guía para la remineralización (rev3) - blog del agua€¦ · =k w fwhw bw h[c_d[hwb_pwy_ d z[ bwi...

$: Guía para la remineralización (rev3) - Blog del Agua€¦ · =k W fWhW bW h[c_d[hWb_pWY_ d Z[ bWi W]kWi Z[iWbWZWi (° [Z_Y_ d (dZ [Z_j_ed=k_Z[b_d[ \eh j^[ h[c_d[hWb_iWj_ed e\ Z[iWb_dWj[Z$
C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

portadaBil(ConLomo)OK.pdf 25/8/10 12:07:19

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

?,"*()#N(%"H".(;IO*H%(;!"#$#%&'#()#%&$*+,#&-./#P&%(/47%#.(#),#9*".,/&2"#:("4%7#:,",%&7#.()#0+*,QR#.(#"7@&('1%(#.(#STTU

Nota aclaratoria a la 2ª edición:

!"#("(%7#.(#STQT#3(#$*1)&/2#),#$%&'(%,#(.&/&2"#.(#(34,#5*6,=#P*%,"4(#),#%(@&3&2"#.(#),#'&3',#3(#L,#/7"34,4,.7#V*(#()#'CI47.7#('$)(,.7#("#()#),17%,47%&7#$,%,#()#,"H)&3&3#.(#),#,)/,)&I"&.,.#.()#,+*,#.(#$(%'(,.7#"7#$(%'&46,#.(4(%'&",%#/7"#$%(I/&3&2"#@,)7%(3#&"W(%&7%(3#.(#X#'+#:,:YZ[G=#0",)&;,.7#(34(#$%71)(',#3(#713(%@,#V*(#()#@,)7%#'(.&7#.(#),#,)/,)&"&.,.#.()#$(%'(,.7#V*(#,$,%(/(#("#),#B,1),#Q=Q#.(1&(%,#3(%#.()#7%.("#.(#Q-\#'+#:,:YZ#("#)*+,%#.(#\-\#'+#:,:YZ=#:7%%(3$7".&("4('("4(#()#/7"4("&.7#("#:YS#/,)/*),.7#(34(V*&7I'C4%&/,'("4(#,#$,%4&%#.()#$N-#),#4('$(%,4*%,-#),#/7".*/4&@&.,.#()C/4%&/,#8#),#,)/,)&"&.,.#.(1(#.(#3(%#.()#7%.("#.(#R-X#'+#:YS[G#("#)*+,%#.(#Z\-Q#'+#:YS[G#/7'7#,$,%(/(#("#),#B,1),#Q=Q=#!34,# &'$%(/&3&2"# ("# ()#'C47.7# ,",)64&/7# 32)7# ,W(/4,# ,# )73#@,)7%(3#.(#,)/,)&"&.,.#8#/7"4("&.7#("#:YS#.()#,+*,#.(#$(%I'(,.7#$(%7#"7#,#)73#.()#,+*,#%('&"(%,)&;,.,=#K7%#4,"47#32)7#,)+*",3#!#+*%,3#8#4,1),3-#$%&"/&$,)'("4(#.()#:,$64*)7#Q-#3(#L,"#@&347#,W(/4,.,3=!34,#&'$%(/&3&2"#"7#,W(/4,-#3&"#('1,%+7-#,)#71<(4&@7#.(#/,I)&.,.#.()#,+*,#%('&"(%,)&;,.,#]B,1),#Z=Q^-#"&#4,'$7/7#,#)73#/%&4(%&73#$%7$*(3473#$,%,#()#/H)/*)7#&".&%(/47#.()#GOJ#]:,$6I4*)7#_^=#B,'$7/7#,W(/4,#,#)73#/%&4(%&73#.(#@,)7%,/&2"#.(#),3#,+*,3#%('&"(%,)&;,.,3#(A$%(3,.73#("#()#%(347#.(#),#5*6,=#!34,#S`#!.&/&2"#.(#),#5*6,#V*(#3(#$*1)&/,#,L7%,#/7%%&+(#(34,#&'$%(/&3&2"#8#,'$)6,#4,'1&C"#)73#/%&4(%&73#$,%,#()#/H)/*)7#&".&%(/47#.()#GOJ#,#$,%4&%#.()#&"/%('("47#.(#),#:!=#

!)#,*47%#

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

'4.8:,&Q:1.G.;:JR(8G1:J!"#$#%&'#()#%&$*+,#&-./#$*1:)361&6<&3":&@4.41?&-2,4.;2&A43:1&@:.3:1F6B:9=:1&ST3"&UVVW

Explanatory note to the 2nd edition:

-.&D4.841?&UVSV&3":&!&123&:;*3*6.&6<&3":&>8*;:&C42&+8=,*2R":;#&$81*./& *32& 1:B*:C& *3&"42&=::.& <68.;& 3"43& 3":&9:3"6;&82:;&*.&3":&,4=614361?&<61&3":&4.4,?2*2&6<&3":&4,54,*.*3?&6<&3":&+:19:43:;&C43:1&)68,;&.63&;:3:19*.:&*3&C*3"&4&+1:)*2*6.&B4,8:2&,6C:1&3"4.&X&9/&@4@YZ[I#&@611:)3*6.&6<&3"*2&*228:&2"6C2& 3"43& 3":&4B:14/:&B4,8:&6<& 3":&4,54,*.*3?&6<& 3":&+:1R9:43:;&C43:1&3"43&4++:41&*.&L4=,:&S#S&2"68,;&=:&4=683&S#\&9/&@4@YZ&*.23:4;&6<&\#\&9/&@4@YZ#&@611:2+6.;*./& 3":&@YU& )6.3:.3& )4,)8,43:;& 236*)"*69:31*R)4,,?& <169& +Q%& 3:9+:14381:%& :,:)31*)4,& )6.;8)3*B*3?& 4.;&4,54,*.*3?&9823&=:&*.&3":&61;:1&6<&T#X&9/&@YU[I&*.23:4;&6<&Z\#S&9/&@YU[I&42&2"6C.&*.&L4=,:&S#S#&L"*2& *.4))814)?& *.& 3":&4.4,?3*)4,&9:3"6;&6.,?&4<<:)32& 3":&B4,8:2& 6<& 4,54,*.*3?& 4.;&@YU& )6.3:.3& 6<& +:19:43:;&C43:1&=83&.63& 1:9*.:14,*2:;&C43:1#&L"82%&6.,?& 269:&!&/81:2&4.;&34=,:2%&:2+:)*4,,?&@"4+3:1&S%&41:&4<<:)3:;#&L"*2&*.4))814)?%&"6C:B:1%&;6:2&.63&4<<:)3&3":&C43:1&]84,*3?&6=K:)3*B:&<61&1:9*.:14,*2:;&C43:1&ML4=,:&Z#SN&61&36&3":&+16R+62:;&)1*3:1*4&<61&*.;*1:)3&)4,)8,43*6.&6<&3":&I(-&M@"4+3:1&^N#&F61&;6:2& *3&4<<:)3& 3":&:B4,843*6.&)1*3:1*4&2+:)*!&:;& <61&1:9*.:14,*2:;&C43:1&*.&3":&1:23&6<&3":&>8*;:#&L"*2&U.;&:;*3*6.&6<&3":&>8*;:&.6C&+8=,*2":;&)611:)3&3"*2&*.R4))814)?&4.;&=164;:.2&3":&)1*3:1*4&<61&*.;*1:)3&)4,)8,43*6.&6<&3":&I(-&<169&3":&*.)1:42:&6<&3":&_@#

L":&483"61

0:E0?!P:[#0)1,3,";-#QQSRTZa#?,.%&.bbb=,/*,'(.=(3

9*".,/&2"#:("4%7#:,",%&7#.()#0+*,:[#O,"#9%,"/&3/7#X-#K),"4,#QT-#Y!#/=#QZRTTS#O,"4,#:%*;#.(#B("(%&W(=bbb=W//,=(3

S`#!.&/&2"c#0+7347#STQT

JOdDc#UaRIR_I\Q_IZXSXIR

AGRADECIMIENTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

observó

!"#$%&'() '&*'&) +#&) &,) -./0.$%$) '&) '&*$,$"123) '&,)

4/51&.3/) '&) 6*-$7$) *&) 131"1$.$) &3) $5.1,) '&) 899:() ;$)

$'+#1.1'/)&,)"/%-./%1*/)'&)"/3<.15#1.)'&)=/.%$)'&*<$"$'$)

&3) &,) 1%-#,*/) '&,) '&*$../,,/) <&"3/,201"/() =/%&3<$3'/) ,$)

"/,$5/.$"123)"/3)&3<1'$'&*)>)/.0$31*%/*)+#&)-./%#&?&3)

-./>&"</*) '&) @AB() 13<&0.$3'/) ,/*)%1*%/*) &3) *#*) -./-1/*)

-./>&"</*) >) '1=#3'1C3'/,/*) &3) &?&3</*) 3$"1/3$,&*) &)

13<&.3$"1/3$,&*) /) %&'1$3<&) -#5,1"$"1/3&*() "/%/) ,$) +#&)

<&30/)&,)-.1?1,&01/)'&)-.&*&3<$.D)

6,)<.$5$E/)'&)!"#$%&')*&)'1.1012)131"1$,%&3<&)$)"#5.1.),/*)

$*-&"</*).&,$"1/3$'/*)"/3),$)$-/.<$"123)'&)3#&?/*).&"#.*/*)

&3),/*)<&..1</.1/*)'&!)"1<$.1/*D)F3$)?&G)&%-.&3'1'/)&*<&)/5HE&<1?/()!"#$%&');$)/.1&3<$'/)*#*)&*=#&.G/*);$"1$),$)13?&*H

<10$"123)>)-.&*&.?$"123)'&),$)"$,1'$')'&,)$0#$)/*%/<1G$'$)

-./"&'&3<&)'&,)%$.()%I*)$,,I)'&),/*)&*<I3'$.&*)>)3/.%$<1?$*)

?10&3<&*()$*&0#.$3'/)*#)"$,1'$')-$.$),/*)#*#$.1/*)>),$)-&.H

'#.$51,1'$')&)13<&0.1'$')'&),/*)%$<&.1$,&*)'&),$*)13*<$,$"1/H

3&*)>)'&),$)$-<1<#')-$.$)*#*)'1*<13</*)#*/*D)63)&*<&)/5E&<1?/)

*&)&3%$."$),$),$5/.)'&)&*<$)*&0#3'$)&'1"123)'&),$)4#J$)-$.$)

,$)K&%13&.$,1G$"123)'&),$*)!0#$*)B&*$,$'$*()"#>$)-#5,1"$H

"123)$#*-1"1$)!"#$%&'D)

B&*&/)%$31=&*<$.)%1).&"/3/"1%1&3</)$,)$#</.)'&)&*<$)4#J$()

L$3#&,)M&.3I3'&G)N#I.&G()<$3</)-/.)*#)",$.1'$')&3),$)&O-/H

*1"123)'&)"/3"&-</*)>)&3),$)&?$,#$"123)'&),$*)$0#$*)'&*$,$H

'$*)>)*#).&%13&.$,1G$"123)"/%/))-/.)&,).10/.))%$3<&31'/)&3)

&,)'&*$../,,/)'&)#3)-./"&'1%1&3</)-$.$)&,)"I,"#,/)13'1.&"</)

'&,) J3'1"&)'&)*$<#.$"123)'&)P$30&,1&.)&3)5$*&)$) ,/*) 13".&H

%&3</*) '&) ,$) "/3'#"<1?1'$') &,C"<.1"$) >) '&) ,$) $,"$,131'$'()

-./"&'1%1&3</*)>)"/3"&-</*)+#&()*13)'#'$()*&)-/3'.I3)&3)

-.I"<1"$)&3)%#";$*)13*<$,$"1/3&*D)

P$)"$-$"1'$')'&)*J3<&*1*)'&,)$#</.)&3),$)"/%-1,$"123)'&),$*)

<C"31"$*)'&).&%13&.$,1G$"123)#<1,1G$'$*()$*J)"/%/)&,)$3I,1*1*)

"/%-$.$<1?/)'&),$*)$0#$*).&%13&.$,1G$'$*)>)'&*$,$'$*)'$3)

,#0$.)$)#3)'/"#%&3</)%#>)Q<1,)-$.$)</'/*),/*)-./=&*1/3$,&*)

.&,$"1/3$'/*)"/3)&,)I%51</)'&),$)'&*$,$"123D)

B&*&/)!)3$,%&3<&)$0.$'&"&.)<$%51C3),$)"/,$5/.$"123)13*<1H<#"1/3$,)'&),$)R#3'$"123)S&3<./)S$3$.1/)'&,)!0#$)-/.)*#))

"/3<13#$'/)*&.?1"1/)>)"/3<.15#"123)$),$)13?&*<10$"123)>)'1H

?#,0$"123)*/5.&),/*)<&%$*).&,$"1/3$'/*)"/3)&,)$0#$D

S$.,/*)L$**$)

B1.&"</.)4&3&.$,)'&)!"#$%&'

Remineralisation, quality assurance for desalinated water

!"#$%&'(%&)%*+,"#+'"-#&./-0/+1&-2&'(%&3-4%/#1%#'&-2&!.+"#&

5%0+#&"#&6./",&7889:&6$;+1%)&(+*&5%%#&$-11"''%)&'-&.,+<&+&

1+=-/&/-,%&"#&'(%&./-1-'"-#&-2&'%$(#-,-0"$+,&)%4%,-.1%#':&

2-*'%/"#0& $-,,+5-/+'"-#& >"'(& -/0+#"?+'"-#*& +#)& +0%#$"%*&

'(+'& ./-1-'%& @AB& ./-=%$'*:& "#'%0/+'"#0& '(%1& "#'-& '(%&

./-=%$'*& +#)& )"**%1"#+'"#0& "#2-/1+'"-#& '(/-;0(& #+'"-#+,&

+#)&"#'%/#+'"-#+,&%4%#'*&+#)&'(/-;0(&.;5,"$+'"-#*:&*;$(&+*&

'("*&-#%&C&(+4%&'(%&./"4",%0%&'-&./%*%#'D

6$;+1%)&>-/E&"#"'"+,,<&>%#'&'-&$-4%/&+*.%$'*&/%,+'%)&'-&'(%&

./-4"*"-#&-2&#%>&/%*-;/$%*& "#& '(%&)%!&$"'& '%//"'-/"%*D&F#$%&%15+/E%)&-#&'("*&-5=%$'"4%:&6$;+1%)&(+*&2-$;*%)&"'*&%22-/'*&

-#&/%*%+/$(&+#)&./%*%/4+'"-#&-2&'(%&G;+,"'<&-2&)%*+,"#+'%)&

*%+>+'%/:&5%<-#)&'(%&*'+#)+/)*&+#)&/%0;,+'"-#*D&H#*;/"#0&

+& G;+,"'<& '(+'& ./%*%/4%*& '(%& "#'%0/"'<& -2& 1+'%/"+,*& +#)&

2+$","'"%*:& +*& >%,,& +*& *;"'+5","'<& 2-/& )"22%/%#'& ;*%*D& I("*&

%#0+0%1%#'&"*&/%"&%$'%)&"#&'(%&>-/E&-2&'("*&*%$-#)&%)"'"-#&-2& '(%&3;")%& '-& @%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#& -2& B%*+,"#+'%)&J+'%/*:&

*.-#*-/%)&5<&6$;+1%)D

C& >"*(& '-& %K./%**& 1<& +../%$"+'"-#& '-& '(%& +;'(-/& -2& '("*&

3;")%:&L+#;%,& M%/#N#)%?O!;N/%?:& 5-'(& 2-/& "'*& $,+/"'<& "#&

'(%& %K.-*"'"-#& -2& $-#$%.'*& /%0+/)"#0& )%*+,"#+'%)& >+'%/&

+**%**1%#'&+#)&"'*&/%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#&+#)&5<&'(%&/"0-/&"#&'(%&

)%4%,-.1%#'&-2&+&./-$%);/%& 2-/&$+,$;,+'"#0& "#)"/%$',<& '(%&

P+#0%,"%/&!+';/+'"-#&C#)%K&5+*%)&-#&"#$/%+*%*&"#&%,%$'/"$+,&

$-#);$'"4"'<&+#)&+,E+,"#"'<D&6&./-$%);/%&+#)&$-#$%.'&'(+':&&

#-&)-;5':&>",,&5%&"1.,%1%#'%)&"#&1+#<&2+$","'"%*D

I(%& +;'(-/Q*& $+.+$"'<& -2& *<#'(%*"*& "#& '(%& $-1.",+'"-#& -2&

/%1"#%/+,"*+'"-#&'%$(#"G;%*&+#)&'(%&$-1.+/+'"4%&+#+,<*"*&

-2&/%1"#%/+,"*%)&+#)&)%*+,"#+'%)&>+'%/&1+E%*&"'&+,*-&+&4%/<&

;*%2;,&)-$;1%#'& 2-/&+,,&./-2%**"-#+,*&>-/E"#0& "#& '(%&!&%,)&-2&)%*+,"#+'"-#D

R"#+,,<& C& >"*(& '-& '(+#E& '(%& "#*'"';'"-#+,& $-,,+5-/+'"-#&

-2& '(%& S+#+/<& C*,+#)*& J+'%/& S%#'%/& R-;#)+'"-#& 2-/&

'(%"/& $-#'"#;%)& *%/4"$%& +#)& $-#'/"5;'"-#& '-& /%*%+/$(& +#)&

)"**%1"#+'"-#&-#&>+'%/&/%,+'%)&"**;%*D

S+/,-*&L+**+

3%#%/+,&L+#+0%/&-2&6$;+1%)

LA REMINERALIZACIÓN, GARANTÍA DE CALIDAD DEL AGUA DESALADA

PREFACIO PREFACE

!"#$%&'(%)#*#+,)+-'&.,)%&#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""/

/"#0121+3%24&3.+1&#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7

8"#02.3%2.,&#9121#-1#%:1-'1+.;)#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#*#2%(.)%21-.<151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8/

="#>.:%-%&#;93.(,&#5%#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""==

?"#0@-+'-,#.)5.2%+3,#5%-#ABC#*#5%-#BD$#5%-#16'1#2%(.)%21-.<151# 1#9123.2#5%#-,&#513,&#5%#0E#*#9F#1)3%&#*#5%&9'G&#5%#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?H

H"#IG+).+1&#9121#-1#2%(.)%21-.<1+.;)#5%#-1&#16'1&#5%&1-151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""H=

J"#K2,+%5.(.%)3,#5%#3,(1#5%#('%&321&L#+,)&%2:1+.;)#*#1)@-.&.&#5%#16'1&#5%&1-151&#*#2%(.)%21-.<151&#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""J7

M"#B,N2%#-1&#(%<+-1&#5%#16'1&#2%(.)%21-.<151&#+,)#16'1&#5%&1-151&#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""M=

!"#$%&&'()#'*+#,-*,.%/0-*/#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1

2"#34'(',56(0/50,/#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#8'56(/#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2!

1"#3(056(0'#7-(#546#'//6//&6*5#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#'*+#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11

9"#:;50&%&#.6<6./#-7#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""9=

="#>*+0(6,5#,'.,%.'50-*#-7#546#?$>#'*+#$@A#-7#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(# 7(-&#+'5'#-*#B3#'*+#CD#;(0-(#5-#'*+#7-..-80*E#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""=F

G"#H6,4*0I%6/#7-(#546#(6&0*6('.0/'50-*#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""G=

F"#C(-,6+%(6#7-(#546#/'&;.0*EJ#,-*/6(<'50-*#'*+#'*'.)/0/#-7#+6/'.0*'56+#'*+#(6&0*6('.0/6+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K!

K"#L0M6/#-7#(6&0*6('.0/6+#'*+#+6/.0*'56+#8'56(/#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""K=

ÍNDICE

INDEX

Niveles adecuados de remineralización

!

OBJETIVOS DE LA GUÍA

"#$%&'()*+%$,(-(./#$0($(1)/$234/$(1$*#31)./.5$6/.)*(-0%$6.*-7*8

6/#9(-)($0($0/)%1$0($7/96%5$#%1$7.*)(.*%1$:3($0(&(-$3)*#*;/.1($

6/./$(+/#3/.$7%..(7)/9(-)($#/$7/#*0/0$0($#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$

.(9*-(./#*;/0/15$<$=/7*#*)/.$/14$(#$7396#*9*(-)%$0($#/$-%.9/)*8

+/$6/./$/,3/1$0($/&/1)(7*9*(-)%$0($#/$>"$?@A$!BCDECCFGH$

"-$7%-7.()%5$#%1$%&'()*+%1$(16(74!$7%1$0($#/$234/$1%-I$

J$"1)/&#(7(.$#%1$7.*)(.*%1$0($)%9/$0($93(1)./1$<$7K#73#%$0($

#%1$.(13#)/0%1$/-/#4)*7%1$:3($6(.9*)/-$0(!$-*.$7%..(7)/89(-)($#/$7/#*0/0$#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1L$

J$"1)/&#(7(.$73K#(1$0(&(-$1(.$#%1$-*+(#(1$M6)*9%1$0($

.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$0(-).%$0($3-$7%1)($./;%-/&#(L

J$"1)/&#(7(.$3-$9N)%0%$*-0*.(7)%$6/./$#/$+/#%./7*M-$0(#$

,./0%$0($.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$/$)./+N1$#%1$*-7.(9(-)%1$(-$

(#$6O$<$#/$P"H$

RESUMEN DE LOS TRABAJOS REALIZADOS

"-$(1)/$234/$1($(-)*(-0($6%.$Q/,3/$0(1/#/0/R$/:3(##/$:3($

6.%+*(-($0*.(7)/9(-)($0($#/$M19%1*1$*-+(.1/H$"#$/,3/$0(1/8

#/0/$1($(-)*(-0($:3($(1$3-$/,3/$1*-$.(9*-(./#*;/.H$"#$/,3/$

0(1/#/0/$.(7*&($ )/9&*N-$(#$-%9&.($0($6(.9(/0%H$ $"1$ *98

6%.)/-)($)(-(.$(-$73(-)/$:3($#%1$0/)%1$:3($1($9/-('/-$6/./$

#/$(#/&%./7*M-$0($(1)/$234/$6.%7(0(-$ )%0%1$0($6#/-)/1$0($

0(1/#/7*M-$0($/,3/$0($9/.H$

"#$ )./&/'%$ *-7#3<(5$ (-$ 6.*9(.$ #3,/.5$ 3-/$ (S)(-1/$ 7%-13#)/$

&*&#*%,.K!$7/$1%&.($(1)%1$)(9/1$<$(-$(16(7*/#$1%&.($#%1$(18)K-0/.(1$0($7/#*0/0$<$9N)%0%1$/-/#4)*7%1H

T/./#(#/9(-)(5$ 1($ U/-$ .(/#*;/0%$ 3-/$ 1(.*($ 0($ /-K#*1*1$ 0($

/,3/1$ 0(1/#/0/1$ 6.%7(0(-)(1$ 0($ 0*1)*-)/1$ 0(1/#/0%./1$ 7%-$

(#$!$-$0($(1)30*/.$(#$7%96%.)/9*(-)%$0($(1)/1$/,3/1$(-$7%-8)/7)%$7%-$#/$/)9M1=(./H

V$ 7%-)*-3/7*M-5$ 1($ /-/#*;/.%-$ #%1$ 7.*)(.*%1$ 0($ (+/#3/7*M-$

9K1$=.(73(-)(1$<$(-$(16(7*/#$(#$4-0*7($0($1/)3./7*M-$0($W/-8

,(#*(.$?WXYG$<$(#$6.%7(0*9*(-)%$6/./$(#$7K#73#%$0(#$6O$0($

1/)3./7*M-$?6O1/)GH$

"-$ &/1($ )/9&*N-$ /$ 0/)%1$ 7%-7.()%1$ 1($ U/-$ (S/9*-/0%$ #/1$

7/./7)(.41)*7/1$0($#/1$/,3/1$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$<$13$7%96%.)/8

9*(-)%$(-$7%-)/7)%$7%-$#/$/)9M1=(./H$"#$%&'()*+%$(./$0(9%18

)./.$73K#(1$1%-$#%1$-*+(#(1$M6)*9%1$0($.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$:3($

,/./-)*;/-$3-$WXY$(1)/&#($<$3-$7%-139%$94-*9%$0($PZEH$

T/./$(+/#3/.$9('%.$#%1$.(13#)/0%15$1($.(/#*;/.%-$1*93#/7*%8

-(1$9/)(9K)*7/1$(16(74!$7/1$1%&.($#/$.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-5$3)*8#*;/-0%$6.%,./9/1$0($7K#73#%$7%-$&/1($)(M.*7/$/'31)/0%1$/$

6/.)*.$0($0/)%1$(964.*7%1H

RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES

$CH$@"X>["\$]$PZ\PW>XYZ\"X

>-/$6/.)($*96%.)/-)($0($#%1$)./&/'%1$U/$1*0%$(-=%7/0/$U/7*/$

(#$(1)30*%$0($#%1$7/9&*%1$0($#/$7%96%1*7*M-$0($#/1$/,3/1$

0(1/#/0/1$6.%+%7/0%1$6%.$#/$.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-H$$"#$%&'()*+%$

(./$(1)/&#(7(.$3-$9N)%0%$:3($6(.9*)*(./$(#$7K#73#%$*-0*.(7)%$

0(#$WXY5$/14$7%9%$%).%1$4-0*7(15$/$6/.)*.$0(#$*-7.(9(-)%$0(#$

6O$<$0($#/$P"H

W/$ 234/$ *-7#3<($ )/9&*N-$ 3-$ .(139(-$ 0($ #/1$ )N7-*7/1$ 0($

.(9*-(./#*;/7*M-$7%-$(16(7*/#$U*-7/6*N$ (-$ #/1$ )N7-*7/1$0($

#%1$#(7U%1$0($7/#7*)/$0($0%1*!$7/7*M-$7%-$#(7U/0/$0($7/#H$X($*-7#3<($ )/9&*N-$3-/$1(.*($0($.(7%9(-0/7*%-(1$/$ )(-(.$(-$

73(-)/$(-$#/$0%1*!$7/7*M-$0($PZEH

W/$234/$*-7#3<($3-$7/64)3#%$7%-$*-0*7/7*%-(1$6/./$(#$93(18

).%$<$/-K#*1*1$0($#/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$<$.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$/)(-8

0*(-0%$/$13$&/'/$/#7/#*-*0/0$<$/$#/$=/7*#*0/0$7%-$:3($+/.4/$

13$7%-)(-*0%$(-$PZEH

T%.$ ^#)*9%5$ #/$ 234/$ *-7#3<($ 3-$ (1)30*%$ 0($ 6.%,./9/1$ 0($

1*93#/7*M-$ 0($9(;7#/1$ <$ 13$ 3)*#*0/0$ 6/./$ /-/#*;/.$ (#$ 6%.$

7*(-)%$0($/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$:3($63(0(-$9(;7#/.1($7%-$/,3/1$

.(9*-(./#*;/0/1$%$/,3/1$7%-)*-(-)/#(1$03./1H

CONCLUSIONES

W/$234/$7%-1)/$0($1*()($7/64)3#%1H$V$7%-)*-3/7*M-$1($.(139(-$

#/1$7%-7#31*%-(1$9K1$*96%.)/-)(1$0($7/0/$3-%$0($(##%1H$

1. Características de las aguas desaladas

W/1$/,3/1$0(1/#/0/1$.(16%-0(-$/$3-/$1%#37*M-$7%-$3-$7%-8

)(-*0%$9(0*%$(-$1M#*0%1$)%)/#(1$0*13(#)%1$0($E_C$9,$X`ADW5$

0%-0($/6.%S*9/0/9(-)($(#$aEb$(1$P#\/H$ $W/1$/,3/1$0(8

1/#/0/1$ )*(-(-$3-$7%-)(-*0%$93<$&/'%$0($OPZF

8$ ?c$B$9,$

OPZF

8DWG5$ /14$ 7%9%$P/Ed$ ?c$ E5e$9,$P/EdDWG$ <$[,Ed$ ?c$B$

9,$[,EdDWGH$

"#$ 7%-)(-*0%$ (-$ 9/,-(1*%$ (1$ /6.%S*9/0/9(-)($ (#$ 0%&#($

:3($(#$0($7/#7*%5$(S6.(1/0%1$/9&%1$(-$9,DWH$

"#$6O$/$#/$1/#*0/$0($#%1$&/1)*0%.(1$0($M19%1*1$*-+(.1/$%17*#/$

0(10($e5F$/$f5a5$0(6(-0*(-0%$0($#/1$7%-0*7*%-(1$0($%6(./8

7*M-$0($ #/$6#/-)/H$P%..(16%-0*(-)(9(-)(5$ (#$ 7%-)(-*0%$(-$

PZE$+/.4/$(-).($C5_$<$!f$9,$PZ

EDWH$

V#,3-/1$/,3/1$63(0(-$1/#*.1($0($(1)($./-,%$0(&*0%$/$)./)/8

9*(-)%1$(16(74!$7%1H$W%1$7/1%1$0($6O1$/#)%1$(1)K-$.(#/7*%8-/0%1$7%-$#/$-(7(1*0/0$0($/39(-)/.$(#$.(7U/;%$0($&%.%$0($

#/1$9(9&./-/1H$

W/$ .(#/7*M-$ #%,/.4)9*7/$ 0(17.*)/$ (-$ #/$ #*)(./)3./$ (-).($ (#$

6O$<$(#$7%-)(-*0%$(-$PZE$0(#$/,3/$1($+($7%..%&%./0/$7%-$

#%1$ 0/)%1$ %&)(-*0%1$ 6/./$ #/1$ /,3/1$ 0(1/#/0/1$ /$ #/$ 1/#*0/$

0(#$&/1)*0%.H

de los incrementosen el pH y la CE.

y

con LSI >- 0,5.

!

"#$%&'()&*$+$,-*,.('/-*&'

&0$1231$45610141$78595$39$.'/$89:5;8<;$1$=>$?<;$0<$@35$785945$1$486<0A5;$50$B1;C<917<$BD0B8B<#$E1FC8G9$?;565971$50$;8562<$45$?;<C05F16$45$B<;;<68H9$?<;$63$F1I<;$B<975984<$59$B0<=;3;<6$JK"=L""$F2$,0=M.N$I$630:17<6$JL=OPQ$F2$'->

RN$;56?5B7<$10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!

=M.N#$

&0$ ?S$450$ 1231$ 45610141$ 65$ 5@3808C;1$ ;D?841F5975$ B<9$ 50$B<975984<$59$,-L$45$01$17FH6:5;1P$?<;$0<$@35$45C5$65;$191=08T14<$B<9$B38414<$I$?;5:5;5975F5975$!"#$!%&#$

&9$5@3808C;8<$B<9$01$17FH6:5;1P$50$?S$450$1231$<6F<78T141$567D$597;5$KPU$I$QP"$I$50$B<975984<$59$,-L$10;5454<;$45$"P!$F2$,-LM.#$&0$.'/$65$F1978595$10;5454<;$45$=>#$

.1$73;C845T$450$1231$<6F<78T141$567D$10;5454<;$45$"PL$*E(P$?348594<$B<96845;1;65$A10<;56$63?5;8<;56$B<F<$8948B178A<$45$?;<C05F16$59$016$8967101B8<956#$

&0$'V%$450$1231$45610141$I$689$;5F895;108T1;$56$F1I<;$<$82310$@35$UP$ 0<$@35$ 8948B1$@35P$ 50$ 1231$45610141$1?08B141$48;5B71F5975P$?3545$65;$?5;W348B810$?1;1$01$567;3B73;1$45$0<6$6350<6$12;XB<016#$E1FC8G9$?3545$B1361;$?;<C05F16$45$7<Y8=B8414$?1;1$10239<6$B3078A<6$?<;$50$5YB56<$59$*1Z$;56?5B7<$10$,1LZ$I$)2LZ#$

[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$9<$ 78595$2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$,-L$B<F<$?1;1$?5;F878;$391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=B8<910$45$,-L#$$

2. Criterios de evaluación de las aguas desaladas y remineralizadas

V39@35$5Y8675$39$FG7<4<$68F?08!$B14<P$71FC8G9$B<9<B84<$B<F<$FG7<4<$V],^P$?1;1$50$BD0B30<$450$?S617P$65$_1B5$9<=71;$ @35$ 5675$FG7<4<$ 68F?08!$B14<$ 56$ 39$FG7<4<$ B<9$ C165$5F?X;8B1$@35$9<$B<96845;1$391$65;85$45$16?5B7<6$ 6<C;5$ 01$@3XF8B1$450$1231$@35$45C59$65;$75984<6$59$B35971$1$01$_<;1$45$A10<;1;$145B3141F5975$0<6$:1B7<;56$@35$8975;A85959$59$01$;51BB8H9$CD68B1$45$6173;1B8H9#$

[<;$ 7197<P$5671$`3X1$ ;5B<F85941$50$36<$450$'71941;4$)5=7_<4$L!!"$J')L!!"NP$C1614<$59$39$BD0B30<$FD6$;823;<6<$45$016$;51BB8<956$@35$8975;A85959#$

VFC<6$FG7<4<6$?;<43B59$39$A10<;$48:5;5975$450$?S617#$&0$A10<;$<C75984<$?<;$50$FG7<4<$68F?08!$B14<$56$1?;<Y8F141=F5975$"PL$39841456$FD6$952178A<P$@35$50$<C75984<$?<;$68=238594<$50$')L!!"#$,<;;56?<9485975F5975P$50$.'/$;563071$71FC8G9$89:5;8<;$59$"PL$39841456$10$.'/$<C75984<$652\9$50$')L!!"#$

V75948594<$1$@35$50$')L!!"$56$50$FG7<4<$14<?714<$8975;=91B8<910F5975P$ 65$B<96845;1$@35$50$B3F?08F8597<$450$%^$a>"ML""!$45C5;D$B<967171;65$45$1B35;4<$B<9$50$FG7<4<$56=71941;4$')$L!!"$I$9<$50$68F?08!$B14<$V],^#$

3. Niveles óptimos de remineralización

&0$<CW578A<$45$ 01$ ;5F895;108T1B8H9$ 56P$ 2595;10F5975P$ ?;<=43B8;$39$1231$B<9$39$X948B5$45$.1925085;$F3I$?;HY8F<$1$B5;<$I$@35$?5;F195B5$5671C05$59$B<971B7<$B<9$01$17FH6:5;1#$V45FD6P$65$7;171$45$B<965238;$567<$B<9$39$B<963F<$FX98F<$45$,-L$B<9$50$!$9$45$F898F8T1;$0<6$B<6756$45$5Y?0<71B8H9#$

'52\9$5675$567348<P$65$B<96845;1$@35$?1;1$@35$39$1231$4561=0141$567G$C859$;5F895;108T141P$59$39$;192<$45$75F?5;173;16$597;5$a>b,$I$LOb,P$45C5;D$ 7595;$ 016$B1;1B75;X678B16$@35$65$?;5659719$59$01$E1C01$"#a#$$

!"#$"% &'()%,V%V,E&%c'E/,V'$%&,-)&*^V^V'$[V%V$ .V'$ V`(V'$ ^&'V.V^V'$ ,-*$ (*$ */d&.$e[E/)-$^&$%&)/*&%V./fV,/e*#$

E10$I$ B<F<$65$ 8948B1$59$50$,1?X730<$aP$ 01$F1I<;X1$45$ 016$?019716$4561014<;16$785959$@35$1g148;$,-L$456?3G6$45$01$H6=F<686$89A5;61$I$19756$45$01$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?1;1$10B19T1;$0<6$A10<;56$45$01$E1C01$"#a#

*+,-./%&'()%012/3+45%156.1%2/%/23/2+5+7/7%712%81.91/7:%;%2/%7:<+!%3/3+45%71%=>?%8/./%3:5<1,-+.%-5%/,-/%.19+@51./2+A/7/%/%8B%CD?E%;%3:5%&DF%9,%=>?G$%3:5%213H:<%71%3/23+6/'%%I/6:<%<+9-2/7:<%/%8/.6+.%71%-5%/,-/%71</2/7/%3:5%('J%9,%=/?KG$%;%%??%L='J

.1$ 4<68!$B1B8H9$ 45$ ,-LP$ 95B561;81$ ?1;1$ 10B19T1;$ 0<6$ 98A5056$45$ ;5F895;108T1B8H9$?;<?3567<6$59$ 01$E1C01$"#a$45?59459$45$01$10B10898414$450$?5;F514<$19756$45$ 01$;5F895;108T1B8H9#$&9$01$h823;1$"#a$65$F3567;19$016$4<686$;5@35;8416$?1;1$B141$1231$652\9$50$?S$I$01$10B10898414$450$?5;F514<$19756$45$01$;5F895=;108T1B8H9#

M/.N916.:% 0/5,:

?S$ iPL$j$"Pa

V0kP$F2$,1,-!M.$ OK$j$!

S,-!=P$F2M.$ Ki$j$!

,1LZP$F2M.$ La$j$L

,-LP$F2M.$ "PQ$j$"Pa

.'/$J')L!!"N$ j$"PaO

ADECUADO DE REMINERALIZACIÓN.

!

"#$%&'()&*$+$,-*,.('/-*&'


RN$;56?5B7<$10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!

=M.N#$





[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$9<$ 78595$2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$,-L$B<F<$?1;1$?5;F878;$391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=B8<910$45$,-L#$$













M/.N916.:% 0/5,:

?S$ iPL$j$"Pa

V0kP$F2$,1,-!M.$ OK$j$!

S,-!=P$F2M.$ Ki$j$!

,1LZP$F2M.$ La$j$L


.'/$J')L!!"N$ j$"PaO

!

"#$%&'()&*$+$,-*,.('/-*&'


RN$;56?5B7<$10$45$C8B1;C<917<6$JL=>$F2$S,-!

=M.N#$





[<;$\078F<P$0<6$;5630714<6$1?39719$1$@35$50$1231$45610141$9<$ 78595$2595;10F5975$ 63!$B85975$,-L$B<F<$?1;1$?5;F878;$391$;5F895;108T1B8H9$?<;$0<$@35$65$;5@385;5$39$1?<;75$148=B8<910$45$,-L#$$













M/.N916.:% 0/5,:

?S$ iPL$j$"Pa

V0kP$F2$,1,-!M.$ OK$j$!

S,-!=P$F2M.$ Ki$j$!

,1LZP$F2M.$ La$j$L


.'/$J')L!!"N$ j$"PaO

con lechos de calcita.

Niveles adecuados de remineralización

!

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'34*5'6-.'&#$&'6-'7-%8-&69':'-.'/9/"-12-' 34*5; <.='7&%&' .&>'&#$&>'%-8"1-%&."?&@6&>'A&>2&'7B'CD*)'

"#$%&'( )*+,*( -./+-(01!(2(314(56(7*789:;<(=*+*()*#&+->(?-(

7@3!%&'(-./+-(3!0( A;B5(2(C00( A;B5(+->=-B/D)*5-./-E

@#()*#&+(?-(7*%+'(?-#(*6F*(+-5D.-+*#DG*?*(=F-?-(B*#BF#*+>-(*(=*+/D+(?-(#*(+*GH.(7*%+'(I("#$%+';31!E

<&>()*#&+->(?-(=J%+'(2(K%+'(?-L-+M.(>-+(#&>(/&5*?&>(!"#$!%&(*(/+*)N>(?-(#&>(-OFD=&>(?-(5-?D?*(B&#&B*?&>(-.(#,.-*E(

P.*()-G(&L/-.D?&>(/&?&>(#&>(=*+M5-/+&>1(-#(5N/&?&(?-(BM#:BF#&(?-#(<AQ%+'(?-L-(>-+(-#(AR3990E9

@>/-(=+&B-?D5D-./&(=-+5D/-(->/D5*+(-#(<AQ%+'(B&.(F.*(*=+&SD:5*BDH.(?-(T010!1(-.(-#(+*.6&(-.(OF-(>-(&=-+*(-.(#*>(=#*./*>(?->*#*?&+*>1(<AQ(T(0E!E

U-( *BF-+?&( B&.( -#( ->/F?D&( +-*#DG*?&1( 2( =*+*( *#B*.G*+( #&>(.D)-#->(H=/D5&>(*=F./*?&>(-.(#*(K*L#*(VEW1(-#(D.B+-5-./&(?-(*#B*#D.D?*?(?-L-+M(?-(>-+(*#(5-.&>(!!(56(7*789;<

<&(OF-(D5=#DB*(OF-(-#(D.B+-5-./&(?-(7@3!(B*F>*?&(=&+(#*(+-5D.-+*#DG*BDH.(?-L-+M(->/*+(-.(-#(+*.6&X

7@3!(I(4!(:(YC( A;B5

Z*+*(-#(BM#BF#&(?-#(A"[%+'(>-(=F-?-(*>F5D+(OF-X

7*%+'(I("#$%+';31!R6%+'(I(31!(56;<\*%+'(%56;<'(I(01W!VY(S(7@3!%0'(](013W9CE

<*>(B&.?DBD&.->(?-(5F->/+-&(?-L-.(&=/D5DG*+>-(=*+*(-)D/*+(#*(=N+?D?*(?-(783(2(&L/-.-+()*#&+->(?-(=J(2(/-5=-+*/F+*(#&(5M>(=+HSD5&>(*(#*>(B&.?DBD&.->(?-(&=-+*BDH.(*./->(2(?->:=FN>(?-#(>D>/-5*(?-(+-5D.-+*#DG*BDH.E

5. Técnicas de remineralización

@#( *.M#D>D>( ?-( #*>( /NB.DB*>( ?-( +-5D.-+*#DG*BDH.(?-5F->/+*(OF-(/*./&(#*(/NB.DB*(?-(#-B^&>(?-(B*#BD/*(B&5&(?-(#-B^*?*(?-(B*#(/D-.-.(F.(*#/&(.D)-#(?-(?->*++&##&E(@#(5-.&+(B&.>F5&(?-(783(2(#*(5-.&+(B&5=#-_D?*?(?-#(=+&B->&(*=F./*.(*(OF-(

0E([@APR@\(`(78\7<PAQ8\@A

<*(?&>D!(B*BDH.(?-(#*(aD6F+*(0EW(>-(+-!(-+-(*(#*(+-5D.-+*#DG*BDH.(B&.(#-B^&>(?-(B*#BD/*E(@.(B*>&(?-(F/D#DG*+(7*%8J'31(#*(?&>D!(B*:BDH.(?-(783(?-L-+M(?-(>-+(-#(?&L#-E(<*>(?&>D>(?-(#*(aD6F+*(0EW(>&.(=*+*(F.*(-!(BD-.BD*(?-#(W00b(=&+(#&(OF-(?-L-(>-+(B&++-6D?&>(*#(*#G*(-.(B*>&(?-(-!(BD-.BD*>(5-.&+->(%6-.-+*#5-./-(40:Y!b'E

<*(D.c+*?&>D!(B*BDH.(?-(783(=+&?FB-(F.(*6F*(B&.(*#B*#D.D:?*?(L*_*E(@>/&( D5=#DB*(F.*(L*_*( B*=*BD?*?( /*5=H.(21(=&+(/*./&1(F.*(/-.?-.BD*(*(*BD?D!(B*+>-(cMBD#5-./-(=&+(#*(*L>&+:BDH.(?-#(783(=+&B-?-./-(?-(#*(*/5H>c-+*E(@>/-(^-B^&1(_F./&(B&.(-#(L*_&(B&./-.D?&(-.(B*#BD&1(̂ *B-(OF-(->/-(/D=&(?-(*6F*>1(>-*.(*6F*>(D.->/*L#->(B&.(/-.?-.BD*(*(>-+(B&++&>D)*>E

<*(>&L+-?&>D!(B*BDH.(?-(783(6-.-+*(F.(*6F*(+-5D.-+*#DG*:?*(B&.(5*2&+(*#B*#D.D?*?(2(?F+-G*1(*>,(B&5&(F.(B&./-.D?&(-.(783(5*2&+(OF-(/D-.?-(*(?D>5D.FD+(-.(B&./*B/&(B&.(#*(*/:5H>c-+*E(@>/&(d#/D5&(^*B-(>FLD+(-#(=J(?-#(*6F*(#&6+M.?&>-1(?-(->/*(c&+5*1(F.(<AQ(#D6-+*5-./-(=&>D/D)&E(

A-(^*B-(.&/*+1(OF-(?*?&(OF-(#*(?F+-G*(?-#(*6F*(+-5D.-+*#DG*:?*(.&(>F-#-(*#B*.G*+(#&>(W00(56(7*789;<(.&(-SD>/-(=+MB/DB*:5-./-(+D->6&(?-(=+-BD=D/*BDH.(?-(7*789(*F.OF-(-#(<AQ(->/N(-./+-(01!(2(W101(2(*F.OF-(#*(/-5=-+*/F+*(*#B*.B-(#&>(V0e7E

@.(5FB^*>(+-?->(?-(?D>/+DLFBDH.(>-(+-OFD-+-.()*#&+->(?-(<AQ(-./+-( (]01W(2(]01!(B&.(-#(!(.(?-(=+&/-6-+( #*>( D.>/*#*BD&.->E(@>/&(>-(B&.>D6F-(*F5-./*.?&(#D6-+*5-./-(-#(=J(?->=FN>(?-#(=&>/+*/*5D-./&(?-(B*#BD/*(B&.(#*(*?DBDH.(?-(\*%8J'(%3:V(56(\*8J;<'E(@.(#*>(D.>/*#*BD&.->(B&.(7*%8J'3(>-(B&.>D6F-(=&+(5-?D&(F.*(#D6-+*(>&L+-?&>D!(B*BDH.(?-(7*%8J'3E(@.(*#6F.*>(&B*>D&.->(#D5D/*BD&.->(/NB.DB*>(-.(-#(B&./+&#(?-(#*(?&>D!(B*:BDH.(-S*B/*(?-(7*%8J'3(=F-?-(6-.-+*+(F.(D.B+-5-./&(?-(#*(/F+LD?-G(=&+(-.BD5*(?-(W(\KPE

4. Cálculo indirecto del LSI y del SAR a partir de los datos de CE25 y pH antes y después de la remineralización

<&>( +->F#/*?&>( &L/-.D?&>( *=F./*.( *( OF-( -#( <AQ( ?-#( *6F*(+-5D.-+*#DG*?*( %<AQ%+''( =F-?-( >-+( B*#BF#*?&( *( =*+/D+( ?-#(D.B+-5-./&(?-( #*(7@3!(=+&?FBD?&(=&+( #*( +-5D.-+*#DG*BDH.1((F/D#DG*.?&(-#(B&BD-./-X

7@3!; "#$(I(W1!!(:(W1C!(%>-6d.(#*(7@3!(?-#(=-+5-*?&'(

U&.?-X

"#$(I("#$%+'(:("#$%&'7@3!(I(7@3!%+'((:(7@3!%&'(

<*(aD6F+*(0E3(=+->-./*( #*( +-#*BDH.(-./+-(-./+-( #*(7@3!(?-#(=-+5-*?&(2(-#()*#&+(?-#(B&BD-./-( 7@3!; "#$E

pueden

siendo (r) reminealizada y (o) sin remineralizar:

!

"#$%&'()&*$+$,-*,.('/-*&'

012$ 034512$ 63$ 4704897$ 21:$ ;:7$ 9<4:847$=>2$ 3297?03$ @7A7$ 07$A3=8:3A708B748C:$63$072$7D;72$632707672$E;3$07$6128!$4748C:$41:$0345767$63$470#$

.7$6128!$4748C:$63$,-F$63?3$5743A23$3:$47;670$63243:63:G93#$.7$H30148676$63243:63:93$70A36361A$63$"I"!$=J2$41:$30$!$:$63$3H897A$30$7AA729A3$63$072$?;A?;K72$1$07$21?A3$6128!$47G48C:#$.7$@A328C:$63$ 8:L3448C:$63?3$23A$630$1A63:$63$"IFM$?7A32$=7L1A$E;3$07$630$7D;7#$

&0$ 983=@1$63$:34327A81$@7A7$ 07$68210;48C:$630$,-F$@;363$A36;48A23$ 41:2863A7?03=3:93$ 28$ 23$ ;9808B7:$ 012$ 4A893A812$7@;:97612$3:$30$@>AA7N1$7:93A81A#$O3:3A70=3:93$23$A3E;83A3$;:12$M$23D;:612$@7A7$;:7$68210;48C:$63$P"GQ"$=D$,-FJ.$;9808B7:61$012$4A893A812$=3:481:7612

&:$4;70E;83A$4721I$23$63?3$3H897A$07$6128!$4748C:$63$,-F$3:$9;?3AR7$51A8B1:970#$

.12$63243:212$63$93=@3A79;A7$5743:$682=8:;8A$07$H30148676$63$ 072$ A374481:32$ E;3$ 8:93AH83:3:$ 3:$ 07$ A3=8:3A708B748C:#$&:$30$4721$63$012$034512$63$4704897I$30$983=@1$63$41:97491$@7A7$ 7047:B7A$ ;:7$ A3=8:3A708B748C:$ 7634;767$ 7;=3:97$ 63$P"$7$PQ$=8:;912$4;7:61$07$93=@3A79;A7$630$7D;7$632483:63$63$FST,$7$PQT,#$

6. Técnicas de muestreo

&0$=;329A31$63$7D;72$632707672$63?3$23A$A3708B761$63$=7G:3A7$E;3$23$3H893$07$@<A6867$63$,-F#$U7A7$3001$23$A341=83:G67:$072$=368481:32$!"#$!%&$21?A3$9161$630$@VI$07$93=@3A79;A7$L$07$,&#$

.7$7:19748C:$63$072$41:68481:32$63$=;329A31$72R$41=1$63$9A7:2@1A93$ L$ 70=743:7=83:91$ 57297$ 07$ A3708B748C:$ 63$ 012$7:>08282I$41:14867$41=1$4763:7$63$4;291687I$7L;67$41:28G63A7?03=3:93$3:$07$$8:93A@A39748C:$63$012$A32;097612#$

.7$2303448C:$630$=<9161$7634;761$@7A7$30$7:>08282$63$07$70G4708:8676$63?3$5743A23$63$74;3A61$41:$30$:8H30$32@3A761$63$704708:8676$630$7D;7#$W3$:1$5743A01$@;363$21?A33298=7A23$41:2863A7?03=3:93$30$41:93:861$3:$,-FI$32@34870=3:93$3:$072$7D;72$28:$A3=8:3A708B7A#$

7. Simulación de mezclas de aguas

.12$=163012$ 63$ 28=;0748C:$ 63$=3B4072$ 3298=7:$ 41:$ ;:7$@A34828C:$63$;:$X"YGXMY$012$A32;097612$63$012$7:>08282$63$07?1A791A81#$$

.72$28=;07481:32$@3A=893:$7!$A=7A$E;3$:1$23$63?3$7Z768A$=>2$630$ PMY$63$ 7D;7$63270767$ 7$;:$ 7D;7$ A3=8:3A708B767$41:$;:7$704708:8676$63$["$=D$,7,-\J.I$6761$E;3$30$.'/$63$07$=3B407$23A>$=3:1A$E;3$G"IM#$

.12$4>04;012$A3708B7612$41:$=3B4072$63$7D;72$41:98:3:97032$?847A?1:797672$ L$ 7D;7$ 63270767$ 28:$ A3=8:3A708B7A$ 8:6847:$E;3$3:$70D;:12$47212$23$@;363$7Z768A$57297$;:$M"Y$63$7D;7$63270767$28:$E;3$30$.'/$003D;3$7$23A$=3:1A$E;3$G"IM#$$

)7:;30$V3A:>:63BG';>A3B'()*)+#,)-.)+#*!/0)#1"2)#W8A3491A$63$07$];:6748C:$,3:9A1$,7:7A81$630$̂ D;7PX$63$_;:81$63$F"P"

La velocidad adecuada debe ser de 0,07±0,02 m/s con el

entonces menor de -0,5.

!

1.1 Introducción

"#$"%&'(')$ *'%$ '+,'%$-.%'*'-'%$-.$'+,'$-.$/'0$&012.-.#)$&032452'/.#4.$.#$%,$414'*5-'-)$-.$&*'#4'%$-.$6%/1%5%$5#7.0%'8$910$4'#41)$.#$.%4'$:,;'$%5./&0.$<,.$%.$-52.$'+,'$-.%'*'-'$%.$0.!$.0.$'*$'+,'$1%/145='-'$-.$-.%'*'-10'%$-.$'+,'$-.$/'08

>'$ 21/&1%5256#$ -.*$ '+,'$ 1%/145='-'$ 7'0;'$ %.+?#$ .*$ 45&1$-.$&*'#4'$@$*'$A10/'$-.$1&.0'256#8B$>'$'-5256#$-.$325-1%$$1$C'%.%$'#4.%$-.$*'$6%/1%5%$D'2.$7'05'0$.*$&E$-.*$&.0/.'-1$@)$21#%.2,.#4./.#4.)$%,$21#4.#5-1$.#$FG

H8$

"*$.%4'-1$-.$*'%$/./C0'#'%$4'/C5I#$'A.24'$'*$+0'-1$-.$0.J2D'=1$-.$%'*.%$-.$*1%$-5%45#41%$21/&1#.#4.%8$F1#%.2,.#4.J

/.#4.$4'/C5I#$7'0;'$*'$2'#45-'-$-.$%6*5-1%$414'*.%$-5%,.*41%$KLMNO$@$*'$21#-,24575-'-$.*I24052'$KF"O8

1.2 Materiales y métodos

9'0'$.*$.%4,-51$-.$*'%$'+,'%$-.%'*'-'%$%.$41/'01#$/,.%40'%$.#$-5%45#4'%$-.%'*'-10'%$@$%.$0.'*5='01#$'#3*5%5%$ !"#$!%&$-.$&E)$F")$M./&.0'4,0')$EFG

PJ$@$FG

PQ8$

R$21#45#,'256#$%.$**.7'01#$*'%$/,.%40'%$'*$*'C10'41051$-1#J-.$%.$0.&545.01#$*1%$'#3*5%5%$@$%.$21/&*.4'01#$21#$.*$0.%41$-.$ *1%$&'03/.401%8$91%4.0510/.#4.)$ %.$&012.-56$ '$-.S'0$ *'$/,.%40'$.T&,.%4'$'$ *'$'4/6%A.0'$@$'+54'-'$%,'7./.#4.$-.$A10/'$ /.23#52')$ 41/3#-1%.$ /,.%40'%$ &'0'$ '#3*5%5%$ 2'-'$25.041$45./&1)$D'%4'$,#1%$BU$-;'%8

$B8$FRVRFM"VWLMXFRL$N"$>RL$R:YRL$N"LR>RNRL

1. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS

!"#$"%&'&(%FGZ9GLXFX[\$Z"NXR$N"$>RL$R:YRL$N"LR>RNRL$N"$L"XL$N"LR>RNGVRL$"\$FG\NXFXG\"L$\GVZR>"L$N"$G9"VRFX[\8$9E)$F")$EFG

PJ)$FG

PQ$]$M"Z9"VRMYVR$R\R>X^RNGL$'"#$!%&8$

V"LMG$N"$>GL$9RV_Z"MVGL$"\$>R`GVRMGVXG8$$aR>GV"L$Z"NXGL$N"$FRNR$N"LR>RNGVR8

bO$"*$EFGP$D'$%5-1$.%45/'-1$'$&'0450$-.$*'$F"

Hc$@$*'%$.%&.25!$2'251#.%$-.$*'%$/./C0'#'%$-'-1$<,.$.*$/I41-1$./&*.'-1$.#$.*$*'C10'41051$#1$&.0/54.$-.4.0/5#'0$21#$

&0.25%56#$7'*10.%$d$e$/+$EFGPf>8

gO$"*$FGH$%.$D'$2'*2,*'-1$'$&'0450$-.$*1%$7'*10.%$-.$LMN)$EFG

PJ)$&E$@$4./&.0'4,0'8$$

9*'#4'$B 9*'#4'$HR 9*'#4'$H` 9*'#4'$PR 9*'#4'$$P` 9*'#4'$U Z"NXR NLMR+,'$-.$/'0Bh)BB)BH

i"FER hHfhjfh! hUfhefh!/.-5'$hUfhefh!$@$Hefhefh!

/.-5'$Hfhefh!$@$BHfefh!

BBfhefh!/.-5'$-.$124

@$#17$Hhhk/.-5' -.%75'256#$

.%43#-'0

7'*10.%$/.-51%$-.*$Z.-54.003#.1$

G.%4.

&E e)eh c)cH c)HH c)Pc c)H! c)!H c)ec h)Uk j)!Jk)P

F"Hc)$ Lf2/ eej ckU HUh e!P Pck ejh cPc)Hk Hh!)BU ce8hhh

EFGPJ)$/+f>b B)!e B)Uk h)kH B)!j B)B H)U B)eH h)cU BUh

Ml)$mF HP)c HH)B HH)B HP)c HH)e HH)hh HH)eP h)kh BUJHk

FGH$/+f>g h)jc j)kH BB)eP Bc)!U !)k! U)ec k)Ue U)kj !h

F'Hn)$/+f> B)Hh B)cU B)!h B)Bk h)!c B)kh B)UP h)PU Uhh

Z+Hn)$/+f> H)Ph H)hh H)ek H)ee B)jj H)!h H)P! h)PH B8Phh

\'n)$/+f> !h)BH Pc)eh Bhj)Hh ck)Hc jH)j! PH)hU Bh8cch

on)$/+f> P)kc B)Ue c)Ph P)eH P)ce B)c! Pkh

F*J)$/+f> Bek)BB eP)!e HhP)ch Bhj)jh BPc)kH eH)BH Bk8!kh

\GPJ)$/+f> h h h h h h U8PUh

LGUHJ)$/+f> U)Hk U)ec c)PU k)kh c)jj H)hj H8ech

VLBkh)$/+f> HjU !j PUh BjH HHh)ec Bhj)ce

VLBkhfF"

Hch)Uj h)UB h)U! h)Uk h)Ue h)hU

LMN'n2)$/+f> HjU)Uk BBj)e QHc)jB Bek)He HHB)cB !c)P!

LMN'n2fF"

Hch)Uj h)U! h)Uj h)Uj h)Uj h)hB

M,0C5-.=)$\MY h)Hh h)Ph h)HB h)Bk h)Bk h)HB h)hc

>'#+.*5.0$KLZHPPhO JU)U! Jc)cc Jc)kP Jc)jh Jc)!h Jc)He Jc)Ue h)Uk

>'0%1#JLp1*- BeU BBc BU! Bj! BcH Hj

LRV BB)Hk P)!h BH)cB k)Bc k)!e P)PP

&E.<$21#$F'FGP

!)j! !)hk k)je k)eH k)!h !)Pc !)hk h)Uh

IN SITU.

< 0,7

permitió determinar con

!!

!"#$%&%$'(&)*'+$%*#,(#-%*#%./%*#,(*%-%,%*

01234"# 561# 347368# 94:4# 94;6# 967<<=>4# 27# =;32:?6# :=34<<4:6#@2=14#:=<#4<9479=#:=#=;34#.2A4"#

+7@61B49?C7#:=34<<4:4#;601=#<4#94<?:4:#:=<#4D24#:=#B418#<6;#;?;3=B4;#:=#:=;4<49?C7#E#;2#1=<49?C7#967#<4#94<?:4:#:=<#4D24#:=;4<4:4#F2=:=#=79673141;=#=7#<?3=143214#=;F=9A!#94"#!8G8H8I8J#

!"#$"%&'()%$KL5K*+$+MN#L(,+%#,(#-%*#%./%*#,(*%-%,%*#,(# G#,(*%-%,K&%*#,KN,(#*(#O%#%/L(N'%,K#(-#5O#5%&%#%/L(N'%&#(-#&($O%PQK#,(#RK&K#(N#-%*#L(LR&%N%*#,(#K"+"

ST#-6;#O$KHP##E#$KH

PG#U47#;?:6#=;3?B4:6;#4#F413?1#:=#<4#$(GJ#E#<4;#=;F=9?!#94P9?67=;#:=# <4;#B=B01474;#:4:6#V2=#=<#BW36:6#=BF<=4:6#=7#=<# <40614361?6#76#F=1B?3=#:=3=1B?741#967#F1=9?;?C7#>4<61=;#X#Y#BD#O$KHZ-"[T#(<#$KG#;=#U4#94<92<4:6#4#F413?1#:=#<6;#>4<61=;#:=#*',8#O$KH

P8#FO#E#3=BPF=143214"##

1.3 Resultados y discusión

-4#>41?49?C7#=7#<4#96BF6;?9?C7#:=#<4;#4D24;#:=;4<4:4;#:=#:?>=1;4;#:=;4<4:614;#;=#?<2;314#=7#<6;#1=;2<34:6;#:=#<4#'40<4#!"!"#(;36;#1=;2<34:6;#U47#;?:6#=\314A:6;#:=#<6;#:436;#474<?P]4:6;#E#1="#=^47#27#147D6#:=#<6;#>4<61=;#@1=92=73=;#=7#<4;#F<4734;#:=#C;B6;?;"#-4;#941493=1A;3?94;#:=#94:4#274#:=#<4;#:=;4<4:614;#;=#F1=;=7347#=7#<4#'40<4#!"!R"

(7# <4# '40<4# !"!# ;=# F1=;=7347# <6;# >4<61=;# B=:?6;# :=# <4;#B2=;314;#:=#;=?;#:=;4<4:614;#474<?]4:4;#!"#$!%&_#=;36#=;#=7#=<#B6B=736#:=<#B2=;31=6"##%<#314341;=#:=#B2=;314;#!"#$!%&#E#474<?]4:4;# 92?:4:6;4B=73=#F414# =>?341# <4# FW1:?:4#:=#$KG#F2=:=#4;2B?1;=#V2=#1="#=^47#<4#967:?9?67=;#:=#94<?:4:#:=<#F=1B=4:6#4#<4#;4<?:4#:=<#04;3?:61"#

(7#<4#'40<4#!"G#;=#F1=;=7347#<6;#:436;#:=#6314;#:6;#:=;4<4P:614;#:67:=# ;=#U4#42B=734:6#=<#FO#:=<# 4D24#01234#473=;#:=<#04;3?:61#967#=<#!#7#:=#42B=7341#=<#1=9U4]6#:=#R616#=7#<4;#B=B01474;"#(;34;#4D24;#3?=7=7#27#FO#;2F=1?61#4#`#E#4#>=9=;#U4;34#!a#b5<4734#JT"#*?7#=B041D68#967;=1>47#=<#1=;36#:=#<4;#941493=1A;3?94;#3AF?94;#:=#<4;#4D24;#:=;4<4:4;"#(;36#=;8#27#9673=7?:6#=7#*',#X#Haa#BDZ-#967#27#cGd#:=#9<61216#;C:?96"#

(7#<4#'40<4#!"!#;=#60;=1>4#274#9?=134#>41?49?C7#=7#<4#$(GJ"#(;34#>41?49?C7#=;3e#1=<49?674:4#967#;?3249?67=;#=;F=9A!#94;#:=7316#:=<#F169=;68#96B6#=7#=<#94;6#:=#<4#5<4734#GR#:67:=#=<#1=7:?B?=736#:=#<4;#B=B01474;#=;#4761B4<B=73=#4<36#68#96B6#69211=#=7#<4#5<4734#J#b'%R-%#!"GT8#F61#<4#=\?;3=79?4#:=#27#;=D27:6#F4;6"#

(<#>4<61#761B4<#:=#$(GJ#=7#<4;#F<4734;#:=;4<4:614;#;=79?<<4;#:=#27#;6<6#F4;6#=;3e#=731=#Jaa#P#caa# *Z9B"#(7#<4;#:=#:60<=#F4;68#F413=#:=<#F=1B=4:6#;=#>2=<>=#4#:=;4<41#F414#B=]9<41;=#<2=D6#4#<4#;4<?:4"#(7#=;36;#94;6;#<4#$(GJ#6;9?<4#=731=#`a#E#Iaa# *Z9B"#

(7#924<V2?=1#94;68#<4#94<?:4:#:=<#4D24#6;B63?]4:4#:=F=7:=#:=#>41?6;#@49361=;#96B6#;67#=<#F1=31434B?=736#@A;?96ZV2AB?P968#<4#3=BF=143214#:=<#4D24#E#96BF6;?9?C7#V2AB?94#:=<#4D24#

!"#$"%&'&#)#$%&%$'(&)*'+$%*#.(N(&%-(*#,(#-%*#5-%N'%*#,(*%-%,K&%*#,(#-%#'%R-%*#!"!#f#!"G"#5<4734#! 5<4734#G% 5<4734#GR 5<4734#H% 5<4734##HR 5<4734#I 5<4734#J 5<4734#Y

g=9U4#:=#F2=;34#=7#B419U4 K93"#GaaG *=F3"#GaaH %D6"#Gaac (7="#Gaac N6>"#GaaY g=0"#GaaH

#*?B2<49?C7#F16D14B4#:=#B=B01474;

g=0"#Gaa`

(:4:#B=:?4#:=#<4;#B=B011474;########b4h6;#P4F16\"T

c Y G !8J G8J J ,436;#=;F=14:6;#?7?9?4<B=73= !8J

'?F6#:=#F6;31434B?=736

$4bKOTGi#$KG####b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#

320=1A4

$4bKOTGi#$KG####b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#:=FC;?36

$4$KHi#$KG#

$4bKOTGi#$KG#b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#:=FC;?36

$4bKOTGi#$KG#b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#:=FC;?36

$4bKOTGi#$KG###b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#:=FC;?36

$4bKOTGi#$KG###b;?7##;43214:61T#,6;?!#949?C7#=7#:=FC;?36

K1?D=7#:=<#4D24#01234 '6B4#40?=134#L=:?3=11e7=6

56]6;#96;3=16;##B=]9<4:4#967#4D24;#

;4<?74;#@C;?<=;"#L=:?3=11e7=6#

,1=7=;#96;3=16;##B=]9<4:4#967#4D24;#

;4<?74;#@C;?<=;"#L=:?3=11e7=6#

'6B4#40?=134#L=:?3=11e7=6

'6B4#40?=134#L=:?3=11e7=6

56]6;#96;3=16;#%3<e73?96

56]6;#96;3=16;#%3<e73?96#

'6B4#40?=134#L=:?3=11e7=6

g279?674B?=736#:21473=#B2=;31=6 27##;6<6#F4;6 27##;6<6#F4;6 27##;6<6#F4;6 27##;6<6#F4;6 :60<=##F4;6 27##;6<6#F4;6 :60<=##F4;6 :60<=##F4;6

5<4734#J 5<4734#Y

g($O% aGPacPaj aIPaYPaj

FO !a8a `8Y

$(GJ8# *Z9B Ja YGI

O$KHP8#BDZ-S a8! !8G

$KHPG8#BDZ-S a8a! a8a!

'k8#l$ GG8a Ga8H

$KG8#BDZ-[ a8aa a8aa

$4Gi8#BDZ- a8Ga a8jI

LDGi8#BDZ- G8H !8`a

N4i8#BDZ- jJ8Hj

mi8#BDZ- I8Ij

$<P8#BDZ- !Y`8c!

NKHP8#BDZ- a

*KIGP8#BDZ- I8Y

'210?:=]8#N'/ a8!j

-47D=<?=1#b*LGHHaT PH8aJ PG8jI

-41;67P*n6<: GH!

*%& !H8G`

(con saturador)(con saturador)(con saturador)

esto es,

permitió determinar con

!"

!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'34*5'6'.78'/712-1"978'-1'3.:;'<&='6'>=)'?&278'9-'.&'@&A.&'()()

!"#$%&'()B+',-.&/"01' -12%-'CD7.'3.:EF'6'CD7.'<&=EF''8-#G1'.78'9&278'9-'.&'@&A.&'()()

!"#$%&'()H+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'3&*='6'D#*='8-#G1'.78'9&278'9-'.&'@&A.&'()()'

1.3.4 Comportamiento del agua desalada en contacto con la atmósfera

.1$234256575818$837$19:1$83217181$1$71$;175818$837$<:32=>3?$@:381$3A5834;5181$;?4$7?2$>32:7=18?2$83$712$B59:>12$!#CD$!#E$F$!#G#$+39H4$32=?2$>32:7=18?2D$712$19:12$832171812$=534834$

1.3.1 Sobre la relación CO2-pH en las aguas desaladas

)4$ 71$ (1671$ !#!$ 23$ ?623>A1$ 71$ A1>51;5I4$ 837$ JK$ 34$ 712$J714=12$ @:3$ ;?<?$ J:383$ A3>23$ ?2;571$ 34=>3$ EDE$ F$ CDLG#$%?>>32J?48534=3<34=3D$ 37$ ;?4=3458?$ 34$ %ML$ @:3$ A1>N1$34=>3$ODGC$<9$%MLP.$F$!E$<9$%MLP.#$.?2$81=?2$>3!$3Q14$71$>371;5I4$34=>3$37$%ML$F$37$JK#$$.1$B59:>1$!#!$J>3234=1$7?2$>32:7=18?2$?6=3458?2$F$8?483$23$<:32=>1$71$>371;5I4$;71>1$34=>3$1<6?2$J1>R<3=>?2#$$

!"#$%&'()(+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'/712-1"97'-1'3I*'6'-.'JK'J&%&' .&8' &#$&8' 9-8&.&9&8)' L-#G1' .78' 9&278' &1&."M&978'-1' .&A7%&27%"7' 6' /&./$.&978' &' J&%2"%' 9-' %-.&/"01' 9-'@"..C&18)N

)2=1$>371;5I4$;?>>32J?483$J>R;=5;1<34=3$1$71$SI><:71$J>3T234=181$J?>$(577<142G$F$J:675;181$34$!U!L$F$8?483$712$;?4T;34=>1;5?432$83$%ML$F$&7V$32=R$3WJ>321812$34$<9P.#$

1.3.2 Sobre la relación entre la CE25 y la presencia de Cl- y Na+

)7$19:1$83217181$>32J?483$1$:41$2?7:;5I4$;?4$17>3838?>$837$GLX$83$%7Y1#$&2ND$ 71$;?48:;=5A5818$837$19:1$83217181$32$85>3;=1<34=3$J>?J?>;5?417$17$ 54;>3<34=?$83$%7T$F$Y1Z#$.1$B59:>1$!#L$<:32=>1$32=1$>371;5I4#

.1$>371;5I4$34=>3$37$%7T$F$37$Y1ZD$32$83$!DLC$<[?7$%7T$J?>$<[?7$Y1Z#$.1$B59:>1$!#"$57:2=>1$32=1$>371;5I4#

1.3.3 Sobre los contenidos en Ca2+ y Mg2+

.?2$;?4=3458?2$34$%1LZ$F$37$[9LZ$<14=53434$:41$;53>=1$J>?TJ?>;5?4175818$239H4$23$>3!$3Q1$34$71$B59:>1$!#\#$-3$1;:3>8?$;?4$ 32=?2$ 81=?2D$ F$ 83$ S?><1$ 1J>?W5<181D$ J:383$ 12:<5>23$@:3$[9LZ$]<9P.^$ $!DG$W$%1LZ$]<9P.^#

+54$3<61>9?D$4?$23$_1$34;?4=>18?D$;?4$7?2$81=?2$852J?45T6732D$:41$ >371;5I4$;71>1$34=>3$ 71$%)LC$F$ 7?2$;?4=3458?2$34$%1LZ$F$[9LZ#

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"`%ML756>3a$JK)bGT7?9$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ODE!`&7;a$$$1=$!Gc%$

oscila entre 6,6 y 5,27. el contenido en CO2 varía

a

la relacion entre el pH el contenido en CO2 para las plantas estudiadas.

están expresadas en mg/L.

!"

!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+

1$234565781892$:;<$26$%=>$?2$ 61$1@AB9C281$2<$D;:19$E;819#$)9@;$;765F1$1$2G@82A18$D82:14:5;<29$1$61$E;81$?2$5<@28D82@18$619$A429@819$?2$D28A21?;$H1$342$2<$4<19$>$E;819$H1$D42?2$I2892$1C2:@1?;$26$DJ$?2$C;8A1$95F<5!$:1@5I1#$

.1$K5F481$!#L$A429@81$342$26$ 1F41$?29161?1$2<$234565785;$:;<$61$1@AB9C281$:;<@52<2$1682?2?;8$?2$MNO$AF$%=>P.#$)9@2$I16;8$:;<@819@1$:;<$26$I16;8$?2$MNLQMNR$AF$%=>P.$D181$619$1F419$82A5<28165S1?19#$TU28$%1DV@46;$W$9;782$619$:181:@28V9Q@5:19$?2$619$1F419$82A5<28165S1?19X#

%;A;$D42?2$?2?4:5892$?2$619$K5F4819$!#"N$!#L$H$!#RN$26$?29Q:2<9;$?26$:;<@2<5?;$2<$%=>$29$A4H$8YD5?;$H$29@Y$8261:5;Q<1?;$ :;<$ 61$ 71Z1$ 16:165<5?1?$ ?2$ 619$ 1F419$ ?29161?19N$ TI28$%1DV@46;$>$D181$AY9$5<C;8A1:5B<$9;782$61$I16;81:5B<$?2$61$16:165<5?1?$?26$1F41$;9A;@5S1?1X#

.1$K5F481$!#[$5649@81$61$2I;64:5B<$?26$.+,Q>OOM[$2<$26$@52AQD;$D181$ 6;9$A59A;9$?1@;9$342$ 61$K5F481$!#"#$%;A;$D42?2$;7928I1892$ 26$ .+,Q>OOM$ 92$A1<@52<2$ 1682?2?;8$ ?2$ QWN$ 1\<$?29D4]9$ ?2$ I185;9$ ?V19$ ?2$ 29@18$ 26$ 1F41$ 2GD429@1$ 1$ 61$ 1@QAB9C281#$)6$ I16;8$ <2F1@5I;$?26$.+,Q>OOM$ 1D4<@1$ 16$ E2:E;$?2$342$26$1F41$?29161?1$A1<@52<2$61$@2<?2<:51$1$?59;6I28$26$:187;<1@;$:Y6:5:;$2<$4<$959@2A1$17528@;#

.1$K5F481$!#^N$D;8$94$D18@2N$5649@81$61$8261:5B<$2<@82$26$DJ$H$26$.+,Q>OOM$4@565S1<?;$6;9$?1@;9$?2$619$K5F4819$!#R$H$!#[#$+2$;7928I1$4<1$8261:5B<$:6181$2<@82$1A7;9$D18YA2@8;9#$

_Y9$?2@16629$9;782$26$:Y6:46;$?26$V<?5:2$?2$.1<F26528$T.+,Q>OOMX$H$94$95F<5!$:1?;$D42?2$;7@2<2892$2<$26$%1DV@46;$>$?2$29@1$/4V1#$$

!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'0.25462"3.'42'789'34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'34' =$4:5%&:' ;&%&' /&:' &#$&:' 34';4%=4&3.)'.19$A429@819$ 92$A1<@4I528;<$ 2GQD429@19$ 1$ 61$ 1@AB9C281$ H$ 1F5@1?19$941I2A2<@2$2<$26$617;81@;85;$?29QD4]9$?2$82:;F5?19#$

!"#$%&'()>+',-./$0"12'34/'0.25462"3.'42'789'34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'34' =$4:5%&:' ;&%&' /&:' &#$&:' 34';4%=4&3.)$ _59A;9$ ?1@;9$ 342$ 61$K5F481$ !#"$ D28;$ :;<$ 61$ 29:161$ ?2$%=>$ 82?4:5?1#$ .19$ A429@819$ 92$A1<@4I528;<$2GD429@19$1$61$1@AB9QC281$ H$ 1F5@1?19$ 941I2A2<@2$ 2<$ 26$617;81@;85;$?29D4]9$?2$82:;F5?19#

!"#$%&' ()?+' ,-./$0"12' 34/' ;@'34:;$<:'34'/&'5.=&'34'=$4:5%&:';&%&'/&:'&#$&:'34';4%=4&3.)'.19$A429@819$ 92$A1<@4I528;<$ 2GD429Q@19$1$ 61$1@AB9C281$H$1F5@1?19$941QI2A2<@2$2<$26$617;81@;85;$?29D4]9$?2$82:;F5?19#$

!"

1.3.5 Sobre los sólidos totales disueltos (STD)

#$%&'%(')&'%!*!%+,%-.,+,$/'$%&0+%1'&0.,+%2,%3(4%0)/,$520+%-0.%,&%67/020% /.'25850$'&%2,%2,+,8'859$%'%!:;<=%0%-0.% &'%+>6'%2,%'$50$,+%?%8'/50$,+*%=060%->,2,%0)+,.1'.+,%&'%25@A,.,$85'%,$/.,%&0+%1'&0.,+%6,250+%0)/,$520+%-0.%'6)0+%67@/020+%,+%2,%/'$%+0&0%!%6BCD%?E%-0.%/'$/0E%6,$0+%2,&%!F*%3,%'->$/'E%+5$%,6)'.B0%G>,%,&%67/020%2,%&'%+>6'%2,%'$50$,+%?%8'/50$,+%+,%80$+52,.'%6H+%-.,85+0%?'%G>,%,&%67/020%-0.%2,+,8'859$%'%!:;<=%->,2,%-.02>85.%-,G>,I0+%,..0.,+*J

#$%8>'&G>5,.%8'+0E%,&%1'&0.%2,%&0+%3(4%'A,8/'%6>?%-080%'&%8H&8>&0%2,&%D3K@LMM;%N17'+,%='-O/>&0%LE%P-'./'20%L*Q*RS%?%+,&,8850$'.%>$%1'&0.%,$/.,%;EQ"%?%;EQT%$0%-.02>8,%>$'%25A,@.,$85'%+5B$5!%8'/51'*

1.3.6 Sobre la turbiedad del agua desalada

D'%/>.)5,2'2%0%/>.)52,U%2,%&'+%'B>'+%2,+'&'2'+%-0.%9+60+5+%5$1,.+'%,+%)'V'%?%'&.,2,20.%2,%;EL%W(X*%Y'&0.,+%6'?0.,+%2,%/>.)5,2'2%+>,&,$%+,.% 5$258'/510%2,%-.0)&,6'+%2,%80..0+59$%,$%&'+%5$+/'&'850$,+%0%2,%6,6).'$'+%2,A,8/>0+'+*

1.3.7 Índice de Larson-Skold

#&% O$258,% 2,%D'.+0$@3Z0&2!M% 2,&% 'B>'% 2,+'&'2'% '..0V'% >$%1'&0.%6,250%2,%!R!*%#+/0%,+%5$258'/510%2,%>$%'B>'%80$%>$'%

/,$2,$85'%,[/.,6'%'%-.02>85.%80..0+59$%-0.%-58'2>.'%2,%&'+%80$2>8850$,+%2,%\5,..0%0%'8,.0%2,+-.0/,B520*%#$%,&%='-O/>@&0%L%2,%,+/'%]>O'%+,%5$8&>?,%6H+%5$A0.6'859$%+0).,%,&%O$258,%2,%D'.+0$@3Z0&2%?%+>%5$/,.-.,/'859$*%

1.3.8 SAR

#&%1'&0.%6,250%2,&%3P^!Q%0% O$258,%2,%')+0.859$%2,% +0250%2,&%'B>'%0+60/5U'2'%,+/H%'&.,2,20.%2,%J*%#+/0%'->$/'%'%>$%'B>'%G>,%->,2,%8'>+'.%2'I0+%$0%+9&0%'&%+>,&0%+5$0%/'6)57$%'% '&B>$0+% 8>&/510+%-0.% ,[8,+0%2,% +0250% .,+-,8/0% '&% 8'&850%?%'&%6'B$,+50*% %_0.% /'$/0E%80$15,$,%80..,B5.%,+/,%'+-,8/0E%)5,$% 80$% >$'% .,65$,.'&5U'859$% 0% 80$% &'% '25859$% 2,% 8'&850%?%6'B$,+50% 25.,8/'6,$/,% 80$% &0+% A,./5&5U'$/,+*%`H+% 5$A0.@6'859$%+0).,%,&%3P^%->,2,%0)/,$,.+,%,$%,&%='-O/>&0%L%2,%,+/'%]>O'*%

1.3.9 pH en equilibrio con la calcita

_0.%a&/560E%,$%&'%(')&'%!*!%+,%-.,+,$/'%,&%-b%2,%,G>5&5).50%80$% &'%8'&85/'*% %3,Ba$%,+/0+%2'/0+%?% /'&%8060%+,%1,.H%6H+%'2,&'$/,%'%&0%&'.B0%2,%,+/'%]>O'E%$5$B>$'%2,%&'+%'B>'+%2,+'@&'2'+%2,%&'%(')&'%!*!%80$/5,$,$%+>!%85,$/,%=cL%'%&'%+'&52'%2,&%)'+/520.%-'.'%806-&,/'.%>$%-.08,+0%2,%.,65$,.'&5U'859$%2,%A0.6'%'2,8>'2'*%#$%8>'&G>5,.%8'+0E%,&%80$/,$520%,$%=cL%2,&%'B>'%0+60/5U'2'%2,-,$2,%2,&%-.,/.'/'65,$/0%2,%&'%9+60+5+%5$1,.+'*!EL

!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'56789::;'34<=$><' 34' /&' ?.@&' 34'@$4<?%&<'=&%&'/&<'&#$&<'34'=4%@4&3.)'%D'+%6>,+/.'+%+,%6'$/>15,.0$%,[->,+/'+%'%&'%'/69+A,.'%?%'B5/'2'+%+>'1,6,$/,%,$% ,&% &')0.'/0.50% 2,+->7+% 2,%.,80B52'+*

%

!"#$%&'()A+'B4/&0"12'42?%4'4/'=C'D'4/'56789::;'=&%&'/&<'&#$&<'34'=4%@4&3.)' =06)5$'859$% 2,% &0+%2'/0+%2,%&'%d5B*%!*"%?%d5B*%!*:*%

!*%=P^P=(#^e3(K=P3%4#%DP3%P]XP3%4#3PDP4P3

13

1,2

!"

!#$%&'&%()'*+(,%&+$-)$.&+$&/0&+$-)+&.&-&+

1.5 Referencias

!#$ (1)$/0,-)2334$(3$5)52'&6)$-)+&.,6&7(,36$()%163.3/8$9$':;:<=:$3=>?=@=A$6BC?!$DE<B7E@?C$BCF$1GH<@F$+G=E:>=$I<?J:==A$-:=@KCA$&LLD@JBE@?C=$BCF$)J?C?>@J=$HG$5#$M@DNO$.#$&P:<HQJRO$%#$2B<E:D=O$5#$5@JSD:GO$/#$I:B<J:O$6#$T?QEJRS?;A$)Q<?L:BC$-:=7BD@CBE@?C$+?J@:EGA$UVVW

U#$ ')T)'+)$ 3+53+,+$ &6-$ 6&63X,.('&(,36#$5BCQBD$?N$PBE:<$=QLLDG$L<BJE@J:=A$&MM&#$YUVVWZ#

[#$ PPP#D:CCE:JR#:=\F:=BDBJ@?C\F:=BDBJ@?C#RE>$ J?C=QDEB7FB$:D$!U\!!\UVV"#

]#$ 6#$-).,36A$/#$5&0/0,6A$&6-$I#$%3'+,6A$,>L?<7EBCJ:$BCF$@>LBJE$?N$L?=E$E<:BE>:CE=$?C$F:=@KC$BCF$?L:<B7E@?C$?N$+M'3$LDBCE=#$-:=BD@CBE@?C$7$!^_$`$&QK$!_A$UVV]

_#$ %&2&..)'3A$ %&'.3+$ T,%)6()#$ -:=J<@LJ@aC$ F:D$NQCJ@?CB>@:CE?$F:$DB$F:=BDBF?<B$F:$BKQB$F:$>B<$F:D$JBCBD$F:$&D@JBCE:#$ Y)C:#$ UVVbZ$ REEL9\\R@=LBKQB#J:F:c#:=\F?JQ7>:CEBJ@?C\<:;@=EB=\FGCB\UV#LFN#$Y':J?K@FB$:D$!U\!!\V"Z

^#$ 1)'6d6-)eA$5#A$X#$+0d')eA$.#$I',)(3A$X#$+&67(&6&#$ ,f-$ =?H<:$ DB$ <:>@C:<BD@gBJ@aC$ F:$ DB=$ BKQB=$F:=BDBFB=$J?C$D:JR?=$F:$JBDJ@EB#$XQCFBJ@aC$%:CE<?$%B7CB<@?$F:D$&KQBA$>B<g?$UVV]#$,+269$b]7^V"7V]_^7[

W#$ (,..5&6+A$h#$&6-$1)02.),6A$3#$$,C;:=E@KBE@?C$?N$ER:$%B<H?C$-@?c@F:$MR@JR$&EEBJS=$%BDJ@Q>$%B<H?CBE:$@C$6BEQ<BD$MBE:<=#$/:=QCFR#$,CK#$Y/:<#ZA$[_9^^"$Y!"!UZ#$

b#$ +(&6-&'-$ 5)(13-+$ X3'$ (1)$ )i&5,6&7(,36$ 3X$ M&()'$ &6-$ M&+()M&()'#$ 5:ER?F$U[[V9$ %BDJ@Q>$ %B<H?CBE:$ +BEQ<BE@?C#$ U!=E$ :F#$ UVV_#$,+26$V7bW__[7V]W7b#

"#$ &.2&.&-)h3A$/36e&.3#$.BH?<BE?<@?$F:$DB$5BC7J?>QC@FBF$F:$D?=$%BCBD:=$F:D$(B@H@DDBA$%B<EBK:CB#$%?7>QC@JBJ@aC$L:<=?CBD#

!V#$ -)+&.,6&(,36$ /0,-).,6)+$ -)T).3I5)6($X3'$ -',64,6/$ M&()'9$ 2BJSK<?QCFA$ (BHD:$ ,,9$,?C@J$J?>L?=@E@?C$?N$=:B$PBE:<A$UVV]$ @C9$REEL9\\PPP#K>LQB#J?>\+:<;@J:\M&()'\M13\CQEF:=BD@CBE@?C#LFNA$J?C=QDEBFB$:D$!b\!!\UVV"#

!!#$ REEL9\\PPP#JB>H<@FK:#?<K\<:=?Q<J:=\V_U!_[b][U\!]bbjU!b][W#LFNA$J?C=QDEBFB$:D$!b\!!\UVV"#

!U#$ REEL9\\=BH:DDB#>HB#BJ#QS\W^[\V!\6@E<BE:j@Cj=:B7PBE:<jBCFj@E=j:=E@>BE@?CjHGj>:BC=j?NjF@LR:CGDH:Cg@F@C:#LFNA$J?C=QDEBFB$:D$!b\!!\UVV"#

![#$ (#)#A$.&'+36$&6-$'#$T#$+43.-A$.BH?<BE?<G$+EQ7F@:=$':DBE@CK$5@C:<BD$kQBD@EG$?N$MBE:<$E?$%?<<?=@?C$?N$+E::D$BCF$%B=E$,<?CA$!"_b$,DD@C?@=$+EBE:$MBE:<$+Q<;:GA$%RB>LB@KCA$,.$LL#$l][m$7$]^9$@DD#$,+M+$%7W!#

!]#$ REEL9\\PPP#@CN?BK<?#J?>\<@:K?=\F@BKC?=E@J?jBKQB=#RE>A$J?C=QDEBFB$:D$!V$F:$C?;@:>H<:$UVV"#

1.4 Conclusiones

)D$BKQB$F:=BDBFB$ <:=L?CF:A$K:C:<BD>:CE:A$ B$QCB$ =?DQJ@aC$J?C$QC$J?CE:C@F?$:C$+(-$BD<:F:F?<$F:$UbV$>K\.$G$J?C$QC$J?CE:C@F?$:C$%D6B$F:D$?<F:C$WUn#$+?C$BKQB=$J?C$QC$J?CE:7C@F?$>QG$HBo?$:C$1%3[

7$Y $U$>K\.Z$B=p$J?>?$5KUf$Y $UA]$>K\.Z$G$%BUf$Y !A]$>K\.Z$)D$J?CE:C@F?$:C$5KUf$G$%BUf$=?C$L<?L?<J@?CBD:=A$:c@=E@:CF?$QCB$J@:<EB$<:DBJ@aC$:CE<:$B>H?=9$>K$5KUf\.$ $!AW$c$>K$%BUf\.#$

)D$L1$?=J@DB$:CE<:$_A[$G$^A^$G$:D$ J?CE:C@F?$:C$%3U$:CE<:$VAW_$G$!^$>K$%3U\.A$BQCqQ:$BDKQCB=$BKQB=$LQ:F:C$=BD@<=:$F:$:=E:$<BCK?#^$

)C$BDKQC?=$JB=?=$F?CF:$=:$:>LD:BC$QC$=:KQCF?$LB=?$J?C$E<BEB>@:CE?=$:=L:Jp!$J?=$LB<B$<:FQJ@<$:D$J?CE:C@F?$:C$2?<?A$:D$L1$F:D$L:<>:BF?$!$CBD$LQ:F:$=QL:<B<$:D$;BD?<$F:$b$G$DB$J?CFQJE@;@FBF$F:=J:CF:<$L?<$F:HBo?$F:$!VV$ +\J>#

+:$J?C!$<>B$qQ:$DB$<:DBJ@aC$:CE<:$:D$L1$F:D$BKQB$?=>?E@gBFB$G$:D$J?CE:C@F?$:C$%3U$<:=L?CF:$B$J<@E:<@?=$:=EBHD:J@F?=$:C$DB$qQp>@JB$F:$BKQB=#W

.?=$pCF@J:=$F:$J?<<?=@;@FBF$BLQCEBC$B$qQ:$:D$BKQB$?=>?E@7gBFB$E@:C:$QC$JB<rJE:<$J?<<?=@;?$F:H@F?$B$QCB$HBoB$BDJBD@C@7FBFA$HBo?$JBDJ@?$G$HBo?$L1#$(B>H@sC$E@:C:$JB<rJE:<$J?<<?=@7;?$F:H@F?$B$QCB$>BG?<$L<?L?<J@aC$F:$JD?<Q<?=$G$=QDNBE?=$<:=L:JE?$B$D?=$H@JB<H?CBE?=#

)C$BDKQC?=$JB=?=A$:D$L:<>:BF?$@C>:F@BEB>:CE:$B$DB$=BD@FB$F:$ D?=$ EQH?=$F:$L<:=@aC$ E@:C:$QC$J@:<E?$J?CE:C@F?$:C$%3U$qQ:$=:$L@:<F:$:C$L?JB=$R?<B=$=@$:=Er$:C$J?CEBJE?$J?C$DB$BE7>a=N:<B#$&=pA$:D$L1$F:D$BKQB$F:=BDBFB$F:L:CF:$>QJR?$F:$DB$>BC@LQDBJ@aC$F:$DB$>Q:=E<B$BCE:=$F:D$BCrD@=@=#

)D$ J?CE:C@F?$ :C$ %3U$ F:D$ BKQB$ ?=>?E@gBFB$ F:L:CF:$ F:D$L<:E<BEB>@:CE?$ $ qQ:$ RBGB$ <:J@H@F?$ :D$ BKQB$ F:=BDBFB#$ .?=$BCrD@=@=$ BLQCEBC$ B$ qQ:$ :D$ J?CE:C@F?$ :C$%3U$ F:$ DB=$ BKQB=$F:=BDBFB=$C?$=Q:D:$=:<$=Q!$J@:CE:$LB<B$L:<>@E@<$QCB$<:>@C:7<BD@gBJ@aC$BF:JQBFB$=@C$C:J:=@FBF$F:$BtBF@<$>r=$%3U#$

.B$EQ<H@F:g$F:D$BKQB$?=>?E@gBFB$:=Er$BD<:F:F?<$F:$VAU$6(0$J?C=@F:<rCF?=:$ ;BD?<:=$ =QL:<@?<:=$ J?>?$ @CF@JBE@;?=$ F:$L<?HD:>B=$:C$DB=$@C=EBDBJ@?C:=#$

)C$:qQ@D@H<@?$J?C$DB$BE>a=N:<BA$:D$L1$F:D$BKQB$?=>?E@gBFB$:=Er$BD<:F:F?<$F:$^A"$ 7$WAV$G$:D$J?CE:C@F?$:C$%3U$BD<:F:7F?<$F:$VA[$>K$%3U\.#$)D$pCF@J:$F:$.BCK:D@:<$Y.+,7U[[VZ$=:$>BCE@:C:$BD<:F:F?<$F:$7]#$

)D$J?J@:CE:$+(-\%)U_$E@:C:$QC$;BD?<$BD<:F:F?<$F:$VA]W#

)D$+&'$F:D$BKQB$?=>?E@gBFB$:=$BDE?$L?<$D?$qQ:$F:H:$E:C:<7=:$:C$JQ:CEB$LB<B$:;@EB<$L?=@HD:=$FBt?=$B$DB$:=E<QJEQ<B$F:D$=Q:D?$?$D?=$JQDE@;?=#$

!"

2.1 Introducción

#$%&'()*+()$%&,+&'-.),-,&/0+&%+&0*).)1-2&+2&.-&3(4'*)'-&3-(-&+5-.0-(& .-%& -60-%&'$2*)2+2*-.+%& *)+2+2&-3.)'-')72& *-89):2&+2&.-&5-.$(-')72&,+&.-%&-60-%&,+%-.-,-%&;&(+8)2+(-.)1-,-%<&=2&+%*+&'-3>*0.$&%+&(+%08+2&.$%&'()*+()$%&84%&)83$(*-2*+%&,+&-'0+(,$&'$2&*(-9-?$%&+@*(->,$%&,+&.-&.)*+(-*0(-"&-&"A&;&%+&-2-.)1-&%0&-3.)'-')72&-&.-%&-60-%&,+%-.-,-%&;&(+8)2+(-.)B1-,-%&+2&9-%+&-&,-*$%&3($'+,+2*+%&,+&3.-2*-%&+2& C02')$B2-8)+2*$<&


=2&3()8+(&.06-(D&%+&E-&(+-.)1-,$&02-&(+5)%)72&9)9.)$6(4!&'-&%$9(+&.-&+5-.0-')72&,+&.-%&-60-%&'$(($%)5-%&;&3($3$(')$2-.B8+2*+&()'-%&+2&'.$(0($&%7,)'$<

F$(&$*($&.-,$D&%+&E-2&(+'$6),$&,-*$%&,+&,)C+(+2*+%&,+%-.-B,$(-%&;&+89-.%+%&,+&,)%*()90')72D&3-(-&-2-.)1-(& .-&9$2,-,&,+& .$%&,)5+(%$%&'()*+()$%&,+&+5-.0-')72D&-%>&'$8$&-2-.)1-(&.-&2+'+%),-,&,+&-,-3*-(&.$%&3-(48+*($%&,+&'$((+.-')72&'$2&9-%+&+83>()'-&,+&-.602$%&>2,)'+%&,+&'$(($%)72&-&.-%&'-(-'*+B(>%*)'-%&,+&.-%&-60-%&,+%-.-,-%&;&(+8)2+(-.)1-,-%<

2.3 Dureza

G()6)2-.8+2*+&.-&,0(+1-&,+.&-60-&%+&+2*+2,>-&'$8$&.-&8+B,),-&,+&.-&'-3-'),-,&,+.&-60-&3-(-&3(+')3)*-(&+.&?-972<&F$%B*+()$(8+2*+&%+&,+%'09()7&/0+&+.&?-972&%+&3(+')3)*-9-&,+9),$&-&.-&3(+%+2')-&+2&+.&-60-&,+&'-.')$&;&8-62+%)$<&

G*($%&'-*)$2+%&3$.)5-.+2*+%&*-89):2&30+,+2&E-'+(&3(+')3)B*-(&+.&?-972&3+($&6+2+(-.8+2*+&+%*42&+2&C$(8-&'$83.+?-<&H+&*(-*-&C(+'0+2*+8+2*+&,+&'$830+%*$%&$(642)'$%D&;&%0&3-3+.&+2&.-&,0(+1-&,+.&-60-&%0+.+&%+(&8>2)8-&;&,)C>').&,+&,+!&2)(<&F-(-&+.&'-%$&,+&-60-%&,+%-.-,-%&;&(+8)2+(-.)1-,-%&+%*$%&'-B*)$2+%&2$&%+&)2'.0;+2&+2&+.&'4.'0.$&,+&.-&,0(+1-<&

#-&,0(+1-&*$*-.&IJKL&%+&,+!&2+&'$8$&.-&%08-&,+&.-%&'$2'+2B*(-')$2+%&,+&'-.')$&;&8-62+%)$D&%+6M2&.-&C$(80.-N&

86&O-OGAP#Q&!DRST&UO-!V&86P#W&V&RD""X&UY6!VD&86P#W

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

O0-2,$&.-&,0(+1-&+%&)60-.&$&8+2$(&/0+&.-&-.'-.)2),-,&+2*$2B'+%&*$,-&.-&,0(+1-&+%&,0(+1-&'-(9$2-*-,-&;&.-&2$&'-(9$2-B*-,-&,+%-3-(+'+<&Z2-&+%'-.-&,+&5-.$(-')72&,+&.-&,0(+1-&%+&)2'.0;+&+2&.-&K-9.-&!<A<S

!"#$"% &'()& JZ[=\]& ^& ]#O]#_`_J]J& J=& #]H&]aZ]H&J=H]#]J]HD&=`&Ya&O-OGAP#<

!"#$"%&'&)%JZ[=\]&̂ &]#O]#_`_J]J&J=&#]H&]aZ]H&[=Y_`=[]#_\]J]HD&b]#G[=H&=`&Ya&O-OGAP#<

!"#$"%&'*)&K]c#]&J=&b]#G[]O_d`&J=&#]&JZ[=\]&J=&#]H&]aZ]H&=`&Ya&O-OGAP#<"

#-&K-9.-&!<"&80+%*(-%&.$%&5-.$(+%&,+&,0(+1-&;&-.'-.)2),-,&,+&.-%&-60-%&,+%-.-,-%<&H+6M2&+%*$%&'()*+()$%&%+&*(-*-&,+&-60-%&9.-2,-%D&'0;-&,0(+1-&+%*4&-.(+,+,$(&,+&"!&86&O-OGAP#D&;&'$2&02&Tef&-.&Tgf&,+9),$&-.&8-62+%)$<

=2& .-%& -60-%& (+8)2+(-.)1-,-%& & IK-9.-&!<!L& .-&,0(+1-& *)+2+&02&5-.$(&8+,)$&,+&g!DgX&86&O-OGAP#D&.$&/0+&)2,)'-&/0+&%+&*(-*-&,+&02&-60-&.)6+(-8+2*+&,0(-<&=2&+%*+&'-%$D&.-&'$2*()90B')72&,+.&8-62+%)$&-&.-&,0(+1-&+%&*-2&%$.$&,+.&"RB"Xf<&

#-&,0(+1-&%+&+@3(+%-&,+&,)5+(%-%&8-2+(-%&%+6M2&.$%&3->%+%<&#-&K-9.-&!<R&)2'.0;+&.-%&+/0)5-.+2')-%<

&!<&O[_K=[_GH&F][]&#]&=b]#Z]O_d`&J=&#]H&]aZ]H&J=H]#]J]H&^&[=Y_`=[]#_\]J]H

2. CRITERIOS PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS Y REMINERALIZADAS

F.-2*-&"

F.-2*-&!]

F.-2*-&!c

F.-2*-&A]

F.-2*-&Ac

F.-2*-&R 8+,)-

JK "!DRT "!DeX "gDTX "ADSe SDhh "hDRR "ADR"

].i "Dh" "D!" eDhT "Dh" eDSe "DST "DAA

F.-2*-&"

F.-2*-&!]

F.-2*-&!c

F.-2*-&A]

F.-2*-&Ac

F.-2*-&R 8+,)-

JK heDg" ghDgX T!DhT RRD"e RhDS" ARDhS g!DgX

].i RhDee RSDAX heDee AhD!g AXDTg "TDXA R"DAT

J0(+1-&I86&O-OGAP#L b-.$(-')72

j&"TD" 9.-2,-

"TD"&B&he .)6+(-8+2*+&,0(-

he&B&"!e 8$,+(-,-8+2*+&,0(-

"!e&B&"Xe ,0(-

&k&"Xe 80;&,0(-

!"

!#$%&'()&'*+$,-&-$.-$)/-.0-%'12$3)$.-+$-40-+$3)+-.-3-+$5$&)6'2)&-.'7-3-+

5$89:;<=>$?<@$8ABA$?<@$=A$C9DC@D;BACE>D$F@$%A%*"G:H$8@BI

JAD@CE@BA$C9D:;AD;@$F@K@BLA$F@$C<J8=EB:@$=A$EM<A=FAFN

O%A%*"P$Q%A!RSQT%*

"ISUQTRS

+ACADF9$=9MABL;J9:$V$F@:8@WADF9N$

8T:A;$P$8%A!R$8T%*"I$8X%A%*

"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Q!S

39DF@N$

!"#$%&$8T$F@$:A;<BACE>D$@:Y$@=$ZA=9B$;@>BEC9$@D$@=$?<@$:9I=<CE>D$@:;ABLA$:A;<BAFA$F@$CA=CE;A$V$@D$<DA:$C9DFECE9D@:$F@$@?<E=EKBE9$?<LJEC9$@D$@=$?<@$=A$CA=CE;A$DE$:@$FE:<@=Z@$DE$:@$8B@CE8E;A#$)D$@:;A:$C9DFECE9D@:$F@$@?<E=EKBE9$D9$:@$8B9F<IC@D$CAJKE9:$@D$=A$A=CA=EDEFAFY$@=$C9D;@DEF9$@D$CA=CE9$9$=9:$:>=EF9:$FE:<@=;9:#$

!'$()&$=9MABE;J9$D@MA;EZ9$F@$=A$C9DC@D;BACE>D$F@$%A$@[8B@I:AF9:$@D$JM$%A%*

"U.#$G\$JM$%A!RU.$P$!Y]^_$JM$%A%*

"U.H#

!*+,&-=9MABE;J9$D@MA;EZ9$F@$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF$À:;A$@=$ADABADIWAF9$F@$J@;E=9$V$@[8B@:AFA$@D$JM$%A%*

"U.#$.A$A=CA=EDEFAF$

J@FEFA$C9D$=A$`@=EAD;EDA$9$DABADWA$F@$J@;E=9$EJ8=ECA$?<@$@=$ZEBAW@$:@$B@A=EaA$A$<D$8T$F@$]Y"$A8B9[EJAFAJ@D;@$V$C9BB@:I89DF@$A$;9F9:$=9:$CABK9DA;9:$V$KECABK9DA;9:#\

+@$AC@8;A$?<@$:E$@=$8T$b$^$;9FA$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF$@:$F@KEFA$A=$KECABK9DA;9$V$\$JM$T%*

"IU.$P$\Y!!$JM$%A%*

"U.#

$8X%A%*

"$P$8X

!I8X:C$

F9DF@$N

8X!N$=9MABE;J9$D@MA;EZ9$F@$=A$C9D:;AD;@$F@$E9DEaACE>D$F@=$

T%*"

8X:CP$=9MABE;J9$D@MA;EZ9$F@=$8B9F<C;9$F@$:9=<KE=EFAF$F@=$%A%*

"

)=$ ;cBJED9$8X!I8X:C$F@8@DF@$F@$ =A$ d<@BaA$ E>DECA$V$F@$ =A$

;@J8@BA;<BA#$

3@$AC<@BF9$C9D$@:;9:$;cBJED9:Y$.ADM@=E@B$@:;AK=@CE>$8ABA$@=$8T:A;$=A$:EM<E@D;@$d9BJ<=A#

8T:A;$P$8%A!R$R$8-=O$R$G8X!$e$8X:CH

5$@=$EDFEC@$F@$:A;<BACE>D$C9J9N$

.+'P$8T$I$8T:A;

'DECEA=J@D;@$@=$ LDFEC@$F@$:A;<BACE>D$:@$ ==AJ>$+'$8@B9$C9D$@=$;E@J89$=A$EDF<:;BEA$8A:>$A$EF@D;E!$CAB$@=$+'$C9D$@=$;BAKAW9$F@$.ADM@=E@B$ 8A:ADF9$ A$ ==AJAB:@$ 'DFEC@$ F@$+A;<BACE>D$F@$.ADM@=E@B$9$.+'#^

.*/0*-(12&-)f0'/-.)2%'-$)2(&)$.-+$3'/)&+-+$)g,&)+'*2)+$3)$.-$30&)7-$

2.4 Alcalinidad

-=CA=EDEFAF$G-=OH$:@$F@!$D@$C9J9$=A$CA8ACEFAF$F@$=9:$C9JI89D@D;@:$F@$<DA$:9=<CE>D$AC<9:A$F@$D@<;BA=EaAB$hCEF9:#$+@$@[8B@:A$@D$JM$%A%*

"U.$EM<A=$?<@$=A$F<B@aA#$)D$=A:$AM<A:$

F@:A=AFA:$V$B@JED@BA=EaAFA:$@:;h$B@=ACE9DAFA$C9D$=A$8B@:@DICEA$F@$KECABK9DA;9:$V$CABK9DA;9:#

-$8T$JAV9B@:$F@$iY"$=9:$CABK9DA;9:$@$ÈFB>[EF9:$;AJKEcD$C9D;BEK<V@D$A$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF#$):;9$8<@F@$9C<BBEB$89B$EDdBAIF9:E!$CACE>D$F@$%*

!$F<BAD;@$=A$B@JED@BA=EaACE>DY$:9KB@$;9F9$

C9D$=9:$;BA;AJE@D;9:$@D$KA:@$A$%AG*TH!$V$%*

!#

,ABA$=A:$;cCDECA:$F@$J@FECE>D$F@$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF$:@$B@C9JE@DIFA$=E;@BA;<BA$@:8@CL!$CA#\Y!Y_YiY\_

)D$=A$(AK=A$!#j$:@$B@:<J@$=9:$CBE;@BE9:$F@$ZA=9BACE>D$8ABA$=A$A=CA=EDEFAF#$+@MkD$=9:$FA;9:$F@$=A:$(AK=A:$!#\$V$!#!$=A:$AM<A:$F@:A=AFA:$;E@D@$<DA$A=CA=EDEFAF$J<V$KAWA$V$=A:$B@JEID@BA=EaAFA:$<DA$A=CA=EDEFAF$J@FEA#$

.*/0*-(13&$(-l.-$3)$/-.*&-%'12$3)$.-$-.%-I

.'2'3-3$3)$.-+$-40-+$)2$64$%A%*"U.

$

2.5 Índice de saturación o de Langelier

mE=dB@F$n#$.ADM@=E@B"$d<@$<D9$F@$=9:$8BEJ@B9:$?<@$EDZ@:;EM>$C<A=$F@K@BLA$:@B$@=$8T$F@=$AM<A$?<@$8@BJE;@$MABAD;EaAB$?<@$@=$%A%*

"$D9$:@$8B@CE8E;A$DE$:@$FE:<@=Z@#

$):;AK=@CE>$=A$:EM<E@D;@$B@ACCE>D$F@$8AB;EFAN

%A%*"G:H$R$TR$bPo$%A

!$R$T%*

"I$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Q\S

3<B@aA /A=9B

JM$%A%*"U.$ \pYp

JM$%AR!U. ]Yp

JM$T%*"IU. \!Y!

q$nBADC@:@: \Ypp

q$-=@JAD@: pYjr

q$'DM=@:@: pY_p

-=CA=EDEFAF$G-=OHY$GJM$%A%*"U.H /A=9BACE>D

b$\!Y" J<V$KAWA

!]Yr$I$]\Yp KAWA

]\Yp$I$îY] J@FEA

îY]$I$\]_Yr A=;A

o$\]_Yr J<V$A=;A

TABLA 2.4: EXPRESIONES EQUIVALENTES A 10 mg/L DE CaCO3 DE DUREZA

En la Tabla 2.5 se resumen los criterios =

=

.

.

=

+ - pKCaCO3

-

!"

#$%&'()'$*&+,'(&-./(&%+0$12+)3(&+4&.,$&3+4&15'$3$&+,'6)73(%&89!::;<*&3+,0%2'$&+)&+4&,2=.2+)'+&>6%%(?$*&@(,(3$&+)&.)&0640.4$&16,&%2=.%$,$&3+&4(,&%+(002$)+,&A.+&2)'+%B2+)+)C&D1@$,&15'$3$,&32!&+%+)&+)&+4&B(4$%&3+4&>E,('&$@'+)25)3$,+&(&'%(B5,&3+4&15'$3$&,21>42!&0(3$&.)&F8G&(>%$H21(3(1+)'+&;*!&.)23(3+,&16,&@(I$&A.+&0$)&+4&89!::;C&&

J4&15'$3$&3+&0640.4$&F8G&,21>42!&0(3$&+,'6&32,>$)2@4+&+)&KKKC?00(C+,&LM&8$?'K(%+&N=%('.2'$OC

2.5.2 El SM2330 para el cálculo del pHsat

J4&15'$3$& +,'6)3(%& 89!::;<*& %+,.1+& 4$,& (B()0+,*& P(,'(&P$Q*&+)&4(&A./120(&3+4&(=.(&Q&+,'6&(0+>'(3$&0$1$&+4&15'$3$&(0+>'(3$&2)'+%)(02$)(41+)'+&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('C&

J4&15'$3$&89!::;<&+,&.)&1$3+4$&16,&>%+02,$&Q(&A.+&2)704.Q+&4$,&0$)0+>'$,&'+%1$32)6120$,&3+&4(&%+(002R)&S<TC&

J4&89!::;&21>420(&0$%%+=2%&0$)&.)&0$+!&02+)'+&3+&(0'2B23(3&4(&?R%1.4(&$%2=2)(4&3+&F()=+42+%U

>E,('&L&>V!7>V,0W>X(!W>D4YW">?1

Z$)3+U

V!&L&8+=.)3(&0$),'()'+&3+&32,$02(02R)&>(%(&+4&6023$&0(%@R7)20$&(&4(&'+1>+%('.%(&3+4&(=.(CV,0&L&#%$3.0'$&3+&,$4.@2423(3&>(%(&4(&0(402'(&(&4(&'+1>+%(7'.%(&3+4&(=.(CX(!W&L&X(402$*&+)&1$4+,7=[FD4Y&L&D40(42)23(3*&+)&+A.2B(4+)'+,7=[4C&>?1&L&X$+!&02+)'+&3+&(0'2B23(3&(&4(&'+1>+%('.%(&+,>+02!&0(3(C

#(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+&0(3(&.)$&3+&4$,&+4+1+)'$,&3+&4(&+0.(02R)&,+&>%$>$)+)&4(,&,2=.2+)'+,&+0.(02$)+,U

>V!L<;\*]]\<W;*;:!"!]^_`7"<"<*\_[`7:]*_!"a<&4$=<;`W"a:\<:*_[`!*& >(%(& .)& %()=$& 3+& '+1>+%('.%(& 3+&!\:7:\:&bV>V,0& L& <\<*_;a"W;*;\\__: 7̀!]:_*:<_[ 7̀\<*"_"4$=<; *̀&>(%(&.)&%()=$&3+&'+1>+%('.%(,&3+&!\:7:a:&bV>?1&L&DNGc;C"[N<WGc;C"OO7;C:G*&B6423$&>(%(&Gd&;*"&82+)3$U&&&&&G&L&<*a&H&<;7"&H&XJ!"&&&&&D&L&<*]!&H&<;a&NJe`O7<*"&&&&&J&L&Sa;_"^[N`W<<aOT7a]*_:\

Z$)3+U&&&&&G&L&?.+%f(&2R)20(&&&&&XJ!"&L&0$)3.0'2B23(3&+450'%20(*& 1P$,[01&$& 8[01&&&&&`&L&'+1>+%('.%(&3+4&(=.(*&&bV&NbX&W&!\:*!O&&&&&J&L&0$),'()'+&32+450'%20(*&N(321+),2$)(4O

J4&15'$3$&3+&0640.4$&F8G&,+=g)&+4&89!::;&+,'6&32,>$)2@4+&+)&KKKC?00(C+,&LM&8$?'K(%+&N=%('.2'$OC

!C&XhG`JhGi8&#DhD&FD&JjDFkDXGlm&ZJ&FD8&D-kD8&ZJ8DFDZD8&n&hJ9GmJhDFGoDZD8

i%2=2)(41+)'+&F()=+42+%&3+,(%%$44R&.)(&,+%2+&3+&)$1$=%(71(,&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&A.+&P()&,23$&>$,'+%2$%1+)'+&1+I$%(3$,&Q&(3(>'(3$,&>(%(&2)04.2%&4$,&0$)0+>'$,&3+&'+1>+7%('.%(&Q&?.+%f(&2R)20(C^&

J)&4(&p2=.%(&<C<&,+&24.,'%(&.)&32(=%(1(&'/>20$&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&,21>42!&0(3$&3+4&>E,('C"

!"#$%&'()(*'+,-,#%&-&'.&%&'/0'1201$0,'3"-.0"!'1&4,'4/0'567)'8!'9':8;'<'=>?@'A'BC)?'

#$,'+%2$%1+)'+*& Q& >(%'2%& 3+& 4$,& '%(@(I$,& 3+& F(%,$)& Q&q.,K+44"*&Q&(&'%(@(I$,&3+4&>%$>2$&F()=+42+%^&,+&?.+&3+,(%%$744()3$&.)&1$3+4$&).15%20$&,21>42!&0(3$&@(,(3$&+)&3('$,&>%60'20$,&A.+&?(0242'(%$)&0$),23+%(@4+1+)'+&+4&0640.4$C&

2.5.1 Método simplifi cado para el cálculo del pHsat

D)'+& 4(& 3+1()3(& 3+& .)& >%$0+3212+)'$& ).15%20$& >(%(& +4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&Q&3+&(0.+%3$&0$)&4$,&'%(@(I$,&3+&F(%,$)&Q&q.,K+44a& ,+&P(&3+,(%%$44(3$&.)(& ?R%1.4(&+1>/%20(& ,217>42!&0(3(&>(%(&+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&A.+&>$%&,.&,+)0244+f&P(&(40()f(3$&.)(&(1>42(&32?.,2R)C&J,'(&?R%1.4(&+,&4(&,2=.2+)'+U

>E,('L&N_*:&W&D&W&qO&7&N&X&W&Z&O

Z$)3+UD&L&<[<;&N4$=N`Z8O7<Oq&L&7<:*<!&H&4$=N`NbXOW!\:*!OW:^*""X&L&4$=NX(!WN1=X(Xi:[FOO7;*^Z&L&4$=&D4YN1=&X(Xi:[FO

J,'+&15'$3$&,21>42!&0(3$&3+4&0640.4$&3+4&>E,('&,2=.+&,2+)73$&.'242f(3$&3+&?$%1(&?%+0.+)'+&0$1$&2)320('2B$&3+&4(&'+)73+)02(&3+4&(=.(&(&32,$4B+%&$&(&>%+02>2'(%&+4&0(%@$)('$&0647020$C&82)&+1@(%=$*&+,&.)&15'$3$&+1>/%20$&A.+&)$&2)04.Q+&.)(&,+%2+&3+&0640.4$,&,$@%+& 4(& '+%1$32)6120(&3+4&>%$0+,$&A.+&3+@+)&,+%&0$),23+%(3$,&+)&.)&()642,2,&0$1>4+'$&3+&4$,&?(0'$%+,&A.+&2)'+%B2+)+)&+)&4(&%+(002R)&S<TC&

!"

2.5.5 Sobre el valor de los STD

#$%&'(%)*+,$*!%-./0%12$%'3!445%$0%,26+*72%7.+8*9:;<%=7*>$*?.%$0)%'@A%2:%$=B.6%/2%C#!D%,06%$0%E=2%,=2/2%$$2B.6)2%.%,2:).6%E=2%2)7.%62$.-*F:%2)%*+,067.:72G%

&.%@.8$.%!GH%*$=)76.%$0)%I.$062)%+2/*0)%/2$%-0-*2:72%'@AJC#!D%,.6.% $.)% .B=.)%/2).$./.)%K% 62+*:26.$*?./.)%/2%-=.760%/2% $.)%,$.:7.)%2)7=/*./.)G

'*%8*2:%)2%L.%/2+0)76./0%E=2%:0%L.K%,6M-7*-.+2:72%/*N262:>-*.<%,.6.%$.%0872:-*F:%/2%$0)%I.$06)%/2%'@A%)2%L.%=7*$*?./0%$.%)=+.%/2%.:*0:2)%K%-.7*0:2)%2:%$=B.6%/2$%,60-2/*+*2:70%/2%/2)2-.-*F:%.%OH5P<%.72:/*2:/0%.%E=2%,=2/2%-0:)*/26.6)2%+M)%!%.8$2%2)72%+970/0GOO%

Q06%0760%$./0<%=:%.:M$*)*)%/2$%&'(%-0:%+970/0%)*+,$*!%-./0%-0:%I.$062)%'@A%/2%5<R"%0%/2%5<DS%/2+=2)76.%E=2%2$%&'(%:0%I.6T.<%0%2:%70/0%-.)0%)F$0%5<5O%=:*/./2)G%

!"#$"% &'()% UV&WX#'% A#&% CWC(#Y@#% '@AJC#!D%QVXV%A('@(Y@V'%Q&VY@V'%A#'V&VAWXV'

2.6 Sobre el pHsat y el pHeq

#$% ,Z2E% -0662),0:/2% .$% ,Z%/2% 2E=*$*86*0% E=T+*-0% M-*/0>8.)2%/2%$.%62.--*F:[%%%C.CW41);%\%CW!1.E;%\%Z!W C.!\1.E;%\%!ZCW4

>1.E;#$%,Z%/2%2E=*$*86*0%)2%087*2:2%.%,.67*6%/2$%.:M$*)*)%/2%$.%E=T+*-.%M-*/0>8.)2%K%)2B]:%$.%NF6+=$.%/2%Z2:/26)0:>Z.))2$8.$-LGO!%

Q06%7.:70<%2$%,Z2E%2)%*:/2,2:/*2:72%/2%)*%$.%)0$=-*F:%2)7M%0%:0%).7=6./.%/2%-.$-*7.G%

C=.:/0%$.%)0$=-*F:%)2%2:-=2:76.%).7=6./.%/2%-.$-*7.%K%2:%2$%,Z%/2%2E=*$*86*0%M-*/0>8.)2<%2$%,Z2E%-0*:-*/2%-0:%2$%,Z).7%K%2$%&'(%2)%*B=.$%.%-260G%

#:% $.)% ^*B=6.)% 4G4<% 4GR% K% 4GD% /2$%C.,T7=$0% 4% )2% *$=)76.% $.%/*N262:-*.%2:762%2$%,Z2E%K%2$%,Z).7G%

2.7 Efecto de la temperatura en el LSI

#$% &'(% )2% I2% .N2-7./0% ,06% $.% 72+,26.7=6.% /2$% .B=.% 7.$% K%-0+0%)2%*$=)76.%2:%$.%^*B=6.%4GO!%/2$%C.,T7=$0%4%,.6.%.B=.)%62+*:26.$*?./.)%-0:%/*N262:72)%:*I2$2)%/2%.$-.$*:*/./G%

2.8 El LSI en la legislación española

#:%2$%XA%OR5J!554<%V:2_0%O<%@.8$.%C[%Q.6M+2760)%*:/*-.>/062)%2:% $.% 62/%/2%/*)76*8=-*F:<%)2%2)7.8$2-2%E=2%`2$%.B=.%2:%:*:B]:%+0+2:70%,0/6M%)26%:*%.B62)*I.%:*%*:-6=)7.:72%K%

2.5.3 El factor para el cálculo de la fuerza iónica (I)

A2%.-=26/0%-0:%2$%'3!445<%2$%-M$-=$0%/2%$.%N=26?.%*F:*-.%`(a%)2%,=2/2%L.-26%2:%8.)2%.%$.%-0:/=-7*I*/./%)2B]:%/.70)%2+,T6*-0)%0872:*/0)%/2%.B=.)%-0:7*:2:7.$2)G

V72:/*2:/0%.%$.)%,.67*-=$.6*/./2)%/2%$.)%.B=.)%/2).$./.)%K%62+*:26.$*?./.)% )2%L.% 62I*)./0%2)72%-02!%-*2:72%=7*$*?.:/0%,.6.%2$$0%2$%+970/0%/2%-M$-=$0%/2%$.%.-7*I*/./%̀ Va%.%,.67*6%/2%$.%-0:/=-7.:-*.%*F:*-.%/2%-./.%=:0%/2%$0)%-.7*0:2)%K%.:*0>:2)<%)*)72+.%,60,=2)70%-0+0%.$726:.7*I0%2:%2$%'3!445GO

A2%.-=26/0%-0:%2)70)%-M$-=$0)%2$%I.$06%-0662-70%)26T.%/2%(%)26T.%O<5"%_%O5>D%_%C#!D%K%:0%O<S%_%O5>D%_%C#!DG

#)7.%/*N262:-*.%*+,$*-.%E=2%2$%'3!445%-.$-=$./0%-0:%2$%I.>$06%/2%(%b%O<S%_%O5>D%_%C#!D%%2)%5<5O>5<5!%+M)%:2B.7*I0%E=2%2$%0872:*/0%-0:%2$%I.$06%(%b%O<5"%_%O5>D%_%C#!DG%%'*:%2+8.6B0<%.72:/*2:/0%E=2%2)7.%/*N262:-*.%2)%,2E=2c.%K%-0:%2$%!%:%/2%:0%/*!%-=$7.6% 2$% =)0%/2% $0)% ,60B6.+.)%/2% -M$-=$0% 2_*)72:72)% )2%62),27.%2:%I.$06%/2$%'3!445%.%$0%$.6B0%/2%2)7.%d=T.G

2.5.4 Comparación entre el cálculo del LSI por el método simplifi cado y el SM2330

V72:/*2:/0%.%E=2%.+80)%+970/0)% )2%=).:%2:% $.%,6M-7*-.<%-0:I*2:2% I26% $.% /*N262:-*.% 2:762% 2$% &'(% )*+,$*!%-./0% K% 2$%&'(%/2$%'3!445G%#$%.:M$*)*)%/2%2)7.)%/*N262:-*.)%,.6.% $.)%.B=.)%/2).$./.)%K%62+*:26.$*?./.)%.,.62-2%2:%$.)%@.8$.)%!GS%K%!G"% 62),2-7*I.+2:72G%A2%.-=26/0%-0:%2)70)%/.70)%2_*)72%=:.%/*N262:-*.%5<!%,=:70)%2:762%.+80)%+970/0)%/2%-M$-=>$0<%*:/2,2:/*2:72+2:72%)*%)2%76.7.%/2%.B=.)%/2).$./.)%0%/2%.B=.)%62+*:26.$*?./.)G%

!"#$"% &'*)% VYe&('('% CW3QVXV@(UW% #Y@X#% #&%Ce&Cf&W%A#&%&'(%QWX%#&%3g@WAW%'(3Q&(^(CVAW%h%QWX%#&%'3!445%QVXV%VdfV'%A#'V&VAV'G

!"#$"% &'+)% VYe&('('% CW3QVXV@(UW% #Y@X#% #&%Ce&Cf&W%A#&%&'(%QWX%#&%3g@WAW%'(3Q&(^(CVAW%h%QWX%#&%%'3!445%QVXV%VdfV'%X#3(Y#XV&(iVAV'G

!G%CX(@#X(W'%QVXV%&V%#UV&fVC(jY%A#%&V'%VdfV'%A#'V&VAV'%h%X#3(Y#XV&(iVAV'

Q$.:7.%O

Q$.:7.%!V

Q$.:7.%!k

Q$.:7.%4V

Q$.:7.%4k

Q$.:7.%R

&'(%1)*+,$*!%-./0; >R<4D >D<5" >D<4SD >D<4! >D<Dl >R<"O

&'(%1'3!445; >R<O" >R<HS >D<O4D >D<OR >D<4" >R<D4

A*N262:-*. >5<OH >5<!O >5<!4 >5<OH >5<!! >5<OH

Q$.:7.%!V

Q$.:7.%!k

Q$.:7.%4V

Q$.:7.%4k +2/*.

'@AJC#!D%/2).$./. 5<R" 5<Rl 5<R" 5<R" 5<R"

'@AJC#!D%62+*:26.$*?./. 5<DR 5<SO 5<D5 5<D" 5<DS

Q$.:7.%O

Q$.:7.%!V

Q$.:7.%!k

Q$.:7.%4V

Q$.:7.%4k

Q$.:7.%R

&'(%1)*+,$*!%-./0; >5<45 >5<H5 >5<4! >5<S5 >5<R! >5<S!

&'(%1'3!445; >5<O4 >5<S5 >5<5l >5<R5 >5<!5 >5<RD

A*N262:-*. >5<O" >5<!5 >5<!4 >5<!5 >5<!! >5<O"

para el LSI.

en 0,01 unidades.

!"

!#$%&'()&'*+$,-&-$.-$)/-.0-%'12$3)$.-+$-40-+$3)+-.-3-+$5$&)6'2)&-.'7-3-+

2.12 Índice de Puckorius

)8$ 9:$ ;:<=>?$ <?$ >@AB>C?A$ ?DE;A=>FGH$ FIC?:=<F$ @$ E@AC=A$ <?$@J9@8$>F:C=:?:C@K?8$L$ 8=D=K@A$ @K$<?$&LM:@A$E?AF$<F:<?$?K$EN$8?$898C=C9L?$EFA$9:$EN$A?K@>=F:@<F$>F:$K@$@K>@K=:=<@<#$2F$ @EFAC@$ =:OFAD@>=P:$ @<=>=F:@K$ ?:$ ?K$ >@8F$ <?$ K@8$ @J9@8$<?8@K@<@8$L$A?D=:?A@K=M@<@8#

,+'$Q$!REN8@CS$T$EN?RE9>UFA=98S

3F:<?V

EN?RE9>UFA=98S$Q$GWXYH$Z$.FJ$[-KU\$]$XWHX

.F8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$?^@K9@>=P:$8F:V

,+'$_$YWH$$ (?:<?:>=@$@$K@$>FAAF8=P:XWH$`$,+'$`$YWHW$$ &@:JF$PEC=DF$,+'$`$XWH$$ (?:<?:>=@$@$K@$=:>A98C@>=P:

2.13. SAR

)K$+-&$R':<=>?$<?$@I8FA>=P:$<?$8F<=FSGY$<?K$@J9@$8?$>@K>9TK@$@$E@AC=A$<?$K@$OPAD9K@V

+-&$Q$2@]aRR%@!]]6J!]Sa!SbWH

3F:<?$2@]W$%@!]$L$6J!]$?8CB:$?ZEA?8@<F8$?:$D?ca.#

5$<F:<?$KF8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$?^@K9@>=P:$8F:V

+-&$_$G!$$ 3@dF8$D9L$=DEFAC@:C?8$"$`$+-&$`$G!$$ 3@dF8$=DEFAC@:C?8Y$`$+-&$`$"$$ ,AFIK?D@8$>A?>=?:C?8$H$`$+-&$`$Y$ ,A=D?AF8$EAFIK?D@8e$`$+-&$`$H$ f@gF$A=?8JFG$`$+-&$`$e$ +=:$A=?8JF

-DEK=@$ =:OFAD@>=P:$ 8FIA?$ ?K$ +-&$ E9?<?$ ?:>F:CA@A8?$ ?:$K=C?A@C9A@$?8E?>=@K=M@<@#GY

2.14 Referencias

G#$ +(-23-&3$ 6)(N*3+$ h*&$ (N)$ )i-6'2-T('*2$ *h$ j-()&$ -23$ j-+()j-()&#$ 6?CkF<$!eebV$ %@K>=9D$ %@AIF:@C?$ +@C9A@C=F:#$ !G8C$ ?<#$ !bbH#$'+f2$bTlmHHeTbXmTl#$

!#$ %N)6'+(&5$ *h$ j-()&$ (&)-(6)2(W$ !:<$ ?<=TC=F:V$ +@D9?K$3#$ h@98C$ L$*8D@:$6#$-KLV$ G""l$%&%$,A?88$..%W$'+f2V$GTHmHbXTbGGTH

e#$ .-24).')&W$j#h#$(k?$ @:@KLC=>@K$ >F:CAFK$ FO$ @:C=>FTAAF8=F:$n@C?A$ CA?@CD?:C$ o#$-D#$j@C?A$jFAU8$-88F>#W$!lV$GHbb$RG"eYS#$

X#$ .-24).')&W$j#h#$)OO?>C$FO$C?DE?A@C9A?$F:$Ck?$EN$FO$:@TC9A@K$n@C?A8#$o#$-D#$j@C?A$jFAU8$-88F>#W$elV$Gm"$RG"XYS#

H#$ -.p-.'2'(5$&).-('*2+N',+$'2$j-()&$%N)T6'+(&5$ =:$ kCCEVaannn#F:K=:?n@C?ACA?@CD?:C#>FDaK=C?A@C9A?a2@K>Fa<F>8a(OTblX#E<O

?K$A?89KC@<F$<?$>@K>9K@A$?K$=:<=>?$<?$.@:J?K=?A$<?I?A;@$?8C@A$>FDEA?:<=<F$?:CA?$]aT$bWHq#

+=$I=?:$?K$&3$GXba!bbe$:F$?8E?>=!$>@$8=$8?$<?I?$9C=K=M@A$?K$DrCF<F$8=DEK=!$>@<F$F$?K$+6!eebW$8?$8FIA??:C=?:<?$c9?$?K$DrCF<F$F!$>=@K$<?I?AB$8?A$?K$+6!eeb#

2.9 Índice de Larson-Skold

)8$8=D=K@A$@$K@$:FAD@$3'2$Hb"eb$R^?A$DB8$@I@gFS$L$C@DI=r:$=:<=>@C=^F$<?K$EFC?:>=@K$<?$>FAAF8=P:$EFA$E=>@<9A@#$)K$;:<=T>?$<?$.@A8F:T+UFK<Ge$8?$>@K>9K@$>FDF$8=J9?V

.@'$Q$R[%KT\$]$[+*X!T\SaR[N%*e

T\$]$[%*e!T\S

3F:<?$KF8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$^@KFA@>=P:$8F:V

.@'$_$GW!$$ %FAAF8=P:$?K?^@<@bWl$`$.@'$`$GW!$$ %FAAF8=P:$8=J:=!$>@C=^@.@'$`$bWl$$ +=:$A=?8JF$<?$>FAAF8=P:

2.10 Normas DIN

)Z=8C?:$9:@$ 8?A=?$<?$:FAD@8$ =:<98CA=@K?8$ @K?D@:@8$ R3'2S$c9?$ <?8@AAFKK@:$ >A=C?A=F8$ E@A?>=<F8$ @K$ +6!eeb$ L$ @K$ ;:<=T>?$<?$.@A8F:T+UFK<#$)8CF$ 8F:$ K@$3'2$XbXY$L$ K@$3'2$)2$G!Hb!W$8?$@8?D?g@$@K$+6!eeb$L$8?$A?!$?A?$@$K@$>@E@>=<@<$<?K$@J9@$E@A@$<=8FK^?A$K@$>@K>=C@$L$KF8$A=?8JF8$<?$>FAAF8=P:$E@A@$<=8C=:CF8$D@C?A=@K?8#$,FA$89$E@AC?W$ K@$3'2$Hb"eb$A?O?A?:C?$@K$ A=?8JF$<?$>FAAF8=P:$EFA$E=>@<9A@$L$?8$ 8=D=K@A$@K$ ;:<=>?$<?$.@A8F:T+UFK<#$-$:=^?K$=:C?A:@>=F:@K$8FKF$K@$3'2$Hb"eb$8?$@EK=>@$?:$@KJ9:F8$>@8F8#$)8C@$:FAD@$?8C@IK?>?$?K$^@KFA$<?$s+q$>FDFV

+$Q$R[%KT\$]![+*X!T\Sa[N%*e

T\$

L$A?>FD=?:<@$+`G$E@A@$D=:=D=M@A$KF8$A=?8JF8$<?$>FAAF8=P:$EFA$E=>@<9A@#$

2.11 Índice de Ryznar

)8$ 9:$ ;:<=>?$ <?$ >@AB>C?A$ ?DE;A=>FGX$ E?:8@<F$ E@A@$ @J9@8$>F:C=:?:C@K?8$ E?AF$ c9?$ :F$ @EFAC@$ A?@KD?:C?$ =:OFAD@>=P:$@<=>=F:@K$E@A@$K@8$<?8@K@<@8$:=$A?D=:?A@K=M@<@8#$

&+'$Q$!REN8@CS$T$EN$.F8$>A=C?A=F8$<?$?^@K9@>=P:$8F:V

&+'$_$"Wb$$ ':CFK?A@IK?D?:C?$>FAAF8=^@mWH$`$&+'$`$"Wb$$ h9?AC?D?:C?$>FAAF8=^@mWb$`$&+'$`$mWH$$ +=J:=!$>@:C?D?:C?$>FAAF8=^@YWb$`$&+'$`$mWb$$ .=J?A@D?:C?$=:>A98C@:C?$F$>FAAF8=^@HWb$`$&+'$`$YWb$$ .=J?A@D?:C?$=:>A98C@:C?XWb$`$&+'$`$HWb$$ h9?AC?D?:C?$=:>A98C@:C?

Estas

es

14

las aguas desaladas y remineralizadas.

o índice de absorción de sodio del agua16

!"

#$%&'()*'(+,%-.'.%/.%*0./1.&(23%4*%/.,%.51.,%4*,./.4.,%6%'*7(3*'./(8.4.,

"!$%)$*$9%/.',+3%.34%'$%0$%,:+/49%/;<=>;?=>@%,?ABCDEF%'EG;?DHI%7DHE>;G%JA;GD?@%=K%L;?E>%?=%&=>>=FD=H%=K%,?EEG%;HC%&;F?%(>=H9%"MNO%(GGDH=DF%,?;?E%L;?E>%,A>PE@9%&Q;RS;DIH9%(/%SS$%TU!V%B%UWX%DGG$%(,L,%&BY"$

"U$% %Z$%L$%'683.'9%.%HE[%DHCE\%K=>%CE?E>RDHDHI%;R=AH?%=K% F];GE% K=>REC% DH% [;?E>9% Z=A>H;G% =K% ?QE% .RE>D];H%L;?E>%L=>^F%.FF=]D;?D=H9%0!W%_#9%SS%UY#BUOW9%"MUM$%

"N$%'$%-1&:+'(1,%.34%Z$%7$%`'++:*9%.%HE[%S>;]B?D];G% DHCE\% K=>% ];G]DAR% ];><=H;?E% F];GE% S>ECD]?D=H% DH%]==GDHI%F@F?ERF9%&=>>=FD=H9%SS%#OaB#OU9%.S>DG%"MM"9

"W$% Q??SXbb[[[$DHK=;I>=$]=Rb>DEI=FbCD;IH=F?D]=c;IA;F$Q?R9%]=HFAG?;C;%EG%"a%CE%H=PDER<>E%#aaM$

"Y$%,).34.'4% 7*)d+4,% e+'% )d*% *f.7(3.B)(+3% +e% L.)*'% .34% L.,)*L.)*'$% 7E?Q=C%#!#a`9% .G^;GDHD?@9% )D?>;?D=H% 7E?Q=C$% #"F?% EC$% #aaN$%(,`3%aBOYNN!BaUYBO

W$% )$%*$%/.',+3%.34%.$%7$%`1,L*//$%&;G]DAR%];>B<=H;?E% F;?A>;?D=H% DHCE\%;HC%;G];GDHD?@% DH?E>S>E?;?D=HF9%"MU#$%Z$%.R$%L;?E>%L=>^F%.FF=]9%0=G$%!UX%""9%3=PERB<E>%"MU#%

Y$% L*``*'9%L$Z$9%Z'$9%.34%,)1779%L$%7E]Q;HDFR%=K% Q@C>=IEH% D=H% <AKKE>DHI% DH% H;?A>;G% [;?E>F$% Z$%.R$%L;?E>%L=>^F%.FF=]$9%NNX%"NN!%g"MW!h$

O$% d.34`++:% +e%.('% &+34()(+3(35% ,6,)*7%4EFDIH% $&;>>DE>% .D>% &=HCD?D=HDHI% &=RS;H@9% "MWN$%7]5>;[BdDGG%`==^F$%3E[%6=>^$

M$% LJ.%5/+,,.'6%+e%)*'7,$%L;?E>%JA;GD?@%.FF=B]D;?D=H9%g"MM!h$

"a$% Q??SXbb?=\D]F$AFIF$I=PbCE!%HD?D=HFb;G^;GDHD?@$Q?RG% ]=HBFAG?;C;%EG%"a%CE%H=PDER<>E%#aaM

""$% ./`./.4*Z+9%5+38./+$%/;<=>;?=>D=%CE%G;%7;HB]=RAHDC;C%CE%G=F%&;H;GEF%CEG%);D<DGG;9%&;>?;IEH;$%&=BRAHD];]DiH%SE>F=H;G$

"#$%)d*% d*34*',+3Bd.,,*/`./&d% *J1.)(+3X%Q??SXbbSE=SGE$>D?$ECAbS;]OW"#b[E<D=HE\b[E<FD?EbQ?RGbD=HEOM[A$Q?RG%g]=HFAG?;C;%EG%"Yb""baMh$

!!

3.1 Introducción

"#$ #%&'#%(#$ )*+$ +#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$ #.$ 0*%23%&*$ (#$ &40%'0-5$63#$.*7+-%$-3,#%&-+$.-$(3+#/-$8$.-$-.0-.'%'(-($(#.$-73-$9-5:&-$ ;-.*+#5$63#$)+*03+-%$3%$ <%('0#$(#$ 5-&3+-0'1%=$ &-,>'4%$..-,-(*$(#$?-%7#.'#+$ @?"AB=$ '73-.$*$)+1C',*$-$0#+*$8$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-E$

?-$0*%0#%&+-0'1%$(#$FGH$(#$3%$-73-$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$#.$FGH$(#$.-$-&,15D#+-$(#!$%#$(#$D*+,-$%-&3+-.$#.$)I$8$.-$0*,:>'%-0'1%$(#$0-+>*%-&*5$8$>'0-+>*%-&*5$63#$0*++#5)*%(#$0*%$('09*$)IEJ

K%$.*5$5'5&#,-5$->'#+&*5=$03-%(*$#.$0*%&#%'(*$#%$FGH$(#.$-73-$#5$ 53)#+'*+$-.$63#$(#>'#+-$#5&-+$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$#.$-'+#=$#.$FGH$5#$#50-)-$-$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#.$)I$-3,#%&-E$L*+$#.$0*%&+-+'*=$5'$#.$0*%&#%'(*$#%$FGH$#5$'%D#+'*+$-.$63#$(#>'#+-$#5&-+$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$#.$-73-$->5*+>#+M$FGH$(#$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#.$)I$('5,'%3'+ME

K.$*>2#&';*$(#$.-$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$#5=$)*+$3%$.-(*=$-.0-%/-+$#.$)3%&*$(#$#63'.'>+'*$0-.0*0-+>1%'0*E$K5&*$#5=$(*%(#$#.$)I=$#.$0-.0'*$('53#.&*$8$-.0-.'%'(-($%*$;-+<-%$*$;-+<-%$,38$)*0*$#%$0*%&-0&*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-E$N$)*+$*&+*$.-(*=$9-0#+.*$(#$.-$D*+,-$,M5$)+#0'5-$)*5'>.#$0*%$#.$!$%$(#$,'%','/-+$#.$0*%53:,*$(#$#%#+7<-$8$)+*(30&*5$63<,'0*5=$#%$#5)#0'-.$(#.$FGHE$@O#+$F-)<&3.*$P$(#$#5&-$Q3<-$)-+-$3%-$+#0*)'.-0'1%$(#$.-5$&40%'0-5$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%$,M5$',)*+&-%&#5BE

K.$)+*0#5*$(#$#63'.'>+'*$(#.$FGH$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$(#)#%(#$(#$.-$&#,)#+-&3+-$8$.-$)+#5'1%$)-+0'-.$(#$FGHEJ$"'%$#,>-+:7*=$ #%$ .-5$ 0*%('0'*%#5$(#$ &+->-2*$(#$ .-5$ (#5-.-(*+-5$ 5*.*$.-$ &#,)#+-&3+-$ (#.$ -73-$ )3#(#$ ..#7-+$ -$ ;-+'-+$ (#$ D*+,-$5'7%'!$0-&';-E$K5&-5$('D#+#%0'-5$ 5*%$ 51.*$#5&-0'*%-.#5$8$%*$*03++#%$#%$)#+<*(*5$0*+&*5$8$(3+-%&#$#.$D3%0'*%-,'#%&*$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%E

K%$ #5&#$ 0-)<&3.*$ 5#$ &+-&-=$ #%$ )+',#+$ .37-+=$ (#$ -%-.'/-+$ #.$0*,)*+&-,'#%&*$ (#$ ('5&'%&-5$ -73-5$ +#,'%#+-.'/-(-5$ )-+-$0*,)+*>-+$ 03-.$ #5$ .-$ 0*%0#%&+-0'1%$(#$FGH$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$8$#%$.-5$0*%('0'*%#5$(#$.-$0*5&-$,#('&#:++M%#-E

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

L*+$S.&',*=$5#$)+#5#%&-%$(-&*5$5*>+#$.-$#;*.30'1%$(#.$)I=$.*5$ >'0-+>*%-&*5$ 8$ #.$?"A$ (#$ .-5$ -73-5$ +#,'%#+-.'/-(-5$ 8$#%$ 0*%&-0&*$ 0*%$ .-$ -&,15D#+-=$ 0*%$ #.$!$%$ (#$ 0*++*>*+-+$ #.$-%M.'5'5$&#1+'0*$(#$.-$)+',#+-$)-+&#$(#.$0-)<&3.*$8$-83(-+$-$(#!$%'+$.*5$%';#.#5$1)&',*5$(#$+#,'%#+-.'/-0'1%E$


L-+-$-%-.'/-+$#.$0*,)*+&-,'#%&*$(#$.-5$-73-5$+#,'%#+-.'/-:(-5$#%$#63'.'>+'*$0*%$.-$-&,15D#+-$5#$&*,-+*%$,3#5&+-5$#%$('5&'%&-5$(#5-.-(*+-5$(#5)345$(#.$&+-&-,'#%&*$(#$+#,'%#+-:.'/-0'1%$8$5#$+#-.'/-+*%$-%M.'5'5$!"#$!%&$(#$)I=$FK=$T#,)#:+-&3+-=$IFG!

:$8$FG!UE

R$0*%&'%3-0'1%$5#$..#;-+*%$.-5$,3#5&+-5$-.$.->*+-&*+'*$(*%:(#$5#$+#)'&'#+*%$.*5$-%M.'5'5$8$5#$0*,).#&-+*%$0*%$#.$+#5&*$(#$ .*5$)-+M,#&+*5E$L*5&#+'*+,#%&#=$ 5#$)+*0#('1$ -$(#2-+$ .-$,3#5&+-$#C)3#5&-$-$ .-$-&,15D#+-$8$-7'&-(-$53-;#,#%&#$(#$D*+,-$ ,#0M%'0-=$ &*,M%(*5#$ ,3#5&+-5$ )-+-$ -%M.'5'5$ 0-(-$0'#+&*$&'#,)*$9-5&-$3%*5$JP$(<-5E

3.3 Resultados y discusión

3.3.1 Equilibrio con el CO2 de la atmósfera

?*5$(-&*5$(#$.-5$V'73+-5$!EJ$8$!EH$(#,3#5&+-%$63#$#.$-73-$+#,'%#+-.'/-(-$ &'#%(#$ -$ #63'.'>+-+5#$ 0*%$ 3%$ 0*%&#%'(*$ #%$FGH$-.+#(#(*+$(#$W=XYW=J$,7$FGHZ?E$"#$9-0#$%*&-+$63#$.-$0*%0#%&+-0'1%$(#$FGH$#%$.-$-&,15D#+-$#63';-.#$-)+*C',-:(-,#%&#$-$W=[\$,7$FGHZ?

!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'567'34/'&#$&'%48"24%&/"9&3&'34'-&%"&:'34:&/&3.%&:'0.2'"2;%&3.:"!'0&0"12'34'567)$

$!E$]AOK?K"$^LTA_G"$`K$?R$aK_A]KaR?AbRFA^]$$

3. NIVELES ÓPTIMOS DE LA REMINERALIZACIÓN NIVELES ADECUADOS DE REMINERALIZACIÓN

NIVELES ADECUADOS DE REMINERALIZACIÓN

!"

!#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$$

!"#$%&'()(*'+,-.$/"01'23'2"45"15-4'67'8'23.'9:;'23.'&#$&'234&.&2&'/-1'.&'&2"/"01'23'<&=>7?)''

(5$ 67895:;$ <98=>$ 67$9?@<@AB$95$=89=$ >7C@57>=<@A=:=$ D;5$!EE$C8$-0*F)G$HH$C8$4=HIF)G$JE$C8$4=4/!F)$:7$=<D=K<@5@:=:G$ HEL4$ M$ =$ NO$P$ M$ 67$ Q97$ =9C75?=5:;$ 7<$ NO$ D;5$%=R/OS$ D;5$ 7<$ !$5$ :7$ T7>$ @89=<C75?7$ <=$ 7T;<9D@B5$ :7<$NO6=?G$NO7U$M$7<$)*&#$

(5$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#W$ 67$ ;X67>T=G$ 75$ 76?7$ D=6;G$ U97$ 7<$ NO6=?G$NO7U$M$NO$:7<$=89=$67$D>9A=5$75$95$T=<;>$N>BY@C;$=$ZGH$:;5:7$7<$)*&$76$D7>;$M$U97$=$76?7$NO$7<$D;5?75@:;$75$4/H$76?[$ =<>7:7:;>$ :7$ EGP$ C8$ 4/HF)#$ )978;G$ \6?=$ 67>]=5$ <=6$D;5:@D@;576$:;5:7$75$?7;>]=$76?=$=89=$N7>C=57D7>[$76?=X<7$D;5$<=$=?CB6Q7>=G$D;567>T=5:;$=:7C[6$7<$)*&$@89=<$;$C9M$N>BY@C;$=$D7>;#$$

!"#$%&' ()@*'+,-.$/"01'23' .-4' 2"45"15-4' 67'8' 23.'9:;'/-1'.&'&2"/"01'23'<&=>7?'&'$1'&#$&'/-1'AB'C#D9'E&AFG'HB'C#D9'E&E>(G'ABIEG'"1"/"&.C3153'&'67'J)'

(5$<=$6@89@75?7$6@C9<=D@B5$67$^=5$:;6@!$D=:;$:@6?@5?=6$D=5?@K:=:76$:7$4/H$=$95$=89=$:76=<=:=$M$:7_[5:;<=$75$7U9@<@X>@;$D;5$D=<D@?=$^=6?=$U97$=<D=5A=67$7<$NO6=?$M$N;>$?=5?;$)*&$:7$D7>;#$$(5$<=$V@89>=$!#"$67$C976?>=$U97$<=$7T;<9D@B5$:7<$NOG$4=HI$M$4/H$75$=89=6$D;5$:@6?@5?;$8>=:;$:7$>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5$M$75$7U9@<@X>@;$D;5$<=$D=<D@?=#

!"#$%&'()A*'+,-.$/"01'23.'E>A'23.'&#$&'%3C"13%&."K&2&'23',&%"&4'234&.&2-%&4'/-1'."#3%&'4-L%32-4"!'/&/"01'23'E>A)'

(5$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#`$ 67$C976?>=5$ 95=$ 67>@7$ :7$ N<=5?=6$ :;5:7$7<$4/H$:7$6=<@:=$76$ @5Q7>@;>$=$EGP$C8$4/HF)G$ <;$U97$:=$=$75?75:7>$U97$5;$67$̂ =$:;6@!$D=:;$69!$D@75?7$4/H$M$67$̂ =$D;5K69C@:;$ ?;:;$ :9>=5?7$ 7<$ N>;D76;$ :7$ >7C@57>=<@A=D@B5#$ ,;>$?=5?;G$7<$=89=$?@75:7$=$=X6;>X7>$4/H$:7$<=$=?CB6Q7>=$^=6?=$7U9@<@X>=>67$D;5$7<<=#$

(5$<=$V@89>=$!#H$7<$Q75BC75;$76$=<$>7T\6#$1U9]G$7<$D;5?75@:;$75$4/H$=$<=$6=<@:=$:7$<=$>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5$76$69N7>@;>$=<$:7$<=$=?CB6Q7>=#$,;>$?=5?;G$67$N>;:9D7$95=$N\>:@:=$:7$4/H$:7<$=89=$^=6?=$U97$<<78=$=$7U9@<@X>=>67#$

4;CN=>=5:;$<;6$:=?;6$:7$<=6$V@89>=6$!#`$M$!#H$D;5$<;6$:7$<=6$V@89>=6$`#"$M$`#J$:7<$4=N]?9<;$`$67$;X67>T=$U97$7<$NO$:7$ 7U9@<@X>@;$ :7<$ =89=$:76=<=:=$ 76?[$ =<>7:7:;>$ :7$EG!$C8$4/HF)$75$<98=>$:7$EGP$C8$4/HF)$D;C;$;D9>>7$D;5$7<$=89=$>7C@57>=<@A=:=#$

3.3.2 Simulación matemática de la remineralización

,=>=$=5=<@A=>$C7_;>$76?7$Q75BC75;$:7$@5?7>=DD@B5$:7<$=89=$:76=<=:=$ M$ >7C@57>=<@A=:=$ 75$ 7U9@<@X>@;$ D;5$ <=$ =?CB6Q7>=$67$^=5$^7D^;$:;6$6@C9<=D@;576$C=?7C[?@D=6$:7<$N>;D76;$:7$>7C@57>=<@A=D@B5#W$

(5$N>@C7>$<98=>$67$9?@<@AB$95$=89=$:76=<=:=$RHEE$C8$-0*F)a$NO$b$JGHa$EG"$C8$4=HIF)a$$WG"$C8$4=4/!a$HEL4S$M$67$=9C75K?B$7<$NO$D;5$%=R/OS$D;5$7<$!$5$:7$:7C;6?>=>$U97$<=$Q=<?=$:7$D=<D@;$76$95$Q=D?;>$@56=<T=X<7$U97$5;$N7>C@?7$<<78=>$=$D;567K89@>$95$)*&$:7$D7>;$N;>$C9D^;$U97$67$=9C75?7$7<$NO#

);6$ >769<?=:;6$ =N=>7D75$ 75$ <=$ V@89>=$ !#!#$ 4;C;$ N97:7$D;CN>;X=>67G$ =$ 95=$ D;5D75?>=D@B5$ :7$ 4/H$ :7$ EGP$ C8F)G$:;5:7$7<$=89=$76?=>]=$75$7U9@<@X>@;$D;5$<=$=?CB6Q7>=G$7<$NO$:7<$=89=$=<D=5A=$7<$T=<;>$=<>7:7:;>$:7$P$M$7<$)*&$N7>C=57D7$578=?@T;$=<>7:7:;>$:7$KW$=$K!#$$*7$;X67>T=$?=CX@\5$U97$7<$NO6=?$M$7<$NO7U$5;$<<78=5$=$D>9A=>67$=95U97$7<$NO$=<D=5D7$7<$T=<;>$:7$c#$(<$D>9D7$67$N>;:9D7$=$NO$d`H#


4,5 mg CaCO3/L;20ºC) y se aumen-

condiciones donde, en teoría, esta agua permanecerá estable

, esto es, el LSI = 0.

!"

!#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$$

3.3.4 Evolución del pH y del LSI de las aguas remineralizadas según datos de campo

(5$678$9:;<=78$!#"$7$!#>?$8@$A=@8@5B7$67$@CD6<E:F5$G@6$AH$I$ G@6$ )*&$ A7=7$ 678$ 7;<78$ =@J:5@=76:K7G78$ A=DE@G@5B@8$ G@$G:8B:5B78$G@8767GD=78$7;=<A7G78$ED5$@6$J:8JD$E=:B@=:D$L<@$678$9:;<=78$!#>$I$!#?#$

)D8$G7BD8$G@$ 67$9:;<=7$!#"$J<@8B=75$L<@$@6$AH$G@8E:@5G@$M78B7$@L<:6:N=7=8@$7$J@G:G7$L<@$@6$7;<7$8@$@L<:6:N=7$ED5$@6$4/?$G@$67$7BJF8O@=7#$(6$G@8E@58D$G@$AH$@8$JP8$7E@5B<7GD$E<75BD$J@5D=$ @8$ 67$ =@J:5@=76:K7E:F5Q$ :#@#$J@5D=$GD8:!$E7RE:F5$G@$4/?#$S,675B7$!1T#

)78$9:;<=78$!#U$I$!#>V$EDJA6@J@5B75$6D8$G7BD8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#"$A7=7$6D8$N:E7=ND57BD8$I$@6$)*&$=@8A@EB:C7J@5B@#$

)D8$G7BD8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#W$J<@8B=75Q$AD=$@6$ED5B=7=:DQ$L<@$@6$AH$78E:@5G@$E<75GD$67$=@J:5@=76:K7E:F5$@8$@XE@8:C7$Q$G7GD$L<@$@6$7;<7$A:@=G@$4/?#$4<75BD$J7ID=$67$8DN=@GD8:!$E7E:F5$G@$4/?$J7ID=$@6$78E@58D$G@6$AH$G@8A<Y8$G@$67$=@J:5@=7R6:K7E:F5#

)78$9:;<=78$!#>>$I$!#>?$EDJA6@J@5B75$6D8$G7BD8$G@$67$9:;<R=7$!#W$A7=7$6D8$N:E7=ND57BD8$I$@6$)*&$=@8A@EB:C7J@5B@#$

)D8$G7BD8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#>>$ED5!$=J7$B7JN:Y5$L<@$6D8$C7R6D=@8$G@$@L<:6:N=:D$G@6$7;<7$=@J:5@=76:K7G7$@8BP5$76=@G@GD=$"!Z[$J;$H4/!

R\)$S]V$Z$!$J;$474/!\)T$I$@6$AH$76=@G@GD=$G@$WQ?#$(8BD8$G7BD8$ED:5E:G@5$ED5$6D8$G7BD8$DNB@5:GD8$AD=$8:J<67E:F5#

!"#$%&'()*+',-./$0"12'34/'56'34/'&#$&'%47"24%&/"8&3&'34'-&%"&9'349&/&3.%&9'0.2'"2:%&3.9"!'0&0"12'34';<=)'

$

*@$DN8@=C7$L<@$@5$8:B<7E:F5$G@$@L<:6:N=:D$S)*&$:;<76$7$E@=DTQ$@6$C76D=$G@$VQ"$J;$4/?\)$S"$J;\)$@5$67$@8E767$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#^T$8@$ED==@8AD5G@$ED5$<57$76E76:5:G7G$G@$][$J;$474/!\)Q$<5$AH$G@$WQ?[$I$?[Q"$J;$47?_\)#$'76D=@8$L<@$ED5E<@=G75Q$EDJD$@=7$G@$@8A@=7=Q$ED5$6D8$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#[#$

$!"#$%&'()>+'?"7$/&0"12'34'/&'0.75.9"0"12'34'/&9'&#$&9'0.2'3"9@"[email protected]'#%&3.'34'%47"24%&/"8&0"12'A'0.2'B?C'D'E)'

3.3.3 Obtención del pH en equilibrio con el CO2

(5$67$9:;<=7$!#]$8@$:6<8B=7$67$=@67E:F5$@5B=@$@6$AH$G@6$7;<7$I$@6$ED5B@5:GD$@5$4/?$A7=7$678$7;<78$=@J:5@=76:K7G78Q$7$A7=B:=$G@$6D8$G7BD8$$=@ED;:GD8#$$16$:;<76$L<@$@5$@6$E78D$G@$678$7;<78$G@8767G78$8@$ED5!$=J7$<57$N<@57$=@67E:F5$ED5$67$OF=J<67$G@$-:66J758#>$SC@=$9:;$>#>Q$47A`B<6D$>T#

!"#$%&'()F+'G4/&0"12'42@%4'4/'56'A'4/';<='5&%&'/&9'&#$&9'%47"24%&/"8&3&9'94#H2'3&@.9'34/'/&I.%&@.%".'A'4/'0J/0$/.'0.2'/&':1%7$/&'34'K"//7&29)L

,7=B:@5GD$G@$67$=@;=@8:F5$G@$67$9:;<=7$!#]$DNB@5:G7$7$A7=B:=$G@$ 6D8$G7BD8$G@6$ 67ND=7BD=:D$A<@G@$E76E<67=8@$L<@$A7=7$<5$ED5B@5:GD$@5$4/?$G@$VQ"$J;\)$@6$AH$G@6$7;<7$=@J:5@=76:RK7G7$@8B7=`7$76=@G@GD=$G@$WQVU$SWQ>!$8:$8@$<87$67$=@;=@8:F5$DNB@5:G7$ED5$67$OF=J<67$G@$-:66J758T#$(8B@$@8$<5$C76D=$J<I$E@=E75D$76$WQ?[$DNB@5:GD$ED5$@6$A=DE@G:J:@5BD$G@$8:J<67RE:F5$B@F=:ED$G@8E=:BD$@5$@6$AP==7OD$75B@=:D=#$

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!a4/?6:N=@b$AH(c"R6D;$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$VQ]>a16Eb$$$7B$>"d4$


Alcalinidad (mg CaCO3/L)

a 17ºC

confirman

!"

!#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$$

!"#$%&'()**+',-./$0"12'34/'567(8'34/'&#$&'%49"24%&/":&3&'34'-&%"&;'34;&/&3.%&;'0.2'/"#4%&';.<%43.;"!'0&0"12'34'67=)'

!"#$%&'()*=+',-./$0"12'34/'>?@'34/'&#$&'%49"24%&/":&3&'34' -&%"&;' 34;&/&3.%&;' 0.2' /"#4%&' ;.<%43.;"!'0&0"12' 34'67=)'

3.3.5 Relación entre de la alcalinidad y la dosifi cación de CO2

)5$6789:5$!#;!$7<9=>:5$<5$:?<5@7AB$?B>:?$<5$5<@5<7B7C5C$C?$9B$5895$ :?D7B?:5<7E5C5$ F$ <5$ CG=7!$@5@7AB$ :?H9?:7C5$ C?$ 4/

IJ$

5=9D7?BCG$H9?$BG$K5F$LM:C7C5$C?$4/I$C?=L9M=$C?$<5$=5<7C5$

C?<$N5=>7CG:$C?$A=DG=7=$ 7BO?:=5$F$H9?$ <5$?!$@7?B@75$?=$C?<$;PPQ#$

(=>G=$C5>G=$=?$K5B$GN>?B7CG$LG:$=7D9<5@7AB$D5>?DR>7@5S$F$L5:5$9B$5895$@GB$-0*T;UP$D8V)J$;JW$D8$45IXV)$F$IPY4#$(=>5N<?@7?BCG$9B$LZ$GN[?>7OG$C?$UJI$F$9B$@GB>?B7CG$?B$4/

I$

C?=L9M=$C?$<5$:?D7B?:5<7E5@7AB$C?$PJ\$D8$4/IV)#$

4GDG$K5$LGC7CG$O?:=?$5B>?:7G:D?B>?$?B$@GBC7@7GB?=$BG:]D5<?=$ <5$ 5<@5<7B7C5C$ C?<$ L?:D?5CG$ =9?<?$ ?=>5:$ 5<:?C?CG:$C?$;]I$D8$454/

!V)J$ LG:$ <G$ H9?$C?L?BC7?BCG$C?<$ LZ$C?<$

L?:D?5CG$ <5$ CG=7=$ C?$4/I$ L9?C?$ ?=>5:$ ?B>:?$ ;I$ F$ IS$D8$

4/IV)

!"#$%&'()A+',-./$0"12'34/'B5'34/'&#$&'%49"24%&/":&3&'34'-&%"&;'34;&/&3.%&;'0.2'/"#4%&';.<%43.;"!'0&0"12'34'67=)'

!"#$%&'()C+',-./$0"12'34/'567(8'34/'&#$&'%49"24%&/":&8

3&'34'-&%"&;'34;&/&3.%&;'0.2'"2D%&3.;"!'0&0"12'34'67=)'

!"#$%&'()*E+',-./$0"12'34/'>?@'34/'&#$&'%49"24%&/":&3&'34'-&%"&;'34;&/&3.%&;'0.2'"2D%&3.;"!'0&0"12'34'67=)'


,,

!"

#$%&'()*)+%,-.'/0+%1)%*2%3)/'&)32*'425',&%%

!"#$%&'()*+,'-./&0"12'.23%.'./'456'7'/&'&/0&/"2"8&8'9&%&'&#$&:'%.;"2.%&/"<&8&:'7'&'8":3"23&:'3.;9.%&3$%&:)''=&>3?:':";$/&8?:)+

3.4 Conclusiones

+6789%6:;6%6:;<=>?@%:6%A?9:>=6BC%D<6%6E%C7<C%B6F>96BCE>GC=C%=6H6BI%;696B%EC:%A?9=>A>?96:%D<6%:6%JB6:69;C9%69%EC%.CHEC%#$"%JCBC%<9%BC97?%=6%;6FJ6BC;<BC:%69;B6%"!K5%L%MNK5$

@AB4A' ()*,'52325.)3O+.'52+%3)50/)&1212+%-232% *2+% 2PQ2+% 1)+2*212+% 50&% Q&% &'()*%,-.'/0%1)%3)/'&)32*'425',&$

3.3.6 Efecto de la temperatura en la remineralización

*C%R>7<BC%#$"!%>E<:;BC%EC%B6ECA>S9%69;B6%EC%CEACE>9>=C=%=6%<9%C7<C%A?9%=>:;>9;?:%9>T6E6:%=6%B6F>96BCE>GCA>S9%L%6E%*+'@%C%=>:;>9;C:%;6FJ6BC;<BC:%L%JCBC%<9%:>:;6FC%CH>6B;?@%6:;?%6:@%69%6D<>E>HB>?%A?9%EC%C;FS:U6BC$%*?:%=C;?:%VC9%:>=?%?H;69>=?:%J?B%:>F<ECA>S9%FC;6FI;>AC!%L%:6%B6!%6B69%C%<9C%B6F>96BCE>WGCA>S9%A?9%50

M%L%E6AV?%=6%ACEA>;C$

+6%?H:6BTC%<9C%B6ECA>S9%=>B6A;C%69;B6%6E%C<F69;?%=6%CEACE>W9>=C=%L%6E%C<F69;?%=6E%*+'$%*C%CEACE>9>=C=%D<6%:6%?H;>696%CXC=>69=?%FI:%50

M%>FJE>AC%<9%6YA6:?%=6%50

M%=6:J<Z:%=6%

EC%B6F>96BCE>GCA>S9$%):;6%6YA6:?%=6%50M%:6%J>6B=6%C%EC%:CE>W

=C%=6%EC%JEC9;C%=6%B6F>96BCE>GCA>S9%C%F6=>=C%D<6%6E%C7<C%:6%6D<>E>HBC%A?9%EC%C;FS:U6BC$%2:[@%6E%*+'%JC:C%C%:6B%J?:>;>T?$%2%:<%T6G@%<9%C<F69;?%=6%;6FJ6BC;<BC%>9AB6F69;C%C89%FI:%6:;6%6U6A;?@%LC%D<6%6E%50

M%=>:<6E;?%=>:F>9<L6%A?9%6E%>9AB6F69;?%

69%EC%;6FJ6BC;<BC$%)E%6U6A;?%=6%E?:%ACFH>?:%=6%;6FJ6BC;<BC%69%6E%*+'%69%E?:%BC97?:%=6%;BCHC\?%69%EC:%JEC9;C:%=6:CEC=?BC:%6:%=6E%?B=69%=6%]^@"%*+'$

)9%EC%R>7<BC%#$"!@%J<6=6%?H:6BTCB:6%;CFH>Z9@%D<6%<9%C7<C%B6F>96BCE>GC=C%VC:;C%"^^%F7%5C50

#_*%=6%CEACE>9>=C=%L%C%

!^K5%9?%:<J6BC%6E%TCE?B%*+'%`%^@a@%<9C%T6G%6D<>E>HBC=C%A?9%EC%C;FS:U6BC$%2%6:;6%9>T6E%=6%B6F>96BCE>GCA>S9%E6%A?BB6:J?9W=6%<9C%A?9A69;BCA>S9%=6%!^%F7%5CMb_*$

)9%6:;6%J<9;?%A?9T>696%CAECBCB%D<6@%;CE%L%A?F?%VC%:>=?%>9=>WAC=?%J?B%?;B?:%C<;?B6:M@#@%EC:%C7<C:%B6F>96BCE>GC=C:%9?%JB6WA>J>;C9%UIA>EF69;6%C<9D<6%6E%*+'%CEAC9A6%TCE?B6:%=6%^@a%L%EC%;6FJ6BC;<BC%!^K5%:>6FJB6%D<6%Jc%9?%:<J6B6%6E%TCE?B%=6%d@!%=6:J<Z:%=6%EC%B6F>96BCE>GCA>S9$%):;?%6:%B6EC;>TCF69;6%:69WA>EE?%=6%A?9:67<>B%A?9%E?:%E6AV?:%=6%ACEA>;C$%/>69;BC:%D<6%9?%B6:<E;C%;C9%UIA>E%A?9%E?:%;BC;CF>69;?:%C%HC:6%=6%5Ce0cf

M$%

(ZC:6%2JCB;C=?%N$#%=6%6:;C%P<[C$%

!"#$%&'()*(,'-./&0"12'.23%.'/&'&/0&/"2"8&8'8./'9.%;.&8?'7'/&'8?:"!'0&>0"12'8.'CD

E'9&%&'0?2:.#$"%'0?2'/.0F?:'8.'0&/0"3&'$2'&#$&'%.;"2.%&>

/"<&8&'&'9G'HIE'7'0?2'JIK';#'CDEL4)''=&3?:':";$/&8?:'&'9&%3"%'8.'$2'

&#$&'8.:&/&8&'0?2'*HJ';#'5@=L4I'*)M';#'C&ENL4'7''EJ'OC)+

-CBIF6;B? 3C97?

Jc %d@M%]%^@"

2Eg@%eF7%5C50#_*f Nh%]%#

c50#W@%eF7_*f hd%]%#

5CMb@%eF7_* M"%]%M

50M@%eF7_*f ^@a%]%^@"

*+' ]%^@"N


10ºC

20ºC

30ºC

40ºC

ADECUADO DE REMINERALIZACIÓN.

!"

"#$%&'()(*$+,-&./*$0($)1$2(.&%(21)&314&+%$$

(56789$ :;$<=>6?@$A9$;B;A6C$DE7$4/F$=;C;$ ;GD9@8;C$ :;$ ;:H

>;:6@6A;A$I$:;$AGC9J;$=9C<$KG9$9@8<@>97$9:$4/F$C9D;@9@89$

79CE$95>976L<$=;C;$978;C$9@$9KG6:6MC6<$><@$:;$;8D?7N9C;$I$79$

=9CA9CE$9@$;:OG@;7$P<C;7$P;>69@A<$7GM6C$9:$=Q$I$<M89@69@A<$

A9$978;$N<CD;$G@$)*&$=<7686L<#$$

$

(:$9N9>8<$A9$ :<7$>;DM6<7$A9$ 89D=9C;8GC;$9@$9:$)*&$9@$ :<7$

C;@O<7$A9$ 8C;M;R<$9@$ :;7$=:;@8;7$A97;:;A<C;7$ 97$A9:$<CA9@$

A9$STUV$)*&#

(@$DG>P;7$C9A97$A9$A678C6MG>6?@$79$C9KG69C9@$L;:<C97$A9$)*&$

9@8C9$ $WTUV$I$WTUX$><@$9:$!$@$A9$=C<89O9C$ :;7$ 6@78;:;>6<@97#$(78<$79$><@76OG9$;GD9@8;@A<$:6O9C;D9@89$9:$=Q$A97=GY7$A9:$

=<78C;8;D69@8<$A9$>;:>68;$><@$:;$;A6>6?@$A9$%;Z/Q[$ZFH!$DO$

%;/Q\)[#$(@$:;7$6@78;:;>6<@97$><@$4;Z/Q[F$79$><@76OG9$=<C$

D9A6<$G@;$:6O9C;$7<MC9A<76!$>;>6?@$A9$4;Z/Q[F#$(@$;:OG@;7$

<>;76<@97$:6D68;>6<@97$8Y>@6>;7$9@$9:$><@8C<:$A9$:;$A<76!$>;H>6?@$95;>8;$A9$4;Z/Q[

F$=G9A9$O9@9C;C$G@$6@>C9D9@8<$A9$:;$

8GCM6A9J$=<C$9@>6D;$A9$V$%-]#

3.5 Referencias

V#$ -&)).1%*U$̂ #$1%0$Q(]_)(&%U$/#$$&@L9786O;86<@$<N$

8P9$4;CM<@$06<56A9$̀ P6>P$188;>a7$4;:>6GD$4;CM<@;89$

6@$%;8GC;:$ ;̀89C7#$b97G@AP#$&@O#$Zb9C#[U$"XcddeU$VeVF#

F#$ f('&%$21gg(2-hU$*>;:6@O$6@$O9<8P9CD;:$P9;8$=GD=$

7I789D7#$b9<HQ9;8$49@89CU$bQ4$_G::986@U$.;C>P$FTTT

"#$ 2/_(2-$2#$41'1%/$i$*>C;@8<@$177<>6;897U$ &@><CH

=<C;89AU$*;8GC;86<@U$*8;M6:68I$;@A$*>;:6@O$&@A6>97U$4<H

CC<76<@$ZFTTX[$,;=9C$%<#$TXTd"$9@$jjj#@;>9#<CO$

!#$ 1̀-(2H,2/$ *>P<88$ *<N8j;C9U$ ,GM:6>;A<$ =<C$

4P9D*`kU$&@>#$P88=c\\jjj#>P9D7j#><D

X#$ ^1.(*$%#$ _]-)(2U$ b#$ ZFTT"[#$ &<@6>$ (KG6:6MC6GDc$

*<:GM6:68I$ ;@A$ =Q$ >;:>G:;86<@7U$ VeelU$ ^<P@$`6:9I$m$

*<@7$&@>#


!"

4.1 Introducción

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

>.&$%H4.$+&/,+$%$/):$+&+,&I$.&()%)($/)&*,/-/):,+&/,&($:JK).)&-.):HC.-()&3)3$%6&%)&E4,&14,/,&+,:&()::,%$(-).$/)&().&%$&$%($%-.-/$/6&1,:)&+).&,E4-1)+&($:)+&1):&%)&E4,&+4&-*1%$.J3$(-@.&,+&%-*-3$/$B&

8,&:,E4-,:,6&1):&3$.3)6&/,&4.&*<3)/)&/,&(C%(4%)&+,.(-%%)&E4,&1,:*-3$&,+3-*$:&().&(-,:3$&1:,(-+-@.&,%&$4*,.3)&/,&%$&$%($%-J.-/$/&'&/4:,F$&E4,&+,&I$&%)H:$/)&().&%$&:,*-.,:$%-F$([email protected]&

>.& ,%& ($+)& /,& %$& :,*-.,:$%-F$(-@.& 3:$/-(-).$%6& 3$%& (4$%& +,&1%$.3,$&,.&,+3$&L42$6&%$+&:,$((-).,+&-*1%-($/$+&+).M&

0$0NO&P&0N5&P&A5N& &0$5P&P&5A0NOJ& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&QRS

0$=NA?5&P&5&0N5& &0$5P&P&5A0NOJ&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Q5S

&>+&,;-/,.3,&$&1$:3-:&/,&,+3$+&,(4$(-).,+&E4,&,%&-.(:,*,.3)&/,&%$&()./4(3-;-/$/&,%<(3:-($&1:)/4(-/)&1):&%$&:,*-.,:$%-F$J(-@.&,+&/-:,(3$*,.3,&1:)1):(-).$%&$%&$4*,.3)&/,&%$&$%($%-J.-/$/6&14,+3)&E4,&+@%)&+,&I$&-.(:,*,.3$/)&,.&().3,.-/)&/,&K-($:K).$3)+&'&/,&($%(-)B&

#$*K-<.&,+&$&3,.,:&,.&(4,.3$&E4,&,%&-*1$(3)&/,%&$4*,.3)&/,&%$&$%($%-.-/$/&.)&,+&,%&*-+*)&,.&4.&$H4$&/,+$%$/$&().&K$T$& ()./4(3-;-/$/6& -B,& K$T)& ().3,.-/)& ,.& (%):4:)& +@/-()6&E4,& ,.&4.&$H4$&/,+$%$/$& ().&$%3$& ()./4(3-;-/$/6& -B,B& $%3)&().3,.-/)&,.&(%):4:)&+@/-()B&U):& 3$.3)6&,+3,&$+1,(3)&/,K,&+,:&3,.-/)&,.&(4,.3$B&

>.&1:)(,+)+&/)./,&+,&$V$/,&C(-/)&(%):I2/:-()&)&C(-/)&+4%JWX:-()& ,.& %4H$:& /,& 0N56& %$+& 1:)1):(-).,+& +).& /-W,:,.3,+6&1,:)&,+3)+&($+)+&.)&I$.&+-/)&().+-/,:$/)+&,.&,+3$&L42$B&

U):&3$.3)6&$%&+,:&$+26&:,+4%3$&T4+3-!&($/)&-.;,+3-H$:&%$&:,%$J(-@.&,.3:,& %)+& -.(:,*,.3)+&/,& 0>5"&Y&0>5"=:?& J&0>5"=)?&'&/,& Z%[&Y&Z%[=:?&J&Z%[=)?6&().&,%&!&.&/,&1)/,:&,G3:$1)%$:&%)+&;$%):,+&/,&$%($%-.-/$/&/,%&$H4$&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$B&

>+3,&3:$K$T)&+,&I$&I,(I)&,.&K$+,&$&/$3)+&:,$%,+&3)*$/)+&,.&/-+3-.3$+&/,+$%$/):$+&$+2&()*)&$&(C%(4%)+&3,@:-()+&K$+$/)+&

,.&%$&$1):3$(-@.&/,&($/$&-).&$&%$&()./4(3-;-/$/&/,%&$H4$&'&+,HX.&+,&14K%-($.&,.&,%&83$./$:/&\,3I)/+BR


>.&1:-*,:&%4H$:&+,&I$.&43-%-F$/)&/$3)+&:,$%,+&$.$%-F$/)+&,.&,%&%$K):$3):-)&1$:$&,+3-*$:&,%&;$%):&/,&%$&:$F@.& 0>5"] Z%[B

U):&)3:)&%$/)6&+,&I$&)K3,.-/)&,%&;$%):&/,%&()(-,.3,&43-%-F$.J/)6& ,.& 1:-*,:& %4H$:6& 4.&*)/,%)& /,& :,*-.,:$%-F$(-@.& ().&($%(-3$5&().&/-+3-.3)+&.-;,%,+&/,&/)+-!&($(-@.&/,&0N5&'&,.&+,H4./)&%4H$:&($%(4%$./)&%$&0>5"&/,%&$H4$&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$&$& 1$:3-:& /,%&*<3)/)& /,& $1):3$(-@.& [email protected]($& 14K%-($/)& ,.& ,%&83$./$:/&\,3I)/+BR

4.3 Resultados

>.&%$&^-H4:$&!BR&+,&-.(%4',.&%)+&:,+4%3$/)+&/,&%)+&(C%(4%)+&/,& 0>5"] Z%[6&)K3,.-/)+&$&1$:3-:&/,&%)+&/$3)+&:,$%,+&/,&3:,+&/,+$%$/):$+6&'&1):&*,/-)&/,%&(C%(4%)&/,&%$&$1):3$(-@.&[email protected]($&$&%$&0>5"&1$:$&3:,+&$H4$+&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$+&321-($+&1,:)&().&.-;,%,+&/,&0>5"&(:,(-,.3,B&

U$:$&%$&+-*4%$(-@.&/,&%$&($%-/$/&/,%&$H4$&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$&+,&I$&().+-/,:$/)&E4,&,%&$H4$&$%($.F$&4.&789&-H4$%&$&(,:)&$&1$:3-:&/,&4.&1,:*,$/)&().&4.&1A&/,&_65&'&/)./,&%)+&;$%)J:,+&/,&D$6&`&'&0%&;$:2$.&1:)1):(-).$%*,.3,&+,HX.&%$&0>5"&+-H4-,./)& %$+& :,%$(-).,+& /,& %$&^-H4:$& RB5B&7)+& ;$%):,+& /,&\H5P6&0$5P&'&8N!

5J&+,&($%(4%$:).&+,HX.&&\H5P&Y&R6a&G&`Pb&0$5P&Y&\H5P]R6c&'&8N!

5J&Y&d6e&G&`PB&

7$& #$K%$& !BR& -%4+3:$& %$& ()*1)+-(-@.& /,& 1$:3-/$& /,& ,+3$+&$H4$+&/,+$%$/$+B&Z&1$:3-:&/,&$I2&+,&I$&/)+-!&($/)&5d6&5c&'&O"&*H&0N5]7&'& +,&I$& ($%(4%$/)& %$& ()*1)+-(-@.&/,%& $H4$&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$&1):&+-*4%$(-@.&*$3,*C3-($5B&>%&;$%):&/,&%$&0>5"&3,@:-()&/,%&$H4$&:,*-.,:$%-F$/$&+,&I$&($%(4%$/)&+,HX.&%)+&(:-3,:-)+&/,%&8\J5dRdRB&&

7)+& :,+4%3$/)+& 3,@:-()+&E4,&+,&1:,+,.3$.&,.& %$&^-H4:$&!BR&1$:$&%)+&3:,+&.-;,%,+&/,&0>M&Odd6&"dd&'&cdd& 8](*6&$14.J3$.&$&4.$&(%$:$&:,/4((-@.&/,%&()(-,.3,& 0>5"] Z%[&().&4.&-.(:,*,.3)& /,& %$& ()./4(3-;-/$/B& 0)*)& 14,/,& )K+,:;$:+,&3$*K-<.&,.&%$&^-H4:$&!BR&,+3,&,W,(3)&+,&()::,+1)./,6&$4.E4,&/,&W):*$&K$+3$.3,&/-W4+$6&().&%)+&/$3)+&)K3,.-/)+&/,&/-+3-.J3$+&/,+$%$/):$+B&

0).&,%&!&.&/,&$.$%-F$:&,%&-*1$(3)&E4,&+41).,&%$&0>5"&,.&,%&;$%):& /,%& ()(-,.3,& 0>5"] Z%[& +,&I$& $*1%-$/)& ,%& ,+34/-)&3,@:-()&1$:$&)K3,.,:&%$&:,%$(-@.&,.3:,&%$&0>5"&/,%&1,:*,$/)&'&,%&;$%):&/,&(),!&(-,.3,B&7$&^-H4:$&!B5&-%4+3:$&1:,+,.3$&,+3$&:,%$([email protected]&U$:$&%$&^-H4:$&!B5&+,&I$&43-%-F$/)&+@%)&,%&;$%):&/,&/)+-!&($(-@.&/,&5c&*H&0N5]7&%)&E4,&()::,+1)./,&().&4.&1A&/,&,E4-%-K:-)&/,&a6R!B

&!B&0f70g7N&9Dh9i>0#N&h>7&789&j&h>7&8Zi

4. CÁLCULO INDIRECTO DEL LSI Y DEL SAR DEL AGUA REMINERALIZADA A PARTIR DE LOS DATOS DE CE25 Y PH ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LA REMINERALIZACIÓN

A5N

Se deduce a partir de

el

se presentan los resultados

!"

!#$%&'%(')$*+,*-.%/)$,.'$'0*$1$,.'$02-

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'34*5'6-.'&#$&'6-'7-%8-&69':'-.'/9/"-12-' 34*5; <.='7&%&' .&>'&#$&>'%-8"1-%&."?&@6&>'A&>2&'7B'CD*)''3456$78954:;6$6$<6=9:=$;5$>46$?:@>A6BC:74$@695@D9:C6$;5$A6$=5@:45=6A:E6C:F4GHI#

!"#$%&'()E+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'7B'6-.'&#$&'%-8"1-%&."?&6&':'-.'/9/"-12-' 34*5; <.=)'FG1-&>'7&%&'HIID'5II':'JII' K;/8'A&1'>"69'9L2-1"6&>'79%'8-6"9'6-'>"8$.&/"01'8&2-8M2"/&ED*)

%.IJ$ 0KC@ "LL MLL JLL !LL NLL ILL GLL

<O MHI MHI MHI MHI MHI MHI MHI

%6IPH$@QK' GHM" GH!! GHII LHRR LH"" LHJ! LHNG

SQIPH$@QK' IHT" IH!R IHGL GH"G GHNI LHRN LHJ!

+6PH$@QK' GLTHM! RNHGJ ""HMM MIHG" !MHMT NGHGR GJH"L

UPH$@QK' JHG" !H!" NH"" NHL" IHN" GHM" LHR"

%ABH$@QK' ILJHNG G"JHIT G!JHIJ GGJHII TJHGR JJHGM IJHGN

0)!

IBH$@QK' !H"G !HL" NH!N IHTL IHGM GHJI LHTR

O%)N

BH$@QK' IHG" GHTT GHJT GHIR GHLL LH"L LH!G

N<OF<'()E+'%)SV)0*%*W+$/.W-*%2$,.$'20$2X(20$,.02'2,20$%)+$(+2$%.IJ$,.%-.%*.+/.#$Y2')-.0$

)Z/.+*,)0$0.X[+$%-*/.-*)0$.\V'*%2,)0$.+$.'$/.\/)#$

N<OF<'()*+$ .0/(,*)$%)SV2-2/*Y)$.+/-.$.'$%&'%(')$,.'$'0*$(/*'*]2+,)$V2-2$ %.IJK 2'U$'2$

-.'2%*W+$^N_$1$.'$%2IP`2'Ua=bKIHJ$c$%)SV2-2,)$%)+$')0$2+&'*0*0$)Z/.+*,)0$.+$.'$'2Z)-2/)-*)#

VA6496$4d#$ae5Cf6b N2$aGBLMBLRb N2$aGGBLMBLRb NZ$aGGBLMBLRb IZ$aLNBLMBLRb IZ$aINBLMBLRb M$aI"BLJBLRb M$aGRBLJBLRb

%6AC# '68 %6AC# '68 %6AC# '68 %6AC# '68 %6AC# '68 %6AC# '68 %6AC# '68

%.IJa=bH$ 0KC@ """HN """HN "IRH" "NLHL !GMH! !GMH! NIJHM NIJHM N!GHR N!GHR MR!HL MR!HL MT"HR MT"HR

%.IJa)bH$ 0KC@ "ITHN "ITHN MJMHR MMLHL NJTHG NJTHG IILH! IILH! IJRHM IJRHM MNRHL MNRHL MGLHT MGLHT

%.IJH$ 0KC@ !RHL !RHL "IHT "LHL JTHN JTHN GLJHI GLJHI TIHN TIHN JJHL JJHL ""HG ""HG

2Aga=bH$@Q$%6%)

NK' NNHLL NJHLL !"HTJ NNH"J NJHRJ NTH"J MGH"T M"HJL !THRR JIHJL NMHNJ !LHLL JLHGM !"HJL

2Aga7bhH$@Q$%6%)

NK' GHMG GHMG GHMG GHMG LHRL LHRL LH"L LH"L LH"L LH"L GHJL GHJL GHJL GHJL

2Ag NGHNR NGHR! !MHI! NGHTR NJHLJ N"HTJ MGHLT M!HNL !THIR JGHTL N!HTJ JTHL! !THMM !MHLL

%.IJK 2Ag GHJM GHJN GHJ" IHIL GHMM GHJ! GH"I GHM! GH"L GHJR GHJT LHRJ GHJT GHMT

<O TH!M TH!M "HML "HML THN" THN" "HRR "HRR THGM THGM "HTN "HTN RHL! RHL!

%6IPH$@QK' GNHIL GIHM! GRHG! GNHJT G!HNT GJHTL I!H"G ITHIN GRHML IGH!I G!HJ! GJHG" ILHLM G"HII

/5@<5=69>=6H$d% INH"L INH"L INHIL INHIL IIHGL IIHGL IIHGL IIHGL IIHJL IIHJL ILH!L ILH!L GRHTL GRHTL

'0*BINNL BLHNG BLHNG BLHTN BGHG! BLHIR BLHII BLHGT BLHLR BLHIG BLHG! BLHTR BLHTN LHJ! !"#$

hb$.A$i6A7=$;5$A6$2Aga7b$f6$?:;7$5?9:@6;7$6$<6=9:=$;5$A6$%.

IJ$;6;7$j>5$5A$@k97;7$5@<A56;7$54$5A$A687=697=:7$47$<5=@:9:F$;595=@:46=$C74$<=5C:?:F4$i6A7=5?$;5$6AC6A:4:;6;$l$J$@Q$%6%)

NK'#

!"

!#$%&'%(')$*+,*-.%/)$,.'$'0*$1$,.'$02-

3456789$4:76;589$;7<4;<=;#$.5$>;<67?@=;<$=;3$A@436<;3$84$>B$C$64A>4<;6@<;$84D45E$><4F4<4564A4564E$34<$69A;8;3$45$=G54;#$.5$?;39$?956<;<79$34$<4?9A7458;$34H@7<$4=$><969?9=9$><9>@4369$45$4=$%;>#$I$84$436;$J@G;$C$45$=;3$<4F4<45?7;3$43>4?G!$?;3#KE!$

.3$?95:4574564$<4F4<45?7;<$=;3$A4878;3$84$%.KI$;$KIL%#$M9<$

N=67A9$34$<4?9A7458;$374A><4$<4;=7O;<$=;3$A4878;3$84$;=?;P=7578;8$37H@74589$4=$><9?487A74569$0QPKRKST#I

4.4 Conclusiones$'93$ <43@=6;893$ 9D6457893$ ;>@56;5$ ;$ U@4$ 4=$ '0*$ 84=$ ;H@;$<4A754<;=7O;8;$ V'0*

V<WW$ >@484$ 34<$ ?;=?@=;89$ ;$ >;<67<$ 84=$

75?<4A4569$84$ =;$%.KI$><98@?789$>9<$ =;$ <4A754<;=7O;?7X5E$$

@67=7O;589$4=$?9?74564Y

%.KIZ 2=[$\]EII$P$]E^I$V84>45874589$84$=;$%.

KI$84=$>4<A4;89W#$

,9584Y

2=[$\$2=[V<W$P$2=[

V9W

%.KI$\$%.

KIV<W$$P$%.

KIV9W$

2=[V9W$ :;<G;$ 456<4$ SEI$ C$ KE_$AH$%;%)

RZ'$ >;<;$ :;=9<43$ 84$

%.KIV9W$456<4$KIS$ 0Z?A$C$^SS$ 0Z?A$<43>4?67:;A4564#

.=$:;=9<$84$%;V<WK`$84=$;H@;$<4A754<;=7O;8;$>@484$?;=?@=;<34$

;$>;<67<$84$=;$<;OX5$%;V<W$\$2=[

V<WZKEI#

'93$:;=9<43$84$>BV<W$C$/

V<W$84D4<a5$34<$=93$69A;893$!"#$!%&$;$

6<;:b3$84$=93$4U@7>93$84$A4878;$?9=9?;893$45$=G54;#$

(5;$:4O$9D6457893$69893$=93$>;<aA46<93E$4=$Ab6989$84$?a=P?@=9$84=$'0*

V<W$84D4$34<$4=$0QKRRS#R

.364$><9?487A74569$>4<A764$4367A;<$4=$'0*V<W$?95$@5;$;><9c7P

A;?7X5$84$dSESIE$45$4=$<;5H9$45$U@4$34$9>4<;$45$=;3$>=;56;3$843;=;89<;3E$'0*$d$S#I#

,4$ ;?@4<89$ ?95$ 4=$ 436@879$ <4;=7O;89E$ C$ >;<;$ ;=?;5O;<$ =93$57:4=43$X>67A93$;>@56;893$45$=;$/;D=;$!#]E$4=$75?<4A4569$84$;=?;=7578;8$84D4<a$84$34<$;=$A4593$II$AH$%;%)

RZ'

'9$U@4$7A>=7?;$U@4$4=$75?<4A4569$84$%.KI$?;@3;89$>9<$=;$

<4A754<;=7O;?7X5$84D4<a$436;<$45$4=$<;5H9Y

%.KI$\$_I$P$"^$ 0Z?A

M;<;$4=$?a=?@=9$84=$02-V<W$34$>@484$;3@A7<$U@4Y

%;V<WK`$\$2=[

V<WZKEI

QHV<WK`$\$KEI$AHZ'

+;V<W`$VAHZ'W$\$SE]I!"$c$%.

KIVSW$`$SEK]R^#

';3$?9587?79543$84$A@436<49$84D45$9>67A7O;<34$>;<;$4:76;<$=;$>b<878;$84$%)

K$C$9D6454<$:;=9<43$84$>B$C$64A>4<;6@<;$=9$

Aa3$><Xc7A93$;$=;3$?9587?79543$84$9>4<;?7X5$;5643$C$843P>@b3$84=$37364A;$84$<4A754<;=7O;?7X5#$

4.3.1 Cálculo indirecto del LSI a partir del cociente CE25/ Alk

,4$;?@4<89$?95$=;$e7H@<;$!#KY

%.KIZ 2=[$\$KE"^f.P^$c$g%.

KIV9WhKP$SESSSf$c$%.

KIV9W`]E_!$$$$gRh

2$?95675@;?7X5$4=$?;=?79$84=$;H@;$<4A754<;=7O;8;$34$i;$4367PA;89$?9A9$%;K`

V<W$\$2=[

V<W$ZKEI#$

.=$>B$C$=;$64A>4<;6@<;$395$=93$A487893$!"#$!%&#

'93$<43@=6;893$;>;<4?45$45$=;$/;D=;$!#]$C$=;$?9<<4=;?7X5$45P6<4$=93$:;=9<43$84$'0*$?;=?@=;893$C$84=$=;D9<;69<79$;>;<4?45$45$=;$e7H@<;$!#R#

!"#$%&' ()*+' ,-.&/"01' -12%-' -.' 345' /&./$.&67' 8-#91' .78'/%"2-%"78'6-.':;%%&<7'()*)='>'8-#91'.78'6&278'6-.'.&?7%&27%"7)

4.3.2 Cálculo indirecto del SAR

M;<;$4=$?a=?@=9$84=$02-$34$84D4$@67=7O;<$=;$?9<<4=;?7X5$43P6;D=4?78;$>;<;$4=$;H@;$93A967O;8;$V:4<$e7H@<;$]#K$84=$%;P>G6@=9$]W$89584Y

+;V<W`$VAHZ'W$\$+;

VSW`$VAHZ'W$\$SE]I!"$c$%.

KIVSW$`$SEK]R^

M;<;$4=$Q;H54379$34$>@484$;3@A7<$U@4Y$

QHV<WK`$\$QH

VSWK`$$\$]E_$c$AH$j`Z'$

9$6;AD7b5$

QHV<WK`$$\$$QH

VSWK`$\$KEI$AH$QHK`Z'

.=$%;K`$45$AHZ'$34$9D67454$;$>;<67<$84$=;$<4=;?7X5Y$

%;V<WK`$$\$2=[

V<WZKEI

4.3.3 Consideraciones de muestreo y análisis

%9A9$34$i;$9D34<:;89$45$=93$?;>G6@=93$;564<79<43E$43$7A>9<P6;564$ 45$ =;$ 69A;$84$A@436<;3$ 4:76;<$ =;$ >b<878;$84$%)

K#$M9<$

6;569E$43$?95:4574564$9>67A7O;<$ =;$ 69A;$84$A@436<;3$45$4364$

+/L

≈ 1,6 (o bien la fórmula [3] de la Fig. 4.2)

!"

#$%&'(&)(*%+,-+./&0*%-/(%(1+%2%-/(%13.

4.5 Referencias

"$% 103,-3.-%4/05*-1%6*.%05/%/734+,30+*,%*6% 830/.% 3,-% 8310/830/.$% 49:;<=% >!"?@%&<A=BC:DED:F$%>"G:%9=$%>??!$%+1H,%?IJK!!LI?#KIJ$%

>$% 830/.IM.*% 1C;<::% 1<N:OPQ9R% MBSTDCP=<% U<Q%&;9V18WR%+AC$%;::U@XXOOO$C;9VGO$C<V$%

L$% 103,-3.-% 4/05*-1% 6*.% 05/% /734+,3I0+*,% *6% 830/.% 3,-% 8310/830/.$% 49:;<=%>LL?@% &PTCDBV%&PQS<AP:9% 1P:BQP:D<A$% >"G:% 9=$% >??!$%+1H,%?IJK!!LI?#KIJ$

#$% 103,-3.-%4/05*-1%6*.%05/%/734+,30+*,%*6%830/.%3,-%8310/830/.$%49:;<=%#!??I5YR%U5%ZPTB9$%>"G:%9=$%>??!$%+1H,%?IJK!!LI?#KIJ$

!$% 103,-3.-% 4/05*-1% 6*.% 05/% /734+,3I0+*,% *6% 830/.% 3,-% 8310/830/.$% 49:;<=%>L>?HR%3T[PTDAD:FR% 0D:QP:D<A% 49:;<=$% >"G:% 9=$% >??!$%+1H,%?IJK!!LI?#KIJ$

!"

5.1 Introducción#$%&# '()*+)%&# ,-# .-/+*-.%0+1%)+2*# '+-*-*# )3/3#345-'+63# %78/-*'%.#0%#,7.-1%#)90)+)%#:#0%#%0)%0+*+,%,#,-0#%;7%##,-&%0%,%#<%&'%#6%03.-&#=7-#>-./+'%*#%0)%*1%.#7*#$?@#>.2A+/3#%#)-.3#B$?@#C#DE!#.%*;3#,-0#FG#HIDJKDD"LM#N*#%0;7*3&#)%&3&E#)3/3#3)7..-# ;-*-.%0/-*'-# )3*# 0%&# %;7%&# ,-&%0%,%&# ,-&'+*%,%&# %#%4%&'-)+/+-*'3E#-0#345-'+63#-&#'%/4+(*#)3*&-;7+.#7*#%;7%#.-8/+*-.%0+1%,%#=7-#&-%#-&'%40-#-*#)3*'%)'3#)3*#0%#%'/2&O-.%M#

$%# .-/+*-.%0+1%)+2*# .-,7)-# -0# )%.9)'-.# %;.-&+63# ,-0# %;7%#,-&%0%,%#%0#%7/-*'%.#-0#$?@#:#-0#)3*'-*+,3#-*#4+)%.43*%'3&#.-&>-)'3#%0#)03.3#:#%#03&#&70O%'3&M#

P%.%#%;7%&#,-#7&3#%;.Q)30%E# 0%# .-/+*-.%0+1%)+2*#/-53.%# 0%#)%0+,%,#,-0#%;7%#,-&%0%,%#%0#%7/-*'%.#-0#)3*'-*+,3#-*#)%0)+3#.-&>-)'3#%0#&3,+3M

N*#0%#R+;7.%#!MH#&-#+07&'.%#-0#>.+*)+>+3#,-#0%#.-/+*-.%0+1%)+2*#,-#0%&#%;7%&#,-&%0%,%&E#,-&,-#-0#>7*'3#,-#6+&'%#,-0#-=7+0+4.+3#STK#UVW#XST"

8#UVW#ST"K8#:#>%.%#7*#%;7%#,-&%0%,%#*3./%0Y#

>X#V#ZED[#HE!#/;#XST"8J$[#"#/;#STKJ$[#KDD#/;#?\GJ$#

:##\VKD#]SM

\%0#:#)3/3#+07&'.%#-0#,+%;.%/%E#-0#>.3)-&3#,-#0%#.-/+*-.%80+1%)+2*#<%)-#%7/-*'%.#-0#)3*'-*+,3#-*#4+)%.43*%'3&#<%&'%#03&#^!#/;J$#)3*&7/+-*,3#-0#STK#<%&'%#,-5%.03#,-#DE^#/;J$M#P3.#'%*'3E#-*#-=7+0+4.+3#)3*#0%#%'/2&O-.%M#N&'-#%7/-*'3#-*#4+)%.43*%'3&#6%#%)3/>%_%,3#,-#7*#%7/-*'3#-*#-0#>XM#N*#-0#)%&3#&7>7-&'3#<%&'%#>X#`EKM#

$%#\%40%#!MH#+07&'.%#0%&#,+&'+*'%&#'()*+)%&#,-#.-/+*-.%0+1%)+2*M#

a7*=7-#0%#\%40%#!MH#&-_%0%#)+*)3#'()*+)%&#>%.%#0%#.-/+*-.%0+1%8)+2*E#0%&#/9&#7'+0+1%,%&#-*#0%#>.9)'+)%#&3*#.-%0/-*'-#0%#H#:#0%#KM#

#!M#\bSc@Sa?#PaFa#$a#FNd@cNFa$@eaS@fc#GN#$a?#agha?#GN?a$aGa?

5. TÉCNICAS PARA LA REMINERALIZACIÓN DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS

!"#$%&'()*+'',-./012-'3/4'/5$"4"6%"2'789:;78<

:'/='/4'.%20/-2'3/'%/>"=/%&4"?&0"2='3/4'&#$&'2->21"?&3&Figura 5.1: Aspectos del equilibrio CO2 <=> HCO3- en el proceso de remineralización del agua osmotizada.

!!

!"#$%&'(&)*#+),)#-)#,./('.,)-(0)&(1'#2.#-)*#)34)*#2.*)-)2)*

&56789#:6#!#:;<6=>?7#@A#6A=@78@7;@#@:#B<9=@8>C>@7;9#A@#D6=@#=9>7=>8><#;6CE>F7#=97#@:#B<9=@A9#8@#=6<G6#657H5@#@:#B6A9#IJ#

)G56#!#C>7#6#!K#CLD#79#@A#7@=@A6<>9"

#

+6<6#@:#=6A9#8@#:9A#:@=D9A#8@#"#5M9#6A=@78@7;@#N#6:;5<6#=97AO;67;@P# @:# C67;@7>C>@7;9# <@H5>@<@# A?:9# 8@# @AB97M6C>@7;9A#

B@<>?8>=9A# Q# ?# R# S@=@A# 6:# 6T9"# .:# 9EM@;>S9# 8@# :9A# @AB97O

M6C>@7;9A# @A# @:>C>76<# :9A# B9A>E:@A# =65=@A# B<@U@<@7=>6:@A#

H5@#B5@867#D6E@<A@#G@7@<689#@7#@:#:@=D9"#+6<6#:9A#@AB97M6O

C>@7;9A#A@#<=9C>@786#:6#A>G5>@7;@#A@=5@7=>6"

Q"#R#C>7#=97#6><@#6#VK#'CRLD#N#CW

W"#RKOI!#C>7#=97#6G56#6#=6586:#79C>76:#XQKOQY#CLDZ#

.7#;989A#:9A#=6A9AP#A@#<@=9C>@786#A>@CB<@#57#:6S689#>7>O

=>6:#8@#:9A#:@=D9A#=97#@:#9EM@;>S9#8@#9E;@7@<#576#;5<E>8@[#

>7U@<>9<#6#Q#'$4"#.\>A;@7#B<9=@8>C>@7;9A#B6<6#@:#::@7689#N#

:>CB>@[6#8@#:9A#:@=D9A"QV#476#S6<>67;@#5;>:>[686#@7#:6#B<]=O

;>=6#B6<6#:@=D9A#G<678@A#@AJ#

Q"#QK#C>7#=97#6><@#VK#'CRLD#N#CW#^#6G56#6#WV#CLD

W"#WK#C>7#6#WV#CLD

.A;6#A@=5@7=>6#A@#<@B>;@#I#?#!#S@=@A#8@B@78>@789#8@#:6#6:;5O

<6#8@:#:@=D9#N#@:#B<9=@7;6M@#8@#!#79A#8@#:6#=6:=>;6"#

.A#>CB9<;67;@#=97A;6;6<#H5@#:6A#:>CB>@[6A#8@#:9A#:@=D9A#8@#

=6:=>;6P#A9E<@#;989#8@AB5FA#8@#=6<G6#>7>=>6:#8@E@7#D6=@<A@#

A@G_7#@A;6A#<@=9C@786=>97@AP#N6#H5@#@7#=6A9#8@#=97;<6:6S6O

89A#>7A5!#=>@7;@A#B@<C67@=@#@7#@:#:@=D9#C6;@<>6:#A5!#=>@7;@#B6<6#=65A6<#B<9E:@C6A#8@#;5<E>8@[#85<67;@#6:G_7#;>@CB9"

-6#6:;5<6#8@:#:@=D9#!#:;<67;@#A5@:@#@A;6<#@7;<@#W#N#R#C@;<9A"#-@=D9A#8@#C6N9<#6:;5<6#A5B97@7#57#B<9E:@C6#6#:6#D9<6#8@#

B98@<#:>CB>6<:9A"#-6#S@:9=>868#8@#!#:;<6=>?7#A5@:@#@A;6<#@7O;<@#V#N#QY#CLD"#

)#=97;>756=>?7#A@#8@A=<>E@7#@7#8@;6::@A#:9A#=<>;@<>9A#8@#8>O

A@T9#B6<6#:9A#:@=D9A#8@#=6:=>;6#6A=@78@7;@A"#

5.2.1 Velocidad ascensional

.7#:9A#:@=D9A#6A=@78@7;@A#=97#89A>!#=6=>?7#@7#=97;>759P#:6#S@:9=>868#6A=@7A>976:#8>=;6#:6#;5<E>8@[#8@:#6G56#8@#A6:>86"#

)#=97;>756=>?7#A@#<@A5C@#>7U9<C6=>?7#B<]=;>=6#<@AB@=;9#6#

@A;6A#89A#;F=7>=6A"#/]A#8@;6::@A#B5@8@#9E;@7@<A@#@7#:6#:>;@O

<6;5<6#@AB@=`!#=6"Q#6#Qa#

5.2 Remineralización con CaCO3 + CO2

.A;@# ;>B9# 8@# ;<6;6C>@7;9P# 5;>:>[6# =6<E976;9# =]:=>=9# B6<6#

7@5;<6:>[6<# @:#G6A# =6<E?7>=9#6G<@A>S9#85<67;@# :6#!#:;<6=>?7#86789#:5G6<#6#E>=6<E976;9#N#=6:=>9#@7#8>A9:5=>?7P#65C@7O

;6789#8@#@A;6#C67@<6#:6#6:=6:>7>868#N#:6#85<@[6#8@:#6G56"#-6#

<@6==>?7#@A#:6#A>G5>@7;@J

&6&bR#^#&b

W#^#c

Wb#def#&6W^#^#WXc&b

R

OZ# #################gQh

.:#C6;@<>6:#!#:;<67;@#H5@#5A56:C@7;@#A@#@CB:@6#@A#:6#=6:=>;6#G<675:686#8@#B5<@[6#6:<@8@89<#8@:#iij"#-6#G<675:9C@;<`6#

<@=9C@78686#A5@:@#@A;6<#6:<@8@89<#8@#QOI#CC"#

-9A#:@=D9A#!#:;<67;@A#A@#>7A;6:67#8@7;<9#8@#!#:;<9A#6E>@<;9A#9#=@<<689A#6#B<@A>?7"#-9A#89A#A@7;>89A#8@#!#:;<6=>?7#A97#B9A>OE:@AJ#6A=@78@7;@#9#8@A=@78@7;@"#.\>A;@#576#S6<>67;@#8@#:9A#

:@=D9A#6A=@78@7;@A#H5@#A97#:9A#8@#6:>C@7;6=>?7#@7#=97;>759#

9#6:;5<6#=97A;67;@"Qa#XkF6A@#;6CE>F7#l>G5<6A#!"QWP#!"QR#N#

!"Q!Z"#

&56789# A@# ;<6;6# 8@#"#5M9# 8@A=@78@7;@P# @:#C6;@<>6:# 7@5;<6O:>[67;@#8@A@CB@T6#;6CE>F7#@:#B6B@:#8@#!#:;<9#C@=]7>=9J#6:#D6=@<:9#B<@A@7;6#576#;@78@7=>6#6:#6;6A=6C>@7;9#@7#A5#B6<;@#

>7U@<>9<P#H5@#S6<`6#=97#@:#B9<=@7;6M@#8@#!#79A#8@#:6#=6:=>;6"#3@7@<6:C@7;@P# @A;9# 9E:>G6# 6# @U@=;56<# :6S689A# 6# =97;<6=9O

<<>@7;@#=686#QKOQI#8`6A"#-9A#=97;<6:6S689A#A@#D6=@7#=9>7O

=>8><# =97# :6A# <@=6<G6A#8@# :9A#!#:;<9A"#-9A#=97;<6:6S689A# A@#D6=@7#A>G5>@789#576#A@=5@7=>6#=9C9#:6#A>G5>@7;@J###

Q"#)><@#R#C>7#6#VK#'CRLD#N#CW#

W"#)><@#!#C>7#6#VK#'CRLD#N#CW#^#6G56#6#WK#CLD"

R"#)G56#!#C>7#6#RK#CLD

I"#)G56#!#C>7#6#!K#CLD"

!"#)G56#RK#C>7#6#=6586:#79C>76:#XQKOQY#CLDZ"#

.:#=97A5C9#6756:#8@#6G56#8@#@A;9A#:6S689A#@A#@H5>S6:@7;@#6#

:6#B<985==>?7#8@#:6#B:67;6#@7#57#8`6"#

!"#$%&#'(%'"%)*+%",-*.,$*/+' 0%,$$*/+'(%-'1"#$%&#

2#+&3)#'(%'435)*$#&'1#"'*+$"%)%+6#'(%'7'))#-897'):;'(%'<2=>

?

@+$"%)%+6#'(%-'$#+6%+*(#'%+'$,6*#+%&'A',+*#+%&'1#"

7'))#-'897'):;'(%'<2=>?

7 2,"B#+,6#'$C-$*$#'D'E*/F*(#'(%'$,"B#+# 2,2=>'D'2=G'D'<G=' '2,GD'D'G8<2=>

?; HIJ7'):'2,2=>'7IIKGG'):'2=G

GI'):'2,GD

G <*("/F*(#'2C-$*$#'D'E*/F*(#'(%'$,"B#+# 2,8=<;G'D'G2=G' '2,GD'D'G8<2=>

?; >LJ7'):'2,8=<;G'7IIK'MM'):'2=G'NO

GI'):'2,GD

> E#-#)*6,'D'E*/F*(#'(%'$,"B#+# P:=2,2=>'D'>2=G'D'G<G=' 'P:GD'2,GD'DM8<2=>

?; >HJ7'):'P:=2,2=>'7IIK'>>'):'2=G

9J7'):'P:GD7I'):'2,GD

M 2,"B#+,6#'$C-$*$#'D'Q$*(#'R3-S3"*$# G2,2=>'D'<GR=M' '2,GD'D'G8<2=>

?;'D'2,8R=M;7IIJ7'):'2,2=>'7IIK'MT'):'<GR=M'7II'K

MIJ7'):'2,GDMU'):'R=M

G?

H 2-#"3"#'2C-$*$#'D'V*$,"B#+,6#'&/(*$# 2,2-G'D'GW,<2=>' '2,GD'D'G8<2=>

?;'D'GW,2- HHJH'):'2,2-G'87IIK;UM'):'W,<2=>'87IIK;

G>'):'W,DGI'):'2,GD>HJH'):'2-?

17

se recomienda la siguiente secuencia:

18

10 min a 32 m/h 3

porcentaje

calidad de la calcita

!"

!#$%&'()'*+$,*-*$.*$-/0)(/-*.)1*')2($3/$.*+$*45*+$3/+*.*3*+

$!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'34'5'-.'2"-637'8-'/712&/27'-1'6"1$279'3&%&'$1'.-/:7'8-'/&./"2&'8-'!'$;7'&9/-18-12-'6789$:8;:<$=>9>$?<@$A8:>??8@$A8$?>$@BCD?>EBFGH

!"#$%&'()<+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'&./&."1"8&8'5'-.'2"-637'8-'/712&/27' -1'6"1$279'3&%&'$1' .-/:7'8-' /&./"2&' 8-'!'$;7'&9/-18-12-$6789$:8;:<$=>9>$?<@$A8:>??8@$A8$?>$@BCD?>EBFGH

!"#$%&'()(+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'/&./"7'5'-.'2"-637'8-'/71=2&/27'-1'6"1$279'3&%&'$1'.-/:7'8-'/&./"2&'8-'!'$;7'&9/-1=8-12-$6789$:8;:<$=>9>$?<@$A8:>??8@$A8$?>$@BCD?>EBFGH

.>$IBJD9>$!#K$B?D@:9>$8@:>$98?>EBFG$=>9>$?8EL<@$A8$=>9:MEDN?>@$A8$K$CC#$.<@$8G@>O<@$@8$98>?BP>9<G$A8@=DQ@$A8$??87>9$?>$=?>G:>$8G$RDGEB<G>CB8G:<$7>9B<@$C8@8@#$/@:<@$A>:<@$L>G$@BA<$E<99<S<9>A<@$=<@:89B<9C8G:8$E<G$<:9>@$=?>G:>@#

!"#$%&'()>+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'?-.7/"8&8'&9/-19"71&.'5'.&'2$%@"8-A'8-.'&#$&'8-'9&."8&'3&%&'/&./"2&9'/71'8"92"1279'37%/-12&;-'8-'"'179)

38$>ED89A<$E<G$?<@$A>:<@$@8$<S@897>$TD8$8?$7>?<9$A8$U$(%5$@8$@D=89>$J8G89>?C8G:8$>$=>9:B9$A8$?<@$KV$CWL#$/G$?>$=9XE:BE>$@8$@8?8EEB<G>G$78?<EBA>A8@$8G:98$UV$O$U!$CWL#$/G$?<@$?8EL<@$A8$E>?NEB:>$@BG$>?BC8G:>EBFG$8G$E<G:BGD<$?>@$78?<EBA>A8@$@<G$@BCB?>98@#

5.2.2 Tiempo de contacto ó EBCT

/?$EX?ED?<$A8?$ :B8C=<$A8$E<G:>E:<$8G$ ?8EL<$7>EM<$<$/Y'%$6/C=:O$Y8A$'<G:>E:$%BC8H$@8$98>?BP>$=<9$C8AB<$A8$DG>$@BCDN?>EBFG$C>:8CX:BE>$A8?$=9<E8@<$A8$@>:D9>EBFG$A8$?<@$?8EL<@$A8$E>?EB:>#UZ$3BEL>$@BCD?>EBFG$8@:X$E<G:9>@:>A>$E<G$GDC89<@<@$A>:<@$A8$E>C=<#$+8$>@DC8$TD8$?>$E>?EB:>$:8GA9X$DG>$=D98P>$A8?$[[\$O$DG>$J9>GD?<C8:9M>$A8$UN]$CC#$.<@$98@D?:>A<@$A8$?>$@BCD?>EBFG$TD8$>=>98E8G$8G$?>@$IBJD9>@$!#]$>$!#"$@8$98!$898$>$DG$=89C8>A<$G<9C>?^$=_$`$abKc$Kbd$CJ$_'e

]NW.c$Ub!$CJ$

'>Kfc$]$CJ$'eKW.c$KVV$CJ$+%3W.$O$%$`$KKg'#$O$>$DG>$A<@BN

!$E>EBFG$A8$K]$CJ$'eKW.#$

38$>ED89A<$E<G$8@:<@$J9X!$E<@$@8$@8?8EEB<G>$G<9C>?C8G:8$DG$:B8C=<$A8$E<G:>E:<$A8$UU$CBGD:<@$>DGTD8$=>9>$>JD>@$CX@$R9M>@$@8$>?E>GP>G$?<@$UZNKV$CBGD:<@$6789$IBJD9>@$!#d$O$!#[H#

'D>GA<$@8$SD@E>$>DC8G:>9$?>$>?E>?BGBA>A$O$AD98P>$>DC8GN:>GA<$?>$A<@B@$A8$'e

Kb$=<9$8h8C=?<$L>@:>$"V$CJ$'e

KW.b$@8$

98TDB898G$DG$/Y'%$A8$UdNKV$CBGD:<@$=>9>$>?E>GP>9$?>$R>@8$E>@B$=?>G>$A8$?>$ED97>$A8$@>:D9>EBFG#

!"

!#$%&'()'*+$,*-*$.*$-/0)(/-*.)1*')2($3/$.*+$*45*+$3/+*.*3*+

.6$76896$9:$;:<=:>6;?>6$=>@9?7:$?A$9:B7:AB@$:A$C6$D:C@7EF

969$9:$>:677EGA$H$=@>$;6A;@$:A$:C$>:A9E<E:A;@$9:$C@B$C:7I@B$

9:$76C7E;6#$.6$JEK?>6$!#L$EC?B;>6$:B;:$9:B7:AB@$=6>6$?A$C:7I@$

9:$76C7E;6$7@A$MNOP$<EA$9:$/Q'%$H$6$D:C@7E969$6B7:ABE@A6C$

9:$MNOL$<RI#$.@B$96;@B$9:<?:B;>6A$:A$S?:$<:9E96$:C$:AT>E6F

<E:A;@$9:C$C:7I@$A@$=:><E;EG$6C76AU6>$:C$>:<EA:>6CEU67EGA$

69:7?696$H$:C$=V$9:$LON#$

.6$JEK?>6$!#"$EC?B;>6$C6$7@>>:C67EGA$WX!YZ$:A;>:$C6$;:<=:>6F

;?>6$H$:C$;E:<=@$9:$7@A;67;@$=6>6$6C76AU6>$?A$=V$9:$LON$:A$

C6B$6K?6B$9:B6C696B#$/B;6$7?>D6$:B;[$7@A;>6B;696$7@A$96;@B$

9:$C6$CE;:>6;?>6$H$C6$:\=:>E:A7E6$=>[7;E76$9:$:B;:$6?;@>#M"

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'3456'7'.&'2-89-%&2$%&'9&%&'.:;'.-/<:'=-'/&./"2&'=-'!'$>:'&;/-1=-12-'?@(AB)

5.2.4.Pérdida de carga del lecho y fl uidización

.6$!$?E9EU67EGA$9:C$C:7I@$:B$6$D:7:B$A:7:B6>E6$=6>6$C6$>:6FCEU67EGA$9:$ C6$ CE<=E:U6$9:$"$A@B#$.6$JEK?>6$!#M]$ EC?B;>6$ C6$>:C67EGA$:A;>:$C6$=^>9E96$9:$76>K6$9:C$C:7I@$H$C6$D:C@7E969$

6B7:ABE@A6C$=6>6$?A$C:7I@$9:$=6>;87?C6B$9:$MFP$<<$9:$9E[F

<:;>@#$3:$67?:>9@$7@A$:B;@B$96;@B$C6$:\=6ABEGA$9:C$C:7I@$

7@<E:AU6$6$C@B$P]$<RI$H$C6$!$?E9EU67EGA$7@<=C:;6$B:$6C76AU6$6$=6>;E>$9:$C@B$!]$<RI#

!"#$%&'()CD+',-.&/"01'-12%-'.&'9E%="=&'=-'/&%#&'7'.&'F-G.:/"=&=' &;/-1;":1&.' 9&%&' .:;' .-/<:;' =-' /&./"2&' =-'!'$>:'&;/-1=-12-'7'CGH'88'=-'="I8-2%:'=-'9&%2J/$.&;)

!"#$%&'()K+'3F:.$/"01'=-.'/:1;$8:'=-.'5LM'7'-.'2"-89:'=-'/:12&/2:'-1'8"1$2:;'9&%&'$1'.-/<:'=-'/&./"2&'=-'!'$>:'&;/-1=-12-'WD:>$;:\;@$=6>6$C@B$9:;6CC:B$9:$C6$BE<?C67EGAZ

!"#$%&'()N+'3F:.$/"01'=-.'OPQ'7'-.' 2"-89:'=-'/:12&/2:'-1'8"1$2:;'9&%&'$1'.-/<:'=-'/&./"2&'=-'!'$>:'&;/-1=-12-'WD:>$;:\;@$=6>6$C@B$9:;6CC:B$9:$C6$BE<?C67EGAZ

5.2.3 Efecto de la temperatura

/A$6CK?A@B$76B@B$7@ADE:A:$6_?B;6>$:C$;E:<=@$9:$7@A;67;@$6$

7@A9E7E@A:B$9:$;:<=:>6;?>6$<[B$:\;>:<6B#

!"#$%&'()R+',-.&/"01'-12%-'9S'7'.&'2-89-%&2$%&'=-.'&#$&'9&%&'$1'.-/<:'=-'/&./"2&'/:1'$1'2"-89:'=-'/:12&/2:'=-'CMTH'8"1$2:;'7'F-.:/"=&='&;/-1;":1&.'=-'CMTR'8U<)

Los datos muestran que para un EBCT de 12,3 minutos, el pH, y por consiguiente la remineralización alcan-zada, desciende linearmente con la temperatura.

la velocidad ascensional y la perdida decarga para un lecho de calcita de 1 - 3 mm de diámetro de par- tículas.

!"

#$%&'()*(+,%-+.+%/+%.01*)0.+/*2+(*3)%40%/+,%+56+,%40,+/+4+,

!"#$"%&'()%%.0(710)4+(*7)%-+.+%(+/*4+4%40%/+%(+/(*&+%%8+/7.0,%0)%9%0)%-0,7%,0(7$

-:;<=>?;@ 8:A@;%;>B@=>CD:D@

-E;>F:% GHIGG$G9

,J7K% L9

+AK7L% "9

1M7% K9

,7L% "9

3NJD@%D>%OJ>;;@ P%QRQ#9

->S@%>ST>BU!%B@%V?W=LX KY

-0%M;:CEA:D@%S>B@%V?W=LX "#

-0%M;:CEA:D@%Z[=>D@%V?W=LX "RH

9%T:;?UBEA:S%\%QRL%== PL9

9%T:;?UBEA:S%\%QR"%== P"9

1:?>;J:A%JCS@AE]A>%^#Q% =% P%QR#9

%

5.2.6 Dosifi cación fi nal de Na(OH) para conseguir un LSI positivo

0C%:AMEC@S%B:S@S%>S%;>_E>;JD@%:`:DJ;%):V7OX%T:;:%SE]J;%>A%TO%D>A%:ME:%a%:AB:CF:;%EC%/,*%T@SJ?Jb@$%%/:%D@SJS%>C%>S?@S%B:S@S%>S%M>C>;:A=>?C>%D>%cR#dQR#%=M%):V7OXW/%:A%LL9%D>%TE;>F:$%

5.2.7 Confi guración de los lechos de calcita

/@S%A>BZ@S%D>%B:ABJ?:%S>%DJS>`:C%>C%B>AD:S%;>B?:CMEA:;>S%D>%DJS?JC?@S%?:=:`@S%@%]J>C%>C%D>TeSJ?@S%BJ;BEA:;>S$

0C%>A%B:S@%D>%A>BZ@S%SJC%D@SJ!%B:BJeC%>C%B@C?JCE@%>A%B:ED:A%=<NJ=@%T@;%B>AD:%:AB:CF:%Z:S?:%A@S%KQ$QQQ%=LWD$

/:%fJME;:%#$"K%JAES?;:%>A%:ST>B?@%>N?>;J@;%D>%EC:%B>AD:%?;:DJIBJ@C:A%D>%"%Eg@%D>SB>CD>C?>$

-:;:% A@S% A>BZ@S%:SB>CD>C?>S%a%D>%:A?E;:%B@CS?:C?>R%>S?@%>S%B@C%:AJ=>C?:BJeC%>C%B@C?JCE@R% A:%B:T:BJD:D%D>% ?;:?:=J>CI?@%D>%A:S%B>AD:S%;>B?:CMEA:;>S%C@%SET>;:R%M>C>;:A=>C?>R%A@S%H$QQQ%=LWD%a%T:;:%A@S%D>TeSJ?@S%BJ;BEA:;>S%A@S%K$#QQ%=LWD%VL%=%D>%DJ<=>?;@X$

/:S%fJME;:S%#$"L%a%#$"c%JAES?;:C%EC%>g>=TA@%D>A%DJS>`@%D>%A@S%A>BZ@S%D>%B:ABJ?:%D>%:A?E;:%B@CS?:C?>$"G

/:%fJME;:%#$"#%=E>S?;:%A:%F@C:%D>%B:;?:%D>%A@S%SJA@S%D>%B:AIBJ?:%D>%EC:%TA:C?:%D>%"%Eg@%:SB>CD>C?>%a%:A?E;:%B@CS?:C?>$

-:;:%@]?>C>;%EC%:ME:%B@C%EC:% ?E;]JD>F%=>C@;%D>%"%)&6%%D>STEhS%D>% A@S%B@C?;:A:b:D@S%Z:a%_E>%=:C?>C>;%>A%B:ED:A%C@=JC:A%V"QI"#%=WZX%EC@S%LQIc#%=JCE?@S$%0A%=JS=@%?J>=T@%>S%>A%_E>%S>%C>B>SJ?:%T:;:%b@Ab>;%:%A:%C@;=:AJD:D%BE:CD@%S>%:E=>C?:%D>%i@;=:%;>T>C?JC:%>A%B:ED:A%D>A%:ME:%T@;%A:%>C?;:ID:%>C%iECBJ@C:=J>C?@%D>%EC%CE>b@%;:Bj%D>%eS=@SJS%JCb>;S:$%/:%fJME;:%#$""%JAES?;:%>S?:%>b@AEBJeC$%

*+,-./% &'00)% 123/4+56% 267.2% 3/% 7-.8+92:% ;% 23% 7+2<=>%92?=-@?%92%A/82.%/../64/9>%-6%8/?7+9>.'

5.2.5. La calidad de la calcita

0S%J=T@;?:C?>%DJST@C>;%D>%B:ABJ?:%AJ];>%D>%T@Ab@%V\%P%cQ% =X%a%B@C%EC:%M;:CEA@=>?;U:%ECJi@;=>$%/:%M;:CEA@=>?;U:%D>]>;U:%S>;%"IL%==R%:EC_E>%?:=]JhC%>S%i;>BE>C?>%>CB@C?;:;%TA:C?:S%@T>;:D:S%B@C%KIc%==$%

/:%B:AJD:D%;>B@=>CD:D:%T:;:%EC%]E>C%iECBJ@C:=J>C?@%D>%A@S%A>BZ@S%?:C?@%:SB>CD>C?>S%B@=@%D>SB>CD>C?>S%S>%;>SE=>%>C% A:%&:]A:%#$K$%4>]>;<%B@C?:;% ?:=]JhC%B@C%>A%B>;?J!%B:D@%T:;:%ES@%>C%:]:S?>BJ=J>C?@S$%

*+,-./%&'0()%B+?7/%92%3/?%4239/?%92%-6/%=3/67/%92%4/34+7/%92%!%-C>%92?42692672'

> 97%

< 1%

< 1%

< 0,3%

< 0,1%

< 1%

2,7

1,5

< 3%

< 1%

< 0,5%

(10-16 m/h)

partículas de 2-4 mm.

necesario

2 ± 0,5

!"

#$%&'()*(+,%-+.+%/+%.01*)0.+/*2+(*3)%40%/+,%+56+,%40,+/+4+,

5.2.8 Dosifi cación de CO2

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

/:%DA>@!%?:?@J8%D7%(EF%YB8?@A8:%N@78%?A8%@8K7??@J8%D@97?=:%=BN79L:%?A8%"%BOA%D7>?78D78=7$%/:%P7;A?@D:D%D7;%:GB:%78%;:%=BN79L:%D7%@8K7??@J8%D7N7%<:8=7879>7%78%ZMZ[%\%ZMZF%<X>%C:9:%:>L%7P@=:9%7;%:99:>=97%D7%;:>%NB9NBO:>$%/:%C97>@J8%D@Y7I978?@:;%78=97%7;%:GB:%K% ;:%D7;%G:>%D7N7%>79%D7;%A9D78%ZMF#%N:97>$%68:%<:KA9%C97>@J8%D@Y7978?@:;%@8?97<78=:%7;%=:<:]A%D7%;:>%NB9NBO:>%D78=9A%D7;%:GB:$%0;%=@7<CA%D7%?A8=:?=A%78=97%7;%CB8=A%D7%@8K7??@J8%K%;:%78=9:D:%:%;A>%;7?Â>%D7%?:;?@=:%>7%CB7D7%97DB?@9%^:>=:%B8A>%#%>7GB8DA>%>@7<C97%VB7%>7%97>C7I=78%;:>%?A8D@?@A87>%:8=79@A97>$

)A%>7%97?A<@78D:%;:%DA>@!%?:?@J8%D7%(EF%78%=BN79L:%Â9@IHA8=:;%D:DA%VB7% ;:>%NB9NBO:>% =@78D78%:%>BN@9% 9_C@D:<78=7%:% ;:%C:97D%>BC79@A9%K%:P:8H:9%:99:>=9:D:>%?A8%7;%:GB:$%/:%?A;A?:?@J8%D7%B8%<7H?;:DA9% 78% ;:%DA>@!%?:?@J8%Â9@HA8=:;%@<C;@?:%B8:%C`9D@D:%D7%?:9G:%K%8A%>7%^:8%CAD@DA%78?A8=9:9%D:=A>%7aC79@<78=:;7>%VB7%OB>=@!%VB78%7>=:%>A;B?@J8$%/:%DA>@I!%?:?@J8%D7%C:9=7%D7;%?:BD:;%:%<:KA9%C97>@J8%SFI!%N:97>T%7>%7879G`=@?:<78=7%?A>=A>:%CA9%;A%VB7%7>%CA?A%Y97?B78=7%78%;:>%D7>:;:DA9:>$%+D7<_>% @<C;@?:% C`9D@D:% D7%(EF% :;% ?A8=:?=A%?A8%;:%:=<J>Y79:$%

5.3 Remineralización con Ca(OH)2 + CO2

0;%:CA9=7%D7%DB97H:%K%:;?:;@8@D:D%>7%97:;@H:%78%7;%:GB:%D7>:I;:D:%>7GR8%;:%97:??@J8b%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%cFE%%%%

(:SEcTF%d%F(EF% %(:Fd%d%FSc(E"IT%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%eFf

(A<A%>7%<B7>=9:%78%;:%U@GB9:%#$Q!%;:%97>CB7>=:%D7;%:GB:%D7>:I;:D:%:%;:%DA>@!%?:?@J8%D7%(:SEcTF%7>%C9_?=@?:<78=7%@8<7D@:=:$

,@8%7<N:9GAM%?A8%B8%:B<78=A%78%7;%?A8=78@DA%78%(EF%D7;%:GB:%;:%?B9P:%P:%C79D@78DA%C78D@78=7M%C79<@=@78DA%B8:%DAI>@!%?:?@J8%<_>%C97?@>:$%&`8G:>7%78%?B78=:%VB7%;:%C97?@>@J8%VB7% >7% ?A8>@GB7% ?A8% 7>=7% >@>=7<:% 7>% D7;% A9D78%D7%\F%<G%(:(E"X/$%08%?B:;VB@79%?:>AM%>7%=9:=:%D7%B8%C9A?7>A%D@YL?@;%D7%?A8=9A;:9$

/:%U@GB9:%#$Q[%@;B>=9:%;A>%?A<CA878=7>%D7%B8:%@8>=:;:?@J8%=LC@?:%D7%DA>@!%?:?@J8%D7%;7?^:D:%D7%?:;%K%(EF$%(A<A%CB7D7%P79>7% 7;%(EF% >7% @8K7?=:% D@97?=:<78=7% :8=7>% D7% ;:% ;7?^:D:%D7%?:;%K%78%7;%C9AC@A%D7CJ>@=A%D7%:GB:%C9ADB?=A$%0;%=@7<CA%D7%?A8=:?=A%78%7;%D7CJ>@=A%7>%>B!%?@78=7%C:9:%G:9:8=@H:9%B8:%97:??@J8%?A<C;7=:$

!"#$%&' ()*+,' -.&/0&' 12/13' 43' ".$40%&' .&' %352#"1&' 13'&#$&4' %36"/3%&."7&1&4' 8' 3.' 5"%5$"02' 13' %3"/8355"9/' 13'&#$&4'0$%:"&4)

!"#$%&' ()*;,' <355"9/' 0%&/4=3%4&.' 13' .&4' 53.1&4' 13'5&.5"0&'13'!'$>2'&453/13/03'8'&.0$%&'52/40&/03'12/13'43'".$40%&'.&'&."63/0&5"9/'8'.&'%352#"1&'13'&#$&4'0$%:"&4'8'%36"/3%&."7&1&4

!"#$%&' ()*(,'?"40&' 13' .&' 72/&'13' 5&%#&'13' .24' 4".24' 13'5&.5"0&' 13' $/&' @.&/0&' 13' 5&.5"0&' 13'!'$>2' &453/13/03' 8'&.0$%&'52/40&/03)

Figura 5.13: Planta de lechos de calcita donde se ilustra de forma esquemática la recuperación de aguas turbias de los contralavados.

. El CO2 se inyecta en algunos casos antes de la lechada de cal y en el propio depósito de agua tratada. El tiempo de contacto en el depósito suele ser suficiente para garanti-zar una reacción completa aunque, a veces, surgen proble-mas de turbiedad.

!"

"#$%&'()'*+$,*-*$.*$-/0)(/-*.)1*')2($3/$.*+$*45*+$3/+*.*3*+

67879$:;<=>?@$97$A:>B>C;$A@$=DEF;99$F;G;$H;87G$B;$<7C8B;$I7$B;$B78H;I;$;@:79$I7$>@D78:;GB;$7@$B;$:A=7GJ;$K7@7G;B#$

/@$B;9$>@9:;B;8>L@79$8L@$<;DLG$KG;IL$I7$;A:L<;:>C;8>M@$B;$8;B$97$IL9>!$8;$7@$NA@8>M@$I7$B;$'/O"$I7$B;$B78H;I;#$.;$'/O"$79$ 7@$ 79:L9$ 8;9L9$A@$<7PLG$ >@I>8;:>6L$I7$ B;$ 8;B>I;I$I7$ B;$IL9>!$8;8>M@$QA7$7B$FR#$

.;$B78H;I;$97$FG7F;G;$7@$A@$8L@87@:G;ILG$H;9:;$A@$$<ST><L$I7B$UV$7@$';WXRYO#$*$8L@:>@A;8>M@$97$7@6J;$;B$I78;@:;ILGZ$:;<=>?@$BB;<;IL$9;:AG;ILGZ$F;G;$7B><>@;G$B;9$><FAG7C;9#$.;$67BL8>I;I$;987@8>L@;B$7@$7B$I78;@:;ILG$I7=7$97G$I7B$LGI7@$I7$[Z\$<]H$D$B;$;B:AG;$I7B$<>9<L$I7Z$;B$<7@L9Z$^Z"$<#$

.;$_>KAG;$"#[\$<A79:G;$A@;$NL:L$I7$A@;$>@9:;B;8>M@$:>FL$I7$G7<>@7G;B>C;8>M@$;$=;97$I7$B78H;I;$I7$8;B#

.L9$FGL=B7<;9$I7$8L<F;8:;8>M@$I7B$9>BL$I7$8;B$9A7B7@$97G$97G>L9$I7=>IL$;$B;$:7@I7@8>;$I7$?9:;$;$;=9LG=7G$;KA;$D$;$;IEH7G>G97$;$B;9$F;G7I79$D$B;9$F;B;9$I7$;K>:;8>M@$I7B$9>BL#$

,LG$ :;@:LZ$79$ ><FLG:;@:7$<;@:7@7G$ B;$HA<7I;I$I7@:GL$I7B$9>BL$BL$<S9$=;P;$FL9>=B7$D$G7IA8>G$BL9$F7GJLIL9$7@:G7$G78;GEK;9$F;G;$N;8>B>:;G$B;$G7@L6;8>M@#[!$

.;$I>N7G7@8>;$NA@I;<7@:;BZ$7@$:7<;9$I7$8L9:79Z$8L@$7B$FGLE879L$I7$G7<>@7G;B>C;8>M@$FLG$!$B:G;8>M@$FLG$B78HL$I7$8;B8>:;$79$QA7$7B$FGL879L$8L@$';WXRYO$G7QA>7G7$7B$IL=B7$I7$'XOZ$;I7<S9$I7$NG78A7@:79$G78;GK;9$D$8L@:GLB$I7$B;9$L=9:GA88>LE@79$FLG$FG78>F>:;8>M@$I7$8;G=L@;:L$8SB8>8L#

5.3.1 Calidad del Ca(OH)2

*F;G:7$I7B$87G:>!$8;IL$F;G;$A9L$7@$;=;9:78><>7@:LZ$B;$8;B$I7E=7GS$:7@7G$B;$8L<FL9>8>M@$QA7$97$>@I>8;$7@$B;$%;=B;$"#^

!"#$"%&'()%%-/'X0/(3*')X($,*-*$'*.)3*3$3/$.*$'*.$W';WXRYOY$#$ *̀.X-/+$/($V$/($,/+X$+/'X#

,;GS<7:GL ;̀BLG$G78L<7@I;IL

->QA7C;$ a!EabV

4G;@ABL<7:GJ;c adZ$ <

';WXRYO$9LBA=B7$ e$\bV$7@$F79L

-79>IAL$>@7G:7$ f[dV$7@$F79L

';'X^$ e$"V$7@$F79L

*G9?@>8L f$^$V$7@$F79L

';I<>L f$[$V$7@$F79L

'GL<L f$[!$V$7@$F79L

(JQA7B f$O$V$7@$F79L

,BL<L f$"$V$7@$F79L

*@:><L@>L f$[$V$7@$F79L

+7B7@>L f$[$V$7@$F79L

37@9>I;I$;$KG;@7B$ f$dZ!$:]<^

*+,-./%&'01)%234/5+67%378.3%4/%9:;+!%5/5+67%93%</=>?@A%B% 34% /-C378:% 934% D?% D/./% /,-/;% 93;/4/9/;% 5:7% 8.3;%7+E343;%93%5:7837+9:%37%<>A'%"9/D8/9:%93%F-8;5GC/77%B%H8+CC34C/B.%=AIIA@'0&

*+,-./%&'0J)%K;L-3C/%93%-7/%+7;8/4/5+67%93%.3C+73./M4+N/5+67%5:7%D.3D/./5+67%93%435G/9/%93%5/4%B%93%9:;+!%M5/5+67%93%<>A'%

Ca(OH)2

CO2

Saturador

*+,-./%&'0O)%P4/78/%93%8./8/C+378:%5:7%</=>?@A%B%<>A'%

/@$;BKA@L9$8;9L9$B;$IL9>!$8;8>M@$I7$'XO$97$H;87$I79FA?9$I7$B;$IL9>!$8;8>M@$I7$B;$B78H;I;$I7$8;B#$

/@$L:GL9Z$B;$IL9>!$8;8>M@$97$H;87$I>G78:;<7@:7$7@$:A=7GJ;#$*$

Figura 5.17: Esquema de una instalación de preparación de lechada de cal.

!"

#$%&'()*(+,%-+.+%/+%.01*)0.+/*2+(*3)%40%/+,%+56+,%40,+/+4+,

7$% 1+)60/% +4.80.% *5/0,*+,% 9% :8,0-% (81+%,+/;+),<%(=>?@>A%BC%CD@E>EFGEAH%CI%HA>@?EAICH%J?@AKHJH%L*M%N%L**M<%-@F>E?J?EOI%*IPCIECGQJ%R@QSE?J<%%0ICGA%N%TCFGCGA%U77V$

UW$% X$%/64Y*5%+)4%1$%X0&,(X0/<%&GCJZSCIZ%A[%4EHZEK>>JZCH%JIB%-CGSCJZCH%[GAS%,CJ%YJZCG%4CHJ>EIJZEAI%->JIZH%ZA%1J\C%-AZJF>C%YJZCG<%4CHJ>EIJZEAI%:A@GIJ><%>7V]

UU$% -0..9^,%(X01*(+/%0)5*)00.,%X+)4_88`<%,EaZb%0B$<%1?5GJcKXE>>%_AA\>%(A$%.AFCGZ%X$%-CGGN<%4AI%5GCCI<%U7Vd

Ue$% R6f1*(+%40/%+56+<% :AHC% (JZJ>=I% BC% >J% T@CIZC<%U7VU

U]$% Y+&0.%R6+/*&9<%%5CAGPC%&?bAFJIAP>A@H<%0BcJGB%4$%,?bGACBCG<%U7V#<%+BBEHAIKYCH>CN%0B$

Ud$% Y+&0.K-.8% ,?bAZZ% ,A[ZcJGC<% -@F>E?JBA% gAG%(bCS,Yh<%*I?$%bZZgijjccc$?bCSHc$?AS$

U#$% 16&,(X1+))% :$% 9% ,&*110/1+9.% T$<% &JHK?bCIF@?b% BCG%YJHHCGkCGHAGP@IP% U]%+@!%JPC<% TGECBG$%;ECcCP%l%,AbI%;CG>JP<%LeWWeM$

U!$% .$1$%4X0*//9<% :$% &648<%9$% ,0_+"% _*<%1$%R60K)0640<%*I!%@CI?C%A[%HZAGJPC%?AIBEZEAIH%AI%ZbC%?JGFAKIJZEAI%A[% gAcBCGCB%(JL8XMe%(AIHZG@?ZEAI% JIB%_@E>KBEIP%1JZCGEJ>H%U!%LeWWeM%U##mU!U$

U"$% X0.)n)402<%1$<%T$%,6n.02<%/$%-.*0&8<%T$%,+)K&+)+$%*o4%HAFGC%>J%GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI%BC%>JH%JP@JH%BCKHJ>JBJH%?AI%>C?bAH%BC%?J>?EZJ$%T@IBJ?EOI%(CIZGA%(JIJKGEA%BC>%+P@J<%SJGpA%eWWd$%*,_)i%VdK!W7KWd#!K]$

UV$% 4GEI&C?%?AIZJ?ZAG%ZJI\%BCHEPI%JIB%AgCGJZEAI<%CI%ccc$%[??J$CH%HC??EOI%-GAB@?ZAHi%4GEI&C?%>ESCHZAIC%?AIZJ?KZAGH%?AIH@>ZJBJ%C>%eV%BC%HCgZECSFGC%eWW7$

U7$% 50.X+.4%_*Y0.$%YJHHCGkCGHAGP@IP%`>CEIC%`EIKpEP<%,?bcJGpcJ>B<%?AS@IE?J?EOI%gCGHAIJ>$%

5.4 Conclusiones

0>% JI=>EHEH% BC% >JH% Zq?IE?JH% BC% GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI%BCS@CHZGJ%D@C%ZJIZA%>J%Zq?IE?J%BC%>C?bAH%BC%?J>?EZJ%?ASA%BC%>C?bJBJ%BC%?J>%ZECICI%@I%J>ZA%IEkC>%BC%BCHJGGA>>A$%0>%SCIAG%?AIH@SA%BC%(8e%N%>J%SCIAG%?ASg>CrEBJB%BC>%gGA?CHA%Jg@IZJI%J%D@C%>AH% >C?bAH% BC% ?J>?EZJ% HAI% @IJ% Zq?IE?J%S=H% CHZJF>C% gJGJ% >J%GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI%BC%>JH%JP@JH%BCHJ>JBJH%D@C%>J%BAHE#%?J?EOI%?AI%>C?bJBJ%BC%?J>$%

/J%BAHE#%?J?EOI%BC%(8e%[@I?EAIJ%FECI%?AI%EINC??EOI%BEGC?ZJ%Z@FCGQJ%?AI%!%@rA%BCH?CIBCIZC$%/J%kC>A?EBJB%BC>%JP@J%CI%>J%Z@FCGQJ%BC%EINC??EOI%BCFC%SJIZCICGHC%CI%W<W"%s%W<We%SjH%gJGJ%JHQ%CkEZJG%C>%JGGJHZGC%BC%>JH%F@GF@rJH$%/J%gGCHEOI%BE[CKGCI?EJ>%CIZGC%C>%JP@J%N% >J%BC>%PJH%BCFC%HCG%BC>%AGBCI%W<e#%FJGCH$%6IJ%SJNAG%gGCHEOI%BE[CGCI?EJ>%EI?GCSCIZJ%C>%ZJSJtA%BC%>J%F@GF@rJ$%0>%ZECSgA%BC%?AIZJ?ZA%CIZGC%C>%g@IZA%BC%EIKNC??EOI%N%>J%CIZGJBJ%J%>AH%>C?bAH%BC%?J>?EZJ%HC%g@CBC%GCB@?EG%bJHZJ%@IAH%#%HCP@IBAH%HECSgGC%D@C%HC%GCHgCZCI%>JH%?AIBEK?EAICH%JIZCGEAGCH$%

0I%?@J>D@ECG%?JHA<%IA%HC%GC?ASECIBJ%>J%BAHE#%?J?EOI%BC%(8e%

CI%Z@FCGQJ%bAGEpAIZJ>$

/AH%BCH?CIHAH%BC%ZCSgCGJZ@GJ%bJ?CI%BEHSEI@EG%>J%kC>A?EBJB%BC% >JH% GCJ??EAICH% D@C% EIZCGkECICI% CI% >J% GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI$%0I%C>%?JHA%BC%>AH%>C?bAH%BC%?J>?EZJ<%C>%ZECSgA%BC%?AIZJ?ZA%gJGJ% J>?JIpJG% @IJ% GCSEICGJ>EpJ?EOI% JBC?@JBJ% J@SCIZJ% BC%UW%J%Ud%SEI@ZAH%?@JIBA%>J%ZCSgCGJZ@GJ%BC>%JP@J%BCH?ECIBC%BC%eVu(%J%Udu($%

5.5 Referencias

U$% )+/(8<%1JI@J>%BC>%JP@J<%,@%IJZ@GJ>CpJ<%ZGJZJSECIZA%N%Jg>E?J?EAICH$%0BEZAGEJ>%1?5GJcKXE>>j*IZCGJSCGE?JIJ%BC%1qaE?A<%,$+$%BC%($;$%U77]

e$% 405.018)&<%1+)6+/%&'()*(8%40/%+56+$%0BEZAGEJ>%4CPGCSAIZ<%U7"7

]$% 405.018)&<%Y+&0.% &.0+&10)&% 1+)6+/<%eWW"<$%0B$%4CPGCSAIZ%

d$% &'()*(+%40%+56+,<%0BEZAGEJ>%+>?EOI<%,$+$%+IBGqH%+pIJG%(JGGJH?A<%eWWW

#$% X$% /64Y*5<% -AHZKZGCJZSCIZ% JIB% -AZJFE>EHJZEAI% m%+%R@J>EZN%4CZCGSEIEIP%TJ?ZAG%EI%ZbC%5CICGJZEAI%A[%4GEIK\EIP%YJZCG%FN%1CIH%,CJ%YJZCG%4CHJ>EIJZEAI<%/C?Z@GC%JZ%ZbC%*4+%(AIPGCHH%AI%4CHJ>EIJZEAI%JIB%YJZCG%.C@HC<%8?Z@FGC%U77"

!$% _8.*,% /*0_0.1+)%+)4% *5+/% /*0_0.1+)$+%-AHZK&GCJZSCIZ% ?ASg@ZCG% gGAPGJS<% 4CHJ>EIJZEAI% JIB%YJZCG%.C@HC%:A@GIJ>%;A>$7je$

"$% :$+$% .604+<% :$% 28..*//+<% T$% _0.)+8/+<% :$+$%X0.;n,%(J>EBJB%BC%+P@J%BCHJ>JBJ%BCBE?JBJ%J>%?AIKH@SA%b@SJIA<%(AIPGCHA%+04N.%BC%1@G?EJ<%)AkECSKFGC%eWWW

V$% &X'8.*0% 40,% 0+6v% )+&6.0//0,$% 0BEZAGEJ>%0NGA>>CH<%/$%/CPGJIB<%5$%-AEGECG<%U7"eKU7"!

en tubería con flujo descendente.La velocidad del agua en la

a la salida del difusor. El tiempo de contacto entre el punto de inyección de la solución sobresaturada de CO2 y la entrada a los lechos de calcita se puede reducir has-ta unos 5 segundos, siempre que se respeten las condiciones de diseño apuntadas. En cualquier caso, no se recomienda nunca la dosificación del CO2 directamente en tubería hori-zontal.

!"

6.1 Introducción

#$%$&'()$%*$+,('-,'./'-,0$,1('%*'-,0$,2-)2-3-,3%4$&-',*3$%$%,/%,52%*$%302,)/6,7'82,$%,735'&72%'*2-,9:;<,).,=>?<

;@A,B2&,$((2+,1$C/$D2-,5')732-,$%,$(,52%*$%302,$%,>?E,F'5$%,4'&3'&,$(, 1=,0$, G2&)', -/-*'%53'(A,H-I, 12&, $8$)1(2+, /%, 1$&)$'02,%2&)'(,',:JK>,52%,/%,1=,0$,L+M,6,/%','(5'(3%30'0,0$,N+"J,).,=>?<

;,52%*3$%$,'(&$0$02&,0$,<+!,).,>?EOPA,Q(,)3-)2,1$&)$'02,'3&$'02,13$&0$,>?E,F'-*',:+:,).OP+,52%,(2,C/$,$(,1=,1'-',',-$&,0$,!+<A,,

Q(,>?E,'5*R',52)2,/%,S5302A,>/'%02,$(,'./','7-2&7$,>?E,$(,1=,03-)3%/6$+,6,5/'%02,13$&0$,>?E,$(,1=,'/)$%*'A,Q(,52%*$%302,$%,>?E,0$(,'3&$,$%,52%03532%$-,%2&)'($-,0$,1&$;-3T%,6,*$)1$&'*/&',$-,0$(,2&0$%,0$,N+LM,).,>?EOPA,

P',1U&030',2,'7-2&53T%,0$,>?E,1/$0$%,25/&&3&,*'%*2,$%,(',*2)',0$,)/$-*&',52)2,0/&'%*$,-/,52%-$&4'53T%,12&,(',$V3-;*$%53',0$,/%',5S)'&',0$,'3&$+,2,$%,$(,1&25$03)3$%*2,0$,'%S;(3-3-,5/'%02,U-*$,52%(($4','(.R%,*312,0$,'.3*'53T%A,

Q%,('-,'./'-,&$)3%$&'(3W'0'-,(2-,4'(2&$-,0$,=>?<;,-/$($%,

$-*'&,'(&$0$02&,!N;JN,).OPA,Q-*2,F'5$,C/$,$(,'./',$-*U,)$;82&,*')12%'0',12&,(2,C/$,$-,)$%2-,1&25(34$,',-/G&3&,.&'%0$-,5')732-,0/&'%*$,$(,)/$-*&$2A,X3%,$)7'&.2+,1'&',(2-,5'-2-,$%,C/$,$(, './', *3$%$,/%,$V5$-2,0$,>?E,0$-1/U-,0$, (', &$;)3%$&'(3W'53T%+,1/$0$,F'7$&,/%',1U&030',0$(,)3-)2,-3, -$,/*3(3W',/%,1&25$03)3$%*2,'%'(I*352,C/$,52%(($4$,'.3*'53T%A,Q%,$-*2-,5'-2-+,$(,1=,)$0302,-$&S+,1&27'7($)$%*$+,)'62&,C/$,$(,&$'(A,

>2%,$(,!%,0$,)3%3)3W'&,(',1U&030',2,'7-2&53T%,0$,>?E+,6,0$,/%3G2&)'&, (2,)S-,12-37($, (2-, &$-/(*'02-,$%*&$,034$&-2-,('72&'*2&32-+,-$,&$52)3$%0',$(,-3./3$%*$,1&25$03)3$%*2,1'&',(',*2)',0$,)/$-*&'-+,52%-$&4'53T%,6,'%S(3-3-,0$,1=,0$,('-,'./'-,0$-'('0'-,6,&$)3%$&'(3W'0'-A:+E,P',Y3./&',!A:,3(/-*&',$(,1&25$03)3$%*2,0$,(',*2)',0$,)/$-*&'-A

6.2 Material

Z,[%,5/72,0$,1(S-*352,0$,/%2-,:L,(3*&2-A,Z,[%',72*$((',0$,5&3-*'(,0$,725','%5F',52%,/%,7/$%,53$&&$,$-*'%52,9)$82&,0$,('72&'*2&32@+,(3)13',6,-$5'AZ, \&$-, 2, 5/'*&2, )$*&2-, 0$, )'%./$&', "$V37($, 6, 0$, 1'&$0,.&/$-'A,

6.3 La toma de muestra

:A,>2%$5*'&,(',)'%./$&',"$V37($,03&$5*')$%*$,',(',(('4$,0$,*2)',0$,)/$-*&',0$(,1$&)$'02+,2,0$(,'./',&$)3%$&'(3W';0'+,6,(($4'&(',F'-*',$(,G2%02,0$(,5/72A,H7&3&,0$-1'532,6,0$8'&,C/$,$(,5/72,-$,(($%$,($%*')$%*$A,Q43*'&,C/$,$(,'./',-'(.',',0$)'-3'0',1&$-3T%,6,C/$,1&242C/$,*/&7/($%53'-A,

EA,P($%'&, $(, 5/72, 6, 0$8'&(2, &$72-'&, 0/&'%*$, '1&2V3)'0';)$%*$,:,)3%/*2A,

<A,H,52%*3%/'53T%+,3%*&20/53&,($%*')$%*$,(',72*$((',F'-*',$(,G2%02,0$(,5/72,725','7'82,6,(/$.2,.3&'&(',($%*')$%*$,$%,$(,G2%02,0$(,5/72,1'&',C/$,-$,(($%$,($%*')$%*$A,

]A,Q-1$&'&,F'-*',C/$,(',72*$((',-$,(($%$,*2*'()$%*$,6,-'(.',*202,$(,'3&$,C/$,*$%.',0$%*&2A,

LA,\'1'&,73$%,0$7'82,0$(,'./',6,-3%,0$8'&,7/&7/8'-,0$%*&2,0$,(',72*$(('A,

!A,X'5'&,(',72*$((',0$(,5/72,6,0'&($,(',4/$(*',1'&',52)1&2;7'&,C/$,%2,*3$%$,5S)'&',0$,'3&$A,Q%,5'-2,52%*&'&32,&$1$;*3&,(',*2)',0$,)/$-*&'A

Q%,5'-2,0$,%2,03-12%$&,0$, 5/72,6,0$, *$%$&,C/$, *2)'&, (',)/$-*&',03&$5*')$%*$,0$(,.&3G2,0$,-'(30',F'5$&(2,52%,1252,5'/0'(,6,0$8'%02,$%,(',725',0$,(',72*$((',/%,)$%3-52,12;-3*342,1'&',C/$,'(,5$&&'&(',%2,C/$0$,5S)'&',0$,'3&$,0$%*&2,0$,(',72*$(('A

P',Y3./&',!A:,3(/-*&',$(,1&25$03)3$%*2,0$,(',*2)',0$,)/$-*&'-A,

6.4 Conservación de la muestra

Z,Q%,5'-2,0$, '%'(3W'&-$, $%, $(,)2)$%*2,2, $%,)$%2-,0$,:,F2&'+,1&25/&'&,52%-$&4'&,-3$)1&$,(',72*$((','(.2,)S-,G&I',',(',C/$,$-*'7',$(,1$&)$'02,$%,$(,)2)$%*2,0$,)/$-*&$2A<,^2,$V12%$&(','(,-2(,%3,0$8'&,C/$,-$,5'(3$%*$AZ,Q%,$(,5'-2,0$,C/$, ('-,)/$-*&'-,0$7'%,'()'5$%'&-$,1'&','%'(3W'&-$,2*&2,0I'+,('-,)/$-*&'-,0$7$%,52%-$&4'&-$,',*$);1$&'*/&','(.2,3%G$&32&,',(',0$(,1$&)$'02A,

6.5 Etiquetado de la muestra

Z,B2%$&,$%, (',$*3C/$*'+, (/.'&+, G$5F'+,F2&',6,27-$&4'532%$-,$-1$5I!,5'-,52)2,)$030'-,!"#$!%&,0$,*$)1$&'*/&'+,>QEL,6,1=A,Z, >2%43$%$, '%2*'&, $(, %2)7&$, 0$, (', 1$&-2%', C/$, *2)', (',)/$-*&',6,(',*&'%-12&*',F'-*',$(,('72&'*2&32,1'&',)'%*$%$&,/%,1&2*252(2,0$,5'0$%',0$,5/-*203'A

6.6 Procedimiento de análisis en el laboratorio

Z,X'5'&,(',72*$((',0$,(',%$4$&',6,0$8'&(','*$)1$&'&,$(,*3$)12,%$5$-'&32,1'&',C/$,C/$0$,'1&2V3)'0')$%*$,',(',*$)1$&';*/&','(.2,3%G$&32&,',(',)$030',$%,(',1('%*'A,Z,_/&'%*$,$-$,*3$)12,%2,'.3*'&('A,_'&($,(',4/$(*',',(',72*$((',/%,1'&,0$,4$5$-,-2(')$%*$A,Z,B'&',)$03&,$(,1=+,'7&3&,(',72*$(('+,C/$,-$&S,0$,725','%5F',',-$&,12-37($+,$,3%*&20/53&,03&$5*')$%*$,(',-2%0',0$,1=A,Z,H.3*'&,)/6,-/'4$)$%*$,(',-2%0',2,(',72*$((',/%'-,],T,L,4$5$-A,^2,3%*&20/53&,%3%.R%,'.3*'02&,$%,(',72*$((',%3,'.3;*'&, 0$)'-3'02, G/$&*$A,Q(, 278$*342, $-,C/$,%2, -$, '(*$&$, $(,52%*$%302,$%,>?EA,

,!A,B`?>Q_abaQ^\?,_Q,b[QX\`Q?

6. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA TOMA DE MUESTRAS, CONSERVACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LAS AGUAS DESALADAS Y REMINERALIZADAS

!"

#$%&'()*+,-,*./(%+*%-0*1/'*(

2%34536%748%9:%!%5;768<%369653=6534%36%748%>;74?68%36%;7@;7=5=3;3<%86?A5B

C%&;?;%DE68F?;8%36%GHIJH%DK%);)(JLM%67%9:%!%5;7%68%36%N<O$

C%&;?;%DE68F?;8%36%JHI"PH%DK%);)(JLM<%67%9:%!%5;7%68%36%N<#$

C%&;?;%DE68F?;8%36%"PHIPHH%DK%);)(JLM<%67%9:%!%5;7%68%36%N<J$

6.7 Recomendaciones a tener en cuenta%C%.4%86%36Q65%EF=7=R;?%5E5@;%Q4F677;8%SE6%9E63;5%T;Q6?%@45IF65=34%;KE;%K;8=!@;3;$%*8F4%68% =D94?F;5F6%94?SE6%86%T;%4Q86?>;34%SE6<%36%;7KE5;%U4?D;<%67%)(G%86%;Q84?Q6%65%7;8%9;?6368%36%7;%Q4F677;%V%;7F6?;%7;8%D63=3;8%36%9:$%C%M;8%Q4F677;8%36Q65%68F;?%;7K4%DA8%U?W;%SE6%7;%F6D96?;FE?;%;DQ=65F6%;5F68%36%86?%EF=7=R;3;8%9;?;%F4D;?%3;F48%!"#$!%&$

6.7 Referencias%"$% 1/X.+X'+%-*/:(+1%Y('%/:*%*ZX-,.X/,(.%

(Y% [X/*'% X.+% [X1/*[X/*'$% -6FT43% GP"HB%)453E@F=>=FV$%G"8F%63$%GHHP$%,1\.%HI]!PPJIHN!I]$

G$% 1/X.+X'+%-*/:(+1%Y('%/:*%*ZX-,.X/,(.%(Y%[X/*'%X.+%[X1/*[X/*'$%-6FT43%NPHHI:^<%9:%_;7E6$%G"8F%63$%GHHP$%,1\.%HI]!PPJIHN!I]$

J$% 1/X.+X'+% -*/:(+1% Y('% /:*% *ZX-,.XI/,(.% (Y% [X/*'% X.+% [X1/*[X/*'$% -6FT43%NPHHI)(G%)</=F?;F=45%-6FT43%U4?%U?66%);?Q45%+=4`=I36$%G"8F%63$%GHHP$%,1\.%HI]!PPJIHN!I]$

N$% XM\XMX+*a(<%b(.cXM($%M;Q4?;F4?=4%36%7;%-;5I@4DE5=3;3%36%748%);5;768%367%/;=Q=77;<%);?F;K65;$%)4IDE5=@;@=d5%96?845;7$

P$% 1/X.+X'+% -*/:(+1% Y('% /:*% *ZX-,.XI/,(.% (Y% [X/*'% X.+% [X1/*[X/*'$% -6FT43%GJGH\<%X7e;7=5=FV<% /=F?;F=45% -6FT43$% G"8F% 63$% GHHP$%,1\.%HI]!PPJIHN!I]$

C%+6f;?% 65F45@68%SE6% 86% 68F;Q=7=@6% 7;% 76@FE?;% ;9?4`=D;3;ID65F6%JH%86KE5348%V%F4D;?%67%3;F4$%.4%6896?;?%DA8%F=6DI94%9E68F4%SE6%67%)(G%>;?W;%V%67%9:%F;DQ=g5$C%*7%9:D6F?4%36Q6%86?%@;7=Q?;34%54%8d74%;%N%V%!%8=54%F;DIQ=g5%;%O<P%d%"H$NC%M;%;7@;7=5=3;3%36Q6%86?%;5;7=R;3;%86Kh5%67%1-IGJGH\P$

X%@45F=5E;@=d5%86%=5@7EV6%E5%?68ED65%367%DgF434%1-IGJGH\%9;?;%7;%D63=@=d5%36%7;%;7@;7=5=3;3%94?%F=FE7;@=d5$

*5%67%;5A7=8=8%36%;7@;7=5=3;3%94?%>47ED6F?W;<%748%9:%!%5;768%36%>;74?;@=d5%36%E5;%DE68F?;%>=6565%65%UE5@=d5%367%@45F6I5=34%36%7;%D=8D;%65%;7@;7=5=3;3%F4F;7%i/X)j$

"$%&;?;%DE68F?;8%36%>;74?68%D654?68%36%GH%DK%);)(JLM<%7;%Ud?DE7;%;%;97=@;?%86?A%7;%8=KE=65F6B

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%iG\I)j%`%.%`%PH$HHHX7@;7=5=3;3<%DK%);)(JLM%k%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%DE68F?;%D7

+4536B

\B%D7%F=FE7;5F6%9;?;%9:%N<#$)B%D7%F=FE7;5F6%9;?;%9:%N<J%iH<J%E5=3;368%36%9:%36%3=IU6?65@=;j$.B%54?D;7=3;3%367%A@=34%68FA53;?$

G$%&;?;%DE68F?;8%36%>;74?68%D;V4?68%36%GH%DK%);)(JL7<%7;%Ud?DE7;%;%;97=@;?%86?A%7;%8=KE=65F6B

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%iX%`%.%`%PH$HHHjX7@;7=5=3;3<%DK%);)(JLM%k%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%DE68F?;%D7

+4536B

XB%D7%EF=7=R;348%36%A@=34%68FA53;?%9;?;%776K;?%;7%9:%!%5;7$.B%54?D;7=3;3%367%A@=34%68FA53;?$

!"#$%&'()*+',-.$/0&'1/2'3%45/1"0"/674'1/'0$/-7%/4'3&%&'&#$&-'1/-&2&1&-'8'%/0"6/%&2"9&1&-

!"

#!$#%&'()*+

7.1 Introducción

,-./0.12.3.12.# 4.# 5-6561.# 78# 9:.8# :.#3.;/78-# 8<084# :.=4878:84#/61#8<084#-.391.-879;8:84#58-8#912.128-#-.:0/9-#.7#2838>6# :.# 78# 019:8:# :.# -.391.-879;8/9?1# 801@0.#3812.=19.1:6#.7#/-92.-96#)+A#B#=#CDE$#

&42.#/85F2076#G879:8D#5-93.-83.12.D#-.40728:64#:.#:64#36=:.764#:.#493078/9?1#:.#3.;/784$#*#/6129108/9?1D#02979;81:6#.7# @0.#3.H6-# 5-.:9/.# 764# -.40728:64D# 4.# 81879;81# :94291284#5-656-/961.4#:.#3.;/78#:.#8<08#:.4878:8#I#-.391.-879;8:8$#J6-#K72936#4.#-.879;8#01#.420:96#:.#3.;/784#:.#5.-3.8:6#/61#8<084#/61291.1287.4$#


+.#L81#02979;8:6#:64# 5-6<-8384#:.#3.;/784#M82.-=J-6N# I#+6O239PQ$# #)64#:8264#58-8# 78#G879:8/9?1#4.#L81#-./65978:6#:.#764#8-/L9G64#:.7#78R6-826-96#:.#78#%81/63019:8:#:.#764#(8187.4#:.7#S89R9778#T%(SU#.1#(8-28<.18$#

7.3 Resultados de la validación de programas de simulación de mezclas

)64#-.40728:64#:.#78#G879:8/9?1#:.#78#3.;/78#/61#.7#5-6<-8=38#M82.-=J-6#858-./.1#.1#784#,9<0-84#!$N#8#!$V#58-8#.7#/87=/96D#78#87/87919:8:D#.7#5W#I#.7#)+A=Q""C#-.45./29G83.12.$#

#!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'/&./"3'4-5"53'6'/&./$.&53'7&%&'.&8'4-9/.&8'5-'&#$&8'5-'.&':;<'$2"."9&153'=&2-%>?%3)

#

!"#$%&'()@+',-.&/"01'.&'&./&."1"5&5'4-5"5&'6'/&./$.&5&'7&%&'.&8'4-9/.&8'5-'&#$&8'5-'.&':;<'$2"."9&153'=&2-%>?%3)

!"#$%&'()A+',-.&/"01'-.'7B'4-5"53'6'/&./$.&53'7&%&'.&8'4-9/.&8'5-'&#$&8'5-'.&':;<'$2"."9&153'=&2-%>?%3)

!"#$%&'()C+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'DEF'4-5"53'6'/&./$.&53'7&%&'.&8'4-9/.&8'5-'&#$&8'5-'.&':;<'$2"."9&153'=&2-%>?%3)

)64#-.40728:64#8501281#8#018#/6--.78/9?1#8/.528R7.D#.1#.4=5./987#.1#76#-.O.-.12.#87#)+A#T,9<0-8#!$VU$#

7. SOBRE LAS MEZCLAS DE AGUAS REMINERALIZADAS CON AGUAS DESALADAS

Figura 7.2: Relación entre la alcalinidad medida y calcu-lada para las mezclas de agua de la MCT utilizando Water-Pro.

Figura 7.3: Relación entre el pH medido y calculado para las mezclas de agua de la MCT utilizando Water-Pro.

!"

!#$%&'()*+

,-$./0-123$/34$-56.$57809./7:4$;0-2-$/34/90715-$<0-$57$5-$.=.2-$8>5$2-9$?"@$2-$.A0.$2-5.9.2.$.$04$.A0.$1-874-1.B97C.2.$/34$DE$8A$(.(FGH)$2-$.9/.97472.2I$-9$)+J$;.5.1>$.$5-1$8-431$<0-$BEI"#

&5635$1-5096.235$5-$1-!$-1-4$.$04$5756-8.$43$.K7-163$.$9.$.6B8:5L-1.$;31$93$<0-$;.1.$5756-8.5$.K7-1635$9.$;M1272.$2-$(FN$;0-2-$;-187671$.08-46.1$97A-1.8-46-$-9$@$2-$.A0.$2-5.9.B2.#$$O.8K7M4$;0-2-4$.08-46.1$97A-1.8-46-$57$5-$06797C.$04$.A0.$/34$04.$.9/.97472.2$80P$K.Q.$RS?$8A$(.(FGH)T$

!"#$%&'()*+',-.&/"01'-12%-'-.'34%/-12&5-'6-'&#$&'6-7&.&86&'&9&6"6&'&.'&#$&'%-:"1-%&.";&6&'6-'*<':#'=&=>?@A'6-'&./&."1"6&6)

U31$50$;.16-I$935$.4>97575$/34$-9$;13A1.8.$+3L687V$2-80-5B61.4$04.$/311-9./7:4$74L-1731#$*$6W6093$2-$-Q-8;93$5-$;1-5-4B6.4$935$2.635$;.1.$-9$)+J$RX7A01.$!#"T$

!"#$%&'()B+',-.&/"41'-12%-'-.'ACD':-6"64'E'/&./$.&64'3&%&'.&7':-;/.&7'6-'&#$&7'6-'.&'F=G'$2".";&164'C4H2F"I)

*$9.$90C$2-$-5635$1-5096.235$5-$Y.$5-9-//734.23$-9$;13A1.8.$Z.6-1BU13$;.1.$-9$-560273$2-$8-C/9.5$/34$.A0.5$2-5.9.2.5#

7.5 Estudio de la mezcla de agua desalada y remineralizada

+-$Y.$1-.97C.23$9.$57809./7:4$;.1.$.[-17A0.1$<0M$;31/-46.BQ-$2-$.A0.$2-5.9.2.$;0-2-$8-C/9.15-$/34$.A0.$;9-4.8-46-$1-874-1.97C.2.$R)+J$\$ETI$574$<0-$-9$)+J$;.5-$.$5-1$74L-1731$.$BEI"I$9W876-$74L-1731$2-9$],$?ÊHNEEG#

).$O.K9.$!#?$1-508-$935$1-5096.235$2-$9.$57809./7:4#$).$X7BA01.$!#D$;1-5-46.$935$875835$2.635$2-$L318.$A1>!$/.#$

GJKAJ'()L+'_*]J*(Jà$&a$)*$(F%UF+J(Jà$,&$)*$%&'()*$,&$*bc*$]&%Ja&]*)J'*,*$d$,&+*)*,*$+Ja$]&%Ja&]*)J'*]$+&bea$&)$@$,&$*bc*$,&+*)*,*$&a$)*$%&'()*$U*]*$ca$+J+O&%*$(&]]*,F$aF$*fJ&]OF$*$)*$*O%`+X&]*#

@$2-$.A0.$2-5.9.2.

U.1>8-613 E@ "@ ?E@ ?"@ NE@ N"@ GE@ ?EE@

+O,I$8AH) GEE Ng" NgE Nh" NhE N!" N!E NEE

*9iI$8A$(.(FGH) DEIEE "!INE "ÎGE "?I"E ^hIDE ^"IhE ^NIgE GIEE

;j hING hI?^ hIE" !IgD !Ih! !I!h !I!E DI?E

(.NkI$8AH) NNIEE NEIgE ?gIgE ?hIhE ?!I!E ?DI!E ?"IDE EIDE

OI$l( NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE NEIEE

(9BI$8AH) ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE ?"DIEE

%ANkI$8AH) NIEE NIEE NIEE NIEE NIEE NIEE NIEE NIEE

+F^NBI$8AH) ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE ÎEE

(J,I$8AH) ?Î^^ ?GIhN ?GINE ?NI"h ??IgD ??IG^ ?EI!? NIEG

(FNI$8AH) EID! EI!g EIgG ?IEg ?IND ?I^" ?ID" Î!D

)+J BEIEg BEIN? BEIG" BEI^h BEIDN BEI!" BEIhg B"IEG

En caso de querer aumentar el porcentaje de mezcla de agua no remineralizada es necesario aumentar la dosis de CO2 y por tanto el grado de remineralización. Esto implica también un mayor contenido de CO2 después de la mecla que debe eliminarse aireando o con la adición de Na(OH).

(NO ABIERTO A LA ATMÓSFERA).

Figura 7.6: Valor del LSI según el porcentaje de agua desalada añadida a un agua remineralizada con 60 mg CaCO3/L de alcalinidad.

!!

!"#$%&'()*

)+# ,-./+#0.1#12#1+#3/45#/2617,578#14654#9/654#41# 71!#1712#/#.2#4,461:/#3177/958#;57# +5#0.1#12#.2#4,461:/#/<,1765#/# +/#/6:=4>17/#352#;54,<,+,9/914#91#1+,:,2/7#1+#1?3145#91#'@A#9,4.1+65#41#;597B/#/.:126/7#12#/+-.254#;.2654#1+#;573126/C1#91#:1D3+/#91#/-./#914/+/9/"#

7.6 Estudio de la mezcla de agua desalada y agua continental

%2#+/#E/<+/#!"A#41#:.1467/2#+54#714.+6/954#91#+/#4,:.+/3,=2#352#F/617G75#91#.2/#:1D3+/#91#.2#/-./#3526,2126/+#352#.2#/-./#914/+/9/#4,2#71:,217/+,D/7"#*1-H2#14654#9/654#41#;.191#++1-/7#/#/I/9,7#J/46/#.2#KLM#91#/-./#914/+/9/#4,2#71:,217/N+,D/78#4,2#0.1#1+#(*O#</C1#;57#91</C5#91#NL8K"

!"#$"%&'()%P)QO)'ORS#%S#()#'@$G@*O'ORS#T%#()#$%&'()#T%#)UV)#'@SEOS%SE)(#W#T%*)()T)#*OS#Q%$OS%Q)(O&)Q#*%UXS#%(#M#T%#)UV)#T%*)()T)#%S#()#$%&'()8#G)Q)#VS#*O*E%$)#'%QQ)T@#S@#)YO%QE@#)#()#)E$R*Z%Q)"

G/7[:1675 )-./#3526,2126/+ )-./#914/+/9/#4,2#71:,217/+,D/7 $1D3+/#\4,461:/#3177/95#25#1?;.1465#/#+/#/6:=4>17/]

M#91+#'/.9/+#E56/+ KLM KLM ^LLM

*ET8#:-_( `!` aÂ b!`

)+c8#:-#'/'@d_( êA8LL A8LL ^^L8eL

;f# `8a` K8aL !8A`

'/Ag8#:-_( ^La8LL ^8aL Ke8eL

E8#h' ê8LL AA8^L AL8dL

'+N8#:-_( ^dd8LL ^^b8LL ÂK8!L

$-Ag8#:-_( Ka8LL A8dL d^8`L

*@aAN8#:-_( dLL8LL a8KL ^!A8eL

(*O ^8^^ Na8LA NL8aK

7.7 Referencias

^"# F)E%QNGQ@# *3J566# *5>6i/718# G.<+,3/95# ;57#'J1:*Fj#8#O23"#J66;k__iii"3J1:4i"35:

A"# *@ZE$Ol"#G75-7/:/#;/7/#:1D3+/4#91#/-./4"#G.<+,3/N95#;57#+/#Z.29/3,=2#'12675#'/2/7,5#91+#)-./"#J66;k__iii">33/"14"

(NO ABIERTO A LA ATMÓSFERA).

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

portadaBil(ConLomo)OK.pdf 25/8/10 12:07:19

guía para la remineralización (rev3) - blog del agua€¦ · =k w fwhw bw h[c_d[hwb_pwy_ d z[ bwi...

Documents