ensayo completo final

7/25/2019 Ensayo Completo Final

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Universidad International SEK

Environmental Sanitation I

Members:Victoria Jimnez, Viviana Urgiles; Estefany Guauna, GeovannaCastillo, Kimberly Salguero, ar!urie "o#r$guez

Ocean health in relation to the model of sustainable artisanalsheries in the Marine Reserve Galera-San Francisco

%&e 'cean (ealt& i#enti)es to *eo*le as *art of a &uman an# t&e oceanecosystem, for anot&er &an# our oceans an# our coasts are c&anging #ueto+ t&e over)s&ing, &abitat #estruction, *ollution, climate c&ange an#invasive s*ecies, t&ese are some of t&e main factors t&at are aecting ouroceans- .e all t&in/ of a &ealt&y ocean as one t&at is *ure, nevert&eless inevery one of t&e #e*t&s of t&e oceans, 0e )n# t&e &uman im*acts- any oft&e *olicies 1global an# local2 &ave t&e intention to ac&ieve t&e &ealt& of t&eoceans- (o0ever, t&ere are countries t&at lac/ of s*eci)c tools to measure

its &ealt&- 3n t&is essay 0e 0ill e4*lain &o0 is t&e ocean &ealt& in t&eEcua#or an# &o0 is manage# t&e care of t&e ocean in a case stu#y in t&ecoast of Esmeral#as- .e 0ill focus in one of t&e main ocean *roblems t&at ist&e over)s&ing-

.&en 0e t&in/ about oceans an# coasts, 0e *robably t&in/ of t&e beautifulsan#y beac&es, or maybe about 0&ales or s&ar/s- 5ut !ust a little*ercentage t&in/ about &o0 t&e ocean bene)ts us, from ocean 0e obtaintrans*ortation, *orts an# &arbors, )s&ing, ari6culture, energy, coastal*rotection, tourism, carbon storage, em*loyment an# bio#iversity, t&at if

t&ey #on7t &ave a goo# management 0e coul# *robably en# all of t&em - 8&ealt&y ocean sustainably #elivers a range of bene)ts to *eo*le no0 an# int&e future 1ora - et al, 9::2-

8s t&e *o*ulation increases an# foo# sources become more re2-

8ccor#ing to 1Sc&orr, 9::?2 in Ecua#or t&e #eman# for artisanal )s&ingallo0e# t&at t&e )s&ing must be #one in a 0ay t&at #oesn@t com*romisefuture )s&ing resources, 0it& statistics base# in t&e 'cean (ealt& 3n#e4&aving a current score of A> out of B::, it s&o0s t&at most regions &ere aremeeting t&e nee#s t&at *eo*le an# communities &ave to )s& artisanally byim*lementing government *olicies t&at *rove t&at t&ere is being using

la0ful an# sustainable met&o#s-


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%&e over)s&ing is one of t&e most famous *roblems for t&e ocean &ealt&an# accor#ing to 1UED, 9:B92 t&e over)s&ing is t&e e4cessive )s&ingrealize# by t&e &uman, moreover it &as #evastating eects on marineecosystem- 3n t&ese #ays, t&e )s&eries in#ustry em*loys over 9:: million*eo*le an# e4*loits all of ty*es of 0aters-

%&e reason of t&e )s&ing is *rinci*ally t&e economy an# t&e fee#ing an#1=8', 9::>2 e4*lain t&at, t&e =oo# an# 8griculture 'rganization re*orts t&at?9 of t&e marine )s& stoc/s are e4*loite#, BA are overe4*loite# an# Fare #e*lete#- =or anot&er &an# t&e over)s&ing an# ot&er t&reats to a


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one of t&e reasons t&at accelerate# t&e #eclaration of t&e arine "eserveGalera 6San =rancisco 1Carrasco, 9::2-

%ra0ling is t&e least selective &ere, an# t&erefore, t&e most #amaging to t&eseabe#- 3t consists t&at t&e net is to0e# from craft /ee*ing it al0ays o*en-

%&is ty*e of )s&ing &as en#angere# many s*ecies, as it s0ee*s com*letely

t&e seabe# causing an in#iscriminately e4tracting of t&e life t&at e4ists in it1Carrasco, 9::2-

8mong t&e s*ecies most aecte# by tra0ling in t&is area are sea turtles-%&is *lace is t&e area fee#ing of )ve s*ecies of turtles, 0it& t&e greenturtle Chelonia mydas an# Hawksbill Eretmochelys Imbrincata t&e t0os*ecies most often foun# in t&e nets of t&is *lace 1Cam*os, 9::>2-

%&is collateral #amage, calle# by catc&, can amount to : of a tra0lOs totalcatc&- 3n a##ition, t&e 0eig&t an# 0i#t& of a bottom tra0l can #estroy largeareas of seaQoor &abitats t&at give marine s*ecies foo# an# s&elter- Suc&&abitat #estructions can leave t&e marine ecosystem *ermanently #amage#

1C3, 9:B?2-

8rtisanal )s&ing is t&e main source of income for t&e community in CaboSan =rancisco- =eature : boats motorize# &ave )berglass, 0it& 0&ic&)s&ermen mainly catc& t&e t&ree most im*ortant s*ecies in economicterms+ roc/ corvine 1brotula car/ae2, sna**er 1Nut!anus2 an# Hora#o1Cory*&aena &i**urus2 1Nig&t&ouse =oun#ation , 9::>2-

Usually in )s&ing boats t&ree )s&ermen 0or/+ a ca*tain, 0&o is accountableof t&e navigation an# assumes all res*onsibility an# t0o *ersons in c&arget&at t&e tas/ *asses 0it&out #iMculties- 3n t&e *ro!ect area t&ere arealtoget&er F )berglass boats 0it& 999 )s&ermen t&ey 0or/ 1Nig&t&ouse

=oun#ation , 9::>2-

=or mitigate t&e over)s&ing is necessary an eMcient strategy t&at to &el* to*reserve t&e e4traor#inary bio#iversity of t&is area, *romoting an#su**orting sustainable )s&eries an# ecosystem6base# management isnee#e#, along )ve years, t&e azca 3nstitute &as 0or/e# on *ro!ects t&at*romote t&e involvement of local communities in conservation actions- %&ey&ave also 0or/e# in a #iagnosis of coastal marine, environments artisanal)s&eries an# its socio6 economic situation, t&at t&ey can a##ress t&e rootcauses of t&eir *roblems, an# *resent alternative management o*tions, an#establis& conservation agreements 13nstituto #e 3nvestigaciones arinas18RC82, 9:B2-

Nocal *eo*le &ave been /ey *layers in t&e *rocess of *rotecting t&e atural"eserve- Currently t&e azca 3nstitute 0or/s 0it& t&e artisanal )s&ermen int&e area to *romote res*onsible )s&ing- 5esi#es, 3t is also raisingcartogra*&ic information continues an# i#entifying t&e seabe# an#im*lementing a monitoring *rogram submarine- %&e information collecte#0ill serve as t&e basis for t&e #evelo*ment of t&e "eserve anagement Dlanan# t&e im*lementation of *riority conservation activities nee#e# in t&earea 13nstituto #e 3nvestigaciones arinas 18RC82, 9:B2-

%&e *ro!ect is calle# PSustainable 8rtisanal =is&eries o#elP, t&is *ro!ect &as*lanne# to begin a *rocess of #evelo*ment, 0&ic& in a long6term coul# turn

out to be t&e im*rovement of t&e living con#itions of artisanal )s&ermen int&e Ecua#orian *rovince of Esmeral#as- 8t t&e same time, t&an/s to ne0


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)s&ing met&o#s an# ne0 labor a measure #evelo*e# an# im*lemente#, 0asac&ieve# sustainable use of )s& stoc/s t&at are severely e4*loite# coul#)nally be ac&ieve#, an# t&us, reac& its *rotection an# conservation-3m*ortant gui#elines #evelo*e# by t&e *ro!ect for a !ust an# res*onsible)s&ing, %a/en into consi#eration t&e *articularities t&e s*eci)c situation int&e Hevelo*ing Countries t&at 0ill be a**lie# in ot&er coastal to0ns ofEcua#or 1Nig&t&ouse =oun#ation , 9::>2-

3n ot&er 0or#s, 0it& t&is *ro!ect it is can obtain *rocesses more eMcient of0or/, im*lement )s&ing met&o#s an# tec&ni: centimeters for gol#en )s&,es*ecially because t&ese /in# of s*ecies nee# to reac& certain size to ma/esure t&at t&ey coul# re*ro#uce an# *er*etuate t&e s*ecies 1J- Dincay, 9:B?2-

oreover, is most im*ortant to /no0 t&at in ot&er countries li/e Colombia,t&ere is even stricter la0s li/e t&e minimum size for t&e re# sna**er is 9centimeters 0&ic& is not consi#ere# in Ecua#or, yet are en#angere# s*ecies


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PS*on#ylusP s&ells, 0&ales, turtles, s&ar/s, an ot&ers, in currently1J- Dincay,9:B?2-

%&e marine animals are *rotecte# by t&e Ecua#orian constitution, but#es*ite t&e *rotection t&ey &ave, t&ere is a lot of *roblems t&at are lin/e# tot&e )s&ing activities s*ecially t&e /in# of ten#s t&at are use# t&at in some

cases acci#entally catc& s&ar/s, also t&e material t&ey are ma#e of isusually *olyet&ylene t&at 0&en it gets entangle# )s&ermen !ust ten# to cutit an# leave it in t&e ocean, causing terri)c environmental im*acts an#/illing marine s*ecies, t&is activity is calle# g&ost )s&ing 1Nig&t&ouse=oun#ation , 9::>2; to avoi# t&is /in# of *roblem it is recommen#e# to use*oly )lament nets 0&ic& )ber brea/ ra*i#ly if it stays in t&e sea an#0oul#nOt aect t&e s*ecies1J- Dincay, 9:B?2-

3n conclusion our seas an# oceans cannot co*e 0it& t&e amount of 0aste 0ema/e an# t&ro0 a0ay- 3t is not a *lace to #um* rubbis& an# c&emicals- 3t is

&ome to millions of animals an# *lants t&at are very im*ortant to life oneart&- Kee*ing our oceans clean, also /ee*s a &ealt&y foo# source t&at isclean of *ollutants- any *ollutants are absorbe# by t&e animalOs s&ell)s&an# )s& t&at live in t&e sea 0&en 0e eat t&em t&ose *ollutants are *asse#onto us 1Hao!i, 9::2-

easurement of marine *ollution using biological in#icators *rovi#es

information on t&e bioavailability of contaminants an# t&e integration of t&e

eects of multi*le e4*osures an# e4*osure over time- ulti*le e4*osures is

t&e combine# action of all c&emical contaminants even if t&e contaminants

are *resent at concentrations too lo0 to cause gross &armful eects, t&ey

can cause a suite of bioc&emical reactions in marine organisms generally

calle# stress- 8mongst t&e result of *rolonge# stress is t&e su**ression of

t&e immune system, t&us increasing sensitivity to0ar#s t&e im*act of

infectious agents an# *arasites 1Cruz, 9::2

atural factors suc& as tem*erature e4tremes an# Quctuations of salinity orant&ro*ogenic activities, suc& as )s&eries, can aggravate t&ese reactions- 8suite of bioc&emical reactions in marine organisms may occur as a res*onseincreasing sensitivity to0ar#s t&e im*act of infectious agents 1=8', 9::>2-

%&e creation of an entity of automanagement for t&e monitoring of t&e


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8 &ealt&y ocean sustainably *rovi#es a number of bene)ts to *eo*le, no0an# in t&e future 1ora et al-, 9::2- %&e case stu#y of t&e Parine "eserveGalera6San =rancisco,P locate# in t&e *rovince of Esmeral#a an# t&is s*ea/sin connection 0it& man@s #e*en#ence on )s&ing in our ocean, carrie# out by#ierent generations in families Emeral#- 3t 0as observe# #uring t&einvestigation in t&e )el# of )s&eries *ro#uction, im*ortant s*ecies suc& assea bass roc/, sna**er an# Hora#o, 0&ic& #e*en#s on t&e sustainability ofeac& family-

8s t&e *o*ulation increases an# foo# sources become more re2- perspectivas de conservacin privada en la pennsula galera san francisco sur de esmeraldas!"uito+ nazca-

Carrasco, a- 19::2- #ane$o integral de la %ona marina con la terrestre del &reagalera'san francisco"uito+ usf


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3nstituto #e investigaciones marinas 1nazca2- 19:B2- )alera san francisco"

Nig&t&ouse foun#ation - 19::>2- *esca sostenible" *royecto"

Nuna, s-, I cam*os, f- 19::>2- estudio de alternativas de mane$o para ladeclaracin de la reserva marina galera'san francisco!"uito+ mae-

ci, m- C- 19:B?2- +estructive ,shing"Usa-

inisterio #el ambiente- 19::>2- -eserva marina galera san francisco"Esmeral#as-

inisterio #e ambiente- 19:B2- Servicio metereologico - 'bteni#o #e000-serviciometereologico-com+ &tt*+WW000-serviciometeorologico-gob-ecW0*6contentWforosclimaticosWforos9:nacionalesW9:BWi49:foroWsituacion9:actual9:#e9:la9:*esca9:en9:ecua#or9:sr*6mag-*#f

"ac&o0iec/i, r-, I *almerlee, #- 19::2- Ecua#or I t&e galX*agos islan#s- e0 yor/+lonely *lanet-

Soc&or, !- 19:B92- Jansoc&or- 'bteni#o #e 000-!ansoc&or-com+

&tt*s+WW000-!ansoc&or-comW*&oto6essayWs&ar/6slaug&ter6over)s&ing6ecua#or

Une*- 19:B92- %&e over)s&ing an# ot&er t&reats to a- Small6scale ca*ture )s&eries 6 a global overvie0 0it& em*&asis on#evelo*ing countries+ a *reliminary re*ort of t&e big numbers *ro!ect- 1fao, 0orl#ban/, 0orl# )s& center+ 9::>2-

ora, c- Et al- 9::- anagement eectiveness of t&e 0orl#Os marine )s&eries- Dlosbiol F, eB:::BB-2-

Sc&orr, #- 9::?- 8rtisanal )s&ing+ *romoting *overty re#uction an# community

#evelo*ment t&roug& ne0 0to rules on )s&eries subsi#ies-

Cruz, m- G- 19::2- %&e /no0n an# un/no0n about marine bio#iversity in ecua#or

1continental an# insular- )ayanas-

Hao!i, l- I- 19::2- 'cean *ollution from lan#6base# sources-.mbio, B:F6BB-

"ubio, #- C- 19:B2- 8nXlisis #e riesgos *or metales y *estici#as en el agua *otable

#e esmeral#as, atacames y r$o ver#e, ecua#or- Investigacin y saberes, B6B-

Dincay, J- 19:B?, Hecember2- 3ntervie0 0it& Stefany Guauna, Esmeral#as-

ensayo completo final

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