guía tutor etapa i l2 vivo en comunidad
TRANSCRIPT
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Mp O • Koc 3
Zrbgrhah eM Meu`h`Oði Zhrh dðvMiMs y heuKtbs
3
vo m
`bauioehe
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Guáh emk Uutbr y UutbrhVovb mi @bauioehe
Mthph O. Kocrb 3Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Hutbroehems emk Aoiostmrob em Meu`h`oði
@oitnyh @hrbkoih Emk Èguokh AmieozèchkAoiostrh em Meu`h`oði
Bkgh Mvmkyi Haheb em PmgurhVo`maoiostrh Uï`io`h em Meu`h`oði
Hkfrmeb Gusthvb Ghr`áh Hr`nokhVo`maoiostrb Heaoiostrhtovb em Meu`h`oði
Gutcmrtb Io`bkès Kmovh HkvhrmzVo`maoiostrb em Meu`h`oði Cokoigûm m Oitmr`ukturhk
Mkogob Po` Oxphi`b`Vo`maoiostrb em Eosmøb y Vmrofo`h`oði em kh @hkoehe Meu`htovh
Hih Zhtro`oh Sucob HkvhrhebEorm`tbrh Gmimrhk em Meu`h`oði Mxtrhms`bkhr, EOGMM^
Smcm`h Ormim Gorði KðpmzPuceorm`tbrh em Meu`h`oði Cèso`h
Mstmkh Uhvo`b PbkkbyDmfm emk Emphrthamitb em kh Abehkoehe em Meu`h`oði h Eosthi`oh
@bbreoih`oði meotbrohk4 Ku`áh Vmreugb (]IMP@B) y Ahrghroth Shaármz (OGMS)
Smeh``oði y ameoh`oði em tmxtb4 Phierh Mkozhcmtn Kðpmz Fumitms, Eorm``oði em AhtmrohkmsMeu`htovbs OGMS
Eosmøb y eohgrhah`oði4 Koieh Umihs, Eorm``oði em Ahtmrohkms Meu`htovbs OGMS
Zbrtheh4 Kmskom Xuoøðimz y Dmsso`h Gbreokkb
Meo`oði 3:85
Oaprmsb mi OGMS thkkmrms grèfo`bs
Msth pucko`h`oði sm rmhkozh ̀ bi mk hpbyb tï`io`b em kh ]IMP@B Guhtmahkh, mi mk ahr`b emk Zrbym`tb @biduitbem Ih`obims ]ioehs ‛Phqokhd C‟m4 ]ih ruth `khrh phrh nh`mr vhkmr kbs emrm`nbs em khs ioøhs hebkms`mitmsoieágmihs mi Guhtmahkh‑, foihi`oheb pbr kh Fuieh`oði em khs Ih`obims ]ioehs.
©]IMP@B, Aoiostmrob em Meu`h`oði em Guhtmahkh, Oistotutb Guhtmahktm`b em Meu`h`oði Sheobfðio`h, OGMS.
Kbs tmxtbs, mxprmsobims m oemhs oi`kuoebs mi msth pucko`h`oði ib rmfkmdhi im`mshrohamitm mk puitb em vosth emkh ]IMP@B io `baprbamtmi em ioiguih ahimrh h kh Brghiozh`oði. Xumeh prbnocoeb tbeb usb em msth bcrh,em sus rmprbeu``obims b em sus trheu``obims `bi foims `bamr`ohkms.
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Zrmsmith`oði
Mk Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði em Heuktbs pbr @brrmspbiemi`oh ZMH@ eh kh
bpbrtuioehe h dðvmims y heuktbs phrh `bitoiuhr y ihkozhr sus mstueobs emkiovmk proahrob. ZMH@ fum `rmheb h trhvïs emk H`umreb Gucmrihtovb Ib.
7=, em fm`nh 8= em mimrb em 8?70, hemaès mi khs rmsbku`obims :8 ‐ 3:8: y
::6 ‐ 3:88, msthckm`m su brghiozh`oði y fui`obihaomitb.
Emsem mk høb 8?70 hk høb 3:80, kbs mstueohitms em ZMH@ nhi vmioeb
trhchdhieb `bi kocrbs em kh Hsb`oh`oði Hkfhcmtozh`oði y Kotmrhturh,
HKFHKOU Guhtmahkh, uih oistotu`oði oitmrih`obihk haogh qum fh`okotð
`uhtrb kocrbs em kh proamrh mthph y `uhtrb kocrbs em kh smguieh mthph
pbr èrmhs4 `bauio`h`oði y kmiguhdm, ahtmaèto`h, `omi`ohs sb`ohkms y`omi`ohs ihturhkms.
H phrtor emk høb 3:85, kh Brghiozh`oði em khs Ih`obims ]ioehs phrh
kh Meu`h`oði, kh @omi`oh y kh @ukturh, ]IMP@B, oistotu`oði haogh emk
Aoiostmrob em Meu`h`oði, hpbyh kh mkhcbrh`oði em kocrbs phrh khs ebs
mthphs emk Zrbgrhah, ̀ bi ui mifbqum oitmgrhebr y ameoheb< ̀ bi èrmhs
y ̀ bapmtmi`ohs oitmgrhehs y ̀ bi fuiehamitb mi mk @urro`ukua Ih`obihk
Chsm.
]IMP@B ms uih brghiozh`oði emeo`heh h kh eofusoði em kh `ukturh y kh
meu`h`oði phrh kh dusto`oh, kh kocmrthe y kh phz, bcdmtovbs oieospmishckms h
kh eogioehe em kbs smrms nuahibs.
Mi `bigrumi`oh `bi mstm pbstukheb, mk Aoiostmrob em Meu`h`oði
em Guhtmahkh pbr ameob em kh Eorm``oði Gmimrhk em Meu`h`oði
Mxtrhms`bkhr EOGMM^, croieh h kbs mstueohitms emk Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði
pbr @brrmspbiemi`oh, ZMH@, mstm smguieb kocrb `bi uih amtbebkbgáh
oitmgrhebrh, qum oi`kuym h`tovoehems qum `bikkmvhi mk hprmieozhdmsogio`htovb.
]i tmah oapbrthitm hcbreheb mi mstm kocrb em tmxtb ms kh oi`kusoði y
emshrrbkkb em h`tovoehems sb`ob prbeu`tovhs y `bitmxtuhkozhehs, qum
hyuehi h amdbrhr kh ̀ hkoehe em voeh em kbs mstueohitms y sus fhaokohs, pbr
ameob em kh gmimrh`oði emk hutbmapkmb y mapkmb.
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Kh Eorm``oði Gmimrhk em Meu`h`oði Mxtrhms`bkhr, EOGMM^, hgrhem`m mk
hpbrtm em ]IMP@B-G]HUMAHKH hk ̀ bitrocuor mi kh fbrah`oði em dðvmims
y heuktbs qum mspmrhi uih bpbrtuioehe phrh ihkozhr sus mstueobs emk
iovmk proahrob.
Ko`eh. Hih Zhtro`oh Sucob HkvhrhebEorm`tbrh Gmimrhk em EOGMM^
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Mstoaheh tutbrh y mstoaheb tutbr ............ 7
Pmahih 8?@uoeb mk hguh y kbs cbsqums .................... 80Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Oahgmi em mspmdb‑ ................ 80
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 85
Pmahih 3:@uoemabs kbs cbsqums .............................. 86Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛²Xuï nh `hacoheb2‑ ........... 86
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 87
Pmahih 38Mk èrmh mi qum vovb ................................... 8>Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ¡Ms`u`nmabs! ........................... 8>
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 8?
Pmahih 33²Mi quï kughr prmfomrb vovor2 ..................... 38Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Mk dumgb em kh ‛M‑‑ .................. 38
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 33
Pmahih 30²@ðab ms mk `koah em ao rmgoði2 ........... 30Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h "Zhsmbs mi thxo" ........................ 30
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 35
Pmahih 35Ao phpmk mi kh m`bibaáh ......................... 3=Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Mi`umitrh h hkguomi
vmstoeb em…‑ .............................................. 3=
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 36
Pmahih 3=Ao trhchdb ................................................... 37Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Em pmrsbih h pmrsbih‑ ......... 37
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 3>
Pmahih 36Ao meu`h`oði ............................................. 3?Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Am gusths pbrqum…‑ ............. 3?
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 0:
Pmahih 37Vovb mi `bauioehe ................................... 08Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Mk grupb auso`hk‑.................... 08
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 03
Pmahih 3>Ao auio`opob ............................................... 00
Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Zhitbaoahs mi grupb‑ ......... 00@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 05
Áieo`m
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Pmahih 3?Mk amr`heb emk chrrob ............................... 06Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "Mk eoèkbgb em sbrebs" .............. 06@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 07
Pmahih 0:²@ðab am `bauio`b2 ............................. 0>Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h "Zhrmdhs h `omghs" .................... 0>
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 0?
Pmahih 08Ao phrto`oph`oði `ouehehih .................... 5:Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Kh tbrrm‑ ................................... 5:
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 58
Pmahih 03²@ðab vohdb em ui kughr h btrb2 ............. 53Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h "@hitmabs" ............................... 53
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 55
Pmahih 00Ao emphrthamitb ....................................... 5=Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Mk dumgb em eocudhr‑ ............... 5=
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 56
Pmahih 05Ao phás4 Guhtmahkh ................................... 57Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Zhshr mk phqumtm‑ .................. 57
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 5>
Pmahih 0=Kh emab`rh`oh y mk vbtb .......................... 5?Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Ms`roturh `bi mk `umrpb‑ ........ 5?
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ =:
Pmahih 06Urhisphrmi`oh y `brrup`oði ..................... =8Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Msthtuh phrm‑ .......................... =8@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ =3
Pmahih 07Khs trheo`obims em Guhtmahkh ................ =5Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Urèmam‑ ................................... =5
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ ==
Pmahih 0>Mk `bamr`ob `bi btrbs phásms ................... =6Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h "Mk dumgb em kbs hioahkms"........ =6
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ =7
Pmahih 0?Potobs turásto`bs em Guhtmahkh .................. =>Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Kb`bab`oði" .......................... =>
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ =?
Pmahih 5:Mk Mstheb em Guhtmahkh ........................... 6:Zhrh oio`ohrEoièao`h ‛Kb qum tmimabs mi`baôi‑ ....................................................... 6:
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb ............................ 68
@bapmtmi`ohs emk @urrá`ukua Ih`obihk
Chsm, iovmk proahrob
Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði em Heuktbs pbr
@brrmspbiemi`oh ‐ZMH@‐
Mthph O, Kocrb 3 ........................................... 60
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 7
Nmabs prmphrheb msth guáh phrh fh`okothrkm su khcbr `bab tutbrh b tutbr mi kh
Mthph O, Kocrb 3 emk Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs. Iumstrb
bcdmtovb ms prbpbr`obihrkm oemhs y sugmrmi`ohs phrh h`baphøhr mk hprmieozhdm
em khs y kbs mstueohitms.
Kh tutbrh b mk tutbr sbi h`baphøhitms emk mstueohitm. Mitmiemabs pbr
h`baphøhitm h kh pmrsbih qum soi tbahr uih h`totue em supmrobroehe sm
mi`hrgh em guohr, croiehr smguroehe b prbtmgmr h btrh. Mstèi `bivmi`oebs em
kh `hph`oehe em `heh pmrsbih phrh hprmiemr pbr sá aosah, pbr msb mstoaukhi
mk mstueob hutðibab. Smbromithi mk `haoib `uhieb emtm`thi ‛trhaphs‑. Msths
pumemi smr euehs, eofo`ukthems `bi kbs tmahs, pïreoeh em oitmrïs, fhkth embrghiozh`oði b pb`h fm mi khs nhcokoehems pmrsbihkms.
Km prbpbimabs msths oemhs phrh hyuehrkm mi su iumvh thrmh.
Zrmpèrmsm hitms em kh tutbráh• Smvosm kbs `bitmioebs em kh smahih em mstueob y rmhko`m kbs mdmr`o`obs y mk
hutb`bitrbk.
• Oemitofoqum kbs puitbs aès eofá òkms emk ̀ bitmioeb phrh hitò ophrsm h khs pbsockms
euehs em kbs mstueohitms.• Brghio`m kh tutbráh tbahieb mi `umith mk mstueob pmrsbihk qum yh rmhkozhrbi
kbs mstueohitms.
• Hkostm `bi hito òph`oði mk ahtmrohk phrh rmhkozhr khs eoièao`hs y h t̀ovoehems
prbpumsths mi msth guáh.
Emshrrbkkm kh tutbráh phrtomieb em khs im`msoehemsem kbs mstueohitms
• Smvosm mk hutb`bitrbk y kbs mdmr̀ o`obs phrh ̀ bib`mr mk hvhi`m emk hprmieozhdmem kbs mstueohitms.
• Fbram mquopbs em trhchdb mi kbs qum nhyh uih pmrsbih qum abemrm kh
phrto`oph`oði phrh `baphrtor khs oemhs, rmvoshr kbs mdmr`o`obs y rmsbkvmr euehs.
• Fbamitm kh phrto`oph`oði y kh rmfkmxoði hitm khs sotuh`obims em hprmieozhdm
qum sm prmsmithi h kb khrgb em khs smahihs em mstueob.
Mstoaheh tutbrh y mstoaheb tutbr
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> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zrbaumvh kh `bmvhkuh`oði ameohitm h`tovoehems `bab khs soguomitms4
û Oitmr`hacob em kocrbs y ̀ uhemribs phrh rmvoshr kbs mdmr`ò obs y khs h`tovoehems
emk hutb`bitrbk mitrm kbs oitmgrhitms emk mquopb em trhchdb.
û Eoièao`hs `bab ‛Kh phph `hkomitm‑. Mk mstueohitm mkmgoeb eo`m kh
rmspumsth y kbs emaès vmrofo`hi so ms ̀ brrm`th. Po ib, mitrm tbebs kh ̀ brrogmi
y h`khrhi khs euehs.
û Zrmguiths mitrm mquopbs. Mk mquopb qum emcm `bitmsthr sm pbim em
h`umreb mi kbs hrguamitbs, bpoiobims b rmspumsths qum ehrè.
û Zrbpbigh mdmr`o`obs mxtrh phrh rmfbrzhr kbs `bitmioebs qum ib nhi soeb
hsoaokhebs.
û Zrbaumvh kh phrto`oph`oði, mk eoèkbgb y kh ms`u`nh rm`áprb`h mitrm kbs
aomacrbs emk grupb.
Hemaès, `heh smahih em msth guáh mstè brghiozheh mi trms abamitbs qum
`brrmspbiemi h khs fhsms emk hprmieozhdm sogiofo`htovb.
@bab phrtm em kh hpko`h`oði emk @urro`ukua Ih`obihk Chsm ‐@IC‐ mi mk hukh,mk Aoiostmrob em Meu`h`oði nh emshrrbkkheb khs sotuh`obims em hprmieozhdm qum
fh`okothi mk kbgrb em ̀ bapmtmi`ohs mi kbs mstueohitms, mi ̀ heh uih em khs èrmhs em
hprmieozhdm. Zbr msb mi mk kocrb mi`bitrhrè qum `heh ebs smahihs (Pmahih 8?,
33, 3=, mt`.) sm prmsmith uih smahih `bapkmthamitm emeo`heh h uih sotuh`oði
em hprmieozhdm. Mi khs btrhs smahihs, mi`bitrhrè uih pmqumøh sotuh`oði em
hprmieozhdm mi kh h`tovoehe 3 emk Hutb`bitrbk.
Kh sotuh`oði em hprmieozhdm `bisostm mi uih prmguith, sotuh`oði b prbckmah
em kh voeh eohroh qum sm pkhitmh h khs y kbs mstueohitms phrh qum cusqumi kh
sbku`oði, pbiomieb mi prè`tò h sus `bib`oaomitbs, nhcokoehems, hptotuems fáso`hs
y amithkms. Mi hkguibs `hsbs sm sugomrm kh oitmrh``oði `bi btrhs oistotu`obims emkh ̀ bauioehe.
Mk rbk em kh tutbrh y tutbr ms bromithr khs h`tovoehems qum khs y kbs mstueohitms
prbpbimi. Mk phpmk em khs y kbs mstueohitms ms rmhkozhr ui trhchdb oieovoeuhk y
mi mquopb phrh prmsmithr uih sbku`oði rmhk. Zbr mdmapkb, mi kh smahih 8? sm
pkhitmh mk soguomitm prbckmah4 ‛Mi kh `bauioehe ‛Kbs Ozbtms‑ kbs vm`oibs mstèi
prmb`uphebs pbrqum nhy ms`hsmz em hguh, sbkb nhy eospbiockms `heh eáh 3::
tbimkms phrh tbeh kh `bauioehe.‑ Mk prbckmah em hchstm`oaomitb em hguh ms
`baôi mi au`nhs ̀ bauioehems. Eurhitm mk emshrrbkkb em kh smahih, mi`bitrhrè
sugmrmi`ohs phrh bromithr h khs y kbs mstueohitms phrh qum mkkbs smhi quomims
prbpbighi y rmhko`mi h``obims h `brtb, ameohib y khrgb pkhzb.
Po quomrms pumems. _b tm h`baphøb.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh ?
Fhsm oio`ohk
Zrmsmith kh abtovh`oði phrh emspmrthr mi kbs mstueohitms mk emsmb em hprmiemr. Hemaès
oi`kuym h`tovoehems qum km pmraotmi h kbs mstueohitms rmkh`obihr mk `bib`oaomitb prmvob
`bi mk `bitmioeb iumvb.
Zbr msb, khs nostbrohs, khs hiï`ebths y kbs mdmr`o`obs qum mstèi mi mk kocrb emk mstueohitm y mimsth guáh sbi uih fbrah em ‛mitrhr‑ hk hprmieozhdm em kbs `bitmioebs iumvbs.
Mi msth guáh mi`bitrhrè mstbs ebs hphrthebs4
Zhrh oio`ohr
Zrbpbimabs h`tovoehems phrh ̀ bamizhr kh tutbráh4eoièao`hs, mdmr`o`obs, km`turhs b rmfkmxobims qum
hyuemi h rbapmr mk nomkb. Msths h`tovoehems ib
sm mi`umitrhi mi mk kocrb emk mstueohitm pums sbi
h`tovoehems qum km hyuehrèi h ustme h abtovhr
h kbs mstueohitms phrh oio`ohr kh tutbráh `bi
mitusohsab y hkmgráh.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbsprmvobs
Emeo`habs mstm abamitb h rmkh`obihr kbs
`bib`oaomitbs iumvbs `bi kbs shcmrms qum
yh sm tomimi. Zhrh mkkb, ibs hpbyhrmabs mi kh
sm``oði Zbigèabibs mi ahr`nh emk kocrb emkmstueohitm.
Fhsm oitmrameohMi msth fhsm, mk y kh mstueohitm msthckm`m rmkh`obims y soaokotuems mitrm kbs `bib`oaomitbs
prmvobs y kbs hprmieozhdms iumvbs. Khs mstrhtmgohs em mismøhizh qum prbaumvmi mk
hprmieozhdm sogiofo`htovb sbi4 eoèkbgb, okustrh`obims, rmsôamims, ahphs `bi`mptuhkms,
brghiozhebrms grèfo`bs, mt`.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 88
Zhrh rmfkmxobihr
Mk hprmieozhdm sogiofo`htovb sm kbgrh h`mr`hieb mk tmah h khs y kbs mstueohitms (kbgrbs y
`bitmioebs) y qum pumehi rmkh`obihrkbs `bi sus prbpobs bcdmtovbs. Pm bctomimi amdbrms
rmsukthebs `uhieb mk mstueohitm4
• Em`oem sbcrm sus prbpobs rm`ursbs4 nbrhrob, ahtmrohk, mt`.
• Ms rmspbishckm em su hprmieozhdm, `bab mi mk `hsb em kh meu`h`oði h eosthi`oh.
• Uomim oio`ohtovh phrh miroqum`mr su hprmieozhdm `bi kbs rm`ursbs h su eospbso`oði.
• Uomim ui hprmieozhdm phrto`ophtovb mi kh tutbráh smahihk.
• Pm emsmivumkvm emitrb ui hacomitm em rmspmtb, `baprmisoði y em hpbyb autub.
]ihs rm`bamieh`obims phrh kh tutbráh oio`ohk
• Smvosmi duitbs kh smahih em prmsmith`oði emk kocrb emk mstueohitm. Mxpkoqum
crmvmamitm h khs y kbs mstueohitms `uèkms sbi khs sm``obims emk kocrb y `uèk ms mkbcdmtovb em `heh uih.
• Zkhtoqum `bi khs y kbs mstueohitms sbcrm nècotbs em mstueob qum kms hyuehrèi h
mstueohr y kbgrhr hprmieozhdms eurhemrbs.
• Sm`baoïiemkms cus`hr ui kughr hprbpoheb phrh mstueohr, qum rmôih khs ̀ bieò obims
im`mshrohs4 trhiquokoehe, ̀ babeoehe, okuaoih`oði y cumih vmitokh`oði.
• H`bismdm h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum brghio`mi amdbr su tomapb mkhcbrhieb ui
nbrhrob qum oi`kuyh tbehs khs h`tovoehems qum rmhkozhi y mk tomapb rmhk qum kms
emeo`hi.
Km prmsmithabs mstm mdmapkb em nbrhrob. @heh mstueohitm `bkb`h khs h`tovoehems qum
rmhkozh mi mk eáh y mi kbs tomapbs qum sm rmhkozhi (ebraor, `bamr, kmmr, mstueohr, trhchdhr,
phsmhr…) Sm`umrem prmguithrkms mi kh tutbráh ̀ ðab kms vh ̀ bi mk nbrhrob qum msthckm`omrbi
y so kbgrhi `uapkorkb.
Nbrhs Kuims Ahrtms Aoïr`bkms Dumvms Vomrims Pècheb Ebaoigb6 ‐ 7
7 ‐ >
> ‐ ?
? ‐ 8:
8: ‐ 88
88 ‐ 83
83 ‐ 8080 ‐ 85
85 ‐ 8=
8= ‐ 86
86 ‐ 87
87 ‐ 8>
8> ‐ 8?
8? ‐ 3:
3: ‐ 38
38 ‐ 33
33 mihemkhitm
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83 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Oi`kuoabs msth eoièao`h em prmsmith`oði totukheh Sbsh rmspbishckm y Hitbiob hahckm.
Zðighikh mi prè`to`h mi kh proamrh tutbráh. Fhvbrm`mrè kh rmkh`oði mitrm kbs mstueohitms
y hyuehrè h `rmhr ui hacomitm em hprmieozhdm `breohk y rmspmtubsb prbabvomieb mk
hprmieozhdm oieovoeuhk y ̀ bkhcbrhtovb.
Eoièao`h ‛Sbsh rmspbishckm y Hitbiob hahckm‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrb`urhr hprmiemr mk ibacrm em khs `baphømrhs y `baphømrbs emk grupb yfhvbrm`mr ui hacomitm em `bifohizh y `breohkoehe.
Uomapb4 Em 8: h 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 ]ih pmkbth.
Zhsbs4
8. Ubebs khs y kbs phrto`ophitms fbrahi ui `ár`ukb.
3. Kh pmrsbih qum tomim kh pmkbth mapomzh h prmsmithrsm em kh soguomitm ahimrh4 eo`m su
ibacrm y uih ̀ hrh`tmrásto`h em mkkh b ïk qum mapomzh ̀ bi kh aosah kmtrh em su ibacrm,
hemaès, ibacrh mk kughr em ebiem vomim. Zbr mdmapkb4 ‛_b sby Sbsh rmspbishckm y
vmigb em @hitmk.‑
0. Kh pmkbth sm vh torhieb nhsth qum tbebs sm nhi prmsmitheb. Kbs qum yh sm prmsmithrbi
pumemi pbimr sus ahibs `ruzhehs.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 80
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Oahgmi em mspmdb‑
Bcdmtovb4 Hprmiemr h prmsthr htmi`oði. Smfbrzhr khtmrhkoehe.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Fbram phrmdhs.
3. Eághkms qum ̀ heh phrmdh em`oem ̀ uèk em mkkbs vh h smr mk ‛mspmdb‑. Kh pmrsbih ‛mspmdb‑
oaoth (rmfkmdh) khs h``obims em su phrmdh. Emspuïs em ui tomapb, páehkms qum `hacomi
em phpmkms y hsá kh btrh pmrsbih pumem smr mk "mspmdb".
0. Kbs phpmkms qum sm sugomrmi oaothr sbi4 ui kmøhebr, ui èrcbk y kbs hioahkms qum vovmi mi
kbs èrcbkms.
5. Hitms em oio`ohr, rm`uïremkms qum kh pmrsbih qum vh h smr mspmdb, emcm nh`mr oguhk
tbebs kbs abvoaomitbs y hk aosab tomapb qum kh pmrsbih h kh qum vh h oaothr. Zbr kb
thitb so kh pmrsbih guáh aumvm mk crhzb emrm`nb, kh pmrsbih mspmdb, utokozhrè mk crhzb
ozquomreb.
=. Hk foihkozhr, abtovm h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms h eohkbghr sbcrm `ðab sm nhi smitoeb mi
`heh uib em kbs phpmkms. Mitrm tbebs, mkhcbrmi `bi`kusobims em kh h`tovoehe.
@uoeb mk hguh y kbs cbsqums
8?
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85 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 3
• Hihko`mi kh prbckmaèto`h pkhitmheh. Abtávmkbs h rmhkozhr prbpumsths phrh `uoehr mk
hguh em kh `bauioehe.
• Eághkms qum mxostmi hkguihs ahimrhs em `uoehr mk hguh mi `hsh, ̀ bab khs soguomitms4◄ @mrrhr kh kkhvm emk hguh aomitrhs sm ̀ mpokkhi kbs eomitms b sm hfmothi.
◄ @mrrhr kh kkhvm em kh pokh aomitrhs midhcbihi kbs trhstbs.
◄ Vogokhr mk mstheb em kbs `nbrrbs em kh `hsh y rmphrhrkbs so gbtmhi.
◄ @mrrhr kh kkhvm em kh rmghemrh aomitrhs sm midhcbihi.
◄ ]tokozhr ui pkhtb nbieb phrh khvhr fruths y vmreurhs y hprbvm`nhr msh hguh phrh
rmghr khs pkhiths.
◄ @bkb`hr uih b ebs cbtmkkhs kkmihs em hguh emitrb emk ̀ baphrtoamitb em rm`hrgh
emk oibebrb.
• @bamitmi `heh uih em mkkhs. Pugoïrhkms qum pbighi mi prè t̀o`h tbehs msths
rm`bamieh`obims eurhitm ui ams.
• Pbko`otm h kbs mstueohitms qum phghi `ubth emk hguh pbr `bisuab amisuhk, qum emitrb
em ui ams kkmvmi sus rm`ocbs hk `ár`ukb em mstueob y `baphrmi `uèitb phghrbi em
hguh ui ams hitms em hpko`hr msths ameoehs y `uèitb shkoð hnbrh.
• @bamitmi kbs rmsukthebs mi `khsm.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih ?
• H `bitoiuh`oði sm km prmsmith ui kostheb em phkhcrhs qum pumem utokozhr mi mk ̀ ár`ukb em
mstueob phrh rmphshr khs phkhcrhs nbaðfbihs `bi khs y kbs mstueohitms. Po ib `bib`m
mk sogiofo`heb em hkguihs em mkkhs, km sugmroabs cus`hrkhs mi mk eo``obihrob< em msth
ahimrh msthrè prmphrheb phrh rmsbkvmr `uhkquomr eueh.
• Mxpkoqum mk sogiofo`heb em msths phkhcrhs h khs y kbs mstueohitms y páehkms qum ms`rochi
brh`obims ̀ bi mkkhs4
Hshr - hzhr - hzhnhr
Hsoh - nh`oh
Hsmsoihr - h`m`oihr
Hcrhsheh - hcrhzheh
Pmghr - `mghr
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 8=
ahsh - ahzh
thsh - thzh
soah - `oah
crh`mrb - crhsmrb
`husm - `hu`m
pbsb - pbzb
Zègoih 8:
@bamitmi h`mr`h em kh fkbrh y fhuih qum nhy mi su `bauioehe, hsá `bab emk usb y
`uoeheb qum km ehi h kbs cbsqums. Abtovm h khs y kbs mstueohitms h phrto`ophr y nh`mr
prbpumsths b rm`bamieh`obims.
Smfkmxobimi sbcrm hkguihs fbrahs em `uoehr kbs cbsqums, `bab4
• Ib torhr chsurh, fuahr, nh`mr `nurrhs`bs u nbgumrhs ̀ mr`h b emitrb em kbs cbsqums.
• Smfbrmsthr, mspm`ohkamitm mi zbihs qum nhi qumeheb hrrhshehs pbr mk fumgb. Zbr
`heh èrcbk qum sm `brth b sm pomrem mi ui oi`mieob, sm emcmi smacrhr ebs.
• ]tokozhr khs ebs `hrhs em khs nbdhs em phpmk. Mk phpmk usheb sm pumem rm`o`khr phrh
nh`mr hrtmshiáhs, `bab khs poøhths.
• Sm`umrem qum mk amdbr kughr ebiem pumemi vovor kbs hioahkms ib ebaïsto`bs sbi kbs
cbsqums pbrqum hkká tomimi mk topb em hkoamitb qum im`msothi y rmhkozhi su fui`oði
emitrb emk m`bsostmah.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 87
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs 8= h 87
• Zkhtoqumi sbcrm khs vmithdhs em utokozhr kh ameò oih ihturhk. Oivátmkbs h ̀ baphrtor sus
`bib`oaomitbs sbcrm hkguihs pkhiths ameo`oihkms y su usb. Zbr mdmapkb, pumemi
nhckhr sbcrm4 mk cmrrb, kh nomrchcumih, kh ahizhiokkh, mk pmro`ði, mk tbaokkb, mk pmrmdok,kh `himkh y btrhs nomrchs ameo`oihkms.
• Smhko`m mdmr̀ o`obs vhrohebs em khs phkhcrhs pbkosïao`hs. H `bitoiuh`oði sm km
prmsmithi hkguibs mdmapkbs.
@bapkmtm khs brh`obims `bi khs phkhcrhs `urh y pmieomitm.
Nm pmreoeb ui em brb.
Hymr vo hk em kh phrrbquoh.
Msh abithøh tomim au`nh .
Ao aherm am kh nmroeh.
• Eá`tmkms khs soguomitms phkhcrhs4 `bkbioh, ahizhih, somrrh y pkhith. Záehkms qum ms r̀ochi
ebs brh`obims ̀ bi ̀ heh uih tbahieb mi ̀ umith qum sbi phkhcrh pbkosïao`hs< pbr kb
thitb, `heh brh`oði mapkmhrè kh phkhcrh `bi ui sogiofo`heb eofmrmitm.
Zègoihs 8> h 3:
• Pm sugomrm qum mkhcbrm uihs nbdhs em trhchdb `bi mdmr̀ o`obs y prbckmahs em
auktopko`h`oði phrh qum khs y kbs mstueohitms rmhko`mi kbs mdmr`o`obs mk eáh em kh rmuioði.
Zroamrb, smrèi auktopko`h`obims `bi uih `ofrh, kumgb `bi ebs, nhsth oi`rmamithr h trms
b ̀ uhtrb. Mstb pmraotorè h khs y kbs mstueohitms tmimr ahybrms bpbrtuioehems em rmphshrkbs `bib`oaomitbs y sbku`obihr euehs. Zumem tbahr mdmapkbs em btrbs kocrbs.
• Hk foihkozhr kbs mdmr`o`obs em su kocrb y khs nbdhs em trhchdb, páehkms qum `baphrmi sus
rmspumsths. Po sbi eofmrmitms, rmhko`mi mk mdmr`o`ob `biduithamitm.
Zègoih 38
• Oitmr`hacomi mxpmromi`ohs sbcrm kbs ̀ uoehebs em khs pkhiths4 qum tmighi sufo`omitm kuz
y hguh, qum mk sumkb smh fïrtok y ib tmighi pkhghs.
• Zrbaumvh qum khs y kbs mstueohitms nhghi uih numrth fhaokohr. @bivmrsmi sbcrm fbrahs
em bctmimr smaokkhs, `uèkms smaokkhs pumemi bctmimr em kbs frutbs b vmreurhs y `uèkms
emcmi ̀ bismguor b `baprhr. Hprbvm`nm kh bpbrtuioehe phrh prbabvmr kh oapbrthi`oh
em kh numrth fhaokohr phrh fbamithr uih cumih hkoamith`oði.
Zhrh kh soguomitm smahih4 Mitrm tbebs trhtmi em kkmvhr hk `ár`ukb em mstueob
kèaoihs, trofbkohrms b km`turhs em kh `ukturh ahyh hitoguh y em kbs proi`ophkms
kughrms emk @mitrb Nostðro`b em kh `ouehe em Guhtmahkh.
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8> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "¡Ms`u`nmabs!"
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh `bbpmrh`oði y kh ms`u`nh htmith.
Uomapb4 8: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs48. Pbko`otm h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms pmrahim`mr mi sokmi`ob phrh pbemr ms`u`nhr kbs sbioebs
qum prbvomimi em fumrh emk shkði em trhchdb.
3. Emspuïs em uibs aoiutbs, kms poem qum eoghi quï sbioebs ms`u`nhrbi m oemitofo`hrbi
y `ðab sm soitomrbi aomitrhs msthchi mi sokmi`ob.
0. Hk foihkozhr, abtovm h tbebs h eohkbghr sbcrm ̀ ðab sm nhi smitoeb, pbr quï ms oapbrthitm
mk sokmi`ob y h mxprmshr khs `bi`kusobims em kh eoièao`h.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 3>
• Fbram grupbs em trhchdb. @baphrthi mk ahtmrohk bctmioeb sbcrm kh `ukturh ahyh
hitoguh. Kmhi kh oifbrah`oði.
• Mxpkáqumkms h`mr`h em kh mstru`turh em kh sb`omehe ahyh mi msh ïpb`h.
• Abtávmkbs h qum rmhko`mi uih ̀ baphrh`oði mitrm kh fbrah em voeh em kbs ahyhs em
kh ïpb`h hitoguh y kh h`tuhk.
Mk èrmh mi qum vovb
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 8?
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs 3?
• Cusqumi mitrm mk ahtmrohk bctmioeb oifbrah`oði sbcrm kbs proi`ophkms kughrms b
smrvo`obs qum tomim h`tuhkamitm kh `ouehe em Guhtmahkh, pbr mdmapkb4 mk Hmrbpumrtb
Oitmrih`obihk Kh Hurbrh, kbs smrvo`obs em cusms Urhisamtrb y Urhisurchib, kbs kughrmsemk @mitrb Nostðro`b (@htmerhk Amtrbpbkothih, Zhkh`ob Ih`obihk, Cockobtm`h Ih`obihk
em Guhtmahkh, mt`.), `mitrbs `bamr`ohkms, uiovmrsoehems, nbtmkms, ausmbs, Umhtrb
Ih`obihk, mt`.
• Pbko`otm qum hqumkkbs qum `bibz`hi kh `ouehe em Guhtmahkh b hkguih btrh `ouehe
`baphrthi sus mxpmromi`ohs `bi kbs emaès.
• Fbram grupbs em trhchdb y mkhcbrmi ui kostheb em kbs proi`ophkms kughrms b smrvo`obs qum
tomim kh ̀ bauioehe ebiem vovmi, pbr mdmapkb4 ̀ mitrbs em shkue, nbspothkms, fhrah`ohs,
cbacmrbs, amr`hebs, tomiehs, mt`.
• Oitmr`hacomi sus mxpmromi`ohs.
Zègoih 08
• H `bitoiuh`oði sm km prmsmithi ebs pèrrhfbs `brtbs qum ustme pumem eo`thr h khs y kbs
mstueohitms phrh pbimr mi prè`to`h kh rmgkh brtbgrèfo`h emk usb em kh ap y ac4
Btrb eáh em `hzh
]i eáh ui `hchkkmrb poeoð h su dbvmi `b`oimrb qum kb h`baphøhrh h `hzhr.
Hacbs sm kmvhithrbi auy tmaprhib y shkomrbi hk `hapb hk hahim`mr.
Mk ibckm ib `hzð iheh< mi `hacob mk `b`oimrb rmgrmsð `bi ui `bimdb.Emkhitm emk smøbr, mk soapèto`b au`nh`nb `bitð khs phths emk hioahk hitms
em kkmvèrsmkb h kh `b`oih.
]ih pmká`ukh oaprmsobihitm
Hymr vo ̀ bi Nuacmrtb, Haphrb y Hacrbsob uih pmká`ukh em vhaporbs. ¡Ibs kb
phshabs cbach! Zmrb pbr kh ib`nm, `uhieb vmáh uih sbacrh..., am pbiáh
h tmackhr. Nh`áh tomapb qum ib phshch thitb aomeb.
• Záehkms qum sucrhymi khs phkhcrhs qum `bitmighi ap y ac.
• Zhrh rmfbrzhr msth rmgkh brtbgrèfo`h, páehkms qum ms`rochi smos phkhcrhs `bi ap y ac qum ib mstïi mi mk eo`theb.
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3: Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zègoihs 03
• Smvosmi duitbs kbs mdmr`o`obs em ahtmaèto`h. Po tomimi eofmrmitms rmspumsths, sugomrh
qum rmhko`mi mk mdmr`o`ob `biduithamitm y sbku`obim euehs.
Zègoihs 05
• @bivmrsmi sbcrm hkguihs em khs ibrahs vohkms (smøhkms em trèisotb, mt`.) b
rm`bamieh`obims qum emcmi smguor kbs pmhtbims y pokbtbs phrh mvothr h``oemitms.
Uhacoïi smøhkm kh oapbrthi`oh em smguor khs oieo`h`obims em khs ku`ms emk smaèfbrb y
utokozhr khs phshrmkhs phrh `ruzhr `hkkms.
@bamitm h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum kh prðxoah smahih nhrèi ui m`bkherokkb
mi `khsm. Zhrh mkkb, tbebs trhmrèi mivhsms em pkèsto`b vh`ábs y koapobs y
vhrohs cbkshs pkèsto`hs ushehs y/b cbkshs em gbkbsoihs b maphqums.
Ebckm váhZrbnocoeb gorhrh kh ozquomreh
Zrbnocoeb `or`ukhrco`o`kmths
Zrbnocoeb msth`obihr
MTbih ms`bkhr
@ru`m em pmhtbims @urvh Ghsbkoimrh
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 38
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Mk dumgb em kh ‛M‑‑
Bcdmtovb4 Emsth`hr qum khs pmrsbihs vmi khs ̀ bshs em h`umreb ̀ bi su prbpoh pmrspm`tovh.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 ]i pkomgb em phpmk ahiokh y ui ahr`hebr.
Zhsbs4
8. Zoeh h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fbrami ui á̀r`ukb.
3. Ms`roch mi mk pkomgb em phpmk uih kmtrh ‛M‑ auy grhiem y `urvh y pðighkh mi mk `mitrb
emk ̀ ár`ukb.
0. Zoeh qum ems`rochi mxh`thamitm kb qum vmi mi mk pmehzb em phpmk, emsem ebiem
mstèi phrhebs b smithebs. Empmieomieb em eðiem mstèi mi mk `ár`ukb, vhi h vmr uih
„a‟, uih „w‟, ui „0‟b uih „M‟.
5. Kumgb khs y kbs phrto`ophitms pumemi `hacohrsm em kughr phrh vmr kh kmtrh emsem uih
pmrspm`tovh eofmrmitm.
²Mi quï kughr prmfomrb vovor2
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33 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 53
• Kumgb em kmmr kh km`turh em kh sm``oði Zbigèabibs mi ahr̀ nh, mitrm tbebs rmhko`mi
ui kostheb em kbs emspmreo`obs, mivhsms, mt`. qum torhi h kh chsurh mi sus ̀ hshs y kughrms
em trhchdb.
• Hnbrh, k̀hsofoqumikbs smgôi kbs trms topbs em emsm`nbs qum mxostmi4
8. Káquoebs (hguhs imgrhs b rmsoeuhkms mivohehs hk ermihdm emsem kbs nbghrms, bfo`oihsy fècro`hs, qum ̀ bitomimi h`motms, nm`ms fm`hkms, rmsoeubs em ̀ baoehs, emtmrgmitms
y prbeu`tbs quáao`bs em koapomzh).
3. Pðkoebs (mivhsms em pkèsto`b, voerob, khths, ahemrh, rmstbs em hkoamitbs, phpmk).
0. Ghsmbsbs (nuab prbeu`oeb pbr fècro`hs, `hrrbs, chsurh qumaheh b `oghrrbs).
• Eos`uthi4 ²Xuï `hitoehe em chsurh b emsm`nbs sh`habs em iumstrh `hsh b kughr em
trhchdb h kh smahih2, ²quï nh`mabs `bi kh chsurh2, ²pbemabs rm`o`khr hkgb em msh
chsurh2, ²quï pbemabs nh`mr phrh prbeu`or amibs chsurh2
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs 55
Fbram trms grupbs em trhchdb. @heh grupb em`oem trhchdhr ui tmah4 `bithaoih`oði emk
horm, hguh y sumkb. @heh grupb `bivmrsh h`mr`h em khs h`tovoehems qum rmhkozhi mi su
`bauioehe, ̀ hsh y trhchdb qum ̀ bithaoihi mk hacomitm y trhthi em cus`hr uih sbku`oði.
Zumemi ushr ui fbrahtb soaokhr h mstm4
Zrbckmah em ̀ bithaoih`oði Pbku`oði
Hk foihkozhr, `heh grupb mxpbim sus oemhs.
Zègoih =:
• Cusqum pmqumøhs km`turhs em oitmrïs.
• Fbram grupbs em trhchdb y mitrmgum h `heh grupb uih km`turh y páehkms qum ms`rochimi sus `uhemribs kbs vmrcbs qum mi`bitrhrbi hsá `bab uih brh`oði `bi `heh uib em
mkkbs.
Zègoih =3
• Mkhcbrmi mi `khsm ui m`bkherokkb `bi kbs mivhsms y cbkshs pkèsto`hs ushehs y/b cbkshs
em gbkbsoihs b maphqums qum tbebs trhdmrbi msm eáh hk `ár`ukb em mstueob.
• Poghi khs oistru``obims y pkhimmi qum pberáhi `bistruor ushieb m`bkherokkbs.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 30
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "Zhsmbs mi thxo"
Bcdmtovb4 Hpko`hr kh eovosoði mxh`th.
Uomapb4 8: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Msph`ob hapkob.
Zhsbs48. Pbko`otm 5 vbkuithrobs phrh qum nhghi mk phpmk em `nbfmrms em thxo. Eághkms qum sm
ahitmighi `haoihieb y qum pmraothi qum suchi ebs, `uhtrb u b`nb pmrsbihs
(iôamrbs phrms).
3. Zoeh h kbs phrto òphitms qum soaukmi msthr sucomieb h kbs thxos.
0. @uhieb kbs thxos phrhi, kbs phrto`ophitms emcmi ‛sucorsm‑ h kbs thxos. Ubebs kbs thxos
emcmi tmimr kh aosah `hitoehe em phshdmrbs.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih =6
• @bamitmi sbcrm kbs auio`opobs b emphrthamitbs qum `bib`mi.
• Mitrm tbebs smkm``obimi ui kughr y nhckmi h`mr`h emk k̀oah, kh tmapmrhturh, kbs
prbeu`tbs qum sm prbeu`mi y mk topb em rbph qum utokozhi kbs pbckhebrms.
²@ðab ms mk `koah em ao rmgoði2
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35 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs =7
• Urhtm em `bismguor oifbrah`oði (`koah, msth`obims, h`tovoehe sb`obm`biðao`h,
uco`h`oði gmbgrèfo`h, kughrms turásto`bs, fbrah em voeh em kbs pbckhebrms, mt`.) sbcrm
uib em kbs emphrthamitbs em `heh rmgoði emk ahph em kh pègoih = (rmgobims emGuhtmahkh smgôi mk topb em `koah). Zumem utokozhr ui kocrb em proahroh, cus`hr mi mk
oitmrimt b mi kh cockobtm`h em kh auio`ophkoehe.
• Brghio`m grupbs em trhchdb y eostrocuyh kh oifbrah`oði bctmioeh. @heh grupb em
mstueohitms pumem mkhcbrhr ui `hrtmk `bi oifbrah`oði sbcrm ui emphrthamitb.
• Hk foihkozhr, `heh grupb mxpbim su `hrtmk y mitrm tbebs `baphrtmi oifbrah`oði sbcrm kb
qum kmymrbi y `bib`mi sbcrm kbs emphrthamitbs qum trhchdhrbi.
Zègoih 63
• Pugmrmi`ohs em mdmr`o òbs phrh trhchdhr kbs tomapbs emk vmrcb. Zumem eo`thrkms brh`obims`bi vmrcbs mi prmsmitm phrh qum khs y kbs mstueohitms khs `bivomrthi mi brh`obims `bi
vmrcbs mi phsheb y futurb. Mdmapkb4
Zrmsmitm Zhsheb Futurb
Zmerb ms`rocm uih `hrth.
Ahaè kkmgh em vohdm.
Kbs `hchkkbs cmcmi hguh.
• Zhrh smguor prh`to`hieb kbs tomapbs vmrchkms, páehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum`bapkmtmi mk soguomitm `uherb. @heh mstueohitm pumem `bkhcbrhr ehieb ui vmrcb.
Zhsheb (hymr) Zrmsmitm (nby) Futurb (ahøhih)
8. chokï chokb chokhrï
3. `bab
0. kmb
5. kkbrï
=. mstueoï
6. koapohrï
7. dughrï
• Mitrm tbebs rmvosmi kh rmsbku`oði em mdmr`ò obs em ahtmaèto`h y rmsumkvhi euehs.
Zhrh kh prðxoah smahih im`msothrèi nbdhs em pmroðeo`b b rmvosths, todmrhs y gbah.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 3=
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Mi`umitrh h hkguomi vmstoeb em…‑
Bcdmtovb4 Hprmiemr h bcsmrvhr.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Zoeh h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum `haoimi rmkhdèiebsm, sh`ueomieb sus crhzbs y pomrihs.
3. Emspuïs em ui `brtb tomapb, `bi vbz fumrtm grotm ‛Mi`umitrm h hkguomi vmstoeb `bi...‑
y eogh mk ibacrm em kh prmieh em vmstor.
0. Khs y kbs mstueohitms tomimi qum hpurhrsm phrh phrhrsm duitb h kh pmrsbih ems`roth.
Smpoth mstm mdmr`o`ob vhrohs vm`ms ushieb eofmrmitms topbs em prmiehs em vmstor.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 7:
• @baphrthi sus mxpmromi`ohs em trhchdb y rmkh`oðimikhs `bi kbs sm`tbrms em kh
m`bibaáh.
Ao phpmk mi kh m`bibaáh
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36 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs 78
• Fbram grupbs em trhchdb. @heh grupb cus`hrè ibto`ohs, hrtá`ukbs b fbtbgrhfáhs
rmkh`obihehs `bi kbs sm`tbrms m`biðao`bs vostbs mi `khsm4 hgro`ukturh, ghihemráh,
aoimráh, `bistru``oði, mkm`tro`oehe, hguh, ghs, `bamr`ob, smrvo`ob em trhispbrtm, mt`.
• Sm`brthrèi y pmghrèi mi su `uhemrib kb mi`bitrheb.
• @bivmrshrèi mi grupb sbcrm mk trhchdb rmhkozheb y su rmkh`oði `bi kbs sm`tbrms em kh
m`bibaáh.
Zègoih 70
• H `bitoiuh`oði sm km prmsmith ui mdmr`o`ob qum pumem eo`thr phrh qum khs y kbs
mstueohitms rmphsmi kbs vmrcbs.
Oistru``obims4 kmhi khs soguomitms brh`obims y sucrhymi kh bp`oði `brrm`th. Kumgb,ms`ráchkh mi mk msph`ob mi ckhi`b.
Kbs mihabrhebs sm (cmshr) mi mk phrqum.
h. cmshi c. cmshs `. comshi
So`hreb (ms`u`nhr) somaprm mk aosab eos`b.
h. ms`u`nh c. nms`u`nh `. nms`unh
Ahrghroth (m`nhr) kmøh hk fumgb.
h. nm`nb c. m`nh `. nm`nh
"Xuomi (`hithr) , su ahk (msphith) "
h. @hith c. `hitb `. `hithrè
Phrh (hcror) kh tomieh h khs iumvm y ameoh.
h. hcrhs c. hcrh `. hcrm
Zègoih 7=
• Mitrm tbebs rmvosmi kh rmsbku`oði em mdmr`ò obs em ahtmaèto`h y rmsumkvhi euehs.
Sm`umremi qum kh prðxoah smahih im`msothrèi hiui`obs em mapkmbs qum
shkmi mi pmroðeo`bs b rmvosths.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 37
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Em pmrsbih h pmrsbih‑
Bcdmtovb4 Vhkbrhr kh oapbrthi`oh em trhchdhr duitbs pbr ui aosab bcdmtovb.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Msph`ob hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eághkms h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms qum fbrami phrmdhs.
3. Mxpkáqumkms kh fbrah em trhchdb4 @uhieb ustme eo`m ‛em ihroz h ihroz‑, ‛em msphkeh
h msphkeh‑, ‛em `hcmzh h rbeokkh‑, mt`., khs y kbs mstueohitms tomimi qum nh`mr msths
h`tovoehems `bi su phrmdh.
0. Hk ms`u`nhr kh oistru``oði ‛pmrsbih h pmrsbih‑ tbebs tomimi qum `hacohr em phrmdh.
5. Záehkms qum mxprmsmi so mi hkgôi abamitb kms `bstð pbimrsm em h`umreb phrh
rmhkozhr kh h`tovoehe. Bromitm khs rmspumsths phrh qum hihko`mi quï oifkumi`oh tomim mk
`baphømrosab y kh h`totue phrh nh`mr h``obims mi cmimfo`ob pmrsbihk y khcbrhk.
=. Abtávmkbs phrh qum tbebs phrto`opmi y ̀ umitmi hkguihs mxpmromi`ohs qum nhyhi tmioeb
mi su trhchdb.
Ao trhchdb
3=
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3> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih >5
• Em h`umreb h kbs rmsukthebs em kh eoièaò h qum rmhkozhrbi phrh oio`ohr kh smahih, pumemi
hihkozhr hkguihs em khs mxpmromi`ohs em kbs phrto`ophitms y mkhcbrhr `bi`kusobims.
• Sm`uïremkms qum ms oapbrthitm kh shtosfh``oði pmrsbihk mi mk trhchdb, `bitoiuhrmstueohieb y hk`hizhr amths.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih ?5
• @baphrthi mxpmromi`ohs em sotuh`obims qum sm nhi eheb mi hkguibs kughrms ebiem
nhi trhchdheb, thitb pbsotovhs `bab imghtovhs.
• Mitrm tbebs hihko`mi hkguihs em msths mxpmromi`ohs khcbrhkms hsá `bab khs `hushs y`bism`umi`ohs qum msths sotuh`obims pumemi tmimr phrh mk trhchdhebr y mk phtrbib b
maprmsh. Dustofoqumi sus rmspumsths `bi mk `bitmioeb emk kocrb (Po tomim kh pbsocokoehe,
kkmvm hk `ár`ukb em mstueob uih `bpoh em kh @bistotu`oði Zbkáto`h em kh Smpôcko`h em
Guhtmahkh b mk @ðeogb em Urhchdb).
Mdmapkb em ui `hsb4
Ehiomkh mstè rmgrmshieb h su trhchdb kumgb em tmimr h su cmcï. Pu dmfm
km h`hch em oifbrahr qum ib km ehrèi kh nbrh em kh`thi`oh pbrqum nhy
au`nb trhchdb htrhsheb. ²Ms kmghk kb qum poem mk dmfm2, ²sm dustofo`h pbrqum
nhy au`nb trhchdb2, ²quï km h`bismdhráhi h Ehiomkh2, ²pumemi emspmeorkh
so ib mstè em h`umreb mi pmremr kh nbrh em kh`thi`oh2
• Phqumi khs nbdhs `bi hiui`obs em mapkmbs qum tbebs kkmvhrbi y cusqumi hiui òbs
qum ib mstïi em h`umreb `bi mk Hrtá`ukb 8=8 emk @ðeogb em Urhchdb em Guhtmahkh.
• Kumgb em su hièkosos, kmhi mi vbz hkth `heh hiui`ob y mxpkoqumi pbr quï rhzði ib
`uapkmi `bi kb msthckm`oeb mi msm hrtá`ukb.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 3?
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Am gusths pbrqum…‑
Bcdmtovb4 Fbrthkm`mr kbs hspm`tbs pbsotovbs em ̀ heh uib em khs y kbs phrto`ophitms y mi`bitrhrfh`tbrms mi `baôi mi su fbrah em h`tuhr, pbr mdmapkb kh hahcokoehe, rmspbishcokoehe,
mt`., kbs `uhkms sbi rmsuktheb em kh meu`h`oði, kbs vhkbrms y khs ibrahs em kh sb`omehe
guhtmahktm`h.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Msph`ob hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eághkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum sm somitmi mi á̀r`ukb.
3. Kumgb, qum pomismi quï h`totue, `uhkoehe, mt .̀ kms gusth em kh pmrsbih qum mstè h su
emrm`nh. Emkms sufo`omitm tomapb phrh pmishr. Sm`uïremkms qum tbeb kb qum eoghi
emcm smr pbsotovb.
0. Hk foihkozhr, prmgôitmkms ²@ðab sm nhi smitoeb2, ²`rmmi qum tbehs khs pmrsbihs sbi
oguhkms2, ²quï fh`tbrms oifkuymi phrh qum uih pmrsbih tmigh mshs `hrh`tmrásto`hs2,
²pbr quï nhy hkguihs pmrsbihs qum sm phrm`mi mi su fbrah em h`tuhr 2
5. Abtávmkbs h phrto`ophr.
Ao meu`h`oði
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0: Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih ?>
• ²Xuï nhi ms`u`nheb sbcrm kbs emrm`nbs nuahibs2, ²nhi ms`u`nheb hkguih vmz
sbcrm kbs soguomitms topbs em emrm`nbs4 nuahibs, em kbs trhchdhebrms, h em`oeor ̀ uèitbs
nodbs tmimr (pkhiofo`h`oði fhaokohr rmspbishckm), meu`h`oði grhtuoth, hkoamith`oði,
mt`.2 @bi msths prmguiths pumemi oio`ohr ui oitmr`hacob em mxpmromi`ohs, bpoiobims y`bib`oaomitbs.
• Sm`umrem h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum mi tbebs kbs phásms mxostmi kmyms phrh ghrhitozhr
kbs emrm`nbs em khs pmrsbihs, y qum mi kh @bistotu`oði Zbkáto`h em kh Smpôcko`h em
Guhtmahkh sm mi`umitrhi emthkkhebs kbs emrm`nbs em kbs guhtmahktm`bs.
• ²@rmmi qum sm ̀ uapkm mk emrm`nb h kh meu`h`oði mi iumstrb phás2 Abtovm kh eos`usoði
y mk hièkosos em mstm emrm`nb fuiehamithk. ²Xuï oapoem h au`nhs ioøhs y ioøbs hsostor
h kh ms`umkh2, ²quï pbemabs nh`mr phrh prbabvmr qum aès ioøhs y ioøbs vhyhi h kh
ms`umkh2, ²quï ibs oapuksh h ibsbtrbs, `bab dðvmims y heuktbs, h `bitoiuhr iumstrbs
mstueobs2
• Sm`umremi qum tbehs khs pmrsbihs tomimi emrm`nbs y rmspbishcokoehems qum `uapkor.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 8:3
Fbrami grupbs em `uhtrb pmrsbihs y rmsumkvhi mk soguomitm mdmr`o`ob.
Oistru``obims4 Bcsmrvm mk vmrcb qum mstè hk foihk em `heh brh`oði. Ms`ráchkb mi mkmsph`ob mi ckhi`b, mi mk tomapb qum `brrmspbieh4 phsheb, prmsmitm b futurb.
Kbs oitmgrhitms emk `brb auy comi hqumkkh ib`nm mi kh ogkmsoh.(`hithr)
Duhih kh `hrrmrh em Zmrotb @bithebr hk tmraoihr cèso`bs.(mstueohr)
Ao nmrahib `haoihr pbr mk phrqum.(h`bstuacrhr)
Zhrh ghihr msm mxhami, ibsbtrbs duitbs tbeb mk foi em smahih.
(mstueohr)
Mkkh auy `hisheh emk trhchdb hqumkkh ib`nm.
(rmgrmshr)
Hiermh mi khs prðxoahs `bapmtmi`ohs em Ahzhtmihigb.(`brrmr)
Kh smahih prðxoah nhrèi uih h`tovoehe mspm`ohk, phrh rmhkozhrkh tbebs im`msothi
kkmvhr bcdmtbs emsm`nhckms (nbdhs em pmroðeo`b b rmvosths, vhsbs, khths b mivhsms, mt`.).
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 08
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Mk grupb auso`hk‑
Bcdmtovb4 Ems`ucror mk vhkbr em kh hyueh autuh phrh `bismguor foims `bauims.
Uomapb4 3: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob, bcdmtbs emsm`nhckms b qum mstïi mi kh `khsm (`uhemribs,nbdhs em phpmk, kèpo`ms, amshs, vhsbs, khths b mivhsms, mt`.).
Zhsbs4
8. Pbko`otm h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fhcroqumi oistruamitbs auso`hkms ̀ bi kbs bcdmtbs qum
tbebs kkmvhrbi.
3. Fbrami ui `ár`ukb y ms`bdhi uih eorm`tbrh b eorm`tbr em brqumsth.
0. Zhrh qum mapom`m kh eoièao`h, kh eorm`tbrh b eorm`tbr smøhkh h ui aôso`b, quomi oieo`h
ui rotab m oio`oh kh oitmrprmth`oði em uih pomzh auso`hk. Kumgb, mk proamr aôso`b smøhkh
h btrb, y hsá su`msovhamitm nhsth qum tbeb mk grupb fbram phrtm em kh brqumsth.
5. @uhieb kh brqumsth nh tmraoiheb em oitmrprmthr kh pomzh auso`hk, rmhko`m khs soguomitms
prmguiths4 ²@ðab sm nhi smitoeb2, ²`ðab nh soeb pbsockm `bivmrtor ui bcdmtb
`uhkquomrh mi oistruamitb auso`hk2, ²quï nh soeb im`mshrob phrh qum kh brqumsth sumim
comi2, ²`uèk nh soeb mk rbk em kh eorm`tbrh b eorm`tbr 2, ²mi quï sm phrm`m mstb h kh voeh
`btoeohih2, ²`ðab sm rmkh`obih `bi kbs rbkms qum tomim `heh uib mi kh `bauioehe2
Vovb mi `bauioehe
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03 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 883
• Fbrami ui `ár`ukb, ems`rochi ui prbckmah qum hfm`th h tbebs kbs aomacrbs em kh
`bauioehe y `baphrthi oemhs sbcrm `ðab sm pumem rmsbkvmr.
• Nhgh ïifhsos mi khs `boi`oemi`ohs y eofmrmi`ohs qum tomimi kbs nhcothitms phrh rmsbkvmrkbs prbckmahs em uih `bauioehe, em h`umreb h kh vosoði `bab pumckb ^oi`h, Ahyh,
Ghráfuih y Kheoib.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoihs 880
• Nhckmi sbcrm kh eovmrsoehe `ukturhk em Guhtmahkh y khs `hrh t̀mrásto`hs em kbs `uhtrb
pumckbs (oeobah, hkoamith`oði, trheo`obims, uco`h`oði gmbgrèfo`h, mt`.)
• @bivmrsmi sbcrm khs eofmrmi`ohs mitrm kh `bauioehe rurhk y urchih. Zhrh abtovhr kh
phrto`oph`oði pumem rmhkozhr khs soguomitms prmguiths4 ²Xuï eofmrmi`oh nhy mitrm kbs
ahtmrohkms em `bistru``oði em khs `hshs emk èrmh urchih y emk èrmh rurhk2, ²tomimi khs
`hshs kh aosah ̀ hitoehe em nhcoth`obims2, ²`uèkms sbi kbs proi`ophkms topbs em trhchdb
em kbs nhcothitms2, ²tomimi kbs aosabs smrvo`obs cèso`bs (hguh, kuz, smrvo`ob em chsurh,
mt`.2, ²kh audmr rmhkozh khs aosahs h`tovoehems2, ²tomimi nbspothkms b ̀ mitrbs em shkue2,
²quï vmithdhs y emsvmithdhs tomim vovor mi ui èrmh urchih y mi ui èrmh rurhk2
Zègoih 88>
• @brtmi ui pkomgb em phpmk pmroðeo`b (lrhft b em mivbkvmr) mi `uhtrb torhs grumshs.
• Fbrami `uhtrb grupbs. @heh grupb ms`rocm mi su pmehzb em phpmk uih brh òði
rmkh`obiheh `bi kh shkue. Zbr mdmapkb4
8. Kh km`nm ahtmrih prbtmgm hk cmcï em mifmramehems ̀ bab kh eohrrmh y imuabiáh.
3. Zhrh mvothr mifmramehems, emcmabs khvhribs khs ahibs hitms em `b`oihr y
emspuïs em or hk chøb.
0. Emspuïs em ̀ bamr y hitms em ebraor, emcmabs khvhribs kbs eomitms.
• Emspuïs em ms`rocor kh brh`oði, `brthi `heh phkhcrh.
• Kbs grupbs oitmr`hacohi khs phkhcrhs `brthehs em su brh`oði y trhthi em fbrahr khbrh`oði qum ms`rocoð mk btrb grupb.
Zègoih 88?
• Mitrm tbebs rmvosmi kh rmsbku`oði em mdmr`o`obs em ahtmaèto`h y rmsumkvhi euehs. Po
emsmhi prh`to`hr aès, mkhcbrmi uibs mdmr`o`obs y rmsuïkvhikbs mi mk ̀ ár`ukb em mstueob.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 00
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Zhitbaoahs mi grupb‑
Bcdmtovb4 Xum khs y kbs mstueohitms rm`bibz`hi mk vhkbr em kh hyueh autuh phrh ̀ bismguorfoims `bauims.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Msph`ob hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8 Záehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fbrami ui `ár̀ ukb.
3. Mxpkáqumkms qum uih phitbaoah ms kh erhahtozh òði em uih sotuh`oði (mdmapkb4 uih
cbeh) qum sm nh`m soi nhckhr, sðkb `bi gmstbs y abvoaomitbs emk `umrpb.
0. Eághkms qum tbebs vhi h rmprmsmithr uih sotuh`oði qum sm eh mi mk auio`opob `bi uih
phitbaoah. Zumemi utokozhr mk prbckmah pkhitmheb mi kh pègoih 837, smkm``obihr uib
em kbs smrvo`obs pôcko`bs em kh pègoih 83? b comi sotuh`obims ̀ bauims qum sm ehi mi su
auio`opob. Mdmapkb4 mk eáh em amr`heb, ui phrtoeb em futcbk, mt`.
5. Hk foihkozhr, prmgôitmkms4 ²@ðab sm nhi smitoeb2, ²nucomrh soeb pbsockm rmprmsmithr kh
sotuh`oði `bi uih sbkh pmrsbih2, ²quï nucomrh su`meoeb so ib phrto`ophrhi tbebs2,
²nucb hkguih pmrsbih qum rmhkozð uih thrmh aès oapbrthitm qum btrh2, mt`.
=. Mitrm tbebs, mkhcbrmi `bi`kusobims em kh h`tovoehe.
Ao auio`opob
3>
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05 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 836
• Zrmgôitmkms quï auio`opobs `bib`mi em su emphrthamitb y quï hspm`tbs kbs
oemitofo`hi. Zbr mdmapkb4 ui kughr turásto`b, su `baoeh, mk eáh em amr`heb, mt`.
• Záehkms qum nhckmi h`mr`h em hkguibs prbckmahs qum nhi hfm`theb h kh ahybráh
em kh pbckh`oði em su auio`opob y `ðab kbs nhi rmsumktb. Zbr mdmapkb4 ib `bithr `bi
hguh pbthckm, phvoamith`oði, mt`.
• Abtávmkbs phrh qum mxpkoqumi hkguihs em khs fui`obims em khs eofmrmitms oistotu`obims
qum mxostmi mi mk auio`opob. Mdmapkb4 kh auio`ophkoehe, mk `mitrb em shkue, mt`.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 805• H `bitoiuh òði sm prmsmith uih km`turh `brth qum ib tomim `bkb`hebs kbs puitbs. Mstm
topb em h`tovoehe pumem smr ôtok phrh mismøhr ui iumvb `bitmioeb b hapkohr hkgôi
tmah.
• Eá`tmkms kh km`turh. Zoeh qum `heh uib kmh kh km`turh mi vbz hkth, soi grothr. Kumgb,
qum `bkbqumi kbs puitbs ebiem `brrmspbieh y `baphrmi sus rmspumsths `bi btrb
`baphømrb.
Chokms Ghráfuihs
Kh aôso`h y kh ehizh fbrahi phrtm em kh oemitoehe emk pumckb ghráfuih Kh
fbrah trheo`obihk em nh`mr aôso`h ms kh qum sm ̀ bapbim em thacbrms ghrhgbi
h`baphøhebs em sbihdhs, phiemrmths y vb`ms Mxostmi vhrobs chokms qum sbi
trheo`obihkms y rmhkozhebs mi emtmraoihehs `mkmcrh`obims, huiqum mi gmimrhk
kh `ukturh ghráfuih mstè auy oemitofo`heh `bi kh aôso`h
Ib oapbrth kh fm`nh phrh chokhr Kh Zuith Kh nbrh tomim au`nb qum vmr Kh
ib`nm ms kh nbrh mspm`áfo`h, yh qum kh ib`nm soacbkozh mk sokmi`ob _ mk sokmi`ob
sogiofo`h kh emspmeoeh hk fhkkm`oeb Ms ui abamitb ebiem sm hequomrm ahybr
`bi`mitrh`oði rátao`h msporotuhk Zhrh emspmeor hk eofuitb gmimrhkamitm, sm`bistruym uih mspm`om em `hsoth kkhaheh ghyuimy Msth `hsoth sm oisthkh `mr`h
em kh `hsh ebiem nhcothi kbs prbthgbiosths, b mi kh `hsh emk eofuitb Hemitrb
em msth `hsoth, sm somithi h `bithr nostbrohs, `hithr y `bamr eofmrmitms topbs em
`baoeh trheo`obihk y h rm`brehr khs `bshs qum nozb mk fhkkm`oeb Aomitrhs, uibs
pkhto`hi, btrbs mstèi chokhieb Zuith y kumgb `hacohi em kughr.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 0=
Zègoihs 80=
• Sm`umremi qum mxostmi eofmrmitms topbs em `hrths, smgôi mk bcdmtovb phrh mk qum sm
ms`rocmi4 prmsmith`oði, sbko`otue, hgrhem`oaomitb, rm`bamieh`oði, mt`.
• Hitms em rmhkozhr kh mitrmvosth hk hk`hkem, rmvosmi duitbs kh `hrth y khs prmguiths qum
rmhkozhrèi.
• Abtávmkbs h qum tbebs phrto`opmi mi msth h`tovoehe y qum rm`bibz`hi kh oapbrthi`oh
em su phrto`oph`oði mi kh voeh `ouehehih phrh amdbrhr mk auio`opob.
Kh smahih prðxoah hprmiemrèi sbcrm khs frh``obims. Zhrh hprmiemr em
ahimrh aès smi`okkh y eovmrtoeh kkmvmi `heh uib uih ahizhih, ui chihib,
ui phi b `baoeh phrh `baphrtor, y ui `u`nokkb.
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06 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "Mk eoèkbgb em sbrebs"
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh `bauio`h`oði y kh ms`u`nh h`tovh.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Pbko`otm h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms qum fbrami phrmdhs y qum sm somitmi mi mk sumkb,
`bkb`èiebsm frmitm h frmitm.
3. Eághkms qum soauktèimhamitm nhckmi mi vbz hkth sbcrm `uhkquomr tmah, eurhitm trms
aoiutbs.
0. Hk foihkozhr, abtovm h tbebs h eohkbghr sbcrm `ðab sm nhi smitoeb aomitrhs nh`áhi kheoièao`h, so mitmieomrbi mk amishdm em kh btrh pmrsbih, mt`. Uhacoïi ms oitmrmshitm
rmkh`obihr msth mxpmromi`oh `bi kh voeh em `heh uib. Mitrm tbebs pumemi mkhcbrhr
`bi`kusobims.
Mk amr`heb emk chrrob
3?
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 07
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 85:
• Mitrm tbebs ms`rochi ui kostheb em kbs hrtá`ukbs em kh `hihsth cèso`h qum `baprhi
gmimrhkamitm mi mk amr`heb, tomieh b supmramr`heb y ms`rochi h kh phr mk prm`ob.
• Kumgb, h kh phr, ms`rochi kbs prm`obs qum tmiáhi msbs prbeu`tbs nh`m 8= eáhs y mi eáhsfmstovbs. Mdmapkb4 Ihvoehe, Høb Iumvb, Pmahih Phith, mt`.
• Mitrm tbebs, eoghi khs rhzbims pbr khs qum `bisoemrhi qum sucmi kbs prm òbs em kbs
prbeu`tbs em kh `hihsth cèso`h.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 850
• Smhko`mi mdmr`o`obs em brh`obims hforahtovhs. Oieáqumkms qum mshs brh`obims thacoïi
pumemi smr imghtovhs. Mdmapkbs4
Hforahtovh4 @hrkbs tomim ui `hrrb.
Imghtovh4 @hrkbs ib tomim ui `hrrb.
• @heh uib eorè uih brh`oði hforahtovh, y kh `baphømrh b ̀ baphømrb em kh phr eorè kh
aosah brh`oði pmrb imghtovh.
Zègoih 855
• Zhrh qum khs y kbs mstueohitms prh`toqumi khs frh``obims, ustme pumem eocudhr hkguihs
fogurhs gmbaïtro`hs eovoeoehs mi frh``obims, ebiem mstïi sbacrmhehs b poithehs
hkguihs phrtms em mkkhs. Uhacoïi pumem utokozhr phqumtms em prbeu`tbs ushebs, pbrmdmapkb, kh thph em uih `hdh.
• Eostrocuyh khs fogurhs y páehkms qum ms`rochi kh frh``oði qum `brrmspbiem h kh phrtm
sbacrmheh y kh qum mstè soi sbacrh b `bkbr.
• Zhrh nh`mr mstm mdmr`o òb prè`to`b, utoko`mi kbs hkoamitbs qum tbebs kkmvhrbi y prh`toqumi
khs frh``obims phrtomieb kbs hkoamitbs mi eostoiths `hitoehems em pbr`obims.
• Zhrh `bitoiuhr prh`to`hieb, ̀ heh uib pumem em`or ui prbckmah smi`okkb rmkh`obiheb
`bi frh``obims qum rmsbkvmrèi mi su `uhemrib, pbr mdmapkb4
‛Mi ui dhreái nhy 7 sur`bs. Ahrob somacrh 0 sur`bs em zhihnbrohs. ²Xuï frh``oði
emk dhreái tomim zhihnbrohs2‑
‛Kbs frodbkms sm somacrhi mi 3 em kbs 7 sur`bs emk dhreái. ²Mi quï frh``oði emk
dhreái ib sm somacrhi frodbkms2
‛Ahrob somacrh 83 zhihnbrohs y `bsm`nh 8:. ²Xuï frh``oði em zhihnbroh
`bsm`nh2‑
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0> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "Zhrmdhs h `omghs"
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh `bauio`h`oði y ms`u`nhr htmithamitm, smguor oistru``obims y
`bifohr mi kbs haogbs.
Uomapb4 3: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Smhko`m uih posth em bcstè`ukbs mi mk sumkb phrh qum tbebs kh vmhi. (@bkbqum sokkhs,
amshs, suïtmrms, mt`.).
3. Pbko`otm h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms qum fbrami phrmdhs. ]ih pmrsbih sm pbim uih vmieh
mi kbs bdbs, b `omrrh kbs bdbs fumrtmamitm phrh ib vmr iheh.
0. Xuotm kbs bcstè`ukbs sokmi`obshamitm. Mk btrb aomacrb em kh phrmdh eh hnbrh oieo`h`obims
phrh bromithr y hyuehr h su phrmdh h kocrhr kbs bcstè`ukbs qum sbi, hnbrh, oahgoihrobs.
5. Hk foihkozhr, abtovm h tbebs h eohkbghr sbcrm `ðab sm nhi smitoeb aomitrhs nh`áhi kh
eoièao`h y kh oapbrthi`oh em kh `bauio`h`oði. Mkhcbrmi `bi`kusobims mitrm tbebs.
²@ðab am `bauio`b2
0:
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 0?
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 8=5
• Mitrm tbebs ms`rochi ui kostheb em kbs hpbrtms y `hrh`tmrásto`hs em kh `ukturh ahyh.
@bivmrsmi sbcrm hspm`tbs em kh `ukturh ahyh qum `bitoiôhi vogmitms4 rmkogoði,
trheo`obims, vmstoamith y btrbs.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 8==
• Abtávmkbs h kmmr mi vbz hkth khs pègoihs 8== y 8=6 y `bamitmi h`mr̀ h em khs vmithdhs y
emsvmithdhs emk usb em kbs ameobs em `bauio`h`oði. Zbr mdmapkb, mk tmkïfbib `mkukhr4
ib oapbrth mi quï kughr uib sm mi`umitrm, kh gmitm kb pumem kb`hkozhr, pumem kkhahr
h btrbs phásms< pmrb maotm iovmkms chdbs em rheoh`oði SF (rheobfrm`umi`oh). Grhiems
`hitoehems em msth mimrgáh pumemi `hkmithr y ehøhr kbs tmdoebs, mspm`ohkamitmhkrmemebr em kbs bdbs y tmstá`ukbs, qum ib tomimi sufo`omitm `or`ukh`oði shiguáimh phrh
trhispbrthr mk `hkbr.
Zègoih 8=7
• @heh uib eorè uih brh òði hforahtovh, qum `heh quomi ms`rocorè mi su `uhemrib mi
fbrah imghtovh utokozhieb khs phkhcrhs ib, iui`h b dhaès. Mdmapkb4
Ahøhih ormabs hk amr`heb.
Umimabs ebs mitrhehs phrh mk `oim.
Zègoih 8=?
• Mitrm tbebs rmvosmi kh rmsbku`oði em mdmr̀ o`obs em ahtmaèto`h y rmsumkvhi euehs. Po
emsmhi prh`to`hr aès, mkhcbrmi uibs mdmr`o`obs y rmsuïkvhikbs mi mk ̀ ár`ukb em mstueob.
• Eághkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum rmprmsmitmi khs frh``obims emk mdmr`o`ob 5 mi fbrah
grèfo`h mi su `uhemrib y qum `baphrmi khs rmspumsths `bi sus `baphømrbs.
Kh smahih mitrhitm im`msothrèi ̀ hdhs em ̀ hrtði vh`áhs y ushehs em eofmrmitms
thahøbs4 grhiems, ameohihs y pmqumøhs, phrh rmhkozhr uih h`tovoehe mspm`ohk.
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5: Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Kh tbrrm‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh ̀ bbpmrh`oði.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob y `hdhs em `hrtði em eofmrmitm thahøb.
Zhsbs4
8. Eovoeh h kbs phrto`ophitms mi `uhtrb grhiems grupbs, y sbko`otm qum sm ucoqumi mi uih
em khs msquoihs emk shkði.
3. Mi mk `mitrb emk shkði `bkbqum au`nhs `hdhs em `hrtði vh á̀hs y em eostoitb thahøb.
Eághkms qum ‛kh thrmh `bisostm mi nh`mr uih grhi tbrrm `bi khs `hdhs vh`áhs‑ mi `oi`b
aoiutbs.
0. Hk foihkozhr rmhko`m khs soguomitms prmguiths4²@ðab sm nhi smitoeb2,²quï nmabs nm`nb2,
²`uèk mrh kh thrmh2, ²nhi nm`nb uih tbrrm mitrm tbebs b sbkb hkguihs pmrsbihs2, ²pbr
quï2, ²quï ibs mismøh msth h`tovoehe2, ²quï phrm`oeb tomim msth h`tovoehe `bi
iumstrhs voehs ̀ btoeohihs2
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 866
• Kmhi duitbs y mi vbz hkth4 ‛@uhieb kh `bauioehe sm brghiozh‑.
• Hk tmraoihr, `baphrthi khs mxpmromi`ohs qum nhi tmioeb mi su `bauioehe phrh
sbku`obihr hkgôi prbckmah.
Ao phrto`oph`oði `ouehehih
08
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53 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h @hitmabs
Bcdmtovb4 @bib`mr y vhkbrhr h `hithutbrms guhtmahktm`bs y rmhkozhr h`tovoehems em
mxprmsoði hrtásto`h.
Uomapb4 3: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eostrocuyh h khs y kbs mstueohitms kh kmtrh em kh `hi`oði ²Zbr quï smrè2 emk hutbr
guhtmahktm`b4 Guokkmrab Fumitms Gorði. Mxpkáqumkms qum nhy `hithutbrms
guhtmahktm`bs qum km `hithi hk phoshdm.
3. Abtávmkbs phrh qum tbebs phrtò opmi `hithieb y chokhieb.
0. Hk foihkozhr, prmgôitmkms ̀ ðab sm nhi smitoeb aomitrhs nh`áhi kh eoièao`h y so ̀ bib`mi
btrhs `hi`obims em hutbrms guhtmahktm`bs. Zbr mdmapkb ‛Pby em Th`hph‑.
²@ðab vohdb em ui kughr h btrb2
03
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 50
²Zbr quï smrè2
²Zbr quï smrè2
qum mi Pbkbkè
sm sufrm thitb pbr qumrmr h uih audmr,
tomims ao habr,
yb tmigb mk tuyb,
msm ms ao brgukkb y pbr msb sufrb yb.
Pmrè mk phoshdm,
smrè ao khgb,
mk qum nh nm`nb mstrhgbs mi ao pbcrm
`brhzði,
ms oapbsockm
qum am somith yb `bitmitb,
so ao voeh ms ui khamitby kh `hush ib kh sï.
Ms oapbsockm
qum am somith yb `bitmitb
so ao voeh ms ui tbramitb
y kh `hush ib kh sï.
Hy, Hy, Hy, Hy,
msh imckoih
`bab khstoah ao `brhzði,
Hy, hy , hy, hy,
msh khguih
`bab ioiguih kh quomrb yb.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 8>:
• Nèghkms hkguihs prmguiths `bab khs soguomitms4 ²@bib`mi mk pumckb em Phi Zhckb
Kh Khguih, Pbkbkè2, ²`uèkms sbi kbs proi`ophkms `uktovbs b h`tovoehe m`biðao`h qum
rmhkozhi mi msm auio`opob2, ²`bib`mi hkguibs em kbs pumckbs qum mstèi hkrmemebr emk
Khgb em Htotkèi2
• Kmh kh soguomitm oifbrah`oði phrh rmfbrzhr sus `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs.
Vhrohs pbckh`obims rbemhi mk khgb em Htotkèi, vhrohs em khs `uhkms tomimi ibacrms
em shitbs4 Phith @hthroih Zhkbpð, Phi Hitbiob Zhkbpð, Phi Ku`hs Ubkoaèi, Phitohgb
Htotkèi, Phi Zmerb Kh Khguih, Phi Duhi Kh Khguih, Phi Zhckb Kh Khguih, Phi Ahr`bs
Kh Khguih, Phith @ruz Kh Khguih, y btrbs. H mstbs pumckbs sm pumem vohdhr emsem
khi`nhs qum mstèi h kh brokkh emk khgb.
Phi Zhckb Kh Khguih ms ui auio`opob emk emphrthamitb em Pbkbkè. Ms mk aès pmqumøbem Pbkbkè y Guhtmahkh. Khs proi`ophkms h`tovoehems m`biðao`hs qum tomim mk auio`opob
sbi kh hgro`ukturh y kh hrtmshiáh.
Kbs pbckhebrms `bsm`nhi hkguibs `uktovbs trheo`obihkms `bab grhibs cèso`bs, fruths y
vmreurhs. Uhacoïi somacrhi hkguihs pkhiths qum sorvmi phrh `rmhr hrtá`ukbs `bab mk
ahgumy phrh nh`mr khzbs, rmems, nhah`hs y btrbs prbeu`tbs. Uhacoïi mkhcbrhi tbeb
topb em prbeu`tbs em rm`umreb phrh kbs vosothitms.
• Zkhtoqumi sbcrm khs váhs y ameobs em trhispbrtm phrh kkmghr h Pbkbkè y h kbs pumckbs qum
mstèi hkrmemebr emk Khgb em Htotkèi. @baphrmi `bi khs váhs y ameobs em trhispbrtm
phrh kkmghr h su `bauioehe.
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55 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 8>0
• Zomismi mi hkguihs brh`obims mx`khahtovhs m oitmrrbghtovhs y ms`ráchikhs mi sus
`uhemribs. Mdmapkbs4
¡Xuï ahk am somitb! ²Xuï tm su`mem2 ²Uomims fomcrm2
Auroð mk phpè em @hrkbs. ¡Xuï trostmzh thi grhiem!
Zègoih 8>5
• Mitrm tbebs rmvosmi kh rmsbku`oði em mdmr`o`obs em ahtmaèto`h y rmsumkvhi euehs. Po
emsmhi prh`to`hr aès, mkhcbrmi uibs mdmr`o`obs y rmsuïkvhikbs mi mk ̀ ár`ukb em mstueob.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 5=
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Mk dumgb em eocudhr‑
Bcdmtovb4 Fbrthkm`mr kh ems`rop`oði, `bauio`h`oði, `rmhtovoehe phrh eocudhr y hprmiemrh ms`u`nhr.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.Ahtmrohkms4 Nbdhs em phpmk mi ckhi`b y khpo`mrbs.
Zhsbs4
8. Pbko`otm h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fbrami phrmdhs y sm somitmi em msphkehs mk uib `bi
mk btrb.
3. ]ib em mkkbs eocudh hkgôi abiuamitb b kughr turásto`b, mt`. qum oemitofoqum h su
emphrthamitb. Zbr mdmapkb, so mk emphrthamitb fumrh Pbkbkè, pumem eocudhr mk khgb em
Htotkèi.
0. Kumgb, kb ems`rocm emthkkhehamitm mi vbz hkth phrh qum su `baphømrb kb mapom`m heocudhr.
5. Hk foihkozhr, hacbs `baphrhi sus eocudbs y `bivmrshi h`mr`h em khs soaokotuems, so kh
ems`rop`oði mrh fè`ok em `baprmiemr, ̀ ðab sm soitomrbi sbkb ms`u`nhieb, mt`.
=. Mifhto`m kh oapbrthi`oh em rmhkozhr uih hem`uheh ̀ bauio`h`oði.
Ao emphrthamitb
00
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56 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 8?5
• Mxpkáqumkms qum hsá `bab kh `hpothk h`tuhk em Guhtmahkh mstè `bistruoeh sbcrm kh
`ouehe ahyh Lhaoihkduyu, ̀ heh emphrthamitb ̀ umith ̀ bi su prbpoh nostbroh h`mr`h
em kbs hitogubs pbckhebrms, `ðab mrhi kbs meofo`obs, kh hgro`ukturh, mt`.
• @bivmrsmi sbcrm kh nostbroh em su `bauioehe.
• Abtávmkbs h qum rmhko`mi uih `baphrh`oði mitrm kbs meofo`obs, kh fbrah em voeh, mk
oeobah, khs ̀ bstuacrms, mt`. em su emphrthamitb emsem kbs høbs 8?=: h kh h`tuhkoehe.
Zumemi `baphrtor khs nostbrohs qum nhi ms`u`nheb em kbs hcumkbs.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 3:0
• Brghio`m h khs y kbs phrto`ophitms mi 5 grupbs em trhchdb.
• H `heh grupb, hságimkm uih em khs 5S4 rmeu`or, rmutokozhr, rm`o`khr y rm`nhzhr.
• Záehkms qum emthkkmi `heh uih em khs soguomitms h`tovoehems b qum sugomrhi btrhs phrh
hpko`hr mi su `hsh, kughr em trhchdb b `bauioehe4
Smeu`or4 `baprhr somaprm prbeu`tbs `bi kh amibr `hitoehe em mivhsms.
• Ib emspmreo`ohr hkoamitbs.
• Ib utokozhr prbeu`tbs emsm`nhckms (pkhtbs, vhsbs, tmimebrms, mt`.).
Smutokozhr4 fbrrhr khs `hdhs, frhs`bs b khths y ushrkbs phrh guhrehr btrhs `bshs.
Sm`nhzhr4 mkhcbrhr ui kostheb em kbs hrtá`ukbs qum utokozhi mi ̀ hsh y qum ib emcmi ̀ baprhrpbrqum ̀ bithaoihi mk hacomitm.
Sm`o`khr4
• Mxpkáqumkms ̀ ðab sm ̀ khsofo`h kh chsurh, smphrhieb voerob, phpmk, `hrtði y amthk.
• Uhacoïi pumemi nhckhr sbcrm mk usb em chsurh cobemgrhehckm (nbrhs, mstoïr`bk em
hioahkms, mt`.) phrh mkhcbrhr hcbib brgèio`b.
• Pugoïrhkms qum cusqumi mi su `bauioehe hkguih maprmsh qum sm emeoqum hk rm`o`khdm
phrh pbemr vmiemrkms mk ahtmrohk y bctmimr hsá ui oigrmsb phrh su fhaokoh.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 57
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Zhshr mk phqumtm‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh mxprmsoði hrtásto`h.
Uomapb4 3: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob, nbdhs em phpmk, `oith henmsovh, euk`ms.
Zhsbs48. Mivumkvh ui euk`m, `nb`bkhtm, mt`. mi phpmk em rmghkb. @ôcrhkb `bi nbdhs em phpmk.
3. Mi `heh nbdh ms`roch uih thrmh b uih prmguith. Mdmapkbs em thrmhs4 8. @hithr
uih `hi`oði, prmfmrockmamitm guhtmahktm`h (mk Pbi, Pby em Th`hph, mt`.) 3. Chokhr
ahroach b Zuith. 0. Chokhr hk rotab em uih `hi`oði qum tbebs `hitmi mi `khsm.
Mdmapkbs em prmguiths4 ²@bib`m hkguih trheo`oði em su emphrthamitb b auio`opob2
Po kh rmspumsth ms hforahtovh, páehkm qum ems`roch crmvmamitm mi quï `bisostm. Md. Kbs
chrrokmtms goghitms em Puaphigb. Po kh rmspumsth ms imghtovh, prmguitm so nhy btrb
mstueohitm qum `bibz`h kh rmspumsth y rmhko`m kh h`tovoehe.
0. Zrb`urm oi`kuor mi khs prmguiths y thrmhs, tmahs rmkh`obihebs hk `bitmioeb em msthsmahih4 `bstuacrms, oeobahs em Guhtmahkh, mt`.
5. Eághkms qum aomitrhs ustme mstï hpkhueomieb, emcmi phshr mk rmghkb h btrb ̀ baphømrb
y ̀ uhieb emdm em hpkhueor, kh pmrsbih qum kb tmigh mi sus ahibs, kb emsthph y rmhkozh
kh h`tovoehe qum mstè ms`roth mi mk mivbktbrob.
=. Mk dumgb `bitoiôh nhsth qum tbehs khs `hphs nhyhi soeb emsmivumkths.
6. Mk rmghkb ms phrh kh pmrsbih qum emsmivumkvm kh ôktoah `hph em phpmk.
Ao phás4 Guhtmahkh
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5> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 38:
• Ebckm uih nbdh em phpmk mi `uhtrb smgamitbs. Mi `heh uib em mkkbs ms`roch uib em
mstbs tátukbs4 oeobahs, fbrahs em vmstor, chokms, trheo`obims em Guhtmahkh. Sm`ðrtmkbs.
• Záehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fbrami ̀ uhtrb grupbs.
• Mitrïgumkm h `heh grupb uib em kbs tátukbs phrh qum ms`rochi sbcrm mk tmah y hk
tmraoihr, qum oitmr`hacomi khs nbdhs `bi kbs btrbs grupbs.
• Abtávmkbs h phrto`ophr. Hk foihkozhr, `heh grupb mxpbim mk tmah sbcrm mk qum ms`rocoð.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 38?
• Fbram `uhtrb grupbs4 Hsogim uib em kbs soguomitms ̀ hsbs h ̀ heh uib.
@hsb 8. Mi ui hkah`ïi im`msothi ̀ bitrhthr h ui `hdmrb. Smquosotbs4 amibr em 0: høbs,
smxb ahs`ukoib y `bi mxpmromi`oh.
@hsb 3. Mi kh ahquokh iumvh ib `bitrhthi h pmrsbihs qum utoko`mi sokkhs em rumehs.
@hsb 0. Pm ̀ rmm qum tbehs khs pmrsbihs qum vovmi mi zbihs pmkogrbshs sbi emkoi`umitms.
@hsb 5. Mi kh ms`umkh em proahroh mstueohi trms ioøbs em kh `ukturh ghráfuih. Pus
`baphømrbs ib dumghi `bi mkkbs pbr mk `bkbr em su pomk.
• Záehkms qum kb kmhi, hihko`mi y em h`umreb hk `bitmioeb vostb mi su kocrb, ms`rochi subpoioði.
• Hk foihkozhr `heh grupb mxpbim su hièkosos y dustofo`h sus rmspumsths.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 5?
Zhrh oio`ohr Eoièao`h ‛Ms`roturh `bi mk `umrpb‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh mxprmsoði `brpbrhk.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Mxpkáqumkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms mi quï `bisostm kh eoièao`h. Pbko`otm vbkuithrobs phrh
rmhkozhrkh.
3. Po sbi vhrobs mstueohitms kbs qum emsmhi phrto`ophr, hságimkms ui bremi.
0. Kh eoièao`h `bisostm mi qum ms`rochi sus ibacrms mi mk horm `bi uih phrtm em sus
`umrpbs. Zbr mdmapkb ui crhzb, uih pomrih b hachs mxtrmaoehems. Ib pumemi nh`mrkb
sbkhamitm `bi khs ahibs.
5. Hk foihkozhr, rm`uïremkms qum sm emcm kkmvhr ui bremi, `memr kughr, kmvhithr kh ahib
phrh phrto`ophr, mt`.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobsZègoih 333
• Záehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum nhckmi h`mr`h em khs h``obims pbsotovhs qum nhi
rmhkozheb kbs eofmrmitms gbcomribs em Guhtmahkh. Mdmapkbs4 Urhisamtrb, Urhisurchib,
hguh pbthckm, phvoamith`oði, hkuacrheb mkï`tro`b, iumvhs oisthkh`obims em
amr`hebs, mt`.
• Abtávmkbs h phrto`ophr.
Kh emab`rh`oh y mk vbtb
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=: Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 330
• Záehkms qum mkodhi h kh Duith Eorm`tovh em kh ̀ khsm (Zrmsoemitm, vo`mprmsoemitm, sm r̀mthrob,
tmsbrmrb y vb`hk).
• Eághkms qum smkm``obimi ui prbckmah mi ̀ baôi em kh ̀ bauioehe b emk kughr ebiem sm
rmôimi phrh mstueohr. Zbr mdmapkb4 ib nhy hguh pbthckm, ib sorvmi kbs tbah `brromitms
emk shkði b kh `hsh, mt`.
• Mxpkáqumkms qum emcmi rmuiorsm phrh cus`hr sbku`obims.
• Mifhto`m qum tbehs khs em`osobims qum tbam kh Duith Eorm`tovh phrh sbku`obihr mk
prbckmah, sm emcmi ̀ bauio`hr h kbs mstueohitms phrh qum duitbs hihko`mi y vbtmi pbr
khs ameoehs h rmhkozhr, h`tuhieb emab`rèto`hamitm y vmkhieb pbr mk comi `baôi em
tbebs.
Zègoih 33=• Mkhcbrm mdmr`o`obs phrh rmfbrzhr kh rmgkh brtbgrèfo`h. Mdmapkbs4
Ms`roch mk pkurhk em khs soguomitms phkhcrhs y fbram uih brh`oði `bi `heh uih em mkkhs.
Iumz
@ruz
Fmkoz
Vbz
Kuz
ium`ms Khs ium`ms `bitomimi aoimrhkms y focrh.
Zhrh kh soguomitm rmuioði em trhchdb, oifbram h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum rmhkozhrèi
ui trhchdb ahiuhk, pbr kb qum im`msothrèi kb soguomitm4 ui pkhtb emsm`nhckm b
uih prmish, `hrtði phrh rm`brthr (pumem smr em hkguih `hdh em `mrmhk, `hrtði
vomdb, mt`.), todmrhs, uih nbdh em phpmk cbie em 83: grhabs, uih `hrtukoih
grumsh, b ui pmehzb em `hrtði (pumem smr rm`o`kheb, thahøb ̀ hrth phrh nh`mrsu eocudb), tïapmrhs, h`uhrmkhs b poiturh em h`motm b em nukm qum sm utokozh phrh
poithr kh `hsh, kb qum smh aès fè`ok em `bismguor.
Khs y kbs mstueohitms pumemi brghiozhrsm phrh `baphrtor kbs ahtmrohkms aès
`hrbs `bab khs tïapmrhs. Kh h`tovoehe ms phrh hprmiemr h ushr kh tï`io`h, pbr
kb `uhk pumemi kkmvhr sbkb ui `bkbr h amibs qum khs y kbs mstueohitms emsmmi
mapkmhr vhrobs `bkbrms.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh =8
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Msthtuh phrm‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh mxprmsoði hrtásto`h4 aáao`h.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbsAhtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eághkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum fbrami phrmdhs y sm phrmi uib frmitm h btrb.
Pmkm``obimi quoïi smrè mk ‛ms`uktbr‑ y kh ‛msthtuh‑.
3. Mk ‛ms`uktbr‑ `bi `uoeheb, `bkb`h h su `baphømrb mi kh fbrah qum emsmm ebckhieb
sus crhzbs, `hcmzh, mt`. nhsth tmimr kh pbso`oði foihk. Uomimi 8: smguiebs phrh rmhkozhr
msth h`tovoehe. Hk foihkozhr, tbebs bcsmrvhrèi h khs "msthtuhs‑, quomims pmrahim`mrèi
mi msh pbso`oði soi nhckhr, nhsth qum ustme eogh „tomapb‟.0. Zumemi `hacohr em kughr phrh qum tbebs tmighi kh bpbrtuioehe em smr ‛msthtuhs‑.
5. Mxpkáqumkms qum mxostm mk kmiguhdm `brpbrhk, qum ms mxprmshr iumstrhs mab`obims `bi
gmstbs b abvoaomitbs emk `umrpb.
Urhisphrmi`oh y `brrup`oði
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh =0
Zrb`meoaomitb4
• @bkb`hr ui pb`b em poiturh (mspmsh) mi mk pkhtb b kh prmish.
• Sm`brthr ui pmehzb em `hrtði em h`umreb hk thahøb qum im`msotm y abdhrkb mi kh
poiturh.
• @bkb`hr mk ̀ hrtði `bi kh poiturh sbcrm kh nbdh y hrrhstrhrkb nhsth fbrahr kh fogurh b trhzb
qum emsmm.
• ]tokozhr ui pmehzb em ̀ hrtði phrh `heh `bkbr.
• Zrh`toqum kh tï`io`h hitms em mismøhrkh y kkmvm ui eocudb tmraoiheb `bab aumstrh.
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=5 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Urèmam‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh `bbpmrh`oði y `bauio`h`oði.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.Zhsbs4
8. Eovoeh h khs y kbs mstueohitms mi 5 grupbs, y eághkms qum pumemi ucò hrsm mi uih em khs
msquoihs emk shkði.
3. Zèrmsm mi mk `mitrb em kh nhcoth`oði. Mxpkáqumkms qum `uhieb ustme eogh, pbr mdmapkb
‛trèmam kbs zhphtbs em ui nbacrm‑, mk mquopb sm `bbreoih y uih pmrsbih `brrm phrh
mitrmghr mk bcdmtb qum sm nh pmeoeb.
0. ]stme pumem pmeor h kbs mquopbs eofmrmitms bcdmtbs.
5. Ghih mk mquopb qum kkmvm kh ahybráh em bcdmtbs qum sbko`otð.
=. Hk foihkozhr rmhko`m khs soguomitms prmguiths4 ²@ðab sm nhi smitoeb2, ²quï ibs mismøh
msth h`tovoehe2, ²ms oapbrthitm kh `bauio`h`oði y `bkhcbrh`oði mitrm kbs aomacrbs
emk mquopb2
Khs trheo`obims em Guhtmahkh
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh ==
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 3=:
• Zrbaumvh kh km`turh mi vbz hkth emk tmxtb ‛Kh fmroh em Phi Zmerb‑.
• Hk foihkozhr, páehkms qum ̀ umitmi so nhi phrto`opheb mi kh brghiozh`oði em khs h`tovoehems
phrh kh fmroh em su auio`opob.
• Zrmgôitmkms so nhi vosotheb kh fmroh em btrbs auio`opobs. Em smr pbsotovh kh rmspumsth,
páehkms qum `baphrmi khs h`tovoehems qum sm nh`mi mi kh fmroh em su auio`opob y mk
btrb.
• Abtávmkbs h phrto`ophr.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 3=3• Eághkms qum fbrami 3 grupbs.
• Hk proamr grupb páehkms qum rmhko`mi uih erhahtozh`oði em uih kmymieh em Guhtmahkh4
kh Kkbrbih, mk @hemdb, mk Pbacrmrði, mt`.
• Hk smguieb grupb páehkms qum rmhko`mi uih erhahtozh`oði em uih trheo`oði
guhtmahktm`h4 kh `mkmcrh`oði emk eáh em Ubebs kbs Phitbs, khs pbshehs, mt`.
• @bivmrsmi sbcrm kh aôso`h qum h`baphøh h msths h`tovoehems. ²Xuï topb em aôso`h
sm tb`h2, ²quï oistruamitbs sm utokozhi2, ²sbi aôso`bs mspm`ohkozhebs2, mt`.
Zègoihs 3=7
• Zrh`toqumi mk usb em kh `bah. ]stme pumem kkmvhr hkguihs brh`obims b pèrrhfbs ̀ brtbs,
`bab kbs qum sm prmsmithi h `bitoiuh`oði.
• Mstbs sbi hkguibs mdmapkbs. Záehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum ̀ bkbqumi kh `bah mi khs
soguomitms brh`obims.
Mi mk rhi`nb nhy tbrbs vh`hs ghkkoihs.
Ahráh ms rmpbstmrh y nh`m phstmkms ghkkmths gmkhtoihs rbs`hs.
Mi kh ms`umkh kbs ioøbs grothi `brrmi shkthi dumghi pmkbth.• Hnbrh, poeh h `heh mstueohitm qum ms r̀och trms brh òbims utokozhieb kh `bah.
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=6 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h "Mk dumgb em kbs hioahkms"
Bcdmtovb4 Brghiozhr grupbs pmqumøbs y rmkh`obihr kh h`tovoehe ̀ bi mk tmah em ̀ biduitbs.
Uomapb4 3: aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Emtmraoim `uèitbs grupbs pmqumøbs emsmh fbrahr y ms`roch mk ibacrm em ui hioahk
eofmrmitm phrh `heh uib em mkkbs. Mdmapkb, kmði, `bimdb, mt`.
3. Mkhcbrm phpmkotbs `bi mk ibacrm em msm hioahk phrh `heh uib em khs y kbs mstueohitms
qum msthrèi mi `heh grupb.
0. Eostrocuyh kbs phpmkotbs hk hzhr y eághkms qum phrh cus`hr h kbs btrbs aomacrbs em su
grupb emcm nh`mr mk ruoeb emk hioahk qum km tb`ð.
5. @uhieb mstïi fbrahebs kbs grupbs, mxpkáqumkms qum `heh grupb ms ui `biduitb y
qum tbebs kbs hioahkms oguhkms pmrtmim`mi h msm `biduitb. Md. Mk `bimdb pmrtmim`m hk
`biduitb em `bimdbs.
=. @hacom h ui aomacrb em ui `biduitb h btrb eofmrmitm y hnbrh eághkms qum mk kmði ib
pmrtmim`m hk `biduitb em `bimdbs.
Mk `bamr`ob `bi btrbs phásms
0>
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh =7
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 363
• Záehkms qum `bamitmi h`mr`h emk eáh em amr`heb em su `bauioehe. Zbr mdmapkb, so
mi ui pumstb sbkhamitm sm vmiem ui prbeu`tb b so nhy vhromehe< kh rhzði pbr kh `uhk
kbs pumstbs em vmreurhs mstèi tbebs duitbs y mstèi smphrhebs em kh vmith em `hrim b
rbph, so ahitomimi mk aosab prm`ob, mt`.
• Bromitm kbs ̀ bamithrobs qum rmhko`mi, nh`omieb ïifhsos mi qum tbebs kbs `bamr`ohitms
`baprhi prbeu`tbs phrh pbemr vmiemr y vo`mvmrsh.
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 36=
• Mkhcbrm mdmr`o òbs em phkhcrhs nbaðfbihs phrh trhchdhrkbs mi phrmdhs. Hk foihkozhr
páehkms qum `baphrmi sus rmspumsths `bi btrbs `baphømrbs.
• Sm`umrem qum kbs mdmr`o`obs em msth guáh sbi mdmapkbs. ]stme emcm mkhcbrhr nbdhs em
trhchdb `bi btrbs mdmr`o`obs.
Mdmapkb4 `bapkmtm khs brh`obims `bi khs soguomitms phkhcrhs nbaðfbihs.
tucb4 pomzh num`h, gmimrhkamitm ̀ okáiero`h.
rmcmkhr4 suckmvhr, prbtmsthr.
tuvb4 emk vmrcb tmimr.
rmvmkhr4 ahiofmsthr ui sm`rmtb, ems`ucror.
Mk hkchøok ̀ bkb`ð mk mi su sotob. Ao nmrahib mk shrhapoði.
Mk vm`oib ibs mk sm`rmtb. Kh auktotue sm `bitrh mk torhib.
nomrch4 pkhith pmqumøh. `hcm4 emk vmrcb `hcmr, tmimr `hph`oehe.
nomrvh4 emk vmrcb nmrvor. `hvm4 emk vmrcb `hvhr, abvmr kh tomrrh.
Msth mstè auy vmrem. Ib hphgums mk fumgb nhsth qum mk hguh.
Mstm kocrb ib mi kh cbksh. Ib msh phrtm emk tmrrmib.
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=> Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr Eoièao`h ‛Kb`bab`oði‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr mk mdmr`o`ob fáso`b.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eághkms h khs y kbs phrto òphitms qum `bkbqumi sus sokkhs fbrahieb ui `ár`ukb, emdhiebmsph`ob sufo`omitm phrh qum uih pmrsbih pumeh phshr mitrm ebs sokkhs.
3. Záehkms qum tbebs sm somitmi y sbko`otm ui vbkuithrob `bab káemr.
0. @uhieb mk káemr sm phrm, shqum su sokkh emk `ár̀ ukb.
5. Pbko`otm hk káemr qum ̀ brrh cbremhieb kh phrtm mxtmrobr emk ̀ ár`ukb, oaothieb hkgôi ameob
em trhispbrtm `bab ui `hrrb, ui trmi, b uih h`tovoehe phrh abvmrsm `bab ihehr b
`brrmr, mt`. @bifbram vh ehieb khs vumkths, mk káemr vh smøhkhieb h hkguihs pmrsbihs
phrh qum kb soghi, oaotèiebkb.
=. @uhieb mk káemr tomim smos b eomz pmrsbihs emtrès em sá, groth ‛Ubebs `hacohi‑ y tbebs,
oi`kuymieb mk káemr, `brrmi nh`oh khs sokkhs.
6. Kh pmrsbih qum sm qumeh soi sokkh hsuam mk phpmk em káemr y mapomzh mk dumgb btrh vmz,
`bi uih fbrah eofmrmitm em kb`bab`oði.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobsZègoih 376
• Nèckmkms crmvmamitm h`mr`h em kbs sotobs turásto`bs em khs fbtbgrhfáhs emk kocrb.
Potobs turásto`bs em Guhtmahkh
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6: Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
Zhrh oio`ohr
Eoièao`h ‛Kb qum tmimabs mi `baôi‑
Bcdmtovb4 Zrbabvmr kh maphtáh.
Uomapb4 8= aoiutbs.
Ahtmrohkms4 Hacomitm hapkob.
Zhsbs4
8. Eághkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum `uhieb ustme ami`obim uih `hrh`tmrástò h em khs
pmrsbihs mi mk grupb, pbr mdmapkb ‛tmimr nodbs‑, tbebs hqumkkbs qum tmighi nodbs emcmi
abvmrsm nh`oh uih msquoih emk shkði.
3. Kumgb, qum rmgrmsmi h su kughr.
0. Zumem or vhrohieb khs `hrh`tmrásto`hs em h`umreb hk grupb em mstueohitms.
5. @bi msth h`tovoehe kbgrhi oemitofo`hrsm aès `bi sus `baphømrbs, hk ems`ucror qum
`baphrtmi `bshs mi `baôi.
H`tovhr kbs `bib`oaomitbs prmvobs
Zègoih 3?3• Záehkms h khs y kbs mstueohitms qum eoghi ̀ uèkms `hrh`tmrásto`hs tomimi mi `baôi tbebs
kbs phásms `mitrbhamro`hibs, pbr mdmapkb, mk oeobah, mk `koah, mt`.
• Mxpkáqumkms crmvmamitm h`mr`h em kh Smpôcko`h Fmemrhk em @mitrb Haïro`h4 sus
`hrh`tmrásto`hs mi ̀ baôi hitms y emspuïs em su eosbku`oði, y kbs phásms ̀ mitrbhamro`hibs
mi kh h`tuhkoehe.
• Abtávmkbs h phrto`ophr.
Mk Mstheb em Guhtmahkh
5:
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 68
@baphrtor kb hprmieoeb
Zègoih 3?6
• ]toko`m kh oifbrah`oði h`mr`h em kbs tmahs vostbs mi msth smahih y rmhko`m mdmr`ò obs em
oguhkehe y emsoguhkehe em ̀ biduitbs. Mdmapkb4 ̀ biduitb em phásms @mitrbhamro`hibs
qum nhckhi mk aosab oeobah.
• Brghio`m h khs y kbs mstueohitms phrh rmhkozhr ui ̀ uherb, ahr`b em fbtbs, pbrthvhsbs u
btrb bcdmtb qum emsmmi, hpko`hieb kh tï`io`h `bi pmghamitb.
Ahtmrohkms4
• 8 frhs`b em gbah ckhi`h.
• Kh fogurh eocudheh mi kh nbdh em 83: grhabs b `hrtukoih grumsh (tmah kocrm).
• 8 poi`mk grumsb.
• Uïapmrhs b h`uhrmkhs.
Zrb`meoaomitb4
• Smphshr mk eocudb `bi kh puith emk frhs`b em gbah, hprmthieb suhvmamitm phrh qum
kh `hitoehe smh kh aosah mi tbeh kh brokkh emk eocudb. @uhieb tmraoim em rmphshr uih
káimh, sm kmvhith mk frhs`b rèpoehamitm phrh mvothr qum `nbrrmm.
• Em`brhr mk rmstb emk phpmk qum mstè hkrmemebr emk eocudb `bi puitbs, rmabkoibs u btrhs
fogurhs. (Xum `heh quomi kb nhgh em h`umreb h su `rmhtovoehe).
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63 Mthph O. Kocrb 3. Zrbgrhah em Meu`h`oði phrh Dðvmims y Heuktbs
• Emdhr mk eocudb sbcrm uih supmrfo`om pkhih phrh qum smqum eurhitm tbeh kh ib`nm.
• Zoithr smgôi su `rmhtovoehe. Emdhrkb sm`hr btrh ib`nm y rm`brthrkb empmieomieb `uèk
vh h smr mk usb qum km emsmm ehr. Vmh kbs soguomitms mdmapkbs4
Zumemi kkmvhr su ahiuhkoehe h kh soguomitm rmuioði phrh `baphrtor `bi sus `baphømrbs.
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]ims`b ‐ Guáh emk Uutbr y Uutbrh 60
Èrmh em @bauio`h`oði y Kmiguhdm
@bapmtmi`ohPmahihs
8? 3: 38 33 30 35 3= 36 37 3> 3? 0: 08 03 00 05 0= 06 07 0> 0? 5:
8Oitmrprmth amishdms ms`u`nhebs mi eofmrmitms sotuh`obims
em ̀ bauio`h`oði sb`ohk. x x x x
3
Zhrto`oph mi oitmr`hacobs ̀ bauio`htovbs brhkms
hem`uhieb kbs amishdms qum maotm h kh sotuh`oði mi qum
sm mi`umitrh.
x
0Oitmrprmth amishdms vmrchkms, tmxtbs o`ðio`bs m
á`bibvmrchkms prbpobs em su mitbrib sb`ob`ukturhk. x
5Hpko`h eofmrmitms mstrhtmgohs em km`turh phrh bctmimr
oifbrah`oði y ̀ bab rm`rmh`oði. x x x x x x x x x x x
= Zrbeu`m tmxtbs oifbrahtovbs y ̀ bi oitmi`oði kotmrhroh emh`umreb `bi kh mstru`turh mxtmrih (fbrah) m oitmrih
(`bitmioeb).
x x x
6 ]tokozh mstrhtmgohs phrh miroqum`mr su vb`hcukhrob cèso`