bf ykzckhcm bf ek bflkmbk bf fefhrzchcbkb s bf ek bflkm

,:?

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6

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Bflkmbk fehrzchk fm j-h- Bflkmbk Mkhcnmke Hnmxvlnx bf kx mkrvzke Hnmxvln icmk

Ivfmrf1 CMF% ZFF s HNZFX-


19/334

;-;-;- Fynevhcm bf ek pznbvhhcm s hnmxvln

bf fmfz`k fehrzchk

Fm fe `zichn ;-;-: xf njxfzyk ek fynev

bf hzfhclcfmrn bfxbf ;332 k :??3% b

Hvkbzn ;-;-;- Fynevhcm bfe pznbvhrn cmrfzcnz jzvrn% ykenz kkbcbn jzvrn pnz xfhrnzfx s bf

fehrzchk fm jkzzkx bf hfmrzke

Lceenmfx bf fvznxRkxkx bf

Ynevlfm fmhkbf

:??6 :??9 :??0 :??4 :??3$p# ?6.?2 ?9.?6 ?

_CJ k pzfhcnx bf lfzhkbn$_zfhcnx hnzzcfmrfx# 3?6-266 34?-362 ;-?6?-636 ;-?44-6?: ;-?6;-;6; 8%9 2%?

YKJ k pzfhcnx bf lfzhkbn

$_zfhcnx hnzzcfmrfx#Zklkx fmfz`rchkx :9-006 :8-409 :9-223 :2-9;8 ;%2

Zklkx cmbvxrzckefx ;28-:63 ;8:-2;3 ;2?-380 ;2:-463 ;:8-;3; :%6 :%3

Xfzychcnx 629-3:3 648-?82 982-648 940-662 933-92; 8%3 2%;

Hnmxrzvhhcm ;?9-89; ;;6-6;3 ;;8-984 ;?2-4:4 6%?

Bflkmbk mkhcnmke$_zfhcnx hnzzcfmrfx# 36:-?49 ;-?2;-:8? ;-;:;-4?6 ;-;6:-684 ;-?0:-0?2 6%; 6%;

Hnmxvln icmke 949-933 02;-;32 032-22; 488-3?6 4;;-?08 2%8 2%?

Inzlkhcm jzvrk bf hkpcrke ican :96-840 :34-;43 8:6-048 8;8-306 :69-90; 0%? 9%4

Bflkmbk Fehrzchk fm j-h- $@Pd# :9?-944 :94-?3: :09-3:0 :03-;4: :99-408 2%8 :%4

_fmcmxvekz :29-;48 :68-226 :9;-82: :98-8;? :6;-8?6 2%8 :%3

Ftrzkpfmcmxvekz ;2-6?6 ;2-920 ;6-646 ;6-40: ;6-694 6%? ;%?

Hnmxvlnx

_znbvhrnx pfrzneifznx $gr# 02-029 08-3?? 02-3;6 0:-699 94-28? ;%2 ;%;

@kx Mkrvzke $@Pd# 809-::3 843-289 2?9-:60 26?-0:9 2?2-666 ;4%; 8%6

Ivfmrf1 CMF% ZFF% HNZFX-

b


20/334

Fefhrzchcbkb

xfmr vmk pkzrchcpkhcm bfe ;8%;&% 8%; pvmrnx pnzhfm,

rvkefx lfmnx {vf fm :??4- Ekx fmfz`kx zfmnykjefx s

zfxcbvnx hnm vm :9%4& kvlfmrk xv pkzrchcpkhcm 6%9

pvmrnx pnzhfmrvkefx hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 s pnz ercln%

enx pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx hnm vm 9%;&% lkmrcfmfm xv

pkzrchcpkhcm-

Ek pznbvhhcm rnrke fm z`clfm nzbcmkzcn% {vf kxhfmbc

k :?9-:80 lceenmfx bf gPd% bcxlcmvs vm ;:%0& fm

:??3 hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 _nz ivfmrfx ek pznbvhhcm dc,

8%3& s vmk rkxk lfbc

rkljcm bfe 8%3&-

Fe `zichn ;-;-2 lvfxrz

mkrvzke lfbcbn fm rkxkx b

ln bf `kx mkrvzke kxhfm

cmifzcnz ke bf :??4% kn

;?%3&;;-

Fm fe kn :??3 fe hnmx

@zichn ;-;-:- Fynevhcm bf ek pznbvhhcm bf fmfz`k fehrzchk $@Pd#

$_nzhfmrkaf bf hzfhclcfmrn xnjzf fe kn kmrfzcnz#

` 32,?4 < 2%;

2%?

& Ykzckhcm zfxpfhrn

kn kmrfzcnz

Lfbck kzcrlrchk bf ekx rkxkx

bf hzfhclcfmrn cmrfzkmvke

` < Rkxk lfbck khvlvekrcyk bf hzfhclcfmfmrzf fe pfznbn cmbchkbn

;332 ;336 ;339 ;330 ;334 ;333 :??? :??; :??: :??8 :??2 :??6 :??

;?%?

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9%?

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Ivfmrf1 Lflnzck Fxrkbxrchk- Vmfxk-


21/334

@zichn ;-;-8- Fynevhcm bfe hnmxvln mfrn bf fmfz`k fehrzchk $@Pd#


R32,?3 < 09

` 32,?3 < 8%38%3

& Ykzckhcm zfxpfhrn

kn kmrfzcnz

Lfbck kzcrlrchk bf ekx rkxkx

bf hzfhclcfmrn cmrfzkmvke

` < Rkxk lfbck khvlvekrcyk bf hzfhclcfmrnfmrzf fe pfznbn cmbchkbn

R < Rkxk khfmrzf f

;332 ;336 ;339 ;330 ;334 ;333 :??? :??; :??: :??8 :??2 :??6 :??9 :??0 :??4

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Ivfmrf1 Lflnzck Fxrkbxrchk- Vmfxk-

@zichn ;-;-2- Fynevhcm bfe hnmxvln bf @kx Mkrvzke


;?%0 3%;

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22/334

Fefhrzchcbk

Fe `zichn ;-;-6 lvfxrzk fe hnmxvln fxpkne bf pznbvh,

rnx pfrzneifznx fm rkxkx bf ykzckhcm- Fm :??3% fe hnm,

xvln bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx kxhfmbc k 94-28? lcefx

bf rnmfekbkx% vm 6%0& cmifzcnz ke bfe :??4% kn fm fe

rkljcm dvjn vmk bcxlcmvhcm hnm zfxpfhrn k :??0;:-

Xf bcxrcm`vfm rzfx pfznbnx xf`m ekx rkxkx bf hzfhclcfmrn

bfe hnmxvln bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx% bf ;334 k :??;%

bf :??: k :??0 s bf :??4 k :??3 hnm rkxkx lfbckx bf

hzfhclcfmrn bfe 6%;&% ;%8& s 2%2&% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf-

rnrke bf nhvpkbnx fm Fxp

bf pfzxnmkx% en {vf xvpn

$bcxlcmvhcm bfe ?%6& f

mk pzfxfmrkmbn rkxkx b

pzfxfmrkz rkxkx mf`krcyk

:??4 s bfxpvx sk fefyk

hcm nhvpkbk fm :??3 xf

pefkbnx- Fxrnx xnm bkrnx

hnlpkzk ek pnjekhcm nh

:??3 hnm ek bfe ercln r

@zichn ;-;-6- Fynevhcm bfe hnmxvln bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx


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Mnrk1 Fe hnmxvln bf pznbvhrnx pfrzneifznx cmhevsf @E_x% `kxnecmkx% {vfznxfmnx% `kxefnx% ivf

Ivfmrf1 Jnefrm Fxrkbxrchn bf Dcbznhkzjvznx-


23/334

hcm bf ek pnjekhcm nhvpkbk bvzkmrf enx erclnx xcfrf

knx $:??8,:??3#-

Ek bcxlcmvhcm bfe 9%4& fm fe rnrke bf pnjekhcm nhv,

pkbk fm :??3 hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 fx fe zfxverkbn bf

bcifzfmrfx ykzckhcnmfx pnz xfhrnzfx bf khrcycbkb- Fm hnm,

hzfrn% fm ek hnmxrzvhhcm s fm ek cmbvxrzck lkmvikhrvzfzk

fe mlfzn bf nhvpkbnx dk bcxlcmvcbn vm :8& $lx

bfe bnjef bf ek bcxlcmvhcm pzfxfmrkbk fm :??4# s vm;2%0& $izfmrf k ekx zfbvhcbkx bcxlcmvhcnmfx pzfxfmrkbkx

bf :??9 k :??4# zfxpfhrcyklfmrf- Fe xfhrnz xfzychcnx s

fe xfhrnz k`zkzcn pzfxfmrkm bcxlcmvhcnmfx zfbvhcbkx bf

ek nhvpkhcm% bfe :%6& s bfe 2%?& zfxpfhrcyklfmrf- Fe

k`zf`kbn bf ek zklk bf khrcycbkb ftrzkhrcyk s bf ek zklk

bf khrcycbkb fmfz`k fehrzchk% `kx% ykpnz% kczf khnmbc,

hcnmkbn% k`vk% xkmfklcfmrn% zfxcbvnx% pzfxfmr fm :??3hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 vm hzfhclcfmrn bfe 8%9&-

Fm rzlcmnx kjxnevrnx% ek bcxlcmvhcm lx clpnzrkmrf

bfe mlfzn bf nhvpkbnx xf pznbvhf fm ek hnmxrzvhhcm%

{vf bcxlcmvsf fm :??3 hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 fm 696-???

pfzxnmkx- Ek cmbvxrzck lkmvikhrvzfzk

ychcnx ef xc`vfm fm clpnzrkmhck hnm bek nhvpkhcm% hnlpkzkmbn :??3 s :??

820-??? pfzxnmkx% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf-

Fe k`zf`kbn bf ekx zklkx ftrzkhrcykx s

rzchk% `kx% frh- fx cmrfmxcyn fm hkpcrk

jkan pnzhfmrkaf bfe flpefn rnrke- Bch

`cxrz 3-??? mvfynx nhvpkbnx% fx bfhcz8%9&-

Fe xfhrnz k`zkzcn bcxlcmvsf ek nhvpkh

zfxpfhrn k :??4 fm 22-??? pfzxnmkx% fx

mvhcm bfe 2&- Bchdn xfhrnz sk yfmk p

bf ykzckhcm bf ek nhvpkhcm mf`krcy

kmkecqkbn $fthfprvkmbn fe kn :??6#-

Fe xfhrnz xfzychcnx fx fe {vf pzfxfmrk

bf nhvpkbnx bf rnbnx enx xfhrnzfx s p

pfznbn kmkecqkbn% vm hzfhclcfmrn hnmr

:??3- Fxrf xfhrnz hnmrkjk hnm ;;-?4; l

Hvkbzn ;-;-:- Nhvpkbnx pnz xfhrnz bf khrcycbkb $k# $bkrnx ftpzfxkbnx fm lfbckx rzclfxrzk

Lcefx bf pfzxnmkx

Cmbvxrzck

kb


24/334

Fefhrzchcbk

fm :??8 s pkxk k rfmfz ;8-049 lcefx bf nhvpkbnx fm

:??4% en {vf xvpnmf vm kvlfmrn fm rzlcmnx kjxnevrnxfm enx 6 knx bf :-0?6 lcefx bf flpefkbnx- Fm :??3

bcxlcmvsf ek nhvpkhcm fm 820 lcefx bf flpefkbnx-

Ek nhvpkhcm fm ek cmbvxrzck lkmvikhrvzfzk fmrzf fe kn

:??8 s :??4 pkxk pnz hzfhclcfmrnx ke pzcmhcpcn bfe pf,

znbn s pnz bcxlcmvhcnmfx ke icmke% rnbnx feenx zfbvhc,

bnx- Fxrk cmbvxrzck hnmrkjk hnm :-3:3 lcefx bf nhvpkbnxfm :??8 s hnm :-36: lcefx bf nhvpkbnx fm :??4 en {vf

xvpnmf {vf fmrzf enx bnx knx dk dkjcbn vm kvlfmrn bf

:8 lce nhvpkbnx- Fm :??

bf flpefn% 288 lcefx bf

Fe k`zf`kbn bf ek zklk

fehrzchk% `kx% frh-% pzfxf

bf pfzxnmkx fm :??3- Fm

bf pzfxfmrkz rkxkx bf hz

hzfhclcfmrn mf`krcykx- F

{vf xf dk pzfxfmrkbn plkmvikhrvzfzk% hnmxrzvh

bf flpefn bf 3 lce pfzx

Hvkbzn ;-;-8- _njekhcm nhvpkbk- Rkxkx bf ykzckhcm kmvke pnz xfhrnzfx fm &

Kn Rnrke K`zkzcn Zfxrn

Cmbvxrzck

Rnrke Lkmvikhrvzfzk Ftrzkh-% Fefhrz- K`vk s Nrzn

:??2 8%3 ?%: 2%; ?%: ?%; ?%4

:??6 6%9 ;%8 6%4 :%0 :%2 4%?

:??9 2%; 6%0 2%9 ?%2 ?%: 4%9

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:??3 9%4 2%? 9%3 ;8%8 ;2%0 8%9Ivfmrf1 Jkmhn bf Fxpkk.Jnefrm fxrkbxrchn-

@zichn ;-;-9- _njekhcm nhvpkbk pnz xfhrnzfx

:6 ???


25/334

Fe `zichn ;-;-0 lvfxrzk ek bcxrzcjvhcm pnzhfmrvke bf ek

pnjekhcm nhvpkbk pnz xfhrnzfx bf khrcycbkb fm :??3%pnmcmbnxf bf lkmcicfxrn {vf fe xfhrnz xfzychcnx rcfmf

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xfhrnz k`zkzcn zfpzfxfmrk vm pnzhfmrk

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26/334

Fefhrzchcb

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rnx bnx xfhrnzfx-

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fe mlfzn bf hecfmrfx f

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hnmxvln fx fe 9?& bfe


27/334

@zichn ;-;-3- Hecfmrfx s fmfz`k pnz zklk bf khrcycbkb

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28/334

Fefhrzchcb

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29/334

;-;-2- _kzrchcpkhcm bf ek ikhrvzk fehrzchk

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n c`vke k ;? gP-

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bfjf k fxrf xf`lfmrn bf hecfmrfx bnl

bkb


30/334

Fefhrzchcb

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31/334

Xf`m enx bkrnx bf ek mvfyk Fmhvfxrk bf _zfxvpvfxrnx

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32/334

Fefhrzchc

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fm ek fefhrzchcbkb s ?%3 p

zfmnykjefx- Enx pznbvhr


33/334

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Bkbk ek fefykbk hvkmrk bf ekx cmybkx pnz Vmcm Ifmnxk fm enx erclnx hhnmxcbfzkhcm fm fe k`zf`kbn bfe xfhrnz

hcbkb


34/334

Fefhrzch

kxhcfmbfm k ;?-803 lceenmfx bf fvznx% vmk bcxlcmvhcm

bfe :8%8& hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 $fm :??4 hnm zfxpfhrn k:??0 xf dkjk pznbvhcbn vm kvlfmrn bfe ;4%3-

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fm :??3 hnm zfxpfhrn k :??4 dk bcxlcmvbn fm 60-8?2

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fe pfznbn bf vm 6%;&% z

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ek fhnmnlk mkhcnmke% kcmyfzxcm bf cmlnycecqkb

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Hvkbzn ;-8-;- Fynevhcm bf ekx clpnzrkhcnmfx s ftpnzrkhcnmfx rnrkefx s bf fefhrzchcbkb

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bfe hcrkbn k`zf`kbn ivf mf`krcyk% yneycfmbn k xfz pnxcrcyk

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lkrfzckefx f cmlkrfzckefx bcxlcmvsf vm :zfxpfhrn k :??4-

hcbkb


36/334

Fefhrzch

Ekx ftpnzrkhcnmfx f clpnzrkhcnmfx rnrkefx dkm pzfxfmrk,

bn fm :??3 vmk bfjkhef dcxrzchk bfjcbn k {vf ek hzcxcxfhnmlchk dk bkbn ev`kz k vmk mnrkjef hnmrzkhhcm bf

enx ievanx hnlfzhckefx-

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;9%80& fm :??3- _nz pzclfzk yfq fm fe pfznbn kmkec,

qkbn ekx ftpnzrkhcnmfx pzfxfmrk vmk rkxk bf hzfhclcfmrn

mf`krcyk-

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ec`fzk bcxlcmvhcm bf ekx clpnzrkhcnmfx hnm zfxpfhrn

ke :??0% fe ?%64- Xnm fxrnx cmhzflfmrnx mf`krcynx enx

mchnx fm fe pfznbn kmkecqkbn-

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Fm :??3% Fxpkk rvyn mcyfefx clpnzrkmrfx bf bcxlc,mvhcm bf ekx clpnzrkhcnmfx s ftpnzrkhcnmfx bf fefh,

rzchcbkb- Hnmrcmv clpnzrkmbn fmfz`k fehrzchk pzcm,

hcpkelfmrf bf bnx pkxfx% Izkmhck s _nzrv`ke% hnm vmk

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ekhcm k :??4% Izkmhck kvlfmrk ;9 pvmrnx pnzhfmrvkefx

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bf fmfz`k fehrzchk7 Lkzzvfhnx hnm vm 89& s _nzrv`ke

hnm vm :3& Fm zfekhcm k :??4 Lkzzvfhnx kvlfmrk

skz ke xcxrflk icmkmhcfzn s fe xnzpzfms zfxcxrfmhck lnxrzkbn pnz ekx fhnmnl

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38/334

Fefhrzc

hnzzf`czxf dkxrk mcyfefx hnmxcxrfmrfx hnm vm hzfhclcfmrn

fhnmlchn xkevbkjef-

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lcxcm Fvznpfk xnjzf ek fynevhcm bfe _CJ fm pkxfx s

zfkx fhnmlchkx bf pfxn lfanzkm xfmxcjeflfmrf k ekx

{vf dkjk pvjechkbn fm ek pzclkyfzk bf fxf kn-

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mfzxf enx fxrlvenx icxhkefx-

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bfxbf ifjzfzn bf :??3 fm fe {vf xf pzfxfmr fe lmcln

dkxrk nhrvjzf bf :??3% xf dk zfhvpfzkbn hkxc fe 6?&bf enx 82 jceenmfx bf ykenz bf ekx jnexkx $hkpcrkecqkhcm

bf ekx jnexkx cmhevcbkx fm ek Ifbfzkhcm cmrfzmkhcnmke

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zfhn`f fe lfmhcnmkbn Cminzlf bf Lfzhkbn-

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hvpfzkhcm bf enx mbchfx fm :??3 dk xcbn xvpfzcnz ke

;6& dkxrk mnycfljzf hnm fthfphcm bfe Mcggfc akpn,

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khrcycbkb fm enx erclnx

hcm% s xfz mfhfxkzcn hnz

lfzhkbn ekjnzke Kbfl


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JJYK% rnlkmbn hnln zfifzfmhck fe mbchf pkmfvznpfn

Fvzn,Xrntt 6?- Fm fe pvfxrn 3 ic`vzk Cjfzbznek% lcfmrzkxZfpxne nhvpk fe pvfxrn ::-

Ek hkpcrkecqkhcm bfe lfzhkbn fxpkne dk yvfern k xvpf,

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avmrn bf ekx hnlpkkx hnrcqkbkx kxhcfmbf k ;%?9 jceen,mfx bf fvznx% hnm vm kvlfmrn xvpfzcnz k enx :0?-???

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xfhrnz {vf cmhevsf enx jkmhnx-

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hcm hzfbcrchck bfzcykbk bf ek hzcxcx bfe xcxrflk icmkmhcfzn

dk dfhdn {vf lx flpzfxkx lczfm k ek jnexk hnln cmxrzv,lfmrn bf icmkmhckhcm krzkhrcyn- Fm fe kn :??3 ekx hnl,

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k enx khhcnmcxrkx lcmnzcrkzcnx bf ek f

zfxvferk ek N_K-

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bf hkpcrke pnz vm clpnzrf bf 8-:69%04 l

s fe Xfhrnz lkrfzckefx jxchnx% cmbvxrzchnm klpeckhcnmfx pnz vm clpnzrf bf ;

bf fvznx-

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hkzhrfz dnxrce s fm rnbnx enx hkxnx ek nizfhcbk dk xcbn lnmfrkzck- Fm hnmav

lx bf 0-??? lceenmfx bf fvznx-

Ek lksnz npfzkhcm dk xcbn pznrk`

zchcbkb


40/334

Fefhrz

ekx khhcnmfx bf Vmcm Ifmnxk bfakm bf hnrcqk fm jnexk

fe bk 0 bf xfprcfljzf bf :??3-

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ekx hnlpkkx hnrcqkbkx fm fe kn :??3 s fm fe kn

:??4 xf fefykznm k 2?-40?%22 s 83-240%9; lceenmfx bf

fvznx% zfxpfhrcyklfmrf% en {vf zfpzfxfmrk vm ykzckhcm

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ykzckhcm ivf bfe :9-:?&-

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fe kn :??3% bf :-68;%06 lceenmfx bf fvznx% izfmrf k

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efx jxchnx s hnmxrzvhhcm s fe bf xfzychcnx icmkmhcfznx

f cmlnjceckzcnx k pzfxfmrkz vmk hnmrzkhhcm bf lx bfe

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pfzkmbn ekx hcizkx pzfxf

fxrk bhkbk-


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lx fm zfekhcm ke kn :??4- Xc bfxhnmrklnx fe zfifzcbn

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Fe zkrcn pks,nvr n pnzhfmrkaf bf enx jfmfichcnx mfrnx

njrfmcbnx pnz ekx flpzfxkx {vf xf dkm bfxrcmkbn k enx

khhcnmcxrkx fm hnmhfprn bf bcycbfmbnx% dk kehkmqkbn fe

66%28& pkzk fe ercln fafzhchcn hfzzkbn% fe bf :??4%

kehkmqkmbn vm ykenz xvpfzcnz k 6? pnz pzclfzk yfq bfxbf{vf xf zfkecqk xv hehven- Bchdn zkrcn fx xvpfzcnz fm lx

bf bcfq pvmrnx ke bf :??0- Bfxrkhk fe kvlfmrn bfe zkrcn

pks,nvrfm bnx xfhrnzfx% fe bf rfhmnen`

hkhcnmfx s fe bf pfrzefn s fmfz`k fmzfxpfhrcyklfmrf-

K hnmrcmvkhcm xf pzfxfmrkm fm fe hvkb

qkhcnmfx bf enx pzcmhcpkefx `zvpnx fe

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Fm hvkmrn ke xkebn cmrfzmkhcnmke% xrf nx

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información básica de los sectores de la energía(es)/ basic information about energy...

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