foundations of individual behavior
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Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos. Foundations of individual behavior. Objective. Relacionar satisfacción y productividad ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva? Relación entre actitud y comportamiento 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Foundations of individual behavior
Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 2
Objective• Relacionar satisfacción y productividad• ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva?• Relación entre actitud y comportamiento• 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño• Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e
interpretarlo como cosas distintas• Teoría de la atribución• Proceso de aprendizaje.
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Some psychology conceptsAttitudes
Personality
Perception
learning
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Attitudes• Evaluative statements–either
favorable or unfavorable- concerning objects, people or events
• We are interested in attitudes about the work… – “I like my job”
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Attitudes: Job satisfaction
Job Satisfaction
Job Dissatisfacti
on
Positive Attitude
s
Negative Attitude
s
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Attitudes: …What determines job Satisfaction ?– Mentally challenging work
– Equitable rewards– Supportive working conditions– Supportive colleagues-
• People want jobs were:– They can apply their abilities an capacities– Task variety– Freedom and feedback
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Attitudes: ..what determines Job Satisfaction?
objectives
None A lot
Frustration
Satisfaction
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Attitudes: Job Satisfaction• People expect more than material…• People seeks:
– Personal communications– Friendship – Support from other people– (socializes)
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Productivity and job satisfaction
• The more satisfaction are more productive?– …– It’s not clear…– Ti has same effects
• Other factors have more influence… as working in a chain
• But productivity provides satisfaction
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Cognitive dissonance• Any incompatibility between two or more
attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.• people will attempt to reduce the
dissonance and, hence the discomfort• Way to reduce dissonance:
– Change the job– Change the behavior– …it's unimportant– Change the attitude– Seek more consonant elements
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Cognitive dissonance• Factors
– uncontrollable…– Rewards…
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Personality• The sum total of ways
in which an individual reacts to an interact with others.
• Sixteen primary traits:– Reserved - Outgoing– Less intelligent - More
intelligent– Affected by feelings-
Emotionally stable– Submissive - Dominant– Serious – Happy-go-
lucky
– Expedient - conscientious– Timid - Venturesome– Tough-minded - Sensitive– Trusting - Suspicious– Practical - Imaginative– Forthright - Shrewd– Self_assured -
apprehensive– Conservative-
Experimenting– Group dependent –
Self_sufficient– Uncontrolled - Controlled– Relaxed - Tense
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Indicador de tipos Myers-Briggs
• Extroverted - Introverted (E o I)• Sensing - Intuitive (S o N)• thinking - felling (T o F)• Perceiving - judging (P o J)• INTJ (Visionaries,… determined)• ESTJ (Organizers,…)• ENTP (Conceptualizer,…)• NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms)
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Personality: The big five model.
• Extraversion:– sociable, talkative and assertive.
• Agreeableness:– Good natured, cooperative and trusting.
• Conscientiousness: – responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement
oriented• Emotional stability:
– Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
• Openness to experience:– Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism
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Major personality attributes influencing OB
• Locus of control– Internals– Externals
• Machiavellianism• self esteem• Self monitoring• Risk taking• Type A personality• Type B personality
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Typology of personality • Realistic:
– physical activities, require skill, strength, and coordination
– Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming, practical
– Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line worker, farmer
• Investigative– activities that involve thinking, organizing, and
understanding– Analytical, original, curious, independent– Biologist, economist, mathematician, news
reporter
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Typology of personality• Social:
– activities that involve helping and developing others– Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding– Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical
psychologist• Conventional:
– rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities– Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative,
inflexible– Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file
clerk
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Typology of personality• Enterprising:
– verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power
– Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering– Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations
specialist, small business manager• Artistic:
– ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression
– Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical
– Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator
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Matching personalities and Jobs
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Perception• A process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
• Factors influencing perception:– The perceiver,
• Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations– The target
• Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity– The situation
• Time, work setting, social setting
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Attribution theory• When we observe people we attempt
to develop explanations of why they behave in certain ways.
• When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
• Internally: under control of individual.• Externally: outside causes.
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Attribution theory• Determination depends on:
– Distinctiveness• Different behaviors in different situations.
– As usually or he don’t use to do this.– Consensus
• Everyone do the same in this situation.– Consistency
• Does the person respond the same over time?
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Attribution theory• There is a tendency for individuals to
attribute their own success to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for failure on external factors as luck.
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Shortcuts in judging others• Selective perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitudes.
• Contrast effects– Comparison with otter people about same characteristic.
• projection– Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people.
• Stereotyping– Perception of the group to which that person belongs.
• Halo effect– Drawing a general impression about an individual on the
basis or a single characteristic.
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Learning• Any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as result of experience.
• How do we learn? – Classical conditioning
• Behavior depends on consequences (money, smiles,…)
– Positive consequences: repeat.– Negative consequences: do no repeat.
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Learning
Environment
conditioning
Shaping
comportamiento
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Learning• Operant conditioning
– slow, rewards, punishment.– Test and fail
• Shaping– By observing what happens to other
people.– Quick
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Bibliography:• Robbins, Comportamiento
Organizativo, Prentice Hall, 1999.