Carmelo Vázquez Facultad de Psicología
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Una medida integral del bienestar psicológico: El Pemberton Happiness Index
Guadalajara 2014
¿Las percepciones construyen realidad? El papel del bienestar subjeCvo en la construcción
de realidades.
Julio 2011: La Asamblea General adoptó una resolución para incluir la felicidad como un “indicador de desarrollo”
IniciaFvas nacionales e internacionales
-‐Unión Europea: Beyond GDP (desde 2007) -‐NaFonal Wellbeing Reino Unido -‐World Happiness Report, ONU -‐OCDE: Your BeUer Life Index -‐Gallup-‐Healthways Well-‐being Index, USA. -‐Gross NaFonal Happiness, Bután.
-‐Sovereign Wellbeing Index, Nueva Zelanda. -‐European Social Survey-‐6 : Well-‐being Module -‐Universidad TEC-‐Milenio, Monterrey (Mexico) -‐PosiFve EducaFon, Geelong School, Victoria, Australia.
¿Qué buscamos?
• Medidas fiables • Ligadas a teorías • Medidas válidas • Medidas que añadan valor
¿Cómo medir el progreso humano?
1. Medidas económicas 2. Índices compuestos 3. Medidas subjeCvas
HDI 2007
■ Producto nacional: – ‘‘el valor neto de todos los bienes económicos producidos por la nación’’(p. 3).
“El bienestar de una nación diVcilmente puede inferirse a parCr de la medida del producto nacional ”
1971
Simon Kuznets
IDH 2007
PIB 2007 r = .77 - .95
Indice de Calidad de Vida 2011
Calidad de Vida Salud Educación Riqueza Democracia Paz Medio ambiente
NaFonranking.com
SubjecFve measures
¢ Relevant subjecCve measures ¢ One-‐item measures ¢ MulFple-‐item measures
¢ SaCsfacCon With Life Scale (SWLS, Diener et al., 1984)
¢ SubjecCve Happiness Scale (SHS, Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) ¢ Warwick-‐Edinburgh Mental Well-‐being Scale (WEMWBS, Tennant et al., 2007) ¢ Mental Health ConCnuum Short Form (MHC-‐SF, Keyes, 2009)
¢ SubjecCve measures (insCtuCons) ¢ World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) ¢ Eurobarometer/European Social Survey ¢ US General Social Survey ¢ OCDE Bener Life Index
SubjecFve measures
¢ Canada (MHC-‐SF, Keyes, 2009) ¢ Scotland (WEMWBS, Tennant et al., 2007)
■ Being “saCsfied with life” correlates with:
– GNP Per capita (r = .58) – ViolaCons of human rights (r = –.48) –Diener et al. (1995). – Social inequality and civil liberCes (Veenhoven, 1995) – Less corrupCon (Veenhoven, 2005). – Trust on government and other people (Tov & Diener, 2007) – Availability of social support (Helliwell et al., 2010). – Mental and physical health (Vazquez et al., 2014)
■ SensiCve to social changes (Inglehart et al., 2008).
Validity of single indicators
Vázquez et al. (2014) J. Happiness Studies
Porc
enta
je d
e re
ducc
ión
(SW
LS)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Diabetes Depresión 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Trastornos dsicos Trastornos mentales
Dife
renc
ia c
on c
ontr
oles
san
os (d
Coh
en)
N total =2.966 N sanos = 1.411
EUDAIMONÍA
Fortalezas Competencias
Libertades Funcionamiento
BIENESTAR SOCIAL
BIENESTAR EMOCIONAL
Emociones Satisf. Vital
2012
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ Huppert, Marks, Vazquez & Vitterso (2012)
Evaluación -‐SaCsfacción vital -‐Felicidad subjeCva
Emociones -‐Emociones negaCvas -‐Emociones posiCvas 2013
Bienestar emocional
Personal
Funcionamiento (Eudaimonia) Social
-‐Apoyo social -‐Vínculos con la sociedad -‐AcCvidad social (voluntariado,..)
-‐Autonomía y control -‐Vitalidad -‐SenCdo y propósito -‐Competencia -‐Involucración (engagement) -‐Resiliencia -‐OpCmismo -‐AutoesCma
Implicación en acFvidades promotoras de bienestar
Huppert, Marks, Vazquez & Vitterso (2012)
Pemberton Happiness Index Scale development & ValidaFon process
Conceptual approach
PHI a priori requirements: ¢ global / mulCcultural scope ¢ easy to use / apply ¢ mulC-‐component (covering different WB dimensions) ¢ accurate and valid
¢ Hedonic ¢ Eudaimonic well-‐being ¢ Social well-‐being
¢ Experienced well-‐being (emoFonal experiences, last 24h)
Conceptual approach: Dimensions
Pemberton Happiness Index
GENERAL and HEDONIC WELL-BEING 1. "I am very satisfied with my life"
2. "I have the energy to accomplish my daily tasks"
Positive affect 9. "I enjoy a lot of little things every day"
Negative affect 10."I have a lot of bad moments in my daily life"
EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING Life meaning 3. "I think my life is useful and worthwhile"
Self acceptance 4. "I am satisfied with myself"
Personal Growth 5. "My life is full of learning experiences and challenges that make me grow"
Positive relationships 6. "I feel very connected to the people around me"
Control 7. "I feel I am able to solve the majority of my daily problems"
Autonomy 8. "I think that I can be myself on the important things"
SOCIAL WELL-BEING 11."I think that I live in a society that lets me fully realize my potential"
EXPERIENCED WELL-BEING 12.---Compound item based on yesterday specific experiences----
Using the following scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being total disagreement and 10 being total agreement, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements
Happiness Pemberton Index
Please mark any of the following things that happened to you yesterday.
PosiFve experiences YES NO NegaFve Experiences YES NO
Something I did made me proud At Cmes, I felt overwhelmed I did something fun with someone I was bored a lot of the Cme
I did something I really enjoy doing I was worried about personal maners I learned something interesCng Things happened that made me really angry
I gave myself a treat I felt disrespected by someone
Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI)
PHI construcCon sample
Hervás &Vázquez (2013) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
PHI -‐ Item selecFon
Pemberton Happiness Index
Overall Wellbeing
Social Wellbeing
Hedonic
Eudaimonia
• SATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) • SUBJECTIVE HAPPINESS SCALE (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). • DOLS: Domains-of-life Satisfaction
• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, A., 1988).
• Satisfaction with country • RYFF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING SCALES (RPWS; RYFF 1989).
Experienced well-being Previous day wellbeing
Hervás &Vázquez (2013) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Unique criteria selecCon:
Each item was selected for maximizing 1.-‐ correlaCon with the reference scale 2.-‐ correlaCon with each country (i.e., valid in all countries – to minimize cultural bias)
PredicFng sleep quality
Sleep quality
Remembered .40 -‐ .20
Experienced .19 -‐ .01
The showed values are the std. regression coef. (Beta) – Unique variance
PredicFng perceived health
Perceived health
Remembered .65 -‐ .35
Experienced .15 -‐ .01
The showed values are the std. regression coef. (Beta) – Unique variance
RELIABILITY SWLS vs. PHI
Las columnas muestran los valores en Fiabilidad del Pemberton Happiness Index. Las líneas verCcales representan los valores de fiabilidad en el SWLS
Hervás &Vázquez (2013) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI) 2014 Study
Sample size per country Final sample size considered for this analysis reaches 14,872 interviews across all markets. In order to report global results, we have weighted the final sample considering the population in each country aged from 16 to 75 y.o.
Sample Size 16-75 y.o.
Population 16-75 y.o.*
Considered weight for global analysis
Total 14872 971,746 100%
Australia 989 17,122 1.8%
Brazil 996 143,070 14.7%
Costa Rica 998 3,507 0.4%
France 993 45,926 4.7%
Germany 987 62,761 6.5%
Italy 989 45,854 4.7%
Japan 994 94,605 9.7%
Mexico 998 79,632 8.2%
Portugal 994 8,135 0.8%
Russia 996 110,865 11.4%
South Korea 998 38,579 4.0%
Spain 993 35,462 3.6%
Sweden 987 7,085 0.7%
UK 979 46,856 4.8%
US 981 232,288 23.9%
* Source: UN population statistics provided by Coca-Cola. In thousands.
28
PHI per Countries
8.17 8.05 7.24 7.15 7.02 6.90 6.82 6.82 6.78 6.65 6.60 6.52 6.46 6.13
5.04
Costa Rica
Mexico Brazil US Spain Russia Australia Germany Portugal UK Italy Sweden France South Korea
Japan
Average PHI Global Average PHI Total Base (14872)
6,84
Global Average PHI
29
T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)
PHI Ratings Finance status
6.84
5.98
6.98 7.69
8.04
6.18 6,67 6.98
7.45
6.07 6.77
7.16 7.49
Average PHI Global Average PHI
6,84
INCOME SATISFACTION GLOBAL MAKE THROUGH THE MONTH INCOME COMPARISON
GLOBAL 0+1+2+ 3+4
5+6 7+8 9+10 Fairly hard+
Very hard
Basically hard
Basically easy
Very easy + Fairly
easy
Very low + low
Medium low
Medium Medium High + High + Very High
Base: (14872) (5881) (4129) (3715) (1147) (3170) (3566) (4697) (3439) (3971) (3134) (5125) (2642)
30
Q34. How satisfied are you with your income? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means that you are not at all satisfied and 10 means you’re totally satisfied. Q35. How easy or hard is it for you to make it through the month, financially? Q36. Compared to average income in the country, your level of income is:
T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)
Q28. Do you get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise per day? Q29. Currently do you do at least 2 hours of structured exercise per week? Q30. In general, how would you rate your health? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means very poor health and 10 very good health. Q31. How well do you rest when you sleep? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 means that you don’t rest at all and 10 means that you rest totally.
PHI Ratings Exercise and Health status
6.84 6.20
7.20 6.93 7.04 7.35
4.93
6.10
7.18 7.97
5.38
6.37 7.14
7.72
Average PHI Global Average PHI
6,84
GLOBAL STATE OF HEALTH RESTFUL SLEEP
GLOBAL Inactive Active Only Weekly
Only Daily Weekly +Daily
0+1+2+ 3+4
5+6 7+8 9+10 0+1+2+ 3+4
5+6 7+8 9+10
PRACTICE OF EXERCISE
31
Base: (14872) (5320) (9552) (1721) (2207) (5624) (1759) (3345) (6517) (3251) (2129) (3464) (5850) (3428)
T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)
Australia
Brazil
Costa Rica
France Germany
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Portugal
Russia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
UK US
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
PHI per Countries Remembered vs Experienced wellbeing
32
REMEMBERED WELLBEING
EXP
ERIE
NC
ED W
ELLB
EIN
G
Total Pemberton Happiness Index Score Experienced wellbeing
Global Australia Brazil Costa Rica France Germany Italy Japan Mexico Portugal Russia South
Korea Spain Sweden UK US
Positive Experiences (% YES) 89,3 91,8 94,5 97,7 91,3 89,4 90,5 59,7 98,3 87,5 94,6 82,2 95,0 87,5 89,3 92,3
Something I did made me proud 57,5 49,6 70,8 87,5 76,8 47,1 56,3 24,8 87,5 61,2 53,4 54,1 75,7 49,8 38,5 55,1
I did something fun with someone 62,8 57,0 68,5 83,6 67,7 55,2 63,1 37,8 85,3 62,3 64,6 63,2 79,9 53,4 57,6 60,7
I did something I really enjoy doing 69,7 71,0 71,9 84,2 68,4 74,5 69,8 33,7 87,8 60,1 77,4 52,8 75,7 66,2 71,0 74,0
I learned something interesting 59,7 55,7 73,6 78,4 51,3 50,4 58,4 33,3 80,5 55,7 73,2 55,0 55,8 48,0 48,5 56,8
I gave myself a treat 48,7 61,4 52,9 56,6 31,0 47,6 42,0 20,7 63,2 34,8 38,7 34,8 48,3 56,5 54,6 62,9
Global Australia Brazil Costa Rica France Germany Italy Japan Mexico Portugal Russia South
Korea Spain Sweden UK US
Negative Experiences (% YES) 73,3 67,5 88,1 79,9 69,0 69,8 76,7 61,8 73,1 83,6 84,0 85,3 68,6 71,8 60,8 66,1
At times, I felt overwhelmed 33,6 34,4 42,7 50,1 30,3 19,1 33,1 31,3 27,2 32,1 35,0 55,1 29,9 25,6 26,5 33,6
I was bored for a lot of the time 24,2 25,6 36,7 19,4 19,0 12,4 21,4 25,5 23,6 36,1 20,4 32,1 18,7 26,5 22,9 22,2
I was worried about personal matters 57,8 50,2 80,1 67,9 56,3 56,6 61,3 40,3 59,9 70,5 69,4 64,2 53,2 52,4 44,0 47,5
Things happened that made me really angry 28,3 25,6 45,1 28,7 22,6 27,7 36,2 21,9 26,9 27,7 31,0 41,9 22,3 22,8 21,8 19,9
I felt disrespected by someone 22,9 24,4 27,7 20,2 17,2 21,0 33,5 14,3 20,0 18,4 30,2 39,4 15,6 21,5 18,0 20,0
33
Chi-Squared Test on percentages - Green significantly higher than Global / Red significantly lower than Global (95%)
PHI Ratings Demographics
6.84 6.81 6.87 6.81 6.79 6.75 6,89 6,87 7,27
GLOBAL Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75
Average PHI Global Average PHI
6,84
Q4. What is your gender? Q3. What is your age?
GENDER AGE GLOBAL
Base (14872) (7450) (7422) (2874) (3559) (3219) (2644) (1627) (948)
34
T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)
Experienced wellbeing Demographics
GLOBAL GENDER AGE
Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75
Positive Experiences (% YES) 89,3 88,3 90,4 91,7 89,4 87,6 89,2 87,3 92,2 Something I did made me proud 57,5 56,9 58,0 59,6 57,7 58,4 57,4 54,5 51,8
I did something fun with someone 62,8 60,5 65,1 67,2 64,7 63,2 61,7 57,4 53,1
I did something I really enjoy doing 69,7 69,7 69,8 71,7 68,9 67,3 69,9 69,9 74,4
I learned something interesting 59,7 59,8 59,5 65,9 60,8 56,2 57,2 58,0 57,7
I gave myself a treat 48,7 45,8 51,7 49,9 51,0 47,5 48,3 45,2 47,9
Q4. What is your gender? Q3. What is your age?
35
GLOBAL GENDER AGE
Male Female 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-75
Negative Experiences (% YES) 73,3 70,5 76,0 80,8 78,4 75,3 69,2 63,4 52,5
At times, I felt overwhelmed 33,6 30,4 36,9 38,1 38,8 37,4 29,9 22,0 18,4
I was bored for a lot of the time 24,2 25,4 23,1 34,0 29,0 23,7 17,5 15,0 13,2
I was worried about personal matters 57,8 54,5 61,2 64,3 61,9 60,6 54,7 47,6 39,9
Things happened that made me really angry 28,3 26,9 29,7 31,9 33,9 31,2 23,8 20,1 13,3
I felt disrespected by someone 22,9 21,1 24,7 27,4 25,6 24,0 20,0 18,0 11,5
Chi-Squared Test on percentages - Green significantly higher than Global / Red significantly lower than Global (95%)
PHI Ratings Grandchildren per Age
6.98 7.27 6.80
7.28 6.83
7.16 6.68
7.40 7.01
Average PHI Global Average PHI
6,98
TOTAL 45-75 y.o. GLOBAL
45 – 75 y.o. 45 – 54 y.o. 55 – 64 y.o.
GLOBAL With Without With Without With Without With Without
Base: (4727) (1774) (2953) (454) (1811) (685) (869) (635) (273)
Q37. Do you have grandchildren?
65 – 75 y.o.
36
T-Test on averages - Green significantly higher than Global Average / Red significantly lower than Global Average (95%)
Para concluir…
■ Importancia de medidas subjeCvas
■ El bienestar/felicidad es un concepto complejo:
– Sa:sfacción + Estados de ánimo (bienestar emocional)
– Capacidades y funcionamiento (bienestar psicológico)
– Bienestar social
– Experiencias co:dianas
■ Diferentes medidas para predecir diferentes resultados
RETOS Y DIRECCIONES FUTURAS
¿Es lo esencial invisible para los ojos?
¡Muchas gracias! [email protected]