geografia apuntes

7/23/2019 GEOGRAFIA APUNTes

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GEOGRAFIA 3.EBALUAKETA5.GAIA: LEHEN SEKTOREKO ESPAZIOAK

LANDA ESPAZIOA

Landa espazia! "#$aniza%"%a ez da&en '"##a'dea da! nn ne(aza#i%za! a$e'%zain%zae%a $as )a#d"e#a( &a#a%zen di#en. *+,-. a/a#(ada%i( $es%e )a#d"e#a $a%z"( &ei%"di#a! e&i%za(! ind"s%#ia! ze#$i%z"a(! aisia#i '%"%a( e(in%za(0 e%a az(ena'dian!

%#adiziz( Ne(aza#i%za Ge&#a1a( $ain e#e/" za$a'a&a d"%e.

1. Faktore fsikoak eta osagai gizatiarrak Espainian! 'anda espazien aniz%as"n andia da&! 2a(%#e 2si4 e%a &iza(iene#a&ina&a%i(.

1.1 Inguru naturalaFa(%#e 1si(e( &a#an%iza &a'd" d"%e! a"##e#apen %e(ni(en e#a&inez. Fa(%#e 1si(e(e#a&ina iza%en )a##ai%zen d"%e! Espainia#en (as"an ez da /esede&a##ia.

a Erliebea: Ba%az $es%e( a'%i%"de e#%aina d"! /a'da "&a#i#e(in. Hne(!i&id"#a andi%zen d" e%a /e(anizazia zai'd".

$ Klima: L"##a'dea#en za%i andian! p#ezipi%azi "##ia( e%a i##e&"'a##a(iza%en di#a! e(ai%za( e%a %6in&##a nai( i(a(! %enpe#a%"#a#ene&e#a( /"%"##e(a(. Izz%ea( e%a e&"z(ia#en e##adia(zia( inda#%s"a(:id#%as"n nai( andia.

4 Lurzorua: (a'i%a%e es(asa! '"##a#en e/an(#%as"na &"%6i%".

1.2 Nekazaritza egitura*. Nekazaritza egitura tradizionala: es("'an "&a#i! "s%ia%e&i %6i(ia( ed

andia( 'and"! /d" es%ensi$an e%a %e(n'&ia a%ze#a%"a#e(in. E%e(ina%6i(ia! e(izpena a"%(n%s"/#a e%a (anp( 'eie%a%i( a#an%ze'en $idez

$a$es%"%a( $a##" /e#(a%"#a $ide#a%".7. Gaur egungo nekazaritza e&i%"#a: *+8-. %i( a"##e#a! 'an&i'e &"%6i e%azaa#(i%"a(! ne(aza#i%za "s%ia%e&ien %a/aina andi%"! in%en%si1(azia!a"##e#apen %e(n'&i(a( &ei%". E%e(ine( &#a! e(izpena espezia'iza%"z.P#d"(%"a( /e#(a%" &'$a'iza%" e%a 'i$e#a'iza%"an sa'd".

1.3 Landako populatzea eta habitataa Landa pp"'a%zea! 'anda espazian da"den &iza eza#penen /"'%za da! Espainian'anda "da'e##ia( *-.--- $iz%an%e%i( $ee#a di%"z%ena(!'anda(a( 7--- $ee#a! e#dii#i(a( 7---9*---- $iz%an'e $i%a#%ean.

Jatorria, 2a(%#e 1si(e(in '%"%a da&! e#'ie$e e%a "#a e&%ea#e(in. E(n/i(a(!

$a'ia$idea( es("#a e&%ea! e%a is%#i(a! Bi#(n(is%e(in.

1. Populatze sakabanatua.Landa e%6ea &aine#a( e%6ee%a%i( $anand"a! 'a##ea(! $asa(! 'a$#an%za '"##a(.I$e#ia# penin%s"'a#en pe#i2e#ian! Ba'ea##e%an! e%a (ana#ie%an na&"si(i:

a Sa(a$ana%" sa: e%6e &"z%ia( $a(a#%"%a.$ Sa(a$ana%" %a#%e(a%"a: a%##iz( n"('e pi'a%"e%a%i( $a##eia%"%a( e%6ee(

sa%". Ne(aza#i%za ezpazi $e##i( "s%ia%ze( nai di%"z%e! e%a n"('e $eza'ae'iza e%a az(a da"de e##ian. Ha##e/ana(.

4 Sa(a$ana%" 'asaia: E%6een a'de %6i(ie( ed e##i6(a $a##eia%"e( sa%".. Populatze pilatua.

He##ia( e%a "da'e##ia( e#a%"z %a'de(a%zen di#a! Espainia( '"##a'de san eda%zenda! $a##"a'dean na&"si(i.

a Linea'a: E%6ea( $ide ed e##epide $a%en in&"#"an an%'a%"%a.

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$ ;e%a%"a: E%6ea( n"('e $a%en in&"#"an %a'de(a%"! e##e&"'a#(i edi##e&"'a#(i.

4 Landa pp"'a%zea#en a'da(e%a(:

• Ba##"a'dea: eza#penen %a/aina /"##iz%" ne(aza#i%za e6da#en e#a&inez.

• Kostetan: ;edi%e##anean! %"#is/a( 'anda espazia "#$aniza%"! ne'aizae#a %#adizina'a &a'd"z.

• !iri ingurutan: Hi#ia#en az("nde de/&#a1(a de'a! "#$i' da"den 'andan"('ea( i#i#a &ei%zen di#a! ne'a aisi#a( e%a e&i%za( e&i%e( e#a$i'iz.

1.4 Nekazaritza politika P'i%i(a a'da(e%a andia izan z"en E"#pa( E#(ide&an sa#%" <*+=8 e%aNe(aza#i%za( P'i%i(a Ba%e#a%"a >NPB9 eza##i e%a &e#.

1.4.1 Nekazaritza- politika XIX. Mendearen erditik NPB ra arte

Espainia( ne(aza#i%za p'i%i(a#en ina##ia(: )a$e%za sis%e/a! )a$e%zen %a/aina

dese&(ia(! /e#(a%a#i%za p#%e(zinis/a e%a e%e(ina( andia&%zea izan.*. Jabetzen sistema: ?I?. ;ende( desa/#%izazia( ez z"en a'da%" )a$e%za.Bi&a##en E##ep"$'i(a( ne(aza#i%za9e#a'da(e%a( "%s e&in z"en '"#sai'andia( des)a$e%" e%a #ie%an ne(aza#i %6i(ia( eza#%ze( ae'e&inean. E%a2#an(is/( ('nizazia#en "#ez%a(e%a( eda%zea#en p'i%i(a( in&"#"p#i$a%" za$a'a( es%a%"a#en (a#&"@#a "#ez%a%zea p#psa%" z"en! #ie%an('na( eza#%zea#en %#"(e.

7. Jabetzaren tamaina dese&(ia! 'e&e $e##ia( '"#sai'a( $a%e#a%ze(. L"#sai'a( $a%e#a%zea *+57 an a$ia%" zen e%a &a"# e&"n a#%e )a##ai%zen d".;ini2"ndia &"%6i%" nai di#a! )a$e $a(i%za#i '"#sai' $a(a# ed '"#sai' $a%z"( e/anda!'"# /%a! 'a$#an%za /%a! an%ze(a( di%"z%ena(. K/"ni(a$idee(in '%" nai di#a.

Uda'e##i $a(i%zean &"%6iene( (p"#" $a% 1n(a%zen da e%a e%a #ie%a%i( ezin da'"#sai' $e##i $a% s#%". L"#sai' &"%6ia&! andia&a( e%a e##e&"a'a##a&a( s#%" di#a:/"&en (p"#" &"%6i%"z! e%a e##epideen sa#e $e##ia s#%"z.

Lursail "andiei buruzko legeria: F#an(is/an asi e%a %#ansizian a'da%" zen.L"#sai' andia( &"z%iz 'anda%" &a$e ed a%a' andi $a%ean 'and" &a$e e&%easaies%" nai d".

3. ;e#(a%a#i%za9 p#%e(zinis/a(: a%ze##i%i( da%zen p#d"(%"ei a#an%ze'a(#daina#azi! $e#%an 'eia#i( ez e&%e(.

. E%e(ina( andia&%" e&in zi#en: %e(ni(a $ea( sa#%" zi#e'a( e%a"#ez%a%zea( eda%" zi#e'a(.

1.4.2 Nekazaraitza Politika Bateratua eta horren hondorioak :

Espainia E"#pa( E#(ide&an sa#%" dene%i(! Ne(aza#i%za p'i%i(a Ba%e#a%"a ap'i(a%"da! nd#ia(:

*. Espainia e"#pa( /e#(a%" $a(a##enean sa#%" zen! /e#(a%a#i%za as(eanpa#%e a#%"z.

• #arruko merkatuan: inp#%a%"%a( p#d"(%"e( a#anze' $a% #dain%zend"%e! Espainia( $es%e in&"#" $a%z"e%an e#s(e%a( &"%6i%"! e%a E"#pa#Ba%as"nean &eia& e#si z"en.

• Europako merkatu askeari: Espainia( p#d"(%"a( e#s%e( aa'/enandia d"%en /i'ii(a (n%s"/i%zai'e#en&ana i#i%si di#a. Leia andia&%"!e%a e%e(ina( e%a (a'i%a%ea andi%" $ea# di#a.

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7. E"#pa( E#(ide&( ne(aza#i%za9)a#d"e#a#en a#aze(! NPB #en a'da(e%a(Espanian a#aza(:

• E"#pa( p#d"(%"en p#ezia( &a#es%ia( di#a

• S$e#a(ina( da"de a$e'%zan%za e%a ne(aza#i%zan

• Kn%s"/i%zai'ee( es(a(iz"na( sas"na e%a se&"#%as"na#i $"#"z

• Landa in&"#" as( $iz%an'e#i#i( &a$e &e'di%" di#a

1. Landa$espazioaren nekazaritza$erabilerak

E#a$i'e#a(! ne(aza#i%za! a$e'%zain%za e%a $as "s%iapena.9 Aza'e#a9 E#a$i'e#a $a(i%za( ne(aza#i%za( az(en e(izpena#i e&inda( e(a#pena(:

Hasie#an 'anda#e e(izpena( na&"si%as"n a#&ia z"en ani/a'ia e(izpena#ena"##ean! $ain #ain pis" e#'a%i$a. Ha'a e#e "#%e# a'da(e%an iza%en di#a!/e%e#'&ia#en&ai%i(.

2.1 Nekazaritza-jarduera Ne(aza#i%za %#adizina'a#en ina##ia p'i'a$#an%za! %e(ni(a a%ze#a%"a( e%a'a$#an%za sis%e/a es%ensi$a( e#a$i'%zen zi%"en e%a e%e(in %6i(ia( '#%zen zi#en.E(izpena a"%(n%s"/#a ed nazi( /e#(a%"an s$e#a(ina( sa'%ze#a $ide#a%zen

zen. Ga"# e&"n! e%e(ina( andia&%" e%a e(izpena /e#(a%"an sa'%zea $ide#a%" da.

2.2.1Nekazaritza egitura eta oraintu izandako aldaketak!

*. Ne(aza#i%za es("a'de $a(i%ze( p#d"(%"#i( nene%an espezia'iza%zen da.7. La$#an%za( %e(ni(a /de#na( &ei%zen di%":

• Ha"%a%"%a( azi"a( e%a 'a$#an%za %#ans&eni(a( e#a$i'%zen di#a! zen$a%p#pie%a%e a'da%"z e%e(in &eia& '#%ze(.

• Pes%iziden e%a n&a##ien (n%s"/a( &#a e&in d"

• ;a(ine#ia#en e#a$i'e#a( &#a e&in d" *+8-. a/a#(ada%ii! $aina #ain szaa#(i%"%a e%a &"%6i e#a$i'i%a da"de.

3. Ne(aza#i%za in%en%si$a( pis"a i#a$azi d" ne(aza#i%za es%en%si$a#e(ina'de#a%"%a! 'e##e( '"##e%an '"&##ia &"%6i%" de'a( e%a '"# "#ez%a%"a(eda%" di#e'a(.

• Lugorria: Ne(aza#i%za p#a(%i(a %#adizina'a da! '"##a#i a%sedena a#%zen "z%enzai! '"##a &'da%" e&in $ea# da e"#i "#a $e% )as dezan e%a $e'a# %6a##a((end" $ea# di#a! '"##a( %6anda(a%" e&i%en di#a! e/an(#%as"na $e%ze(.L"&##ia#en aza'e#a( a%ze#a e&in d" Espainian. L"&##ia( espazian d"en$ana(e%a#i e##epa#a%"z! Ipa##a'dea( $a'i &"%6i d"! $aina Gaz%i'a ;an%6an e%aA#a&in $a'i andia d". L"&##ia#en a$an%ai'a na&"sia! '"##a#i a%seden na%"#a'a$e#/a%zea da! $aina a#aza( e#e $adi%"! in&"#" #ie%an ne(aza#i%za e(izpena

/"##iz%" e&i%en da e%a.

• %reztatzea: P#ezipi%azie( e/anda( "#az &ain! '"##a#i "# &ei&a##ia e/a%enzai. G#a$i%a%ea#en $idez( "#ez%a%ze(a! iinz%ad"#a $idez ed %an%a $idez.F#"i%"a( e%a $a#az(ian 'an%zen di#a.9 U#ez%a%ze in%en%si$e(: Ai#e za$a'ean ed $e#%e&ie%an! "#%ean zen$ai% "z%a

e/a%en di%"z%e.9 U#ez%a%ze es%en%si$e%an: "z%a $a(a##a '#%zen da a"z( 'e##e( '"##en

a'di $e#ean. E%e(ina as(z andia&a da. &zalera! "#ez%a%"a as( andia&%" da 7-. /endean! es%a%"a( 'an andia(

e&in di%"e'a(. U#ez%a%zeen P'an Nazina'a(! $ea###izana d"%en in&"#"e%an&iza#%e "#ez%a%zea( s#%" nai di%" $iz%an'e#i( &a$e &e#a ez dai%ezen. U#&"%6ien (n%s"/i%zen di%"z%en sis%e/a( e%a "#a#i &a%za (end"%a e%a i#ia#az(e%a%i( da%##en "#a e#a$i'iz.

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#anaketari! da&(inez:9 Ks%a'de /edi%e##anean: "#ez%a%ze in%en%si$a da na&"si. Ba'din%za

/esede&a##ia( ap#$e%6a%zen di%"! 1si(a( <%enpe#a%"#a 'e"na(! e#'ie$ea#en$a$esa! '"#z#" e&(ia( zein &iza%ia##a( <nazia#%e( /e#(a%"a e%a ##e(inda"den (/"ni(azi na(

9 I$e#ia# penin%s"'a#en $a##"a'dean "#ez%a%ze es%en%si$a na$a#/end" $ea#da. I$e# penin%s"'a( i$ai andie( e/anda( "#a de'a e%a.

&bantailak ! in%en%si$a#ena( $a%ez e#e as( di#a. E(izpena e&n(#%zen d"!

e%e(ina( e%a e##en%a( andia&%"! $izi /ai'a $e%" e%a ze#$i%z"a(e%a $iz%an'e#ia#en n&iza%ea andia&%zen di#a. E/i&#azi )e#a ap"#%zen e%ape#%snen i//i&#azia $"'%za%zen 'a&"n%zen d" "#ez%a%zea( /an%en%ze(ze#$i%z"e%an 'an e&i%e(. P#es%a("n%za %e(ni(a e%a p#2esina'a $e%zen di%"!%i%"'"d"n p#2esina'a( e%a "ni$e#%si%a%e(a &ei%"z.&razoak : '"##aza'e( e%a '"#pe( "#a( &eie&i "s%ia%zea! "#a 6a"%zen d"%ensis%e/a( e#a$i'%zea! in&"#"/ena a'da%zea! n&a##ien (n%s"/a andi%zen!p'as%i(z( e&i%"#e(in '%"%a! paisaien a'da(e%a ez es%e%i(a.

2.1.2 Nekazaritza-ekoizpena eta oraintu izan dituen aldaketak!

*'erealak ! &iza(ien e'i(ad"#a#a $ide#a%"%a%a( $e'a# 'a$#aea( di#a9La$#an%za in&"#"a: Ba##"a'de( 'e##e( '"##a(. L"&##ia e%a 'e(ad"na(%6anda(a%".9E(izpena: E"#pa( $es%e e##ia'de $a%z"e%a( e%e(in andia&ei a"##e e&in $e#a#die

7 Lekadunak ! $e'a# 'a$#ea( di#a e%a &iza(ien (n%s"/#a $ide#a%"%a da"de! $e#deed 'e# da"denean9 La$#an%za in&"#"a(: ze#ea'en in&"#"a#e(in $a% e&i%en d".9 E(izpena: ;e(anizazia#en zai'%as"ne( e%a e%e(in %6i(iei a"##e e&in $ea# die.

3 (a)atsondoa, 'e##ean 'an%zen den z"ai6a(a da! e%a /aa%sa( e(iz%en di%"!2#es( (n%s"/i%ze( e%a $a%ez e#e a#da e&i%e(.9E(izpen in&"#"a: Gaz%e'a ;an%6a na&"sia! aza'e#a %6i(ia&a#e(in: E##i6an D"e#n!Ga'izian..9E(izpen %#adizina'a( e%e(in %6i(ia( zi%"en! in&"#" as(%an /aas%ia( $es%e'a$#an%za $a%z"e%a#a( e&(ia( ez zi#en $az%e##a( a#%zen zi%"en e%a. Baina *++-as( asi da! $e("n%za %e(ni(ei es(e#.

*libondoa! 'e##e( z"ai%za da e%a "da( 'e#%ea#i a"##e e&i%en di.9E(izpen In&"#"a! Anda'"zia( 'andaza$a'a( di#a

9E(izpena: s a'da(##a da! 'i$nda( 2#"i%"a( $i "#%ez $eien e/a%en di%"e'a(e%a "z%a na( e%a %6a##a( %6anda(a%zen di%"e'a(! As( asi za! E"#pa( di#"'a&"n%za( da"de'a( e%a $e("n%za %e(ni(a(! /"nd"( e(izpena#en - da! e%aa#az $a%z"ei a"##e e&in $ea# die! 'ia#en p#ezi &a#es%a! 'i /e#(ea&en 'eia.

5+ #arazkiak eta rutak ! 2#es(an (n%s"/i%ze#a ed (n%se#$a ind"s%#ia#a$ide#a%zen di#a.9E(izpen in&"#"a: I$e#i#a# penin%s"'a( e%a "a#%ee%a( '"# "#ez%a%"a( di#a!e%a'e##e( '"# ezee%an <sa&a##nda( e%a 'e##e%an <a'/end#a(. Ba#az(ia( ai#eza$a'ean ed $e#%e&ie%an! ;edi%e##ane( (s%a'de( '"# "#ez%a%"e%an e%a i#i((n%s"/&"nee%a%i( "#$i' ((a%". F#"%a a#$'a( (s%a'dea%an.9E(izpena: %#adiziz a"%(n%s"/#a( zen! andia&%" e&in zen $izi /ai'a( &#ae&i%en! &a"# e&"n za%i andi $a% esp#%a%zen da! e%a i#"&a##en /"nd"%i( inp#%a%"$ai%a.

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8 -ndustria laborantzak : Ind"s%#ia e#a'da(e%a#a $ide#a%zen di#a! e(i'#ea! (%ia!%a$a(a..9E(izpen in&"#"a: He&a'de( '"# "#ez%a%"a( di#a! e##e/'a%6a#en (as"an! D"e#a#anean.9E(izpena! ind"s%#ia#e(in s '%"%a da&. Ind"s%#ia( as(%an azia( e/a%en di%"!ne(aza#iei )a##ai$idea( e/a%en diz(ie e%a e(izpene#a( (n%#a%a%zen d".

,+ #azka laborantzak ! ani/a'ien e'i(ad"#a#a#a $ide#a%zen di#a.9 La$#an%za in&"#"a: Ipa##a'de( 'e##e( '"##a'de%an! (i'i/a ezea&a d"%e'a(!e%a '"# "#ez%a%" es%en%si$e%an.9E(izpena( &#a e&in d" *+5-! a$e'%zain%za )a#d"e#a( e%a a$e#een%za( )a(ienes(a#ia( &#a e&in d"%e'a(.

99999999999ESPAINIAKO NEKAZARITZA PAISAIAK: TAULA999999999999999

. Landa munduaren oraintsuko dinamikak Ga"# e&"n! 'anda /"nd"a! espazi &e# e%a e%e#&enea&a e%a (np'e6"a&a da.

9 T#adizia e%a /de#ni%a%ea e'(a##e(in $izi di#a. Landa espazi sa(na

izenda%"%a( es("a'de $a%z"e(! e%e(in %6i(i( )a#d"e#a %#adizina'a( di%"z%e!$e#%an $ee#a "z%en di%"%z%e az(enen. Bes%e $a%z"e( /de#niza%" e&in di#ae%a e%e(in andi( e(izpen 'eia(##e%an espezia'iza%" di#a. Bie( ain$a%a#az izan di%"z%e e%a" landa munduaren krisia de#i%z.

4.1 Landa-epazioaren erabilera berriak.* &rrazoiak :9 Landa izae#a d"en &"z%ia /d" psi%i$an "'e#%zen da! Hi#i( e&nezina(

&#a e&in d"e'a(. H##en a"##ean 'anda izae#a d"en &"z%ia in&"#"/en(a'i%a%ea andia! 'asai%as"na! se&"#%as"na e%a &iza#%e(i%as"n eza"&a##ia#en

sinni/ da.9 Dezen%#a'iza%ze( )e#a da&! (s%" %6i(ia&a( $i'a%"z. E&i%za(! e(izpene%a ze#$i%z"a(.

7 Erabilera berriak :9 E&i%za e#a$i'e#a(! p##e%a#a( $i&a##en /ai'a( e%6e$izi%za( di#a! i#i

andie%a%i( "#$i'9 Ind"s%#ia e#a$i'e#a(: Landa( 'een&aia( e%a $a'ia$idea( ap#$e%6a%" nai

di%"z%en 2a$#i(a( 'e("z a'da%zen di#e'a(.9 E#a$i'e#a %e#%zia#ia(! &a##aien e%a i#i #ni("n%zen azpie&i%"#a(!

/e#(a%a#i%za aza'e#a andia(! aisi#a( e(ipa/end"a(! na%"#az &za%ze(desi#a#e(in '%"%a.

9 Paisaia ("'%"#a e#a$i'e#a( e%a e#$i'e#a (n%se#$azinis%a(/+ *ndorioak positiboak edo negatiboak izan daitezke:Psi%i$a(: Biz%an'e#aia e%a )a#d"e#a e(n/i(a espazian /d"#e(a%"a&an $ana%zen da! '"##a'de in%e&#azia#i e%a 'anda e(n/ia($e##es("#a%zea#i /esede e&inez.Ne&a%i$a(: Ne(aza#i%za espazia( iden%i%a%ea &a'%zea ! in&"#"/en na##iad"#a!'eia e&%ea "#a e%a '"#z#"a: &iza#%e &a%az(a( e#a $a%e( ed $es%e( $a'ie%a in%e#es e(n/i(a( di%"z%en $iz%an'ea( i#is%en di#e'a(.

4.2 Landa #unduaren kriia

E#a$i'e#a $e##ia( sa#%zea#e(in $a%e#a! 'anda espazia (#isian da&. Ne(aza#i%za )a#d"e#e%an d" e#a&ina.

* Ne(aza#i%za )a#d"e#e%an ("pa%"%a( $iz%an'e#ia( $ee#a e&i%ea

5



7 BPGd#a e&inda( e(a#pen e#'a%i$a( $ee#a e&i%ea.3 Ne(aza#i%za#en pa#%e a#%zea /"##iz%e (anp /e#(a%a#i%za. Ha'a e#e!

esp#%azien e%a inp#%zien $a'i a$s'"%"a andia&%" e&in da.;de#nizazia( e#e ##e%an 'a&"nd" d"! $a%ez e#e in&"#" "#ez%a%"e%an.Be#%a( p#d"(%"a( esp#%a%" e&i%en di#a! e%e(in andia( e/anez.

4.3 Landa inguruko arazoak eta landa garapeneko politikak

Hain$a% a#az#i a"##e e&i%e(! 'anda &a#apene( p'i%i(a p'i(a%zen da. H##e%an i#"ad/inis%#azia( a#%zen d"%e pa#%e.9 Europar #atasunak ! z"zen%#a#a" #(##a( p'an%ea%zen di"!

'eia(#%as"na! in&"#"/ena! e(n/ia di$e#%si1(azia e%a $izi (a'i%a%ea.9 Espainiako estatuak 9 &utonomia erkidegoek .

4.3.1 $razo de#ogra%koak 9 Landa $iz%an'e#ia &"%6i%zea e%a zaa#%zea.9 Es("'ana#en ("a'i1(azi "##ia

4.3.2 $razo ekono#ikoak 9 Landa espazia#en di$e#%si1(azi e(n/i( "##ia da& #aindi(.9 Te'e(/"ni(azien e%a %e(n'&ia $e##ien e#a$i'e#a ez da nai(a.9 Ne(aza#i%za( ind"s%#ia#e(i( e%a /e#(a%"a#e(i( d"en /enpe(%as"na &e#

e%a andia&a da.9 &nimalien segurtasunari! sas"na#i e%a n&iza%ea#i '%"%a( es(a(iz"n

$e##ia( $e%e $ea# di#a. E'i(ad"#a se&"#%as"na#en $idez! a##is("a( (n%#'a%" nai di#a. Osas"na( 'anda##een e%a a$e##en iz"##ia( saies%" nai di%" Ani/a'ien n&i iza%ea! a$e#eei %#a%" e&%ia e/a%ea! i'%zean.

9 Es(ae#a#en $e%e(iz"na( die%a#en (a'i%a%ea#i e%a di$e#%si1(azia#ida&(inez e&(i%ze ne"##ia(.

4.3.3 &izarte arazoak! ekipa#enduak eta bizi kalitatea

Landa n"('eas(( $izi (a'i%a%ea#en in&"#"( a#aza( di%"z%e! na( a"e(in '%"%a!i#is&a##i%as"na! azpie&i%"#a(! ina##iz( ze#$i%z"a(! e%a e(ipa/end"a! di%"z%eden%si%a%e de/&#a1( %6i(ia( di#e'a e%a! e%a (as" as(%an ze#$i%z" #ie( e/andi%za(e%en i#i n"('ee%a%i( s "##"n da"de.

4.3.4 Inguru#en arazoak

* Ne(aza#i%za )a#d"e#a(! in&"#"/enean a'da(e%a( s#%zen di%". Ai#ea!/a(ine#ia( ed ne(aza#i%za isns%a'azie(! "saina&a%i(! &asa&a%i(! aza'e("#a( "s%ia%zen e%a n&a##ien e%a pes%iziden e#a$i'e#a&a%i( ("%sa%".Landa#e#ia desa&e#%" e&i%en da z"aiz(a( /z%" 'a$#an%za '"##a( ed'a###ea( '#%ze( e#a&inda( s"%ea( da"de(a'( e%a '"#z#"a &eie&i"s%ia%zen da ne(aza#i%za in%en%si$an.

A#az #ien a"##ean! ne(aza#i%za )asan&a##ia s"s%a%zen da! in&"#"/enae##espe%a%zen d"ena. Ne"##ia(:

9 Ai#ea#en (a'i%a%ea $e%zea! 'a$#an%za ene#&e%i(a( e(i%zi%a e%a"z%nda( e##e &a$e! "#ez%a%ze( sis%e/a e#a&in(##a( e#a$i'%zea! n&a##ia(

6



(n%#'a%zea! s"%een a"#(a $##(a%zea! '"##a( $as&"n%za#a $ide#a%zea!na(aza#i%za e%a a$e'%zain%za es%en%si$ $i"#%zea.

9 Ne(aza#i%za e('&i(a(! p#d"(%" (i/i(e%a#a ) &a$e e(iz%en di#a:L"#z#"ei ("%sad"#a $i "#%ez (en%zen zaie e%a n&a##i #&ani(a( e#a$i'%zendi#a n&a##i%ze(. P#d"(%" sas"n&a##ia&a( di#a $ain &a#es%ia&a(!e(izpen andiena esp#%a%" e&i%en da! e/en es(a#ia s %6i(ia $ai% da.

7 Ne(aza#i%za )a#d"e#a( $ianiz%as"na &"%6i%zen 'a&"n%zen d". Espeziea"%(%na( desa&e#%ze( a##is("a da&. Ba#ie%a%e a"%(%na( s"s%a%zen

di#a! e%a a$e##e a##anza $a%z"( s"s%a%ze(a( ed $a$es $e#ezi(a( di#e'aadie#azi da.3 Despp"'a%zea( 'anda paisaia %#adizina'en $izi#a"pna#i /ea%6" e&i%en di.

8.GAIA: INDUSTRIA9ESPAZIOAK

1. -ndustria eta le)engaiak In"s%#ia! ene#&ia i%#"##i $a% e#a$i'iz 'een&aia( p#d"(%" e#di 'and" ed 'and"$i"#%zen di%"en )a#d"e#a da. Be#az! ind#"s%#ia#en 2"n%sez( ina##ia( 'een&aia( e%aene#&ia9i%"##ia( di#a.

1.1 Lehengai #otak

Leen&aia( ind"s%#ia( p#d"(%" e#di 'and" ed 'and" $i"#%zen di%"en $a'ia$idea(di#a.

* a%##i #&ani(a d"%en 'een&aia(! ne(aza#i%za )a#d"e#a%i(! a$e'%zan%za%i('#%zen di#a.

7 Leen&ai /ine#a'a(! /ea%(ie%a%i( ed /ine#a' pi'a(e%a andia( di%"z%enin&"#"e%a%i( a%e#a%zen di#a.

7



• ;ine#a' /e%a'i(a(: ina##iz( ind"s%#ia#a e%a ind"s%#ia /e(ani(#a$ide#a%zen di#a. Espainian &a"# e&"n e(izpen "##ia d"%e. Be#az! /ine#a'#ien inp#%a%" e&in $ea# di#a.

• ;e%a'i(a( ez di#en /ine#a'a( ed ind"s%#ia /ine#a'a! e#ai("n%za#a e%aind"s%#ia (i/i(#a $ide#a%zen di#a.

• Ha##$i( a##ia(! e#ai("n%zan e#a$i'%zen di#a. H#ien e(izpena( &#a e&"nd" n$a#/en e%a Espainia #ie%a( $a%z"ei da&(inez! /"nd"( 'eene(iz'ee%a(a e%a esp#%a%zai'ee%a(a da.

. (eatzaritzaren arazoak A#az "&a#i di%"! (npn%ze( E"#pa# Ba%as"ne( &ida'e##a( eza##i%a( /ea%za#i%zap'i%i(a e#a$i'i.

* &razo ekonomiko sozialak ! $es%e $a%z"en (a'i%a%e %6a##a! e#a"z%e(zai'%as"na e%a p#ezi &a#es%ia( di#a! es("'an /e#(ea&a d"%en e##ia'dee(ina'de#a%"%a. ;ea%za#i%za( (#isia izan d" e%a #ni%ze(! (anp(/enpe(%as"na da&.

• ;ea%za#i%za#en (#isia#i a"##e e&i%e(! $i /%a%a( )a#d"na(: Bi#/'da(e%a!/ea%ze as( i%6i di#a! e%a 'an&a$ezia( &#a e&in d". a#d"e#a a'%e#na%i$a(

&a#a%ze( 'a&"n%zan e/an di#a! a'a n'a! /ea%za#i%za( nda#eis%#i(a#en %"#is/ "s%iapene#a(. Bes%e%i(! 'eia(#%as"na andia&%"nai da! (a'i%a%ea e%a p#d"(%"en $a'ia $e%"z i(e#(e%a e%a %e(n'&ia&a#a%zea#i es(e#.

• H#ni("n%za#i da&(inez! (anpa#e(in da&en /enpe(%as"na#en e#a&inez!(anp /e#(a%a#i%za de1zi%a da&! /e%a'a( $i#zi('a%zea s"s%a%zea da(npn$idea.

7 -ngurumen arazoak ! /ine#a'a( &eie&i "s%ia%zea! ("%sad"#a a%/s2e#i(a!a("s%i(a! "#ena! '"#z#"a#ena! %e(n'&ia &a#$ia&a( e#a$i'%zea e%a("%sad"#a (en%ze( e#a&i(e%a( es(a%zen di%"ena! paisaian e#a&i%en di#ena'da(e%a(.

. Energia iturriak 9 I(a%za9 Pe%#'ia9 Gas na%"#a'a9 Ene#&ia n"('ea##a9 Ene#&ia id#a"'i(a9 Ene#&ia i%"##i $e##iz%a&a##i $e##ia(

/. Espainiako industria 10 eta 123 bitartean

1. #ilakaera )istorikoa1.1 Indutrializazioaren haiera geldoa '1())-1*++,

;ende$a'de( E"#pa( $es%e e##ia'de $a%z"e%an $ain $e#an&"a& asi zen.Ge#%ae#a ##en a##azia(! 'eenen& Ind"s%#ia i#a"'%za#en p##%a izan zen.

• Espainia( 'een&ai e%a p#d"(%" ene#&e%i( $a%z"en #ni("n%za /a("##a.;ea%e&i as( *=8= %i( a%ze##i( (npainiei e##en%a/end"an e/anzi%zaiz(ien! e%a /ine#a'a( esp#%a%" e&in zi%"z%en.

• Ind"s%#ia in$e#%sia ez zen $ea# den $es%e( izan: Es%a%"a z#pe%"%a!pa#%i("'a##e( desa/#%iza%"%a( '"##a( e#s%en in$e#%i%" z"%en! '"##a &iza#%e$a'i na&"sia ze'a( e%a enp#esa espi#i%"a "##ia ze'a(.

• Ind"s%#ia p#d"(%"en es(a#ia /"&a%"a zen.• A%ze#apen %e(n'&i(a

8



• Kanp( e&e#a ez zen /esede&a##ia! Independen%zia Ge##a%i( e%a ('niennda/endia#en&a%i(.

• Ind"s%#ia p'i%i(a ez zen e&(ia izan. *=+- eza##i%a( p#%e(zinis/a(ind"s%#ia#i /esede e&in zin (anp( 'eia%i( $a$es%"z $aina ez z"en/de#nizazi %e(ni(a $"'%za%".

. -ndustria eskoizpena 10$123 Leen Ind"s%#ia I#a"'%za(! < '"##"n /ine#a'a( /"&i%"%a( '"##"n /a(ina e%a

Bi&a##en Ind"s%#ia I#a"'%za( < ez%anda9/%##a( e%a /%# e'e(%#i(a( $e##i("n%za%e(ni(a( a#%" zi#en. Be##i("n%za #ien e#a&inez! se(%#e $a%z"en az("ndea$"'%za%" zen.

* ?I?. ;endea#en $i&a##en e#dian! Leen Ind"s%#ia I#a"'%za( Anda'"zian e%aIpa##a'dean eza##i%a( se(%#e side#/e%a'"#&i(a e%a Ka%a'"nia( (%ia#enia'&in%za se(%#ea inda#%" zi%"en.

7 ??: /endea#en 'een e#enean e%a F#an(#en a'dian! Bi&a##en IIe(izpena di$e#%si1(a%" z"en! ina##iz( se(%#ea( e%a (n%s"/ se(%#ea($a%ez e#e.

• *inarrizko sektoreak ! Es%a%"a( $"'%za%" zi%"en F#an(#en a'dian! *+*

s#%"%a( Ind"s%#ia Ins%i%"%" Nazina'a#i es(e#.• Kontsumo ondasunen industriak !< e'i(a&aia(! ia'&in%za.. $izi

/ai'a( &#a e&i%ea#e(in $a%e#a azi zi#en! &e##as%e( es(asiae(n/i(a( &aindi%" nd#en.

• Ekipo ondasunen industriak 4&a##aia(! /a(ine#ia.. &"%6i &a#a%" zi#en*+8-. "#%e#a#%e! Espainia( a%ze#apen %e(n'&i(a z"%e'a(. O#d"an asizen enp#esa /"'%inazina'e( $"'%za%"%a.

/. -ndustria egitura 10$123* E(izpen sis%e/a as(%a#i(a: Fa$#i(a %6i(ie%an sis%e/a %#adizina'a(

/an%end" zi#en! e%a 2a$#i(a andie%an 66. ;endea#en 'een e#ene%i(

sis%e/a 2#dis%a eza##i zen. E(izpen (a%en p#d"(%" $a%en 2a$#i(azi(e%apa &"z%ia( sa#%zen zi#en e%a 'an&i'ea e&in(iz"n $a(a# $a%enespezia'iza%"a ze&en. H##e&a%i( s#%" zi#en e(n/ia es(a'a(.

7 Enp#esa#en %a/aia:

• Enp#esa %6i(ia(: &eien&a zi#en! in$e#%sia#en %e(n'&ia#en e%a'eia(#%as"na#en a#'an /ai'a %6i(ia z"%en.

• Enp#esa andia(! ??. ;endea#en 'een e#ene%i( azi zi#en e%a $a%ez e#eF#an(#en a'dian. Enp#esa /"'%inazina'a(! az("nde e%a (np'e6"%as"n%e(n'&i( andiene( se(%#ee%an.

3 A%ze#apen %e(n'&i(a e%a (anpa#e(in ze&en /enpe(%as"na

• A%ze#apen %e(n'&i(a! %e(n'&ian e&inda( in$e#%si "##ia( zi#en• Kanpa#e(in ze&en /enpe(%as"na: Te(n'&i(a! $e#ez( %e(n'&ia#i( ez

ze&e'a(. Finan%za a#'(a! $e#%a( in$e#%sia $ea# den $es%e(a ez ze'a(e%a ene#&e%i(a! $e#%a( i(a%za e%a id#(a#$"#a( ez zi#e'a( &ai ind"s%#ia#ni%ze(. Be#az! /a(ine#ia! (api%a'a( e%a ene#&ia inp#%a%" $ea# zi#en!##e( (a'%e e&in zin ind"s%#ia#en 'eia(#%as"na#i.

Es("'ana( &#a e&in z"%en! p#es%a("n%za &"%6i z"en. Lan&i'een 'an e&e#aLeen Ind"s%#ia I#a"'%zan ez zen a#a"%"%a e&n! $aina ??./endea#en 'eene#ene%i( a"##e#a $e("n%za( '#%" zi#en 'an $a'din%ze%an.

5 E/ai%a /"&a andi( ind"s%#ia'izazia izan zen! nd#iz! Espainia(ind"s%#ia e&e#a e#di pe#i2e#i(an ((a%" zen.

. -ndustriaren kokapena 10$123

9



Ind"s%#ia e%e(in &eien '#%ze( 2a(%#e /esede&a##iena( es(ain%zen di%"z%enespazie%an ((a%zen da.

4.1 Indutria kokatzeko aktore klaikoak

9Leen&aie%a%i( e%a ene#&ia i%"##ie%a%ai( "#$i' e&%ea9Kn%s"/ /e#(a%" za$a'a

9Es("'an "&a#i e%a /e#(ea ed 'an e&i%e( nd p#es%a%"a.9Ga##ai sis%e/a e#a&in(##a( p#d"(%"en%za%9Kapi%a'a9La&"n%za se(%#ea(: ze#$i%z"a(! azpie&i%"#a na( e%a e(ipa/end"a(.9Ind"s%#ia p'i%i(a /esede&a##ia! 2a$#i(a( eza#%ze(..7 Ind"s%#ia( pi'a%ze( )e#a*=559*+,5! ind"s%#ia( i#i ind"s%#ia pi'a(e%a andie%an eza##i zi#en n"#a( '#%ze(!enp#esa 'a&"n&a##i e%a sa&a##ia( e&%e! /e#(a%"a "'$i' iza%ea. H#iei es(e#!pi'a(e%a #ie%a#a ind"s%#ia "&a#i "#$i'%zen di#a.

. -ndustria inguruak 10$123

).1 Lehengo indutria inguruak 1+ I$e#ia# penin%s"'a#en pe#i2e#ian e%a (adrilen pilatu zen le)endabizi

• E#a"z%e ina##ia z"%en in&"#"e%an! /ea%e&i ndan! 'eenen& ;a'a&aneza##i zen $"#dina ze&e'a( e%a &e# in&"#" /esede&a##ia&e%a#a /"&i%"zen As%"#ias e%a Kan%a$#ia#a! EAE.

• P#%" ina##i( in&"#"a(: Bi'$n! ACi'sen! Ba#%ze'na! a'en%zia.

• Hi#i ind"s%#ia in&"#"a( i#ie%an s#%" zi#en. Hi#ien $a##"an! %#e$ide&e'%(ia#en ndan eza##i zi#en! &a##ai azpie&i%"#en ndan e&%e(.<;ad#i'

+ L"##a'dea#en &aine#a( 'e("e%an ind"s%#ia 2(" sa(a$ana%"a( s#%" zi#en!e(izpen %#adizina'e%an ina##i%"a(! $a%ez e#e ne(aza#i%za )a%##iz(a(.

).2 Indutria inguruak 1*++ eta 1*) bitartean

??. /endea#en 'een e#enean e%a F#an(#en a'dian! ind"s%#ia#en $ana(e%an '"##a'dedes#e(a( send%":

* A"##e%i( ze"den ind"s%#ia in&"#"en pi'a(e%a e/an zen.

• Biz(ai( &'(a#en in&"#"( es("a'de%an! <EAE espezia'izazi andiaze&en e%a 2#a$#i(a andia zen na&"si! (as" as(%an %i%"'a#%as"n p"$'i(az"ena! INI#en (n%#'pean

• ;edi%e##ane( in&"#"e%an! ind"s%#ia di$e#%si1(azi andia&a ze&en e%aind"s%#ia a#ina( e%a enp#esa p#i$a%" %6i(ie( pis" andia&a z"%en.

• ;ad#i'e( ind"s%#ia e&in(iz"na send%" z"en! ind"s%#ia /de#n "&a#i $e#%an((a%" zi#en

7 Ind"s%#ia espazia( eda%zen asi zi#en *+8-. a/a#(adan! F#an(is/(ind"s%#ia &a#apene( p'i%i(a#en e/ai%za.

• Hi#i ind"s%#ia pi'a(e%a andien pe#i2e#e#ie%an eza##i zi#en ind"s%#ia(! '"#z#"/e#(ea! e##epide na&"sien a'$an! p'i&ne%an e%a ne'a ind"s%#iaedapene( a#da%za( e#a%" zi#en.

• Nazi( ind"s%#ia a#da%za( s#%" zi#en! (/"ni(azi $ide na&"sien zea#

es("a'de ind"s%#ia'iza%"enen a#%ean! ;edi%e##ane e%a E$#( a#da%z $e##ia(s#%" zi#en.

10



• Ind"s%ia $a##"%i $a(a#%"a( s#%" zi#en! ina##iz( ind"s%#ia( a#%" zi%"z%eni#ie%an.3 Espainia( '"##a'de( &aine#a( 'e("e%an! ind"s%#ia'izazia "##ia izan zen.

P#$in%zia( i#i$"#"e%a#a e%a $a##"%i $a(a#%" $a%z"e%a#a /"&a%" zen! e%ae(izpen %#adizina'e%an ina##i%" zen.

5. -ndustria politika 10$123

/.1 Indutria politikaren eparrua eta helburuak.

* Espa##"an p#%e(zini/a e%a es%a%"a( es(" a#%zea.

• P'i%i(a p#%e(zinis%a( ind"s%#ia (anp( 'eia%i( as(a%zen z"en! a#an%ze'a(eza##iz ed inp#%azia( /"&a%"z! ez" z"en $"'%za%zen /de#nizazi%e(ni(a.

• Es%a%"a( enp#esa p"$'i(a( s#%" zi#en se(%#e es%#a%e&i(e%an e%a ind"s%#ia

p'i%i(a &a#a%" z"en.7 He'$"#"a( ind"s%#ia $"'%za%zea e%a $ana(e%a des$edina z"zen%zea izan zen!ind"s%#ia s"s%a%" e%a a#ind" nai zen.

/.2 Indutria utatzea eta arintzea.----Liburuan.

. Krisia eta industria berregituratzea: 123$120

1. -ndustria krisia

1.1 0riiaren arrazoiak!

* Kanp(' a##azia(! /"nd"( e(n/ian &e#%a%"%a( a'da(e%a( izanzi#en

• Ene#&ia &a#es%i%zea. *+,3. "#%ean pe%#'ia#en p#ezia( &#a e&inz"en. E(izpen (s%"a( andia&%" e%a es(ae#a &"%6i%" zen

• Hi#"&a##en Ind"s%#ia I#a"'%zan! $e##i("n%za %e(n'&i(a(! ind"s%#iase(%#e $e##ia( e%a e(izpen sis%e/a $e##ia( s#%" zi#en! e%aa"##e( ind"s%#ia sis%e/a zaa#(i%"%a &e#a%" zen.

• Es(a#ia( es(a(iz"n $e##ia( zi%"en! (a'i%a%ea#i e%a disein"a#ize&(ienez! e%en&a$e( $e##i("n%za $ea# zen e%a enp#esa &"z%ie(ezin zi%"z%en es(a(iz"na( $e%e.

•

E(n/ia#en &'$a'izazia( L"##a'de $a(i%za ind"s%#ia se(%#e )a(in $a%z"e%an espezia'iza%" zen. Asian! 'eia(##a( di#a!es("'anen (s%" %6i(ien&a%i(. H##en e#a&inez! e##ia'deind"s%#ia'iza%"e%an (#isia &e#%a%" zen se(%#e $a%z"e%an! p#ezieida&(ienez ezin di#a e%a #ie(in 'eia%".

7 Ba##"( a##azia(:

• Espainia( ind"s%#ia#en "##i%as"na(: espezia'izazi %6i(ia se(%#ee'd"e%an! ene#&ia e%a 'an as( (n%s"/i%zen d"%e e%a. ;de#nizazi%e(n'&i( "##ia e%a (anpa#e(in /enpe(%as"n andia! ene#&ia#i!%e(n'&ia#i e%a 1nan%za#i da&(inez.

• Tes%"in&"#" is%#i(a: Espainia 2#an( i' e%a de/(#azia#a(%#an%sizian /"#&i'd"%a ze&en. A##e%a &"z%ia &ai p'i%ie%an )a##i zene%a (#isia#i a"##e e&i%e( ne"##ia( a%ze#a%" zi#en.

11



1.2 0riiaren ondorioak

Enp#esa as( i%6i zi%"z%en! e(izpena( $ee#a e&in! e%e(ina( %6i(i%"! enp#esaz#pe%zea e%a 'an&a$ezia azi zen. BPG #a e&inda( ind"s%#ia e(a#pena )ai%sizen.

. -ndustria berregituratzea

ELGE( <e(n/i 'a(iden%za e%a &a#apene( e#a("nde e##ia'dee( *+,5 e%i(a"##e#a ind"s%#ia $e##e&i%"#a%ze( p'i%i(a( a#%" zi%"z%en.Ind"s%#ia $e##e&i%"#a%zea( $i a'de#di sa&a##i di%": Ind"s%#ia $i#/'da(e%a! e%a$e##ind"s%#ia'izazia. Bia( Es%a%"a#en 'a&"n%ze( e&in zi#en.

2.1 Indutria bir#oldaketa9 He'$"#"a: %a#%e 'a$"##ean (#isian ze"den ind"s%#ia se(%#e%an )a#d"%ea!

$ide&a##i%as"na e%a 'eia(#%as"na '#%ze(.9 a#d"nen $idz! es(ain%za e%a es(a#ia e&(i%". H##e%a#a(! enp#esa( i%6i!

e(izpen &ai%as"na /"##iz%"! 'an&i'een e##e&"'azia( e&in zi#en (a'e#a%zene%a /de#nizazi %e(n'&i(#a( p#zes"a( e%a es(a#i andia&a z"%enp#d"(%"e%an espezia'iza%ze( )a##e#a.

9 Se(%#ea(! side#/e%a'"#&i(a! n%zi&in%za/ e%6e( %#esna(..9 E/ai%za(! enp'e&"a as( /"##iz%e! e%a )a#d"na( enp#esa andie%an pi'a%zea

izan zi#en. ETE as(! (#isia( )%a! (anpan &e#%" zi#en.2.2 Berrindutrializazioa9 He'$"#"a: $i#/'da(e%a(e%a#en nd#ia( $e##e&i%ea zen! e%#(iz"na z"%en

ind"s%#ia( s#%"z. Lan&a$e%"a( a#%ze( &ai zen enp'e&"a s#%" nai zen9 a#d"n aipa&a##iena *+=3 an Be##ind"s%#ia'izazi U#&en%e( Zna( <BUZ

s#%zea izan zen. Es(ae#a e&in deza(e%en in&"#" #ie%an eza##i! eda%" edin&"#" #ie%a#a 2a$#i(a( e#a/a%en zi%"z%en enp#esa(! 'anps%" $e##ia( s#%"e%a $ide#a&a##ia( $ai%zi#en.

9 In&"#"a(: Fe##'! As%"#ias! Ba%ze'na! Idiaza$'en i%sasada##ean! ;ad#i''en!adize( $aian.9 E/ai%za! psi%i$a( in$e#%sia andia&%zea e%a 'een s espezia'iza%"%a

ze"den in&"#"e%an ind"s%#ia di$e#%si1(a%zen zi#en. U##i%as"na( e#e $azi#en:a"##ei("si%a( enp'e&"a $ain &"%6ia& s#%" zen! 'a&"n%zen n"#ad"nna&"sia( enp#esa andia( izan zi#en.

. Espainiako industria gaur egun

.Gaur egungo industria ekoizpena

2.1 Indutria ektore helduak

In%en%si%a%e %e(n'&i( %6i(ia d"%en ind"s%#ia se(%#e e'd"e( pis" andia d"%e&a"# e&"n! se(%#e dina/i(ene%an a%ze##i( (api%a' "&a#i da&! &i %e(n'&ia(se(%#ea( &"%6ia& eza##i di#a. Se(%#ea(:

* Oina##iz( /e%a'"#&ia e%a e#a'da(e%a /e%a'i(a#e(in '%"%a(a: side#"#&ia e%ae#a'da%" /e%a'i(ena.9 -ndustria siderurgiko! a'%zai#"a $"#din /ine#a'e%a%ai( '#%zen d" 'a$e

&a#aian. <As%"#iasen /an%end". P#i$a%iza%" e%a /de#niza%" nd#en!a'%zai#"a#en /"nd"( e(izpena &ida%zen d"en %a'de /"'%inazina'asa%zen d". A'%zai#"a %6a%a##e%i( '#%zen d" 'a$e e'e(%#i(an! EAE!(an%a$#ian! Na2a##an e%a Ka%a'"nian.

12



9 Eraldatu metalikoen industriak p#d"(%" /e%a'i(a( e%a /a(ine#iae&i%en di%". Ba#%ze'na! EAE e%a ;ad#i' %#ian&e'"an $a##"an.

7 Linea z"#i( e%6e( %#esnen 2a$#i(azia: E(izpena! enp#esa e%a /e#(a%"a$e##an%'a%ze( p#zes"an /"#&i'd" da. Na2a##a! A#a&i! Kan%a$#ian! EAE.

3 On%zi&in%za! e##ia'de /e#(ea&en 'e)ia inda#%s"a#en a"##ean! $i#/'da(e%a&&##a )asa%en a#i da &ai%as"na e%a 'an&i'ea( /"##iz%e( e%a $es%e )a#d"e#a

$a%z"e%an espezia'iza%ze(. Ga'izian! Kan%a$#ian! EAE e%a Anda'"zian.

Oia'&in%za e%a )an%zi&in%za! Ka%a'"nian e%a a'en%zia( E#(ide&an. Es("'an"&a#i e#a$i'%zen di%"! e%a e##ia'de /e#(ea&en 'eia e%a des'(a'izazip#zes"a( )asan $ea# di%".

2.3 Indutria ektore dina#ikoak

P#d"(%i$i%a%e e%a espezia'izazi andi( ind"s%#ia ada##a( di#a! e%a es(a#ia$e#/a%"%a d"%e. A%ze##i( (api%a'a e&%ea s &a##an%zi%s"a da. Aipa&a##iena(!a"%/$i'a#ena! (i/i(a e%a ne(aza#i%za( e'i(a&aiena di#a.

* A"%/$i'a#en se(%#ea(! /"'%inazina'ena( di#a! e(izpen &eienaesp#%a%" e&i%en da. Espainia E"#pa( i#"&a##en e##ia'deesp#%a%zai'ea da. Pa'en%zi! a'en%zia! Za#a&za ;ad#i'.

7 Se(%#e (i/i(a Espainia( ina##iz(ena! a%ze##i( p#esen%zia

andia d"ena. Pe%#(i/i(a ed ina##i( (i/i(aE#a'da(e%a( (i/i(a 3 Ne(aza#i%za( e'i(a&aien se(%#ea(: ind"s%#ia %6i(i e%asa(a$ana%"a( di%"! $aina /"'%inazina'e( e#e pis" andia d"%e.E%#(iz"ne( e'$"#"a( $a##"( /e#(a%"( sa'/en%a( andia&%zea e%aesp#%azia( s"s%a%zea di#a! &eia& 'and"%a.

2.4 Puntako edo goi teknologiako indutria ektoreak

In%en%si%a%e %e(n'&i( andia! es(a#ia andia. ;a%e#ia' e'e(%#ni(a(!#dena&ai'"a(..

o Espainian se(%#e #ie( a%ze#apen andia#e(in eza##i di#a! $ain&"%6ia& &a#a%" di#a. Kanpa#e(in /enpe(%as"n andia d"%e'a(!'eia(#%as"n "##i( ETE a( nana&"si di#e'a(.

o Gi %e(n'&ia( se(%#ea( pa#(e %e(n'&i( ed zien%i1(e%an eza##i idi#a.Eza"&a##i a"e( iza%en di%"z%e:

9 (etropolien eta )iri ertainen inguruan ezartzen dira: In&"#"/en(a'i%a%e andia! (/"ni(azi $idee%a%i( &e#%"! ai#ep#%"a#e(in e%a in2#/azisa#ee(in. L"#zai'a( n#/a'ean %6i(ia(! ind"s%#ia &eienen %a/aina %6i(ia ede#%aina $ai%a! ze#$i%z"&"ne sa&a##ia( iza%en di%"z%e.

13



9 !elburua! ind"s%#ia $e##i%zai'ee( %(i &a#apene#a( '(/%#ea( iza%ea da!$es%e enp#esa $a%z"( e#a(a##i%a e%a $e##i("n%za( in&"#"#a za$a'd"! $es%eenp#esa $a%z"e(in! #ni%zai'ee(in e%a $eze#e(in a##e/ana( izanda.

9 Emaitza! pa#(e e%a enp#esa $e##i%zai'e &eiena( i#i andien in&"#"an e%aind"s%#ia a#da%z dina/i(ene%an pi'a%zen di#a! Ba#%ze'na! ;ad#i'! EAE!a'en%zian e%a Anda'"zian! ze#$i%z" s espezia'iz%"a( $ea# di%"z%e'a(.

/. -ndustriaren gaur egungo egitura

* Enp#esa#en e%a ind"s%#ien $a%ez $es%e( %a/aina %6i(ia ed e#%aina da:az(a##a& e%a /a'&"%as"n andia&z e##ea(zina%zen d"%e &a"# e&"n&ind"s%#ia( )asa%en di%"en a'da(e%en a"##ean! e%a 'an &a%az(a &"%6ia&di%"z%e. P#d"(%"a( &a#es%ia&a( iza%en di#a! e%a 'eia(#%as"n &"%6i iza%end"%e. Enp#esa andia( &"%6i di#a.

7 I(e#(e%a e%a $e##i("n%za ez di#a $ea# $es%e(a(: Ha'a e#e! 'eia(#%as"nes(a(iz"na#en e#a&inez enp#esa %6i(ie( )e#a $e##i%zai'ea( a#%" di%"z%eaz(ena'dian.

3 Te(n'&ia#en s##e#a ez da nai(a! e%a /enpe('%as"n andia d".Espainia( %e(n'&ia &"%6i s#%zen d"! i(e#(e%an in$e#%si &"%6i e&i%en

de'a(! e%a "ni$e#%si%a%ea#en e%a enp#esen a#%ean in%e&#azi %6i(iada&e'a(.

. Gaur egungo industria kokapena.

4.1 0okapenerako gaur egungo aktoreak

9 Ba'ia$ide na%"#a'e%a%i( "#$i' e&%ea( &a##an%zia &a'd" d"! 'een&aia(&a##aia%zea /e#(ea de'a( e%a. Kn%s"/ /e#(a%"%i( "#$i' e&%e(&a##an%zia &a'd" d"! &a##aia( e%a (/"ni(azia( $e%" di#e'a(.

9 Ga##ai e%a (/"ni(azi sis%e/a na( e%a es("'ana iza%ea &a##an%zi%s"a da.9 K(apen 2a(%#e na&"sia( $e##i("n%za#a e%a in2#/azi#a sa#$idea iza%ea e%a

'"##a'dea( e/anda( 'eia a$an%ai'a( di#a. Be##i("n%za#a e%a in2#/azi#a sa#$idea iza%e! 2"n%sez(a

'eia(#%as"na#enda( L"##a'dea( e#e &a##an%zi andia d".

4.2 &aur egungo joerak! hedapena eta pilaketa*Ind"s%ia espazi pe#i2e#i(e%a#an%z eda%zen a#i da9 Ind"s%#ia pi'a(e%a andie( a#aza( di%"z%e! &eie&iz( pi'a(e%a! nd#iz!'"#z#"a! e(ipa/end"a( e%a azpie&i%"#a( &a#es%i%zea! ind"s%#ia (s%" %6i(ia&a(di%"en in&"#"e%an eza##i i da.9 H$e("n%za %e(n'&i(ei e%a &a##aien a#'( $e("n%zei es(e#! ind"s%#ia(a$an%ai'a &eien di%"z%en espazie%an ((a dai%ez(e.9 Ind"s%#ia'izazi end&ena#en &a#apena(! '"##a'de $a(iza#en a$an%ai'a( '#%"e%a e%e(ina( '#%zen di%".6eskontzentrazioak edo deslokazioak se(%#e e'd"e%an d" e#a&inandiena. Te(n'&ia#i da&(inez! ez d"%e as( es(a%zen e%a $a'ia$idea e%aes("'an as( (n%s"/i%zen d"%e. Se(%#e #ie( p#ezi %6i(ia( es(ainiz 'eia%"$ea# di#a.

14



Se(%#e #ie( espazi pe#i2e#i(e%a#a /"&i%" i di#a! e##ia'de azpi&a#a%"a(!es("a'de a%ze#a%"a&a(! i#ien pe#i2e#ia( e%a nd (/"ni(a%"%a( 'andain&"#"a(.

7 Espazi zen%#a'e%a( ind"s%#ia pi'a(e%a /an%end"! e#a(a#&a##ida de'a(.H#ie%an %e(n'&ia $e##ien se(%#ea( eza##i i di#a. Enp#esen &iza#%e e%a("dea(e%a e&i%ze( ((apen zen%#a'a( $i'a%zen di%"z%e.

. Gaur egungo industria inguruak

).1 Indutria inguru garatuak

(adrileko eta #artzelonako metropoli in&"#"e%a( espazi zen%#a'a( di#aEspainia( ind"s%#ia#en zen%# na&"sia(. Ind"s%#ia se(%#e e'd"a( nd#a%"e%a ind"s%#ia s"spe#%" e&in da! &i %e(n'&ia( se(%#ea( e%a nazi( enp#esaandien e%a /"'%inazina'en &iza#%e e&i%za( eza##i di#a'. Ind"s%#ia%e#%zia#iza%" e&in da! ind"s%#ia e%a enp#esa pa#(ea( a&e#%" di#a! e%a #ie%an$"'e&( e&in(iz"na( 2a$#i(azi(a( $ain as(z &eia& di#a.

).2 edatzen ari diren indutria inguruak eta ardatzak.* ;e%#p'i (#e(! i#ien pe#i2e#ian! &ain$ee#an da"den ind"s%#ia

in&"#"a( di%"z%e.9 Ind"s%#ia %#adizina'a( di#a! /e%#p'i( in&"#" zen%#a'e%aa%i(

des'(a'iza%"a(! i#ian ("pa%zen z"%en '"##a sa'd"%a e%a ne&zia e&in naid"%e. Ind"s%#ia p'i&ne%an eza#%zen di#a! (/"ni(a$ide na&"sie(in.

9 Enp#esa $e##i%zai'ea( e#a(a#%zen di%"z%e e%a pa#(e %e(n'&i(e%an eza#%zendi#a.7 Hi#i in&"#"( ze##enda(! i#i espazia#en e%a 'anda espazia#en a#%ean

((a%"! s e#a(a#&a##i( di#a "#$i'e( i#ie%a( ind"s%#ia( $e##iz

((a%ze( ed ind"s%#ia $e##ia( eza#%ze(. Ind"s%#ia %6i(ia(! &"%6i(api%a'iza%"a(! e%a es("'an /a'&"(a( izan $ea# d"%e. Na$e %6i(ia(di%"z%en p'i&n %6i(ie%an ((a%"

3 Ind"s%#ia &a#apene( a#da%za( (/"ni(a$ide na&"sien zea# eza#%zendi#a.

9 Nazian! a#da%z na&"sia( E$##en a#ane(a e%a ;edi%e##ane(adi#a. A"%$ide sa#ea#en $idez E"#pa( e&a'dea#e(in '%"%a.;"'%inazina'a( e#a(a##i di%"z%e.

9 Es("ad'e /ai'an! ;ad#i'en in&"#"( sa#ea e%a $a##"( a#da%za(e##epide na&"sien zea#.

Landa in&"#"e%an e#e:

9 Ind"s%#ia %6i(ia(! &"%6i (api%a'iza%"a(! es("'an /e#(ea e%a /a'&"a $ea#d"%e. Kas"#i( i(ena( e(izpen %#adizina'en 'an%e&i %6i(ia( di#a.

9 Ba%z"e%an enp#esa $e##i%zai'ea( s#%zen di#a! enp#esa 'an(ide%za#i e%a%(i ad/inis%#azia#en 'a&"n%za#i es(e#.

).3 &ainbeheran dauden indutri inguruak eta ardatzak #izkaiko golkoaren inguruan eta leku ze)atz batzuetan ezartzen dira.9&rrazoia: ind"s%#ia( se(%#e e'd"e%an d"en espezia'izazia da! 2a$#i(aandia da na&"si! e%a ETE e( /enpe(%as"n andia d"%e e%a $i#/'da(e%a&&##a( )as di%"z%e. Gaine#a $e##ind"s%#ia'izazi#a( zai'%az"na( da"de! &"%6i("a'i1(a%"%a( 'an /e#(a%"a! 'an &a%az(a(! in&"#"/en na##iad"#a! ind"s%#ia(s ("%sa&a##ia(! (a'i%a%e 2a'%a#e(in.9*ndorioak: Desind"s%#ia'izazia! &ain$ee#a de/&#a1(a! e/i&#azia#ene#a&inez! 'eia(#%as"na &a'%zea.

15



).4 Indutrializazio induzitu eta urriko inguruak! Indutria tikiak"tradizionalak eta akabanatuak dira nagui.

• Ind"s%#ia'izazi ind"zi%"( in&"#"a( &ragoi, Gaztela eta Leonen eta

&ndaluzioan. Ez zi#en eda%ze( &ai izan. In&"#" #ie%an! zen$ai%ind"s%#ia da"de p#$in%zia( i#i$"#"e%an! "#"( (n%s"/ /e#(a%"a

ap#$e%6a%"z! e%a ind"s%#ia %#adizina'a(! sa(a$ana%"a( e%a %6i(ia(!in&"#"( $a'ia$idea( ap#$e%6a%zen di%"z%ena( <ia'&in%za! a#d&in%za!a'%za#ia..

• Ind"s%#ia'izazi "##i( in&"#"a( Gaztela (ant7a, E7tremadura,#alearrak eta Kanariak dira. K(apena ez da s 'eia(##a. H#ie%anind"s%#ia andia( e%a se(%#e %#adizina'a( di#a na&"si! enp#esa e#%ain e%a%6i(ie%an! 'eia(#%as"n %6i(ia#e(in. Gaz%e'a 'a ;an%6a ;ad#i'e(in(ne(%a%zen a#i da.

5. Gaur egungo industria politika

/.1 parru eta helburuak

* Ind"s%#ia p'i%i(a#en esparrua (anp#a i#e(i%a da&! es%a%"a#en es("a#%ze(a %6i(ia da! e%a E"#pa# Ba%as"na( e%a a"%n/ia e#(ide&e(ind"s%#ia p'i%i(a#en disein"an pa#%e a#%zen d"%e.

• Kanp#a &e# e%a &eia& i#e(i%zea! (anp( /e#(a%"an sa#%zea.

• Es%a%"a( ind"s%#ian d"en es(" a#%zea %6i(i%" e&in zen! *++5 eanINI desa&e#%" zen e%a. Es%a%"( enp#esa( SEPIn e'(a#%" zi#en. ?edeaenp#esa &"z%ia( sen&%" e%a /de#niza%zea da! $ea##ez((as"e%an $i#/'da(e%a( e&inez. E##en%a&a##iene%a( $a%z"(

p#i$a%iza%" e&in di%"z%e.• E"#pa# $a%as"na( es%a%" (idee%a( ind"s%#ia p'i%i(an es("

a#%zen d"! 'eia(#%as"na e%a )asan&a##i%as"na $e%zen'a&"n%zen d".

• A"%n/ia e#(ide&e(! aien p'i%i(a e%a es%a%"a#ena (#dina%zendi%"z%e Ind"s%#ia A#'( Ba%za##en e%a ETE #en $i%a#%ez.

7 !elburua! ind"s%#ia#en 'eia(#%as"na andia&%zea da! ind"s%#ia#en2a(%#een in&"#"an 'an e&inda! $a%ez e#e $e##i("n%za#en in&"#"an'"##a'dean $ana(e%a #e(a%"a&a '#%" nai da e%a )asan&a##i%as"na$e#/a%"! in&"#"/en a#aza( z"zend"z.

/.2 ektore politika

He'$"#"a(! a#az a"e( (npn%zea di#a: ind"s%#ia( se(%#e e'd"e%an d"en&eie&iz( espezia'izazia! &i %e(n'&ia( se(%#een &a#apen "##ia. H#i'#%ze( ne"##i na&"sia(:

9 Gain$ee#an da"den se(%#een $i#/'da(e%a e%a $e##ind"s%#ia'izazia.9 Ind"s%#ia $ea%(ia( s#%zea! #ie( ind"s%#ia se(%#e $a%z"en $ea##i"zanei

e%a es(a#iei $"#"z( in2#/azia $i'%zen d"%e.9 Kanp( 'eia#i( andiena d"%en se(%#ea( $a$es%ea. Ha"e( di#a se(%#e(:

ia'&in%za! a"%/$i'a#en se(%#ea! ae#espazia'a.

16



,. GAIA: ZERBITZUEN ESPAZIOAK

*.EKONO;IAREN TERTZIARIZAZIO PROZESUA*. 8ertziarizazioaren arrazoiak

• Bizi /ai'a i&%zea#i es(e#! ze#$i%z" &eia&! espezia'iza%"a&a(.

• *+8-( a/a#(ada%i( a"##a#a! ne(aza#i%za e&in(iz"na( /e(aniza%"!ne(aza#i%za a#'( $iz%an'e#ia i#"&a##en se(%#e#a i&a#z

• Ind"s%#ia#en $i'a(ae#a( %e#%zia#izazia#i /esede: *+8- %i( ind"s%#ia &a#apena(ze#$i%z"en az("ndea $"'%za%" z"en: &a##aien e%a 1nan%zen a#'an: *+,5 e((#isia#en e#a&inez! ind"s%#ia( 'an&a$e%" as(( i#"&a##en se(%#e#a ) z"%en.

Te(n'&ia $e##ia( &ei%"z.• Hi#"&a##en se(%#e( )a#d"e#a $a%z"( &a#a%zean! %"#is/a! s%a'a#i%za

/e#(a%a#i%za! aisi#a( ze#$i%z"a( s"s%a%" di#a. Ze#$i%z" p"$'i(e( e#e &#a e&ind"%e.

17



• E/a("/ea( 'an /"nd"an sa#%" di#a! $a%ez e#e se(%#e ne%an.

.!irugarren sektorearen ezaugarriak

2.1 5erbitzuen heterogeneotauna* ina##iz( sai'(apen $a%e( ze#$i%z"a( $i %a'de%an $ana%"

• Ze#$i%z" p#i$a%"a( ed /e#(a%"(a(! enp#esa p#i$a%"e( e&i%en di%"z%e!$eze#e( #daind"%a( di#"a#e(in. ?ede na&"sia n"#a e(n/i(a '#%zea da.

• Ze#$i%z" p"$'i(ia( ed /e#(a%"(a( ez di#ena(! Es%a%"a( ed ad/inis%#azip"$'i(e( e/a%en di%"z%e! ze#&en $idez $i'd"%a( di#"a#e(in. ?edea &iza#%ea#indas"na( e/a%e da.

7 Azpise(%#ea( 'a" %a'de%an $i'%zen di#a:

• Ze#$i%z"a( enp#esa#i

• Bana(e%a ze#$i%z"a(

• Giza#%e ze#$i%z"a(

• Ze#$i%z"a( (n%s"/i%zai'ea#i

2.2 irugarren ektorearen bete ezaugarri batzuk painian

Ze#$i%z"en enp#esa( (p"#" sa#en =- in&"#" di#a. Geiena( /e#(a%a#i%za#e(in'%"%a(a( di#a! enp#esei e/anda( ze#$i%z"a(! &a##aia e%a %"#is/a di#a. Geiena(ETE a( di#a ++ in&"#". Es("'ana azi e&i%en da. Ze#$i%z"a( &a#es%i%" di#enez!ze#$i%z"a( ndas"nen #dez eza#%zen di#a &e# e%a &eia& <)an%e%6ea. Te(n'&ia$e##ia( &ei%zean! ze#$i%z"en 2"n%zina/end"a $e%" e&i%en da. <e%6e( 'ana!dis%an%zian e&inda( 'ana

3. GARRAIOAK ETA KO;UNIKAZIOAK.

1. Garraio sistema eta )orren garrantziaGa##aia! pe#%sna( e%a sa'&aia( 'e(" &e&#a1(en a#%ean 'e("a'da%zen di%"en

)a#d"e#a da. Hain$a% /%a%a(a izan dai%e(e: 'e##e(a! i%sas(a ed ai#e(a.Ga##ai sis%e/a! &a##aia aa'$ide%zen d"%en $a'ia$ideen e%a azpie&i%"#en /"'%z da.Ba'ia$idea( sa&ai /"&i(##a( di#a <a"%a(.. e%a azpie&i%"#a( e#ai(in 1n(a( di#a<e##epidea(! p#%"a(..Ga##aia( s &a##an%zi%s"a( di#a! a"e(:

• E&in(iz"n p'i%i(a(! de/&#a1(a(! e(n/i(a(! szia'a(! ("'%"#a'a( e%anazia#%e(a( aa'$ide%zen di&"'e

• Ga##aie( '"##a'de an%'a(e%an e#a&ina d"%e:9 Ga##apie( e%a '"##a'dea( e'(a##e#a&ina d"%e: Biz%an'e#ia#en $ana(e%an e%a

&a#apen e(n/i(an da"den des#e(a espazia'a( is'a%zen di%"z%ei#i n"('e

e%a n"('e e(n/i( na&"sien in&"#"an ((a%zen di#a e%a.9 Ga##ai sa#ee( '"##a'dea e&i%"#a%zen d"%e! pe#%snen e%a sa'&aien

/"&i/end"e( ain$a% 'e(" '%zen di%"z%e e%a. ;"&i/end" #ie( &e# e%a"&a#ia&a(! az(a##a&aa( e%a /e#(ea&a( di#a.

. Ezaugarriak eta arazoak H$e("n%za andia( izan di%" *+=- a/a#(ada#en e#dia'de%i( $aina a#aza( e#e$adi%"! &a##ai p'i%i(a #ie( (npn%zen aa'e&in%zen da.

* In&"#" 1si(a ez da /esede&a##ia. E#'ie$e a'dapa%s"a &eien$a%7 Le##e( e%a ai#e( &a##ai sa#ea( e##adia'a( di#a. T#azad"#a#i es(e#!

penin%s"'a( e#di&"ne%i( pe#i2e#iaen a#%e( a##e/ana( e##az%en di#a9 Le##e( sa#ea#en e#di&"ne ;ad#i' da e%a e##adia( di%" /"&e%a#an%z e%a

p#%" na&"sie%a#an%z.

18



9 Ai#ep#%"en sa#ean! ;ad#i'9 Ba#a)ase( '%"#a z"zena( di%" Espainia( ai#ep#%"ia &"z%ie(in e%a a%ze##i( ai#ep#%" na&"sie(in.3 Bidaz%ien e%a sa'&aien $a##"( &a##aia $a%ez e#e e##epidez e&i%en da. <A%ez

a%e(a Eza"&a##i %e(ni(a(! *+=-. a/a#(ada#en e#dia'de%i( /de#niza%" zi#en!

azpie&i%"#a( $e%" a$iad"#a! %na(! espezia'izazia! a"%n/iae#s%as"na e%a se&"#%as"na andi%"z. Bes%a'de in2#/azi %e(n'&i(a e#eazi da.

5 L"##a'de des#e(a &a##an%zi%s"a( da"de i#is&a##i%as"na#i e%a %#a1(a#enin%en%si%a%ea#i da&(inez. I#is%a&a##i%as"n andiena d"%en in&"#"a(dina/ins/ e(n/i( e%a de/&#a1( andiena d"%ena( di#a! %#a1(a#da%z na&"sia( pi'a%zen di%z"%e'a( e%a &"z%iz $e%e%a( %a#%ea( di%"z%e'a(.

8 Ga##ai sis%e/a( inpa(%" andia d" in&"#"/enean: Espazia'a!i("s/enez(a! a("s%i(a! ("%sad"#a a%/s2e#i(a! e(sis%e/a( za%i%zea$idi$e#%si%a%ea#en (a'%e%an..

, E"#pa( e%a /"nd"( &a##ai sis%e/an da&en in%e&#azia $e%" $ea#da.

9 E"#pan Espainia#en ((apen pe#i2e#i(a a#ind" e&in $ea# da9 ;"nd"an! &'$a'izazia#en e#a&inez sa'&aien e%a $idaz%ien "6"e( &#a e&in

d"%enenz! Espainia#en ((apen &e&#a1( $i(aina ap#$e%6a%" $ea# danazia#%e( %#a1(an d"en pa#%e a#%zea andia&%ze(.

/. Garraio politika

3.1 &arraio politikaren eparrua.

Espa##"a $i(i%za da. Ba##"( espa##"a(! Es%a%"a#en e%a a"%n/ia e#(ide&enes("/ena( $ana%"! Kanp( espa##"an E"#pa# Ba%as"ne( &a##ai p'i%i(a( d"

&a##an%zia.* Ga##aia#en &aine( es("/ena( Es%a%"a#en e%a a"%n/ia e#(ide&a#ena#%ean $ana%": <IKUS 7*

7 E"#pa# Ba%as"ne( &a##ai p'i%i(a(: Pe#%snen e%a sa'&aien /"&i(#%as"na$e#/a%" nai d". He'$"#" a"e( p#psa%" di%":

9Ga##aia%ze( /d"en a#%ean pis"a $e###e(a%zea9Ga##aien E"#paz &aindi( sa#ea( s"s%a%zea9 Ga##ai sis%e/a i#a"n(##a

3.2 &arraio $zpiegituren Plan etrategikoa

Es%a%"( &a##ai9p'i%i(a 7--597-7- Ga##ai Azpie&i%"#en P'an Es%#a%e&i(a(a#a"%zen d". He'$"#" na&"sia( &a##ai sis%e/a #e(a%" e%a e#a&in(##a&a e%a'eia(#%as"n e(n/i(a '#%zea di#a.H##e%a#a( ne"##i a"e( a#%zen di#a:

9 I$e#ia# penin%s"'a( sa#ea#en izae#a e##adia'a z"zen%zea e%a I$e#ia#penin%s"'a%i( (anp da&en Espainia( '"##a'de#ai a##e%a es(ain%zea.

9 E##epidea#en &eie&iz( pis"a #e(a%zea! %#en$ide! e%a &a##ai in%e#/da'as"s%a%"z.

9 E1zen%zia $e%zea! azpie&i%"#en e#a$i'e#a p%i/iza%"z! (a'i%a%ea andia&%"z.9 Pe#%si$a e%a '"##a'de &"z%iei &a##ai#a( sa$ide e(i%a%i$a $e#/a%zea!

azpie&i%"#a( s#%"%a! e%a ze#$i%z"a( $e%"%a.9 In&"#"/en i#a"n(#a%s"na#i 'a&"n%zea! in&"#"/en inpa(%"a e$a'"a%"z e%a

e(idi%en saia%"z.

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9 E"#pa#e(in da&en in%e&#azia#i /esede e&i%ea! &a##aien a#'( E"#paz&aindi( sa#een $idez e%a /"nd %#a1(an sa#%"%a! Espainia( nazia#%e(i%sas( e%a ai#e( &a##aian d"en pis"a inda#%"z.

. Ga##ai#a( /d"a( 9999999999999999999FIT?A99999999999999999999999

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