enciclopedia de ciencias politicas
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Editorial Board
General Editors
Bertrand BadieInstitut d'études politiques (Sciences Po)
Paris, France
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Leonardo MorlinoLUISS Guido Carli
Rome, Italy
Associate Editors
Nathaniel BeckNew York University
New York City, New York, United States
Walter CarlsnaesUppsala Universitet
Uppsala, Sweden
Takashi InoguchiUniversity of Niigata Prefecture
Tokyo, Japan
B. Guy PetersUniversity of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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FOR INFORMATION:
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Copyright © 2011 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
International encyclopedia of political science / edited by BertrandBadie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino.
8 v. cm.A SAGE Reference publication.Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6 (cloth)
1. Political science—Encyclopedias. I. Badie, Bertrand.II. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. III. Morlino, Leonardo
JA61.I58 2011320.03—dc22 2011009801
11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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List of Entries vii
Reader’s Guide xv
About the General Editors xxiii
Contributors xxv
Preface xlix
Introduction to Political Science li
Entries
A 1B 129C 183
IndexI-1
Contents
1
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vii
AccountabilityAccountability, ElectoralAccountability, InterinstitutionalAdministrationAdministration TheoryAdvocacyAdvocacy Coalition FrameworkAdvocacy Networks, TransnationalAfrican Political ThoughtAgenciesAgenda SettingAggregate Data AnalysisAlienationAlliancesAnalysis of VarianceAnalytic Narratives: ApplicationsAnalytic Narratives: The MethodAnarchismAnarcho-Syndicalism. See Anarchism; Anarchy
AnarchyAnomiaApathyArea StudiesArms RaceAttitude ConsistencyAttitudes, PoliticalAudit SocietyAuditingAuthoritarian RegimesAuthority. See LegitimacyAutonomy, AdministrativeAutonomy, SubnationalAutonomy and Sovereignty. See Sovereignty
Balance of PowerBargainingBayesian Analysis. See Statistical Inference,
Classical and BayesianBehavioralism
BeliefsBilateralismBiology and PoliticsBipolarity and MultipolarityBoolean AlgebraBootstrap. See Robust StatisticsBreakdown of Political SystemsBuddhismBudgeting, Rational ModelsBureaucracyBureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsBureaucracy, Street-Level
CabinetsCapitalismCase StudiesCategorical Response DataCaudillismoCausal Heterogeneity. See Causality
CausalityCensored and Truncated DataCensorshipCentral BanksChange, InstitutionalCharismaChristian Democratic PartiesChristianityChurch–State RelationshipsCitizenshipCivic CultureCivic ParticipationCivil ServiceCivil SocietyCivil WarClass, SocialCleavages, Social and PoliticalClientelismCoalitionsCohort Analysis
List of Entries
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viii List of Entries
Cold War. See Balance of Power; Bipolarity andMultipolarity; Superpower; Totalitarian Regimes;Transatlantic Relations; War and Peace
CollaborationCollective SecurityColonialismCommon GoodsCommunismCommunist PartiesCommunist SystemsCommunitarianismComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCompetition, PoliticalComplexityComplianceConcept Formation
ConditionalityConditions, Necessary and SufficientConfigurational Comparative MethodsConflict ResolutionConflict Theory. See Conflict ResolutionConflictsConfucianismConsensusConservatismConservative PartiesConstitutional EngineeringConstitutionalismConstructivismConstructivism in International RelationsContainmentContingency TheoryContract TheoryCooperationCoordinationCorporativismCorrelationCorrespondence AnalysisCorruptionCorruption, AdministrativeCost–Benefit Analysis
Credible CommitmentCrisisCrisis ManagementCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsCross-National SurveysCross-Tabular AnalysisCulturalism
Data, ArchivalData, MissingData, SpatialData, TextualData Analysis, ExploratoryData VisualizationDecentralizationDelegationDeliberative Policy MakingDemocracy, ConsociationalDemocracy, DirectDemocracy, QualityDemocracy, Theories of Democracy, Types of Democracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian Perspectives
Democratic ConsolidationDemocratic PeaceDemocratizationDependency TheoryDeregulationDétenteDeterrence. See Arms RaceDeveloping World and International RelationsDevelopment, PoliticalDevelopment AdministrationDiasporaDictatorshipDiplomacyDisarmamentDiscipline of Political Science, The. See
Introduction to Political Science (Volume 1)Discontent. See Dissatisfaction, PoliticalDiscourse AnalysisDiscretionDiscriminant Analysis/Classification. See
Categorical Response DataDiscriminationDiscursive InstitutionalismDiscursive Policy AnalysisDissatisfaction, Political
Domestic Politics and International RelationsDurkheim, Émile
Economic PolicyEconomic StatecraftEconomic Theories of PoliticsEffectiveness, BureaucraticEfficacy, Political
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ixList of Entries
Election by LotElection ObservationElection ResearchElections, PrimaryElections, VolatilityElectoral BehaviorElectoral CampaignsElectoral GeographyElectoral SystemsElectoral TurnoutElitesElitismEmpireEmpowermentEnglish School in International Relations.
See International SocietyEnvironmental Issues
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Security StudiesEpistemic CommunitiesEpistemological and Methodological
FoundationsEqualityEquality, PoliticalEquilibrium. See Game TheoryEthicsEthnicityEthnographic MethodsEurope as an International ActorEuropean IntegrationEuropeanization of PolicyEvaluation ResearchEvent CountsEvent History AnalysisEvidence-Based PolicyExecutiveExperiments, FieldExperiments, LaboratoryExperiments, Natural
Factor AnalysisFair Division
FascismFascist MovementsFederalismFeminismFeminist MovementsFeminist Theory in International RelationsForeign Aid and DevelopmentForeign Policy Analysis
Formal Theory. See Game Theory;Social Choice Theory
Freedom. See LibertyFunctionalismFundamentalismFundamentalist Movements, IslamicFuzzy-Set Analysis
Game TheoryGenderGeneralized Least Squares. See Weighted Least
SquaresGenocideGeopoliticsGlobalizationGovernanceGovernance, Administration Policies
Governance, GlobalGovernance, GoodGovernance, InformalGovernance, MultilevelGovernance, UrbanGovernance NetworksGovernmentGranger CausalityGraphics, StatisticalGreek PhilosophyGreen PartiesGrounded TheoryGroupthink
Health PolicyHegel, Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHegemonyHermeneuticsHierarchical/Multilevel Models.
See Multilevel AnalysisHinduismHistorical MemoryHistorical SociologyHistory of Political ScienceHobbes, Thomas
Human DevelopmentHuman Rights, Comparative PerspectivesHuman Rights in International RelationsHybrid RegimesHypothesis Testing
IdealismIdealism in International Relations
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x List of Entries
Identity, Social and PoliticalIdeologyImmigration PolicyImpacts, PolicyImperialismImplementationIndigenous Peoples’ RightsIndividualismInequality, EconomicInequality, PoliticalInference, Classical and Bayesian. See Statistical
Inference, Classical and BayesianInference, EcologicalInformation, Political. See Political
CommunicationInstitutional TheoryInstitutionalization
Institutions and InstitutionalismIntegration. See Political IntegrationIntellectualsIntelligenceInteraction EffectsInterdependenceInterest GroupsIntergovernmentalismInternational Institutions. See International
OrganizationsInternational Justice. See International LawInternational LawInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)International OrganizationsInternational Political EconomyInternational Public OpinionInternational RegimesInternational Relations, HistoryInternational Relations, TheoryInternational Relations as a Field of StudyInternational SocietyInternational SolidarityInternational SystemInternational TradeIntervention
Intervention, HumanitarianInterviewingInterviews, EliteInterviews, ExpertIrredentismIslamIslamist MovementsItem–Response (Rasch) Models
Joint-Decision Trap Judaism Judicial Decision Making Judicial Independence Judicial Review Judicial Systems Judicialization of International Relations Judiciary Justice
Kant, Immanuel
Labor MovementLanguage and Politics. See Political
Communication; Politics of LanguageLeadershipLegalization of Policy
LegitimacyLiberal PartiesLiberalismLiberalism in International RelationsLiberalizationLibertarianismLibertyLobbyingLocal GovernmentLocke, JohnLogic of AppropriatenessLogit and Probit AnalysesLongitudinal Data. See Panel Data Analysis;
Time-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsLot, as a Selection Method.
See Election by Lot
Machiavelli, NiccolòMaoismMarket EconomyMarket FailureMarx, KarlMarxismMassesMatching
Maximum LikelihoodMeasurementMeasurement, LevelsMeasurement, ScalesMeasures of Association. See Cross-Tabular
AnalysisMedia, ElectronicMedia, Print
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xiList of Entries
Mediation in International RelationsMercantilismMeta-AnalysisMetagovernanceMethodologyMigrationMilitary RuleMilitiasMisspecificationMixed MethodsMobilization, PoliticalModel SpecificationModels, Computational/
Agent-BasedModernization TheoryMonarchyMonetary Relations
MonitoringMonte Carlo MethodsMulticollinearity. See RegressionMulticulturalismMultilateralismMultilevel AnalysisMultinational Corporations (MNCs)
Nash Equilibrium. See Game TheoryNation BuildingNational InterestNationalismNationalist MovementsNatural LawNatural ResourcesNegotiation. See DiplomacyNeo-CorporatismNeoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberalismNeo-PatrimonalismNeo-Weberian StateNetwork AnalysisNetworksNeutralityNew Public Management
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Nonlinear ModelsNonparametric MethodsNonstate ActorsNormative Political TheoryNormative Theory in
International RelationsNuclear Proliferation. See Arms Race
OligarchyOne-Party DominanceOppositionOrganization TheoryOrientalism
PacifismPanel. See Time-Series Cross-Section Data and
MethodsPanel Data AnalysisParadigms in Political ScienceParliamentary SystemsParliamentsParticipant ObservationParticipationParticipation, ContentiousParties
Party FinanceParty IdentificationParty LinkageParty ManifestoParty OrganizationParty System FragmentationParty SystemsPath DependencePatriotismPay for PerformancePeacePeace Research. See War and PeacePeacekeepingPeasants’ MovementsPerformancePerformance ManagementPersonalization of PoliticsPillarizationPlanningPluralismPluralist Interest IntermediationPolicePolicy, Constructivist ModelsPolicy, Discourse ModelsPolicy, Employment
Policy AdvicePolicy AnalysisPolicy CommunityPolicy CyclePolicy EvaluationPolicy FormulationPolicy FramingPolicy Instruments
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xii List of Entries
Policy LearningPolicy NetworkPolicy Process, Models of Political ClassPolitical CommunicationPolitical CulturePolitical EconomyPolitical IntegrationPolitical PhilosophyPolitical PsychologyPolitical Risk AnalysisPolitical Science. See Introduction to Political
Science (Volume 1)Political Science, International
InstitutionalizationPolitical SocializationPolitical Sociology as a Field of Study
Political Systems, TypesPolitical TheoryPoliticization of BureaucracyPoliticization of Civil ServicePolitics and Polity. See Introduction to Political
Science (Volume 1)Politics of LanguagePolity. See Political Systems, TypesPopular CulturePopulism. See Populist MovementsPopulist MovementsPositive PeacePositivismPostcolonialismPostcommunist RegimesPostmaterialismPostmodernism in International RelationsPowerPower and International PoliticsPrediction and ForecastingPreemptive WarPresidentialismPrincipal–Agent TheoryPrisoners’ DilemmaPrivatization
Process TracingPropertyProspect TheoryProtectionismProtest Movements. See Social MovementsPsychological Explanations of International
PoliticsPublic Budgeting
Public EmploymentPublic GoodsPublic Office, RewardsPublic Opinion
Qualitative Comparative AnalysisQuantitative Methods, Basic AssumptionsQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsQuasi-Experiments. See Experiments, Natural
RacismRadical AttitudesRandom Selection by Lot. See Election by LotRational ChoiceRationalism, CriticalRationality, BoundedRealism in International Relations
RedistributionReferendaReformRegime (Comparative Politics)Regimes. See International RegimesRegional Integration (Supranational)RegionalismRegionalizationRegressionRegulationReligionReligiosityReligious MovementsReorganizationRepresentationRepresentative BureaucracyRepublicRepublicanismResponsibilityResponsivenessResponsiveness of BureaucracyRevisionismRevolutionRightsRisk and Public Policy
RitualsRobust StatisticsRousseau, Jean-JacquesRule of Law
Sampling, Random and NonrandomSanctionsScaling
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xiiiList of Entries
Scaling Methods: A TaxonomySchemaScriptSecessionSecret ServicesSecularismSecurity and Defense PolicySecurity ApparatusSecurity CooperationSecurity DilemmaSelection BiasSelf-DeterminationSelf-RegulationSemipresidentialismSeparation of PowersSignaling Games. See Game TheorySimultaneous Equation Modeling
Social CapitalSocial Choice TheorySocial Cleavages. See Cleavages, Social and
PoliticalSocial CohesionSocial DemocracySocial Dominance OrientationSocial ExclusionSocial Identity. See Identity, Social and
PoliticalSocial MovementsSocial StratificationSocialismSocialist PartiesSocialist SystemsSoft LawSolidaritySortition. See Election by LotSovereigntySpatial Models of PoliticsStabilityStages Model of Policy MakingStalinismStateState, Virtual
State CollapseState FailureState FormationStatismStatistical Inference. See Statistical Inference,
Classical and BayesianStatistical Inference, Classical and BayesianStatistical Significance
Statistics: OverviewStrategic (Security) StudiesStructural Equation ModelingSubject CultureSuperpowerSupport, PoliticalSurvey ResearchSurvey Research ModesSustainable DevelopmentSymbols, PoliticalSystems Theory
Tax PolicyTerritoryTerrorism, InternationalTerrorist GroupsTheocracy
Thick DescriptionThink TanksTime-Series AnalysisTime-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsTocqueville, Alexis deToleranceTotalitarian RegimesTotalitarianismTrade LiberalizationTraditional RuleTragedy of the CommonsTransaction CostsTransatlantic RelationsTransformation, EconomicTransitionTransitional JusticeTriangulationTrust, Social
UnilateralismUnion. See Labor MovementUnited NationsUtilitarianismUtopianism
Validity, Internal and External. See MeasurementValuesVariablesVariables, InstrumentalVariables, Latent. See Factor Analysis;
Logit and Probit AnalysesVeto PlayerViolence
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xiv List of Entries
Virtual State. See State, VirtualVirtue. See EthicsVote, Types. See Electoral SystemsVoting Rules, Electoral, Effects of Voting Rules, Legislative
War and PeaceWarlordsWeber, Max
Weighted Least SquaresWelfare PoliciesWelfare StateWestphalian Ideal StateWorld BankWorld Systems TheoryWorld Trade Organization (WTO)
Zionism
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xv
Reader’s Guide
Comparative Politics, Theory, and Methods
AnarchismAnarchyBreakdown of Political SystemsCabinetsCensorship
Central BanksChange, InstitutionalCharismaCitizenshipCollaborationComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCompetition, PoliticalConditionalityConstitutional EngineeringCorporativismDecentralizationDemocracy, Types of Discursive InstitutionalismElitesEnvironmental IssuesExecutiveGovernmentHistorical SociologyHuman Rights, Comparative PerspectivesHybrid RegimesInstitutionalizationInstitutions and InstitutionalismInterest GroupsIrredentism
Labor MovementLeadershipLegitimacyMilitary RuleMonarchyNeo-PatrimonialismNeo-Weberian StateOligarchy
Path DependencePersonalization of PoliticsPillarizationPolitical IntegrationPolitical Science, International
InstitutionalizationPolitical Systems, TypesPolitics of LanguagePresidentialismProspect TheoryQualitative Comparative AnalysisReferendaReformRegime (Comparative Politics)RegionalismRegionalizationRepresentationRepublicRepublicanism
ResponsibilityResponsivenessRevolutionRule of LawSecessionSemipresidentialismSeparation of PowersSocial MovementsSocialist SystemsStabilityStateState, VirtualTerrorist GroupsTotalitarian RegimesWelfare PoliciesWelfare State
Case and Area Studies
Area StudiesAuthoritarian Regimes
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xvi Reader’s Guide
Case StudiesCaudillismoCommunist SystemsComparative MethodsComparative PoliticsCross-National SurveysDemocracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian PerspectivesFascist MovementsMulticulturalismPopulist MovementsPostcommunist RegimesRegional Integration (Supranational)
Subnational Governments
Autonomy, SubnationalDecentralizationFederalismGovernanceGovernance, UrbanLocal GovernmentPeaceRegionalizationSelf-Determination
Democracy and Democratization
Accountability
Accountability, ElectoralAccountability, InterinstitutionalChange, InstitutionalCitizenshipCivil ServiceCoalitionsCollaborationColonialismCompetition, PoliticalConditionalityConstitutional EngineeringConstitutionalism
Corruption, AdministrativeCredible CommitmentDemocracy, DirectDemocracy, QualityDemocracy, Types of Democracy: Chinese PerspectivesDemocracy: Middle East PerspectivesDemocracy: Russian Perspectives
DemocratizationDeveloping World and
International RelationsDevelopment, PoliticalDevelopment AdministrationEmpowermentFederalismForeign Aid and DevelopmentGovernanceGovernance, GoodGroupthinkHuman DevelopmentLiberalizationModernization TheoryMonarchyNation BuildingOpposition
Peasants’ MovementsPluralist Interest IntermediationPostcolonialismPostmaterialismRepresentationResponsibilityResponsivenessResponsiveness of BureaucracyRule of LawSelf-DeterminationSemipresidentialismState CollapseState FailureState FormationSustainable DevelopmentTraditional RuleTransitionTransitional Justice
Decision Making in Democracies
Cost–Benefit AnalysisDelegationDeliberative Policy MakingElection by Lot
Election ObservationElection ResearchElections, PrimaryElections, VolatilityElectoral BehaviorElectoral CampaignsElectoral GeographyElectoral Systems
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xviiReader’s Guide
Electoral TurnoutExecutive Judicial Independence Judicial SystemsLobbyingParliamentary SystemsParliamentsParticipationParticipation, ContentiousReferendaSeparation of PowersVoting Rules, Electoral, Effects of Voting Rules, Legislative
Epistemological Foundations
Behavioralism
Biology and PoliticsCausalityConcept FormationConditions, Necessary and SufficientConstructivismConstructivism in International RelationsCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsCulturalismDemocracy, Theories of Epistemic CommunitiesEpistemological and Methodological
Foundations
EthicsFeminist Theory in International RelationsFunctionalismHistorical SociologyIdealismIdeologyInstitutional TheoryInstitutions and InstitutionalismLogic of AppropriatenessMethodologyMulticulturalismNeoliberal Institutionalism
NeoliberalismParadigms in Political SciencePositivismQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsRationalism, CriticalRationality, BoundedSystems TheoryUtilitarianism
Gender and Race/Ethnicity
DiscriminationEqualityEquality, Political
EthnicityFeminismFeminist MovementsFeminist Theory in International RelationsGenderGeopoliticsGlobalizationIdentity, Social and PoliticalMulticulturalismNationalist Movements
International Relations
Balance of PowerColonialismConstructivism in International RelationsContainmentCritical TheoryCritical Theory in International RelationsDemocratic PeaceDependency TheoryDeveloping World and International RelationsDomestic Politics and International RelationsEmpireEurope as an International ActorForeign Aid and Development
Foreign Policy AnalysisGovernance, GlobalHuman Rights in International RelationsIndigenous Peoples’ RightsIntergovernmentalismInternational LawInternational OrganizationsInternational RegimesInternational Relations, TheoryInternational Relations as a Field of StudyInternational SystemInternational Trade
InterventionIntervention, Humanitarian Judicialization of International RelationsMediation in International RelationsMultilateralismNongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Normative Theory in International
Relations
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xviii Reader’s Guide
Political Science, InternationalInstitutionalization
Postmodernism in International RelationsPsychological Explanations of International
PoliticsRealism in International RelationsSuperpower
Peace, War, and Conflict Resolution
AlliancesArms RaceBilateralismBipolarity and MultipolarityCivil WarCollective SecurityConflict Resolution
ConflictsDétenteDiplomacyDisarmamentDomestic Politics and International RelationsEmpireForeign Policy AnalysisGenocideImperialismInterventionIntervention, Humanitarian Judicial Decision Making Judicialization of International RelationsMediation in International RelationsMilitiasMultilateralismNational InterestNatural ResourcesNeutralityPacifismParticipation, ContentiousPeacePeacekeeping Positive PeacePower and International PoliticsPreemptive War
Psychological Explanations of InternationalPolitics
SanctionsSecessionSecurity and Defense PolicySecurity CooperationSecurity DilemmaSovereignty
Strategic (Security) StudiesSuperpowerTerritoryTerrorism, InternationalTransatlantic RelationsUnilateralismUnited NationsViolenceWar and PeaceWarlordsWestphalian Ideal StateWorld Systems Theory
Political Economy
CapitalismCentral Banks
Class, SocialCost–Benefit AnalysisEconomic PolicyEconomic StatecraftEconomic Theories of PoliticsForeign Aid and DevelopmentInequality, EconomicInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)International Political EconomyLabor MovementMarket EconomyMarket FailureMonetary RelationsMultilateralismMultinational Corporations (MNCs)Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Policy, EmploymentPolitical EconomyPrivatizationPropertyProtectionismPublic BudgetingPublic EmploymentPublic GoodsRedistribution
Social StratificationSustainable DevelopmentTax PolicyTrade LiberalizationTraditional RuleTragedy of the CommonsTransaction CostsTransformation, Economic
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xixReader’s Guide
Welfare PoliciesWelfare StateWorld BankWorld Trade Organization (WTO)
Political Parties
Christian Democratic PartiesCleavages, Social and PoliticalCommunist PartiesConservative PartiesGreen PartiesLiberal PartiesOne-Party DominancePartiesParty FinanceParty Identification
Party LinkageParty ManifestoParty OrganizationParty System FragmentationParty SystemsSocial DemocracySocialist Parties
Political Philosophy/Theory
African Political ThoughtAnarchismCharismaCommunismCommunitarianismConservatismConstitutionalismContract TheoryDemocracy, Theories of Discursive InstitutionalismEthicsFascismFundamentalismGreek PhilosophyIdealism in International Relations
LiberalismLiberalism in International RelationsLibertarianismLibertyMaoismMarxismMercantilismNationalism
Neoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberalismNormative Political TheoryNormative Theory in International RelationsPacifismPluralismPolitical ClassPolitical PhilosophyPolitical PsychologyPolitical TheoryPostmodernism in International RelationsRealism in International RelationsRevisionismRightsSecularismSocialismStalinism
StatismTheocracyUtilitarianismUtopianism
Equality and Inequality
Cost–Benefit AnalysisEqualityEquality, Political JusticeMarxismRacismSocialist Systems
Formal and Positive Theory
Bureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsGame TheoryPrincipal–Agent TheoryPrisoners’ DilemmaRational ChoiceSocial Choice TheoryVeto Player
Theorists
Durkheim, ÉmileHegel, Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHobbes, ThomasKant, ImmanuelLocke, JohnMachiavelli, Niccolò
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xx Reader’s Guide
Marx, KarlRousseau, Jean-JacquesTocqueville, Alexis deWeber, Max
Political Sociology
AlienationAnomiaApathyAttitude ConsistencyBeliefsCivic CultureCivic ParticipationCorporativismCredible CommitmentDiaspora
Dissatisfaction, PoliticalElections, PrimaryElectoral BehaviorElitismEmpowermentHegemonyHistorical MemoryIntellectualsInternational Public OpinionInternational SocietyMedia, ElectronicMedia, PrintMigrationMobilization, PoliticalNeo-CorporatismNetworksNonstate ActorsParticipationParticipation, ContentiousParty IdentificationPatriotismPillarizationPolitical CommunicationPolitical CulturePolitical Socialization
Political Sociology as a Field of StudyPopular CulturePowerSchemaScriptSocial CapitalSocial CohesionSocial Dominance Orientation
SolidaritySubject CultureSupport, PoliticalToleranceTrust, Social
ValuesViolence
Public Policy and Public Administration
Public Policy
AdvocacyAdvocacy Coalition FrameworkAgenciesAgenda SettingBargainingCommon Goods
ComplexityComplianceContingency TheoryCooperationCoordinationCrisis ManagementDeregulationDiscretionDiscursive Policy AnalysisEnvironmental PolicyEnvironmental Security StudiesEuropeanization of PolicyEvidence-Based PolicyImmigration PolicyImpacts, PolicyImplementation Joint-Decision Trap Judicial Decision Making Judicial ReviewLegalization of PolicyMetagovernanceMonitoringNeo-Weberian StateNew Public ManagementOrganization Theory
Policy, Constructivist ModelsPolicy, Discourse ModelsPolicy, EmploymentPolicy AdvicePolicy AnalysisPolicy CommunityPolicy CyclePolicy Evaluation
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xxiReader’s Guide
Policy FormulationPolicy FramingPolicy InstrumentsPolicy LearningPolicy NetworkPolicy Process, Models of Prospect TheoryReorganizationRisk and Public PolicySelf-RegulationSoft LawStages Model of Policy MakingThink TanksTragedy of the CommonsTransaction Costs
Public Administration
AdministrationAdministration TheoryAudit SocietyAuditingAutonomy, AdministrativeBudgeting, Rational ModelsBureaucracyBureaucracy, Rational Choice ModelsBureaucracy, Street-LevelCivil ServiceCorruption, AdministrativeEffectiveness, BureaucraticGovernanceGovernance, Administration PoliciesGovernance, InformalGovernance, MultilevelGovernance, UrbanGovernance NetworksGroupthinkHealth PolicyIntelligencePay for PerformancePerformancePerformance Management
PlanningPolicePoliticization of BureaucracyPoliticization of Civil ServicePublic BudgetingPublic EmploymentPublic GoodsPublic Office, Rewards
RegulationRepresentative BureaucracyResponsiveness of BureaucracySecret ServicesSecurity Apparatus
Qualitative Methods
Analytic Narratives: ApplicationsAnalytic Narratives: The MethodConfigurational Comparative MethodsData, TextualDiscourse AnalysisEthnographic MethodsEvaluation ResearchFuzzy-Set AnalysisGrounded Theory
HermeneuticsInterviewingInterviews, EliteInterviews, ExpertMixed MethodsNetwork AnalysisParticipant ObservationProcess TracingQualitative Comparative AnalysisQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsThick DescriptionTriangulation
Quantitative Methods
Aggregate Data AnalysisAnalysis of VarianceBoolean AlgebraCategorical Response DataCensored and Truncated DataCohort AnalysisCorrelationCorrespondence AnalysisCross-National SurveysCross-Tabular Analysis
Data, ArchivalData, MissingData, SpatialData Analysis, ExploratoryData VisualizationEvent CountsEvent History AnalysisExperiments, Field
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xxii Reader’s Guide
Experiments, LaboratoryExperiments, NaturalFactor AnalysisFair DivisionFuzzy-Set AnalysisGranger CausalityGraphics, StatisticalHypothesis TestingInference, EcologicalInteraction EffectsItem–Response (Rasch) ModelsLogit and Probit AnalysesMatchingMaximum LikelihoodMeasurementMeasurement, LevelsMeasurement, Scales
Meta-AnalysisMisspecificationMixed MethodsModel SpecificationModels, Computational/Agent-BasedMonte Carlo MethodsMultilevel AnalysisNonlinear ModelsNonparametric MethodsPanel Data AnalysisPolitical Risk AnalysisPrediction and ForecastingQuantitative Methods, Basic AssumptionsQuantitative Versus Qualitative MethodsRegressionRobust StatisticsSampling, Random and NonrandomScaling
Scaling Methods: A TaxonomySelection BiasSimultaneous Equation ModelingStatistical Inference, Classical and BayesianStatistical SignificanceStatistics: OverviewStructural Equation ModelingSurvey ResearchSurvey Research ModesTime-Series AnalysisTime-Series Cross-Section Data and MethodsTriangulationVariablesVariables, InstrumentalWeighted Least Squares
Religion
BuddhismChristianityChurch–State RelationshipsConfucianismFundamentalismFundamentalist Movements, IslamicGenocideHinduismIslamIslamist Movements JudaismNatural LawReligionReligiosityReligious MovementsTheocracyZionism
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xxiv About the General Editors
He is currently a member of the Prize Committee ofthe Johan-Skytte Prize and a fellow at theStellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS).He obtained his first doctorate (Dr. oec. publ.) ineconomics at the University of Munich, a secondadvanced degree (Dr. phil. habil.) in political scienceat the University of Augsburg, and a Ph.D. in polit-ical science from the University of California atBerkeley.
Leonardo Morlino is Professor of Political Sciencein the School of Government and Director of theResearch Centre on Democracies and Democ-ratizations at Libera Università Internazionaledegli Studi Sociali (LUISS) Guido Carli, in Rome.In 2004, he was awarded the Jean Monnet Chairin European Studies by the European Commission.
He is currently President of the InternationalPolitical Science Association (IPSA) (2009–2012).He has been a visiting professor or fellow at YaleUniversity, Stanford University, Nuffield College(Oxford, UK), Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris),Hoover Institution, Center for Advanced Researchin Social Sciences (Madrid, Spain), and St.Anthony’s College, Oxford. His main researchinterests include the methodology of comparison,the processes of democratization, and the role ofparties, interest groups, and civil society in con-temporary European democracies. Since 2003, hehas been actively involved in research on the pro-motion of democracy and rule of law in the newneighbors of the European Union and on thequalities of democracy in Europe and LatinAmerica. He has mainly contributed to theory onregime change and democratizations, with specificattention to the so-called theory of anchoring, thequality of democracy and its empirical analysis.He has published more than 30 books and about200 chapters in books and articles in journals inItalian, French, English, Spanish, German, Hun-garian, and Japanese—mainly on the methodologyof comparison, authoritarianisms, the European
Union, democratic theory, and democratizationprocesses. His main books as author includeChanges for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Pro-cesses (2011); Democrazie e Democratizzazioni (Democracy and Democratization, 2003); Democ-racy Between Consolidation and Crisis: Parties,Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe (1998);and Como Cambian los regimenes politicos (How
Political Regimes Change, 1985). Books that hehas coedited and/or coauthored include Democrat-ization and the European Union: ComparingCentral and Eastern European Post-CommunistCountries (2010); International Actors, Democra-tization and the Rule of Law: AnchoringDemocracy? (2008); Partiti e caso italiano (Partiesand the Italian Case; 2006); Europeizzazione erappresentanza territoriale: Il caso italiano(Europeanization and Territorial Representation:The Italian Case; 2006), Party Change in SouthernEurope (2007); and Assessing the Quality ofDemocracy (2005). Some of his most recent articlesin journals include “Are There Hybrid Regimes?Or Are They Just an Optical Illusion?” in EuropeanPolitical Science Review (2009); “Europeanizationand Territorial Representation in Italy” (coauthor)
in West European Politics (2006); “Anchors,Anchoring and Democratic Change” in Compara-tive Political Studies (2005); “What Is a ‘Good’Democracy?” in Democratization (2004); “‘Good’and ‘Bad’ Democracies: How to Conduct ResearchInto the Quality of Democracy” in CommunistStudies and Transition Politics (2004); “Consolida-tion Démocratique: La Théorie de l’Ancrage”(Democratic Consolidation: The Theory ofAnchorage) in Revue Internationale de PolitiqueComparée (2001); and “Architectures constitutio-nelles et politiques democratiques en Europe del’Est” (Architectures Constitutional and Demo-cratic Policies in Eastern Europe) in Revue Françaisede Science Politique (2000). Some of his mostrecent chapters in books include “Political Parties”in Democratization (2009); “What Changes inSouth European Parties: A Comparative Intro-duction” in Party Change in Southern Europe (2007); “Introduction” to Assessing the Quality ofDemocracy: Theory and Empirical Analysis (2005); “Problematizing the Links BetweenAuthoritarian Legacies and ‘Good’ Democracy”(coauthor) in Democracy and Authoritarian Lega-cies in Southern Europe and Latin America (2004);
“The Three Phases of Italian Parties” in PoliticalParties and Democracy (2001); “Democracy,Southern European Style?” (coauthor) in Parties,Politics, and Democracy in the New SouthernEurope (2001); and “Constitutional Design andProblems of Implementation in Southern andEastern Europe” in Democratic Consolidations inEastern Europe (2001).
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xxv
Contributors
Joel D. AberbachUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, United States
Attila ÁghCorvinus University of BudapestBudapest, Hungary
John AgnewUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, United States
Despina AlexiadouUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Lincoln AllisonUniversity of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
Nicholas AlmendaresNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Karen J. AlterNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States
David AltmanPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiago, Chile
Thomas AmbrosioNorth Dakota State UniversityFargo, North Dakota,
United States
Dag AnckarÅbo AkademiÅbo, Finland
Zehra F. Kabasakal AratPurchase College,
State University of New YorkPort Chester, New York, United States
Luz Marina AriasUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States
Leslie Elliott ArmijoPortland State UniversityLake Oswego, Oregon, United States
Klaus ArmingeonUniversity of BernBern, Switzerland
Kai ArzheimerUniversity of Essex
Colchester, United KingdomRaul AtriaUniversity of ChileSantiago, Chile
Fulvio AttinàUniversity of CataniaCatania, Italy
Jun AyukawaKwansei Gakuin UniversityNishinomiya, Japan
Bertrand BadieInstitut d’études politiques (Sciences Po)Paris, France
Delia BaileyYouGovPalo Alto, California, United States
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xxvi Contributors
David A. BaldwinPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey, United States
Jinny Bang
New York UniversityNew York, New York, United States
Michael BantonUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
Daniel BarbuUniversity of BucharestBucharest, Romania
Jens BartelsonLund University
Lund, Sweden Jérémie BarthasUniversity of Johannesburg Johannesburg, South Africa
Viva Ona BartkusUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana,
United States
Stefano BartoliniEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Robert H. BatesHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts,
United States
Dario BattistellaSciences Po BordeauxPessac, France
Julien BauerUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada
Andrea BaumeisterUniversity of Stirling Stirling, United Kingdom
Richard John BeardsworthAmerican University of ParisParis, France
Nathaniel BeckNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
David Beetham
University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom
Daniel BélandUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Richard BellamyUniversity College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
Ulises BeltránCentro de Investigación y Docencia
EconómicasMexico City, Mexico
Andrew BennettGeorgetown UniversityWashington, D.C., United States
Li Bennich-BjörkmanUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
Kenneth BenoitTrinity College
Dublin, Ireland
David BensonUniversity of East AngliaNorwich, United Kingdom
Arthur BenzTechnische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
Jacob BercovitchUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand
Dirk Berg-SchlosserPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Manfred Max BergmanUniversity of BaselBasel, Switzerland
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xxviiContributors
Nancy BermeoNuffield College, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
Rajeev Bhargava
Centre for the Study ofDeveloping Societies
Delhi, India
Chris J. BickertonUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
Pierre BirnbaumUniversité Paris 1Paris, France
James Warner BjörkmanInstitute of Social StudiesThe Hague, Netherlands
Jörg BlasiusUniversity of Bonn, Institute for Political Science
and SociologyBonn, Germany
Jens Blom-HansenAarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
Jean BlondelEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Mark BlythBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island,
United States
Frederick J. BoehmkeUniversity of IowaIowa City, Iowa, United States
Matthijs Bogaards Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
Arjen BoinLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, Louisiana,
United States
Maitseo BolaaneUniversity of BotswanaGaborone, Botswana
Chris W. Bonneau
University of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Tanja A. BörzelFreie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
Mathias BösPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Chiara BotticiThe New School for Social Research
New York City, New York,United States
Mark BovensUtrecht University School of GovernanceUtrecht, Netherlands
Bidhya BowornwathanaChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
Janet M. Box-SteffensmeierOhio State University
Columbus, Ohio, United StatesAndrás BozókiCentral European UniversityBudapest, Hungary
Steven J. BramsNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Patrick T. BrandtUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardson, Texas, United States
Reinhard BrandtPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Michael BrattonMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States
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xxviii Contributors
Philippe BraudSciences PoParis, France
Karl Braun
Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
David R. BrillingerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Malena BritzSwedish National Defence CollegeStockholm, Sweden
Stephen G. Brooks
Dartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States
Alison BryskUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States
Hubertus BuchsteinUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
Ian BudgeUniversity of Essex
Colchester, United Kingdom
Xymena BukowskaInstitute of Political Studies, University of
WarsawWarsaw, Poland
François BurgatIFPO CNRS (Damascus)Aix-en-Provence, France
Craig CalhounNew York University
New York City, New York, United States
Mauro CaliseUniversity of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
John Thomas CallaghanUniversity of SalfordGreater Manchester, United Kingdom
Randall CalvertWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Jean-Yves Calvez (Deceased)
Jesuit Faculties of Philosophy and TheologyParis, France
James A. CaporasoUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Edward G. CarminesIndiana University, BloomingtonBloomington, Indiana, United States
Roberto Cartocci
University of BolognaBologna, Italy
Brunella CasaliniUniversity of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
Bruno CautrèsCEVIPOF/Sciences PoParis, France
Frédéric CharillonUniversité d’Auvergne–Clermont Ferrand 1
Paris, France
Simon ChestermanNew York University School of Law/National
University of SingaporeSingapore
Anthony B. L. CheungHong Kong Institute of EducationTai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
Peter T. Y. CheungUniversity of Hong Kong
Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Wendy K. Tam ChoUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, Illinois, United States
Geeta ChowdhryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, Arizona, United States
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Contributors xxix
Tom ChristensenUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway
Dino P. Christenson
Boston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States
Dag Harald ClaesUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway
William Roberts ClarkUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Harold D. Clarke
University of Texas at DallasRichardson, Texas, United States
Kevin A. ClarkeUniversity of RochesterRochester, New York, United States
Sara ClaveroQueen’s University BelfastBelfast, United Kingdom
Jean-Marc CoicaudUnited Nations University
New York City, New York, United StatesDominique ColasInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris
(Sciences Po)Paris, France
H. K. ColebatchUniversity of New South WalesSydney, Australia
Josep M. ColomerInstitute for Economic Analysis,
Higher Council for Scientific ResearchBarcelona, Spain
Ariel ColonomosCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France
Maurizio CottaUniversity of SienaSiena, Italy
Michael CoxLondon School of EconomicsLondon, United Kingdom
Bruce Cronin
City College of New YorkNew York City, New York, United States
Lasse CronqvistUniversität TrierTrier, Germany
Jane CurrySanta Clara UniversitySanta Clara, California, United States
Roland Czada
University of OsnabrueckOsnabrueck, Germany
Carl Johan DahlströmUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
Jean-Pascal DalozSt. Anthony’s College,
University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
David Darmofal
University of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States
Charles-Philippe DavidUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada
James W. DavisUniversity of St. GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland
Gjalt de Graaf Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Miguel De LucaUniversidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
Gisèle De MeurUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
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xxx Contributors
Liliana De RizUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
Jaap de Wilde
University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
Henk DekkerLeiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
Donatella della PortaEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Yves Déloye
Université Paris 1 Panthéon-SorbonneParis, France
Bruno DentePolitecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy
Guillaume DevinInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris
(Sciences Po)Paris, France
Ilvo Diamanti
Università di Urbino“Carlo Bo”Urbino, Italy
Alain Dieckhoff CERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France
Elias DinasEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Michel Dobry
Université Paris 1 Panthéon-SorbonneParis, France
Mattei Dogan (Deceased)National Center for Scientific
Research (CNRS)Paris, France
Lex DonaldsonUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South Wales, Australia
Jean-Yves Dormagen
University of MontpellierMontpellier, France
Michael DoyleColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Jaap DronkersEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Frédérick Guillaume Dufour
Université du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada
Andreas DuitStockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
Craig Malcolm DuncanIthaca CollegeIthaca, New York, United States
Carl W. DundasDundas and Associates Ltd.
Furzton, Milton Keynes, United KingdomThad DunningYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
Francis Dupuis-DériUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, Québec, Canada
Andreas DürUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
Burkard EberleinYork UniversityToronto, Ontario, Canada
S. N. Eisenstadt (Deceased)The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute Jerusalem, Israel
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xxxiContributors
Rainer EisfeldUniversity of OsnabrueckOsnabrueck, Germany
Zachary Elkins
University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States
Andrew EllisInternational Institute for Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (IDEA)Stockholm, Sweden
Kjell EngelbrektSwedish National Defense CollegeStockholm, Sweden
Diane EthierUniversity of MontréalMontréal, Quebec, Canada
Amitai EtzioniThe Institute for Communitarian
Policy StudiesWashington, D.C., United States
Sergio FabbriniTrento UniversityTrento, Italy
Jürgen W. Falter Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany
Harvey B. FeigenbaumThe George Washington UniversityWashington, D.C., United States
Yale H. FergusonRutgers University–NewarkNewark, New Jersey,
United States
Maurizio FerreraUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
Mónica FerrínEuropean University InstituteFlorence, Italy
Louis FisherLibrary of CongressWashington, D.C., United States
Matthew Flinders
University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom
Tuomas ForsbergUniversity of TampereTampere, Finland
Laurent FourchardInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de BordeauxPessac, France
Mark N. Franklin
European University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Oscar W. GabrielUniversität StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
Sean GailmardUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Yvonne GalliganQueen’s University Belfast
Belfast, United KingdomSteffen Ganghof University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
Philipp Genschel Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
Emilio GentileSapienza–Università di RomaRome, Italy
Alan S. GerberYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
John GerringBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States
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xxxii Contributors
Julie GervaisTriangle Centre for Political Research, CNRSLyon, France
Jeff Gill
Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Garrett GlasgowUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, California, United States
Kristian Skrede GleditschUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom
Giampietro Gobo
Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
Laurent GoetschelUniversity of BaselBasel, Switzerland
Leslie Friedman GoldsteinUniversity of DelawareNewark, Delaware, United States
Wyn GrantUniversity of Warwick
Coventry, United Kingdom
Davide GrassiUniversità degli studi di TorinoTurin, Italy
Matthew GratiasUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States
Simon GreenAston UniversityBirmingham, United Kingdom
Michael GreenacreUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
Robert GregoryVictoria University of WellingtonWellington, New Zealand
Michael Th. GrevenUniversität Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Bernard Grofman
University of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States
A. J. R. GroomUniversity of KentCanterbury, United Kingdom
Jürgen R. GroteCharles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
Siba N. Grovogui
Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland,United States
Gérard GrunbergCNRS/Sciences Po ParisParis, France
Carlo GuarnieriUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy
John G. Gunnell
State University of New YorkAlbany, New York, United Statesand University of California, DavisDavis, California, United States
Jeroen GunningAberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, United Kingdom
Dingping GuoFudan UniversityShanghai, China
Asha GuptaUniversity of DelhiDelhi, India
Stefano GuzziniDanish Institute for International Studies &
Uppsala UniversityCopenhagen, Denmark
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xxxiiiContributors
Peter M. HaasUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, Massachusetts, United States
Christian W. Haerpfer
University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
Stephan HaggardUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States
Maarten HajerUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
Mark HallerbergHertie School of GovernanceBerlin, Germany
Amr HamzawyCarnegie Endowment for International PeaceBeirut, Lebanon
Dominik HangartnerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Russell HardinNew York University
New York City, New York, United StatesErin HartmanUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Andreas HasencleverUniversität TübingenTübingen, Germany
Pierre HassnerSciences PoParis, France
Jeffrey HaynesLondon Metropolitan UniversityLondon, United Kingdom
Reuven Y. HazanHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
Jens HeibachPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Eva G. Heidbreder
Hertie School of GovernanceBerlin, Germany
Jorge HeineCentre for International Governance
InnovationWaterloo, Ontario, Canada
Wilhelm HeitmeyerBielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
Gunther Hellmann
Goethe-University Frankfurt / MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany
Guy HermetSciences PoParis, France
Johannes Herrmann Justus-Liebig-Universität GießenGießen, Germany
F. Daniel HidalgoUniversity of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, United States John HigleyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States
Christopher HillUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
Jonas HinnforsUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
Katherine HiteVassar CollegePoughkeepsie, New York, United States
Stephen HobdenUniversity of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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xxxiv Contributors
Brian HockingLoughborough UniversityLeicestershire, United Kingdom
Bert Hoffmann
German Institute of Global and Area StudiesHamburg, Germany
Ursula Hoffmann-LangeUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg, Germany
James F. HollifieldSMU Dallas, Texas, United States
James Hollyer
New York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
John A. HoornbeekKent State UniversityKent, Ohio, United States
Adrienne HosekUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
David Patrick HoughtonUniversity of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida, United States
Michael HowlettSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Wei HuShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
Merlijn van HulstUniversiteit van Tilburg Tilburg, Netherlands
Carlos HuneeusUniversidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
Christian HunoldDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Peter L. HupeErasmus University RotterdamRotterdam, Netherlands
Andrew Hurrell
University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
Serge HurtigInternational Political Science AssociationParis, France
Adrian Hyde-PriceUniversity of BathBath, United Kingdom
Goran Hyden
University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, United States
Piero IgnaziUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy
Mikhail IlyinMGIMO UniversityMoscow, Russian Federation
Ellen M. ImmergutHumboldt University Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Takashi InoguchiUniversity of Niigata PrefectureTokyo, Japan
Tatsuo InoueUniversity of TokyoKokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
Sebastian JäckleUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
Simon JackmanStanford UniversityStanford, California, United States
John E. JacksonUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
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xxxvContributors
William G. JacobyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States
Christophe Jaffrelot
CERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France
Patrick JamesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States
Laura JanikUniversity of Northern IowaCedar Falls, Iowa, United States
Ben JannETH Zurich
Zurich, SwitzerlandLucien JaumeSciences PoParis, France
Kanishka JayasuriyaMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Fabien JobardCentre de Recherche Sociologique sur le Droit et
les Institutions Pénales, CNRS
Guyancourt, FranceLoch K. JohnsonUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, United States
Rebecca E. JohnsonAcronym Institute for Disarmament
DiplomacyLondon, United Kingdom
Michael JohnstonColgate UniversityHamilton, New York, United States
Andrew JordanUniversity of East AngliaNorwich, United Kingdom
Grant JordanUniversity of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
Knud Erik JørgensenUniversity of AarhusAarhus, Denmark
Dirk Jörke
University of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
Dirk JungeUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany
Max Kaase Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
Lutz Kaelber
University of VermontBurlington, Vermont, United States
Dirk KaeslerPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Ben KamisUniversität TübingenTübingen, Germany
Devesh KapurUniversity of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Lauri KarvonenÅbo AkademiÅbo, Finland
Riva KastoryanoCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France
Michael KeatingEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Luke KeeleOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, United States
Hans KemanVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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xxxvi Contributors
Norbert KerstingStellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
Mark Kesselman
Columbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Pekka KettunenUniversity of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
Sun-Chul KimBarnard CollegeNew York City, New York, United States
Leo Kissler
Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Markus KleinLeibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany
Oddbjørn KnutsenUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway
Torbjørn L. KnutsenNorwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU)Trondheim, Norway
Ken KollmanUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Serge-Christophe KolmÉcole des Hautes Études en Sciences SocialesParis, France
Thomas KönigUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany
Petr KopeckýLeiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
Hennie KotzéStellenbosch UniversityMatieland, South Africa
Mark KramerHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Matthew H. Kramer
Cambridge UniversityCambridge, United Kingdom
Algis KrupavičiusKaunas University of TechnologyKaunas, Lithuania
Milja KurkiAberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, United Kingdom
Guy Lachapelle
Concordia UniversityMontréal, Québec, Canada
Justine LacroixUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
Stella LadiPanteion UniversityAthens, Greece
Per LægreidUniversity of Bergen
Bergen, Norway
David A. LakeUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States
Wai Fung LamUniversity of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Todd LandmanUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom
Jan-Erik LaneUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
Victor LapuenteUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
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xxxviiContributors
Henry LaurensCollège de FranceParis, France
Sébastien Laurent
University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
Michael LaverNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
David S. LawWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Kay Lawson
San Francisco State UniversitySan Francisco, California,United States
Marc LazarSciences PoParis, France
Jacques Le CacheuxUniversity of Pau and Sciences Po ParisParis, France
Richard Ned Lebow
Dartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States
Jean LecaInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris
(Sciences Po)Paris, France
Donna LeeUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, United
Kingdom
Beth L. LeechRutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, New Jersey,
United States
Brett Ashley LeedsRice UniversityHouston, Texas, United States
Lucas LeemannColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Cristina Leston-Bandeira
University of HullHull, United Kingdom
Thierry LeterreMiami University John E. Dolibois CenterLuxembourg
David Levi-FaurHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
Gang LinShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
Beate LittigInstitute for Advanced StudiesVienna, Austria
Richard LittleUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
Steven LivingstonThe George Washington UniversityWashington, D.C., United States
Francisco J. LleraUniversity of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain
Martin LodgeLondon School of Economics and Political
ScienceLondon, United Kingdom
George A. LopezUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, United States
Hartmut LüdtkePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Samantha LuksYouGovPalo Alto, California, United States
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xxxviii Contributors
Cora J. M. Maas (Deceased)Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
Muiris MacCarthaigh
Institute of Public AdministrationDublin, Ireland
Jason A. MacDonaldWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, West Virginia, United States
Bogdan W. MachPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
Mary Anne Madeira
University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Lars MagnussonUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
Martín A. MaldonadoUniversidad Católica de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
Paolo ManciniUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaPerugia, Italy
Patrik MarierConcordia UniversityMontréal, Québec, Canada
Radoslaw MarkowskiPolish Academy of Sciences and Warsaw School
of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
Emanuele MarottaMinistry of InteriorRome, Italy
Paolo MartelliUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
Danilo MartuccelliUniversity of Lille 3Lille, France
Martin E. MartyUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois, United States
Alfio Mastropaolo
University of TurinTurin, Italy
Pierre MathiotInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de LilleLille, France
Irmina MatonyteInstitute for Social ResearchVilnius, Lithuania
Heinrich Matthee
Black Hall CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
Felicity MatthewsUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom
Liborio MattinaUniversity of TriesteTrieste, Italy
Gianpietro MazzoleniUniversità degli Studi di Milano
Milan, Italy
Rose McDermottBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island, United States
Anthony McGannUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom
Timothy J. McKeownUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Philip McMichaelCornell UniversityIthaca, New York, United States
David E. McNabbPacific Lutheran UniversityTacoma, Washington, United States
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xxxixContributors
Mariana MedinaWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Andreas Mehler
German Institute of Global and Area StudiesHamburg, Germany
Andrei Y. MelvilleMoscow State Institute of International
RelationsMoscow, Russian Federation
Ines MergelSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York, United States
Wolfgang Merkel
Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB)Berlin, Germany
Peter H. MerklUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, California, United States
Patrick A. MesserlinGroupe d’Economie Mondiale at Sciences PoParis, France
Louis MeulemanNyenrode Business UniversityBreukelen, Netherlands
Jean-Baptiste MeyerInstitut de Recherche pour
le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
Hugh MiallUniversity of KentCanterbury, United Kingdom
Katja MichalakAmerican University in BulgariaBlagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Carlos R. S. MilaniUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvador, Bahia, Brazil
Gary J. MillerWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Helen V. MilnerPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey, United States
José Álvaro Moisés
University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
Patrick Dibere MolutsiTertiary Education CouncilGaborone, Botswana
Paolo MoncagattaUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
James E. Monogan III
Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, Missouri, United States
Manuel Mora y AraujoUniversidad Torcuato Di TellaBuenos Aires, Argentina
Laurence MorelUniversity of Lille IILille, France
Alejandro MorenoInstituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
Mexico City, Mexico
Anri MorimotoInternational Christian UniversityTokyo, Japan
Leonardo MorlinoLUISS Guido CarliRome, Italy
Ulrika MörthStockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
Rebecca B. MortonNew York UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Jonathon W. MosesNorwegian University of Science & TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
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xliContributors
Rachid OuaissaPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Joyce Outshoorn
Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
Henk OverbeekVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
Walter Ouma OyugiUniversity of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
Ergun Özbudun
Bilkent UniversityAnakara, Turkey
Leslie A. PalCarleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada
Angelo PanebiancoUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy
Franz Urban PappiMannheim UniversityMannheim, Germany
Stéphane PaquinÉcole nationale d’administration publiqueMontréal, Quebec, Canada
María del Carmen PardoEl Colegio de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
Charles F. ParkerUppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
Salvador ParradoUniversidad Nacional Educación a
DistanciaMadrid, Spain
Misagh ParsaDartmouth CollegeHanover, New Hampshire, United States
Gianfranco PasquinoUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy
Werner J. Patzelt
Technical University of DresdenDresden, Germany
Ove K. PedersenCopenhagen Business SchoolFrederiksberg, Denmark
John PeelerBucknell UniversityLewisburg, Pennsylvania,
United States
Anthony W. PereiraKing’s College LondonStrand, United Kingdom
Sam Perlo-FreemanStockholm International Peace Research
InstituteSolna, Sweden
B. Guy PetersUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
United States
Daniela PianaUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy
Jon PierreUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
Michael Pinto-DuschinskyBrunel UniversityUxbridge, United Kingdom
Delphine PlacidiInstitut d’Etudes Politiques de Toulouse
(Sciences Po)Toulouse, France
Thomas PlümperUniversity of EssexColchester, United Kingdom
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xlii Contributors
Gianfranco PoggiUniversity of TrentoTrento, Italy
Keith T. Poole
University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California, United States
Vincent PouliotMcGill UniversityMontréal, Quebec, Canada
Michael PowerLondon School of Economics and
Political ScienceLondon, United Kingdom
Elisabeth PrüglFlorida International UniversityMiami, Florida, United States
Jerry PubantzUniversity of North Carolina at
GreensboroGreensboro, North Carolina, United States
Michael PyePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Kevin M. QuinnUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Claudio M. RadaelliUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom
Charles C. RaginUniversity of ArizonaTucson, Arizona, United States
Frédéric Ramel
Université Paris 11 and Centre forStudies and Research of theEcole Militaire
Paris, France
Luis RamiroUniversity of MurciaMurcia, Spain
Tiina Randma-LiivTallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
Brian Rathbun
University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California, United States
John RavenhillAustralian National UniversityCanberra, Australia
James Lee RayVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States
Philippe Raynaud
Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris 2)Paris, France
Stefano RecchiaColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Marino ReginiUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
Jeremy John RichardsonUniversity of Oxford
Oxford, United Kingdom
Benoît RihouxUniversité Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Jean-Jacques RocheUniversité Panthéon-AssasParis, France
Bert A. RockmanPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Asbjørn RøiselandBodø University CollegeBodø, Norway
Edeltraud Roller Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz, Germany
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xliiiContributors
Paul G. RonessUniversity of BergenBergen, Norway
Richard Rosecrance
Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
William RosenauRAND CorporationArlington, Virginia, United States
Bo RothsteinUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
Claude Rubinson
University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona, United States
Dietrich RueschemeyerBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island, United States
Andrzej RychardGraduate School for Social ResearchWarsaw, Poland
Ralf RytlewskiFreie Universität Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Paul A. SabatierUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California, United States
Kurt SalentinBielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
Ari SalminenUniversity of VaasaVaasa, Sweden
Nicholas SambanisYale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
Cyrus SamiiColumbia UniversityNew York City, New York, United States
Ulrich SarcinelliUniversity Koblenz-LandauLandau, Germany
Zeki Sarigil
Bilkent UniversityBilkent, Ankara, Turkey
Anne E. SartoriNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States
Sidsel SaugestadUniversity of TromsøTromsø, Norway
Donald J. Savoie
Université de MonctonMoncton, New Brunswick,Canada
Andreas SchedlerCentro de Investigación y Docencia
Económicas (CIDE)Mexico City, Mexico
Alexandra ScheeleUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
Yves SchemeilInstitut d’Etudes Politiques deGrenoble
Grenoble, France
Theo SchillerPhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Antonio SchizzerottoUniversity of TrentoTrento, Italy
Peter SchmidtNational Research University Higher School of
Economics (HSE)Moscow, Russian Federation
Vivien A. SchmidtBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States
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xliv Contributors
Philippe C. SchmitterEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Ulrich Schneckener
University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany
Anne SchneiderArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, United States
Gerald SchneiderUniversity of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
Saundra K. SchneiderMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States
Helmar SchoeneUniversity of Education Schwaebisch GmuendSchwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
Jan Aart ScholteUniversity of Warwick and London School of
EconomicsCoventry and London, United Kingdom
Lorna SchreflerUniversity of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom
Philip A. SchrodtPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Tobias Schulze-ClevenUniversity of Bamberg Bamberg, Germany
Shirley V. ScottUniversity of New South WalesSydney, New South Wales, Australia
Jason SeawrightNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, United States
David SebudubuduUniversity of BotswanaGaborone, Botswana
Daniel-Louis SeilerAix-Marseille UniversitéAix-en-Provence, France
Jasjeet S. Sekhon
University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Sally C. SeldenLynchburg CollegeLynchburg, Virginia, United States
Mitchell A. SeligsonVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States
Susan K. SellThe George Washington University
Washington, D.C., United States
Martin ShapiroUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Doh Chull ShinUniversity of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, United States
Alan Siaroff University of LethbridgeLethbridge, Alberta, Canada
Perrine Simon-NahumCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ École des Hautes Études en Sciences SocialesParis, France
Luc SindjounUniversity of Yaoundé IIYaoundé, Cameroon
Perri 6Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham, United Kingdom
Chris SkelcherUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
Gabriella SlompUniversity of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, United Kingdom
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xlvContributors
Roger W. SmithCollege of William and MaryWilliamsburg, Virginia, United States
Steven Rathgeb Smith
Georgetown UniversityWashington, D.C., United States
Fredrik SöderbaumUniversity of Göteborg Göteborg, Sweden
Lourdes SolaInternational Political Science Association andUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
Eugenio SomainiUniversità degli Studi di ParmaParma, Italy
Albert SomitSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, United States
Eva SørensenRoskilde UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
Georg SörensenAarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
Bernardo SorjFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
Arthur SpirlingHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Harvey StarrUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States
Brent J. SteeleUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas, United States
Cindy Lee SteenekampStellenbosch UniversityMatieland, South Africa
Janice Gross SteinUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
Michael B. Stein
University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
Jennifer Sterling-FolkerUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut, United States
Rudolf StichwehUniversity of LucerneLucerne, Switzerland
Edward H. Stiglitz
Stanford UniversityStanford, California, United States
Laura StokerUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Tara W. StrickoKennesaw State UniversityKennesaw, Georgia, United States
Jörg StrübingUniversität Tübingen
Tübingen, Germany
Patrycja J. SuwajBialystok UniversityBialystok, Poland
Hiroki TakeuchiSMU Dallas, Texas, United States
Finn TarpUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
Daniel TarschysUniversity of StockholmStockholm, Sweden
Markku TemmesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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xlvi Contributors
Jan TeorellLund UniversityLund, Sweden
Benno Teschke
University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
Henry TeuneUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania,
United States
Mark ThatcherLondon School of Economics and
Political ScienceLondon, United Kingdom
Cameron G. ThiesUniversity of IowaIowa City, Iowa, United States
Victor ThiessenDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Clive S. ThomasUniversity of Alaska Southeast Juneau, Alaska, United States
Craig W. ThomasUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Mark R. ThompsonFriedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
Bassam TibiUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
Guido TiemannInstitute for Advanced Studies,
ViennaVienna, Austria
Keith TopperUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, California, United States
Mariano TorcalUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
Jacob Torfing
Roskilde UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
Shawn TreierUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Carlo TrigiliaUniversity of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
Vera E. Troeger
University of EssexColchester, United Kingdom
Peter F. TrumboreOakland UniversityRochester, Michigan, United States
Ilter TuranIstanbul Bilgi UniversityIstanbul, Turkey
Colin TylerUniversity of Hull
Hull, United Kingdom
Arild UnderdalUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway
Camil UngureanuUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
Bjørn Olav UtvikUniversity of OsloOslo, Norway
Jan W. van DethUniversity of MannheimMannheim, Germany
Carolien Van HamEuropean University InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
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xlviiContributors
Frans K. M. van NispenErasmus University RotterdamRotterdam, Netherlands
Dana R. Vashdi
University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
Pascal VennessonUniversity Paris II, European University
InstituteSan Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
Bram VerschuereUniversity College Ghent & Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
Wytske VersteegUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
Luca VerzichelliUniversity of SienaSiena, Italy
Eran Vigoda-GadotUniversity of HaifaHaifa, Israel
Ulrich von AlemannUniversity of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
Klaus von BeymeUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
Marisa von BülowUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasília – DF, Brazil
Astrid von BusekistSciences PoParis, France
Patrick von MaravicZeppelin UniversityFriedrichshafen, Germany
Thomas von WinterUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
Claudius WagemannIstituto Italiano di Scienze UmaneFlorence, Italy
Pieter Wagenaar
Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
Uwe WagschalUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
Lee Demetrius WalkerUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina, United States
Christopher M. Weible
University of Colorado DenverDenver, Colorado, United States
Barry R. WeingastStanford UniversityStanford, California, United States
Jutta WeldesUniversity of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
Jennifer M. WelshUniversity of Oxford
Oxford, United Kingdom
Christian Welzel Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
Bettina WestlePhilipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
Guy D. WhittenTexas A & M UniversityCollege Station, Texas, United States
Jerzy J. WiatrEuropean School of Law and AdministrationWarsaw, Poland
Catherine Wihtol de WendenCERI-Sciences Po/CNRSParis, France
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xlviii Contributors
Ulrich WillemsUniversity of MünsterMünster, Germany
Peter Willetts
City University, LondonLondon, United Kingdom
Kenneth C. WilliamsMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, United States
Søren C. WinterDanish National Centre for Social ResearchCopenhagen, Denmark
Anders WivelUniversity of Copenhagen
Copenhagen, Denmark
Edmund Wnuk-LipinskiInstitute of Political Studies, University of
WarsawWarsaw, Poland
Hellmut WollmannHumboldt-Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
Byungwon WooOakland University
Rochester, Michigan, United States
James WoodsAdministrative Office of the U.S. CourtsWashington, D.C., United States
Mikhaïl Dorel XifarasSciences PoParis, France
Kutsal Yesilkagit
Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
Brigitte YoungUniversity of MünsterMünster, Germany
I. William Zartman Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Richard O. Zerbe Jr.
University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Jan ZielonkaUniversity of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
Ekkart ZimmermannDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany
Andrei ZinovyevInstitut Curie
Paris, France
Anthony R. ZitoNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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xlix
Preface
Politics has always been a key dimension ofhuman life. Politics affects everyone, just as theweather does, and since the time of the Greek clas-sics, humankind has attempted to come to gripswith its empirical and normative implications.Politics and political science have changed overtime and have been even more deeply transformedduring the past decades in every part of an ever-smaller world. Empirical research and theoreticalreflections on politics and its multiple connectionswith all other aspects of human life have devel-oped enormously during the second half of thepast century and now cover virtually all parts ofthe world, with their growing interdependence.These studies concern, for example, basic issuessuch as war and peace, prosperity, welfare, and asustainable environment, as well as issues of free-dom, justice, gender, and democracy under chang-ing cultural perspectives.
At this point, one feels the need for anexhaustive overview of the empirical findingsand the reflections on politics. The InternationalEncyclopedia of Political Science caters to thatneed in many different kinds of readers, includ-ing undergraduate or graduate students wholike to be informed effectively and quickly ontheir field of study; scholars who seek informa-tion on the relevant empirical findings in theirarea of specialization or in related fields; andlay readers, who may not have a formal back-ground in political science but are attracted to,and interested in, politics. Thus, the encyclope-dia can serve both the diffusion of knowledgeabout politics and the further development ofthe field.
The encyclopedia is the result of collaborativework by leading international scholars from allover the world. This team ensured the widest pos-sible coverage of key areas, both regionally and
globally. In this sense, this is the first truly interna-tional encyclopedia of its kind. It aims to give acomprehensive picture of all aspects of politicallife, recognizing the theoretical and cultural plural-ism of the approaches and including findings fromall parts of the world. The eight volumes of theencyclopedia cover every field of politics, frompolitical theory and methodology to political soci-ology, comparative politics, public policies, andinternational relations.
The entries are arranged in alphabetical order,and a list of entries by subject area appears in thefront of each volume. The entries are organized inthree major categories, according to their substan-tive relevance, of roughly 1,800, 3,600, and 8,000words. In addition, longer entries of 12,000 wordscover the major subdisciplines and the state of theart in each field. The encyclopedia contains adetailed index as well as extensive bibliographical
references. Thus, it can provide an essential andauthoritative guide to the state of political scienceat the beginning of the 21st century for decades tocome. It will be an invaluable resource for a globalreadership, including researchers, students, andpolicymakers.
The editors wish to acknowledge the invalu-able assistance and advice of many colleaguesand friends, including the members of theExecutive Committee of the InternationalPolitical Science Association (IPSA) and its presi-dents during this period, Max Kaase and LourdesSola. Bertrand Badie wishes to thank Sciences Po,Paris, and particularly Delphine Placidi, whoassisted him in the first steps of the work. DirkBerg-Schlosser gladly acknowledges the assis-tance from Diana Mai and Joris-Johann Krapp atthe Institute of Political Science, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany, in the initialphases of the project. Leonardo Morlino would
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like to warmly thank Dr. Claudius Wagemann forhis invaluable help in the starting phase of theencyclopedia.
Bertrand Badie
Professor of International Relations,Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po)
Paris, France
Dirk Berg-SchlosserEmeritus Professor of Political Science,
University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
Leonardo MorlinoProfessor of Political Science, LUISS
Rome, Italy
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which a central institution or a legitimate author-ity exercises power. The next section of the intro-duction examines the epistemological foundationsof the discipline of political science. The third sec-tion traces the growth of political science duringthe 20th century and examines its evolving rela-tionships to other social sciences and to otherfields, most notably law and philosophy. The finalsection of the introduction describes more recentdevelopments and perspectives in political science,as it has become a dynamic discipline with its ownidentity and with participation from political sci-entists around the globe.
Politics
Politics as a Special Sphere
The concept of politics carries different mean-ings. It can be considered to be an art (scholars are“studying politics”); an activity (one can “playpolitics” in one’s office, in one’s club, even in one’sfamily); a profession (some “go into politics”); ora function (“local politics,” “national politics”).Most political scientists consider the first meaningsas derived from the last one, even as metaphoric,while some others have a wider and more abstractconception that is broader than that of function.Politics also has been understood as both to polity,which refers to an organization (a state, a regimeand its constitution) and to policy, which refers toa system of political decisions and specific sub-
fields (like health, education, foreign relations)through organizations act to carry out their func-tions. In a comprehensive perspective, politics isthus considered to be linked to a function, asystem, an action, and a behavior.
All of them are, however, connected to a specialdimension of the history of humankind. Even ifsome scholars object that some societies ignored
Introduction to Political Science
Cet ouvrage produira sûrement avec letemps une révolution dans les esprits, et j’espère que les tyrans, les oppresseurs,les fanatiques et les intolérants n’y gagneront pas. Nous aurons servil’humanité. [Over time, this work will
surely produce an intellectual revolution,and I hope that the tyrants, oppressors,fanatics, and those without tolerancewill not benefit from it. We will haveserved humanity.]
—Letter from Diderot to SophieVolland, September 26, 1762
Political science, paradoxically, is both a very oldand relatively recent discipline. Its origins go backto antiquity in classic European or Asian thoughtas far as recorded history goes. As an independentand respected academic field, however, it cameinto being in most countries only after World WarII. This is due in part to the fact that its subjectmatter had been addressed by neighboring disci-plin