Ancient EgyptAncient EgyptThe embodiment, of the characteristics of a The embodiment, of the characteristics of a

successful civilization.successful civilization.

Geography of Ancient EgyptGeography of Ancient EgyptThe geography of Egypt played a role in the The geography of Egypt played a role in the lifestyles of its earliest settlers.lifestyles of its earliest settlers.

► Egyptian civilization was created along the Egyptian civilization was created along the Nile RiverNile River..

► The Nile flows northward for 4,100 miles, it is The Nile flows northward for 4,100 miles, it is the longest river in the world.the longest river in the world.

► Egypt and the Nile are located in desert Egypt and the Nile are located in desert conditions, it is hot and dry, hence, Egyptian conditions, it is hot and dry, hence, Egyptian civilization was built along the Nile in narrow civilization was built along the Nile in narrow areas of land made rich by the water of the areas of land made rich by the water of the Nile.Nile.

► The term: The term: from the Black Land to the Red from the Black Land to the Red LandLand refers to the abrupt change from refers to the abrupt change from (fertile) soil to desert.(fertile) soil to desert.

► To the east of Egypt is the To the east of Egypt is the Red SeaRed Sea and Sinai. and Sinai.► The The Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea is located on the is located on the

north side of the Nile.north side of the Nile.► The Nile river flooded regularly unlike the The Nile river flooded regularly unlike the

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It left behind a Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It left behind a composite called composite called siltsilt when the floods when the floods receded. It fertilized the land, and enabled receded. It fertilized the land, and enabled the Egyptians to grow large amounts of food the Egyptians to grow large amounts of food for surplus.for surplus.

Upper and lower EgyptUpper and lower EgyptThe separation of Upper and Lower Egypt along the Nile The separation of Upper and Lower Egypt along the Nile played a large role in Egyptian leadershipplayed a large role in Egyptian leadership

► In 3100 BC Egypt was broken up into Upper and Lower In 3100 BC Egypt was broken up into Upper and Lower Egypt. They each had their own ruler.Egypt. They each had their own ruler. Lower EgyptLower Egypt was on the north part of the Nile. It was was on the north part of the Nile. It was

placed in the side of the Nile containing the Nile Delta. placed in the side of the Nile containing the Nile Delta. The Nile Delta is where the Nile opens up and drains to The Nile Delta is where the Nile opens up and drains to the Mediterranean Sea. Nowadays the Nile Delta is too the Mediterranean Sea. Nowadays the Nile Delta is too salty and can no longer make its banks fertile.salty and can no longer make its banks fertile.

Note: Delta- The triangular opening/ deposit placed at the Note: Delta- The triangular opening/ deposit placed at the opening of a river.opening of a river.

Upper EgyptUpper Egypt was on the southern part of the Nile was on the southern part of the Nile

► In 3100 BC Upper and Lower Egypt united by a pharaoh by In 3100 BC Upper and Lower Egypt united by a pharaoh by the name of the name of Menes Menes (reined for 62 years), he created what (reined for 62 years), he created what is called a is called a PschentPschent, a double crown which combined the , a double crown which combined the Red CrownRed Crown of Lower Egypt and the of Lower Egypt and the White CrownWhite Crown of Upper of Upper Egypt. Egypt.

► On a map it appears that Upper Egypt (south) is below On a map it appears that Upper Egypt (south) is below Lower Egypt (north) they are placed like this due to the flow Lower Egypt (north) they are placed like this due to the flow of the Nile River, where the highlands of East Africa is of the Nile River, where the highlands of East Africa is upstream and the Mediterranean Sea is downstream.upstream and the Mediterranean Sea is downstream.

LeadershipLeadership► The rulers of Ancient Egypt are called The rulers of Ancient Egypt are called

PharaohsPharaohs. They were seen as very . They were seen as very important and godly. Elaborate tombs were important and godly. Elaborate tombs were built for them and statues were created in built for them and statues were created in their honor. To the Egyptians Pharaohs their honor. To the Egyptians Pharaohs were gods sent to earth to oversee them, were gods sent to earth to oversee them, and even after death they remained gods; and even after death they remained gods; hence the tombs made specially for them.hence the tombs made specially for them.

► Advisors helped the pharaoh control and Advisors helped the pharaoh control and command. command.

► The first Pharaoh (pictured here) was King The first Pharaoh (pictured here) was King Marmer aka Menes, he changed his name Marmer aka Menes, he changed his name for superiority purposes. King Marmer for superiority purposes. King Marmer united upper and lower Egypt, created the united upper and lower Egypt, created the Pschent crown, ruled for 62 years, and ran Pschent crown, ruled for 62 years, and ran based on religious authority. (a Theocracy.)based on religious authority. (a Theocracy.)

► Pharaohs had the ability to wage war and Pharaohs had the ability to wage war and begin conquests. They could have their begin conquests. They could have their people work for years building their tombs people work for years building their tombs and shines. They created the laws (for their and shines. They created the laws (for their people and for trade), controlled expenses in people and for trade), controlled expenses in the economy, and obtained slaves.the economy, and obtained slaves.

Different pharaohs ruled differently, even if they ran by the same belief system, they each had their own ideas for the civilization.

Left: Menes

Religion and leadershipReligion and leadership► The Egyptians believed inThe Egyptians believed in polytheism polytheism, in , in

other words they believed in many different other words they believed in many different gods.gods.

► They believed that different gods controlled They believed that different gods controlled and oversaw different elements and forces and oversaw different elements and forces of nature. For example: the god Ra (one of of nature. For example: the god Ra (one of their most important) is the god of the sun, their most important) is the god of the sun, aka the sun. Isis (another important god to aka the sun. Isis (another important god to the Egyptians) represents healing.the Egyptians) represents healing.

► The pharaoh Djoser (2667 BC) was the first The pharaoh Djoser (2667 BC) was the first leader in Ancient Egypt to be seen as a god.leader in Ancient Egypt to be seen as a god.

► Some pharaohs such as Menes ruled a Some pharaohs such as Menes ruled a theocracy, meaning he ruled by religious theocracy, meaning he ruled by religious values. Other pharaohs such as Snefrue values. Other pharaohs such as Snefrue (2613 BC- 2589 BC) used their power to (2613 BC- 2589 BC) used their power to “engineer perfection” and make advances “engineer perfection” and make advances in technology. There were also Pharaohs in technology. There were also Pharaohs who believed in militaristic power and who believed in militaristic power and conquests such as Sesostris (believed to be conquests such as Sesostris (believed to be a compound of Seti I and Ramesesse II a compound of Seti I and Ramesesse II oror Sanusret II) who forced nubian captives to Sanusret II) who forced nubian captives to fight for him.fight for him.

Ra (Re)- the sun god.

Religious beliefs greatly effected how pharaohs were viewed by their people

► The step pyramid was designed by The step pyramid was designed by the pharaoh, Djoser,(2667-2648 B.C.)the pharaoh, Djoser,(2667-2648 B.C.)

► It took a very long time to build. It took a very long time to build. Every worker would bring a heavy Every worker would bring a heavy rock that would way about 10 tons. If rock that would way about 10 tons. If you didn’t do thinks correctly, you you didn’t do thinks correctly, you would be whipped eventually. would be whipped eventually.

► Egyptians developed a more Egyptians developed a more advanced way of written advanced way of written communication called communication called “Hieroglyphics”.“Hieroglyphics”.

► Writing and reading were critical of Writing and reading were critical of high social status created first high social status created first “paper”. “paper”.

► There are different symbols in There are different symbols in different parts of Egypt.different parts of Egypt.

Records and record keeping

► Egyptians were polytheistic, they believed in gods. Egyptians were polytheistic, they believed in gods. ►Egyptians believed in afterlife.Egyptians believed in afterlife.

►The Egyptians would be judged for their deeds when The Egyptians would be judged for their deeds when they died. They believed in reincarnation. they died. They believed in reincarnation.

►Reincarnation is when people believe in after life. Reincarnation is when people believe in after life. ►Osiris was the most powerful god of the dead. Many Osiris was the most powerful god of the dead. Many people prayed for Osiris because of the belief of the people prayed for Osiris because of the belief of the

Reincarnation.Reincarnation.►Kings and queens built great tombs, such as the Kings and queens built great tombs, such as the pyramids, and other Egyptians built smaller tombs.pyramids, and other Egyptians built smaller tombs.►Egyptians preserved a dead person’s body by Egyptians preserved a dead person’s body by

mummification. This is done by embalming and drying mummification. This is done by embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying. the corpse to prevent it from decaying.

►Men were to be very careful with the organs of the Men were to be very careful with the organs of the pharaohs. This job was very important and must be done pharaohs. This job was very important and must be done

perfectly.perfectly.

Records and record keeping

► Egyptians changed from copper tools to Egyptians changed from copper tools to bronze tools. They did this because bronze tools. They did this because bronze tools were easier to work with. bronze tools were easier to work with.

► By 200 B.C. they changed from bronze By 200 B.C. they changed from bronze tools to iron tools.tools to iron tools.

Technologic Advances

► Egyptians built their pyramid blocks very tight Egyptians built their pyramid blocks very tight together. Even today, over 4,000 years after they together. Even today, over 4,000 years after they were built, you cannot stick a razor sharp knife in were built, you cannot stick a razor sharp knife in between any two blocks. between any two blocks.

► The blocks of the pyramids are so heavy and big that The blocks of the pyramids are so heavy and big that tornadoes or even hurricanes cannot destroy them.tornadoes or even hurricanes cannot destroy them.

pyramid

Technologic Advances

►There were ten days in a week, three There were ten days in a week, three weeks in a month, four months in a weeks in a month, four months in a season, three seasons in a year, and season, three seasons in a year, and five holy days. That adds up to a 365-five holy days. That adds up to a 365-day year. day year.

►The Egyptians were the first people to The Egyptians were the first people to come up with the idea of 365 days per come up with the idea of 365 days per year. year.

Technologic Advances

Specialized WorkersSpecialized Workers ► Some of the most important workers Some of the most important workers

in ancient Egypt were the pharaohs. in ancient Egypt were the pharaohs. only were the pharaohs kings and only were the pharaohs kings and queens, but they were called the queens, but they were called the “divine ones”, because they thought “divine ones”, because they thought themselves as Gods. They felt as themselves as Gods. They felt as though their rule would continue though their rule would continue even after they were dead, in the even after they were dead, in the after life. The spirit that ruled on was after life. The spirit that ruled on was called thecalled the ka ka. The pharaohs required . The pharaohs required great elaborate tombs, many of great elaborate tombs, many of which were pyramids. These pyramid which were pyramids. These pyramid needed a lot of people to build them. needed a lot of people to build them. They needed: planners, engineers, They needed: planners, engineers, and many workers.and many workers.

► To the right is a picture of the great To the right is a picture of the great pharaoh Ramesses. He ruled Egypt pharaoh Ramesses. He ruled Egypt during the New Kingdom. One of his during the New Kingdom. One of his greatest accomplishments as greatest accomplishments as pharaoh was when he said “peace pharaoh was when he said “peace and brotherhood between us forever” and brotherhood between us forever” to stop Hittites invasions in Egypt. to stop Hittites invasions in Egypt.

WorkersWorkers► The workers for the pyramids had to The workers for the pyramids had to

make huge ramps in order for them make huge ramps in order for them to slide the blocks up. They had to to slide the blocks up. They had to align the blocks into the right shape. align the blocks into the right shape. Not only the outside, the workers also Not only the outside, the workers also had to build the elaborate maze of a had to build the elaborate maze of a tomb inside the pyramids. The basic tomb inside the pyramids. The basic pyramid had a king’s chamber, many pyramid had a king’s chamber, many air shafts, a grand gallery, maybe a air shafts, a grand gallery, maybe a queen’s chamber, and some exit queen’s chamber, and some exit chambers. It was up to the workers to chambers. It was up to the workers to do all of this. The working crew was do all of this. The working crew was made of mostly everyone that wasn’t made of mostly everyone that wasn’t royalty. Even if it was just providing royalty. Even if it was just providing the manual workers with food and the manual workers with food and water, you were still part of the crew.water, you were still part of the crew.

► To the right is a picture of a re-To the right is a picture of a re-enactment of workers sliding a block enactment of workers sliding a block up a ramp, to the top of a pyramid.up a ramp, to the top of a pyramid.

ScribesScribes► The scribes were very specific The scribes were very specific

workers. Their job was pretty much workers. Their job was pretty much to take dictation from the to take dictation from the pharaohs. They were the pharaohs. They were the professional record keepers in professional record keepers in Egypt. Education was a very Egypt. Education was a very important factor in ancient important factor in ancient Egyptian society. The educated Egyptian society. The educated man was valued at higher level man was valued at higher level then the uneducated man. Men then the uneducated man. Men with education became scribes, and with education became scribes, and that meant they were on their way that meant they were on their way to success. Scribes did not only to success. Scribes did not only cater to the pharaohs, but cater to the pharaohs, but wherever a learned man could be wherever a learned man could be used. They were very high up on used. They were very high up on the social class ladder and lead the social class ladder and lead very fortunate lives. Scribes could very fortunate lives. Scribes could also become wise men of court, a also become wise men of court, a leader for others or an ambassador. leader for others or an ambassador.

► To the right is a statue of a scribe, To the right is a statue of a scribe, made by an ancient artisan.made by an ancient artisan.

ArtisansArtisansThe artisans in ancient Egypt were skilled workers who crafted things by The artisans in ancient Egypt were skilled workers who crafted things by

hand, like tools weapons, potter, weaver, or sculpture. The artisans hand, like tools weapons, potter, weaver, or sculpture. The artisans would design great sculptures that decorated the Egyptian landscape. would design great sculptures that decorated the Egyptian landscape. Many of the large statues showed the pharaohs and their queens. Many of the large statues showed the pharaohs and their queens. These were usually outside of their tombs and pyramids. The artisans These were usually outside of their tombs and pyramids. The artisans also made and designed tools for gardening and building. (so in a way also made and designed tools for gardening and building. (so in a way they worked on the pyramids too.) they worked on the pyramids too.)

Chief of the artisans, the draftsman Irtysen says:I know the secrets of the hieroglyphs, the way to put together

feast offerings. All magic I have prepared . Nothing goes by me unnoticed. Because I am an artisan excellent at my craft, who has become the foremost at what he has learned. I know the ratios of fluids, weigh the amount, reckon, remove, insert the

tenon into the mortise so every part will be in its place.I know how to render the posture of a man's statue, the step of

a woman's statue, the wing strength of a dozen birds, the bearing of him who strikes a prisoner, the look an eye casts on someone else and also make fearful the face of the sacrificial

victim, the arm of him who hits the hippopotamus, the stance of the runner.

I know how to make pigments and incrustations without letting the fire burn them, with the water being able to wash them

away.This is an excerpt from “Mortuary stela of Irtysen” 2000

B.C, of a man telling a bout his job as an artisan.

Advanced CitiesAdvanced Cities► During the time of the new kingdom, During the time of the new kingdom,

Egypt had developed many Egypt had developed many advanced cities. Such as Memphis, advanced cities. Such as Memphis, Thebes, and Napata. These were Thebes, and Napata. These were great cities because they helped great cities because they helped Egypt thrive as a great empire. Egypt thrive as a great empire. Napata was the center for trade Napata was the center for trade between Egyptian and Nubian between Egyptian and Nubian societies. Another great city was societies. Another great city was Thebes, now known as Luxor. In Thebes, now known as Luxor. In ancient times Luxor was the capital ancient times Luxor was the capital city of the new kingdom. Luxor was city of the new kingdom. Luxor was home of the local god called Amon home of the local god called Amon who was a moon god. Not many who was a moon god. Not many cities had their own God, so this cities had their own God, so this made Luxor very important. Luxor made Luxor very important. Luxor played a major role in getting rid of played a major role in getting rid of the invading Hyksos and rebuilding the invading Hyksos and rebuilding the new kingdom.the new kingdom.

► To the top right is a picture of the To the top right is a picture of the ancient Luxor templeancient Luxor temple

► To the bottom right is a modern day To the bottom right is a modern day map of where Luxor would be.map of where Luxor would be.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY► World History- Patterns of Interaction World History- Patterns of Interaction By McDougal LittellBy McDougal Littell► http://bazaarinegypt.com/catalog/images/Thttp://bazaarinegypt.com/catalog/images/T

utankhamunutankhamun► http://egypt100.net/joomla/images/stories/http://egypt100.net/joomla/images/stories/

Egypt1_Great_Pyramids.jpgEgypt1_Great_Pyramids.jpg► http://http://

www.mos.org/quest/mummymain.phpwww.mos.org/quest/mummymain.php► http://www.touregypt.net/village/exhibits_ahttp://www.touregypt.net/village/exhibits_a

ncienttechnology.htmncienttechnology.htm

► www.BBC.comwww.BBC.comPyramid worker informationPyramid worker information► www.kingtutshop.comwww.kingtutshop.compharaoh and scribe in formationpharaoh and scribe in formation► www.mnsu.eduwww.mnsu.eduartisan information artisan information ► www.nefertiti.eduwww.nefertiti.eduartisan poem excerptartisan poem excerpt► www.crystalinks.comwww.crystalinks.comadvanced city informationadvanced city informationworld history: patterns of world history: patterns of

interactioninteractiontextbooktextbook► www.cnn.comwww.cnn.comLuxor map and Luxor templeLuxor map and Luxor temple

Ancient Egyptian gods:Ancient Egyptian gods:► http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/gods_gallery_02.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/gods_gallery_02.shtml► http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/explore/main.htmlhttp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/explore/main.html (image source for the image (image source for the image

of Ra on slide 5)of Ra on slide 5)Pharaohs and their ruling systemsPharaohs and their ruling systemshttp://www.touregypt.net/kings.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/kings.htminfo on pharaoh Menes source: info on pharaoh Menes source:

http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn00/07narmer.htmlhttp://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn00/07narmer.htmlImage of Pschent on slide 3 source: http://www.theatre.ubc.ca/dress_decor/images/EgyptImage of Pschent on slide 3 source: http://www.theatre.ubc.ca/dress_decor/images/Egypt

%20Cost/pschent.jpg%20Cost/pschent.jpgimage of Menes slide 4 source:http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/images/menes.jpgimage of Menes slide 4 source:http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/images/menes.jpgMap of Ancient Egypt slide 2 source: Map of Ancient Egypt slide 2 source:

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/4396/EgyptMap.gifhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/4396/EgyptMap.gif

Textbook reference:Textbook reference:““World History Patterns Of Interaction” McDougal Littell copyright World History Patterns Of Interaction” McDougal Littell copyright © 1999 by © 1999 by McDougal LittellMcDougal Littell

All pictures on the title page are from Microsoft clip organizer part of Microsoft Office.All pictures on the title page are from Microsoft clip organizer part of Microsoft Office.