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N I V E R S I D A D N A C I O N A L D E L C E N T R O D E LP E R
FACULTAD DE INGENIERA MECNICA
TESIS
PRESENTADO POR:
JULIO ENRIQUE VEGA ANGELES
Para optar el ttulo de Ingeniero Me!nio
"UANCA#O $ PER
%&'(
OPTIMIZACION DE LOS PROCESOS DE COMBUSTION
DEL HORNO PETROLERO 311 H 1, PARA MEJORAR SUEFICIENCIA, EN LA REFINERIA IQUITOS-PETROPERU
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ASESOR:
Ing. EDMUNDO MUICO CASAS
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DEDICATORIA
128
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CONTENIDO
ASESOR:.....................................................................................................127
DEDICATORIA............................................................................................128
CONTENIDO...............................................................................................129
RESUMEN...................................................................................................131
INTRODUCCIN.........................................................................................132
CAPITULO I
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL ESTUDIO..............................................................134
CAPITULO II
MARCO TEORICO.......................................................................................141
CAPITULO III
METODOLOGA...........................................................................................174
CAPITULO IV
PRESENTACIN DE RESULTADOS..........................................................184
Cap!"# 1:
DISCUSIN E INTERPRETACIN DE RESULTADOS.............................188
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CONCLUSIONES........................................................................................19$
RECOMENDACIONES...............................................................................197
%I%LIOGRA&IA............................................................................................198
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RESUMEN
E'( )a*a+# )('p#,-( a "a' p#"/a' 0 (,-(,/a' -( a#))# (,()/#
/#,'-()a,-# !,a 5!( (' p)(#/!pa/6, !,-a" (" /!-a-# -(" /#,'!# -(
"#' )(/!)'#' ,# )(,#a*"(' 0 "a /#,a,a/6, 5!( ('#' /a!'a,.
Pa)a "# /!a" '( a )(a"a-# !,a A!-#)a 0 !,a P)#p!('a pa)a "a
#pa/6, -( "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311 1 -(
"a )(;,()a I5!#'
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INTRODUCCIN
E" )a*a+# -( ('' /## ('!-a,( (' p)#p#,() 0 /#,)*!) -( '
/#,#/(,#' a-5!)-#' (, "a ;a/!"a- -( I,(,()a M(/>,/a 0 a-(>'
-( "a' p)>//a' )(a"a-a' (, "a )(;,()a -( I5!#' ?P()#p()=.
P#) (" /#,(,# (,)( "a &a/!"a- -( I,(,()a M(/>,/a -( "a UNCP 0
P()#p()= ## p#) (" /!a" '( )(a"a, p)>//a' p)( p)#;('#,a"(' '( (,(
/#,#/(,# -( "a )("a/6, -( "#' p)#/('# 5!( )(a"a (, "a /#*!'6, -("
#),# p()#"()# 311 1 -( "a R(;,()a -( I5!#' P()#p()=. @ a*(,-#
)('a-# (, **"#)a;a ('p(/a"a-a 5!( a;)a: D(" #a" -( (,()a
!"a-a (, !,a )(;,()a "a pa)-a >' p#)a,( 8B a 9B -(" #a""'' -( "a a!-#)a (,()/a -(" #),# -a /## )(;()(,/a 5!( ("
p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, ,/-( (, "a #pa/6, -( "a (;/(,/a -(" #),#.
E'( )a*a+# -( ('' '( --( (, /,/# /ap!"#':
En ! C"#$%&!' 1 '( p)('(,a (" P"a,(a(,# -(" ('!-# -#,-( '( -a a
/#,#/() (" p)#*"(a -( ,('a/6, "#' #*+(#' p"a,(a-#' "a p6(''
-( "a ,('a/6, 0 "a -((),a/6, -( "a' a)a*"(' -( ('!-# /#, '!'
)('p(/a #p()a/#,a"a/6,.
En ! C"#$%&!' ( '( a*"a a/()/a -( "a' /#,'-()a/#,(' (,()a"(' -("
#),# 0 '! p)#/('# -( /#*!'6,.
En ! C"#$%&!' 3 '( -('a))#""a "a (#-#"#a 5!( '( !'# (, "a p)('(,(
,('a/6, ,-/a,-# (" p# 0 ,(" -( ,('a/6, (" -'(# -( "a
,('a/6, "a p#*"a/6, -( ('!-# "#' ,')!(,#' -( )(/#"(//6, -(
-a#' -'(# 0 a"-a/6, -( "#' '#' 0 (" p)#/(-(,# -( "a
,('a/6,.
En ! C"#$%&!' ) '( p)('(,a "#' )('!"a-#' #*(,-#' (, "a ,('a/6,
a-(>' -( "#' /!a-)#' /#pa)a#' /## ('a*a ;!,/#,a,-# (" #),# 0
5!( (+#)a' '( )(a"6 (, (" p)#/('# -( /#*!'6,.
En ! C"#$%&!' * S( )(a"a "a -'/!'6, ( ,()p)(a/6, -( )('!"a-#'
-a,-# a /#,#/() "a /#pa)a/6, -(" p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, a,(' 0
-('p!' -( p"a,(a) "a (+#)a (, "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, ;,a"a,-#
/#, "a' /#,/"!'#,(' 0 )(/#(,-a/#,(' -(" p)('(,( )a*a+#
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CAPITULO I
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL ESTUDIO
+.1 TEMA DE INESTIACIN
E" p)('(,( )a*a+# -( ,('a/6, *!'/a #pa/6, -(
p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311 1 pa)a (+#)a) '!
(;/(,/a (, "a R(;,()a IFUITOS
*!'/a,-# p()a,(,((,( (" (+#)a(,# -( "#' p)#/('#' 0 (,
/#,'(/!(,/a "a #pa/6, -( '!' ,'a"a/#,(' -( !/a'
a,()a'. E, "a ,-!')a p()#"()a "#' #),#' '( /a)a/()a, p#) '()
(5!p#' ,(,'#' (, /#,'!# -( /#*!'*"( 5!( (""#' '#'
p)#-!/(,.
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La (a"!a/6, ''(>/a -('-( (" p!,# -( 'a (,()/# -(
"#' p)#/('#' -( (,()a/6, 0 -')*!/6, -( ap#) /#,'!0(, !,
pa'# p#)a,( (, (" "#)# -( a"a' (;/(,/a' (, (" a,>"'' -( ('#'
p)#/('#' (" *a"a,/( -( /a"#) (' "a ,;#)a/6, ;!,-a(,a" pa)a
ap)(/a) /#))(/a(,( "#' p!,#' -( (;/(,/a 0 a/!a) (, *a'( a ".
D('-( (" p!,# -( 'a (,()a" (, "a #p()a/6, 0
a,(,(,# '( -(*(, ap)#(/a) a" ># "#' *(,(;/#'
p#(,/a"(' 5!( "a (/,#"#a p!(-a #;)(/() a" #),# 'a/a,-# (,a+a
-( "a ;"(*"-a- 5!( ('a p()a ', '!p()a) (" !*)a" -( "a'
/#,-/#,(' -( -'(# p!('a' p#) "a ()#-,>/a -(" p)#/('# ("
p# -( /#*!'*"( "a (/,#"#a -( "#' 5!(a-#)(' (" ''(a -(
#,#)(# 0 /#,)#" -( "a /#*!'6, "a /#,;!)a/6, 0 ((,'6, -(
"#' !*#' "#' a()a"(' -( /#,')!//6, 0 "a' ,#)a' 5!( )(, "a
,-!')a p()#"()a
E, #-a a/-a- ,-!')a" '( a-#pa, ;#)a' 0 aa#'
-()'#' -(p(,-(,-# -( "#' ;a/#)(' a"(' /## -(a,-a -(
p)#-!/#' 'a';a//6, a" /"(,( "a -'p#,*"-a- -( #*(,() )(/!)'#'
;,a,/()#' 0 "a' p#'*"-a-(' -( #*(,/6, -( a()a p)a a"('
/## a()a"(' (,()a )(/!)'#' !a,#' (/. P#) ('# ,#'
(,/#,)a#' ;)(,( a !,a (p)('a 5!( -('a))#""a '!' a/-a-('
,-!')a"(' -( a/!()-# a "a -'p#,*"-a- -( '!' /#,-/#,('H >' a!,
(p)('a' "#*a"a-a' /#, a0#) '6, -( '!' a/-a-('
p)#-!/a'.
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+.3 PROBLEMA ENERAL
C6# #pa) "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311
1 pa)a (+#)a) '! (;/(,/a (, "a )(;,()a I5!#'< PETROPERUJ
+.) OBJETIO ENERAL
Opa) "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311 1
a)a,-# "a' /#,-/#,(' -( #p()a/6, pa)a (+#)a) '! (;/(,/a (, "a
)(;,()a IFUITOS
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R(a"a) !, -a,6'/# -(" /#,'!# (,()/# (, (" '(/#)
-)#/a)*!);()#.
Ip"((,a) "a' )(/#(,-a/#,(' -(" -a,6'/# 0 "a' (-a' -(
a#))# -( (,()a (, "a' ;a'(' -( p)#-!//6, )a,';#)a/6,
-')*!/6, 0 /#()/a"a/6, -( /#*!'*"('.
I,)#-!/) ''(a' -( /#(,()a/6, /#, (" ;, -( ("(a) "a (;/(,/a
(, (" !'# -( /#*!'*"(' p)a)#' )(-!/) "#' /#'#' (,()/#' 0
)(-!/) (" pa/# a*(,a" (, a5!(""a' ,'a"a/#,(' /#, /#,'!#'
p#)a,(' -( ("(/)/-a- 0 /a"#).
D('a))#""a) !, p)#)aa -( a#))# -( (,()a (, /##)-,a/6, /#,
"#' (,(' )('p#,'a*"(' -(" '(/#): M,'()# -( E,()a 0 M,a'
MEM PETROPERU COMPAAS PETROLERAS (/. C#, "#'
('!-#' )(a"a-#' p#) (" M,'()# -( E,()a 0 M,a' (" '(/#) -(
a0#) /#,'!# (,()/# (' (" pa)5!( a!###) (" '# 5!( '(
a '# ,/)((,a-# (, "#' ="#' a#' 0 /#, (""# "a -(a,-a -(
/#*!'*"('. D(a,-a 5!( ,# 'a';a/(, "a' )(;,()a' -(" ('a-#
a/(,-# 5!( "a p#)a/6, -( /#*!'*"(' '(a !, )!*)# -( -;/
#*"a#)# pa)a (" ('a-# P()!a,#.
P#) ('# "a R(;,()a -( I5!#' -('(#'a -( #;)(/() (+#)(' '()/#' 0
'() >' /#p(a a #')a-# ,()' (, )(a"a) a!-#)a'
(,()/a' (, '!' ,'a"a/#,(' /#, (" ;, -( (+#)a) '! (;/(,/a (,
(" /#,'!# -( (,()a -(,)# -( '!' p)#/('#' p)#-!/#'.
+.*.1 LOROS ALCANZADOS
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Opa) "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311 1 "
/!a" '( /#,'!6 a)a,-# "a' /#,-/#,(' -( #p()a/6, -(" #),#
/#, "# /!a" '( (+#)# '! (;/(,/a.
+.*.( BENEFICIOS
C#, "a #pa/6, -( "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -(" #),#
p()#"()# 311 1 (-a,( "a a)a/6, -( "a' /#,-/#,(' -(
#p()a/6, '( "#)a a!(,a) "a (;/(,/a "# /!a" ;a/"a "a
#pa/6, -(" ;!,/#,a(,# -( #),# -a "a )(;,()a.
+.*.3 ALCANCES
E" p)('(,( )a*a+# /#p)(,-( "a #pa/6, -(" #),#
p()#"()# -( "a )(;,()a I5!#' PETROPERU 5!( a*, '(
/#,'-()a (" /#,'!# "a /a)a /)!-a (" p()6"(# /#,'!-# (" ap#)
(-# a-(>' -( "#' a'(' (, "a /(,(a 0 p#) !"# '!
(;/(,/a.
+.*.) LIMITACIONES
E" ('!-# '( (,;#/a a "a' /#,-/#,(' -( #p()a/6, -( #),#
p()#"()# /#, 5!( /!(,a "a )(;,()a I5!#' PETROPERU /## #-#
)a*a+# -( ,('a/6, '( !# "a/#,(' (, -a#' 5!( '#,
/#,'-()a-#' (')a/#' pa)a "a (p)('a p()# ,# ;!( !,a "a,(
p#)5!( '( ap)#(/6 -( #)a' a"(),aa' pa)a /!",a)
'a';a/#)a(,( (" )a*a+# -( ,('a/6,.
+.5 HIPTESIS
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A" #pa) "a' /#,-/#,(' -( #p()a/6, -( "#' p)#/('#' -(
/#*!'6, (, (" #),# p()#"()# 311 1 '( (+#)a)> '! (;/(,/a (,
"a )(;,()a IFUITOSp-a /#*,a/6,5!/a (,)( !,p#)a-#) -( (,()a/#*!'*"( 5!/a 0!, #-a,(/#*!)(,((,/a)a-a -( "*()a)"a(, ;#)a -( "! 0 /a"#).
La #pa/6, -("p)#/('# -( /#*!'6,
'( (-)> (, "a/#*,a/6, 5!/a6pa.
M(+#)a (, '!(;/(,/a.
La (;/(,/a -( !,#),# (' (" p#)/(,a+(
-(" /a"#) "*()a-# (, "a""aa 5!( (' a*'#)*-#p#) (" ;"!-# /a"(,a-#.
La (;/(,/a '( (-)>(, (,#' p)--a' -(
/a"#).
&!(,(: ("a*#)a/6, p)#pa.
TABLA 1.1: O#"0'n"!09"07n ; "0"!2
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C#, "a ;,a"-a- -( /#p"(a) "a /#p)(,'6, -( "a p6('' 0 -( '!'
a)a*"(' (, "a a*"a 1.2 '( ,/"!0( !,a ',#p'' -( "a' a)a*"(' 5!(
-('/)*( "a a)a*"( (" ,-/a-#) (" ,')!(,# 0 "a ;!(,( -( -#,-( '(
#a)> "a ,;#)a/6,.
T"!" 1.(: S0n'#202 ; !"2 "0"!2
"0"!2 In;0";' In2%&8n%' F&n%
Opa) "a'/#,-/#,('-( "#'
p)#/('#' -(/#*!'6,
Combustible +O2+QSC=H2O+CO2+QC
D6,-(:
QSC: calor sensibledel combustible,
QC: Calor decombustin
Da#' -( "#',')!(,#' -(
(--aR(')# -( Da#'
P();#)a,/(
-(" #),#p()#"()#
M(+#)a (, '!(;/(,/a.
*E (%) = (Qsr Qsc) ! "c #$C & '
D6,-(:
Qsc = calorsensible del
combustible, cal!#Qsr = calor sensibledel "luido ue salede la ona radiante,cal!#
"c = "lu-o decombustible, .!#
PCI = Podercalorfico inferior,kcal/kg
R(')# -( -a#''6)/#'
R(')# -( -a#'A/!a"('
P();#)a,/(-(" #),#p()#"()#
&!(,(: ("a*#)a/6, p)#pa.
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CAPITULO II
MARCO TEORICO
+.= ANTECEDENTES
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S(=, Caa) 2BB7 (, '! T('' A!-#)a 0 P)#p!('a -( !, p"a, -(
A#))# E,()/# (, (" #),# P1 3BB189 -( "a p"a,a PARSONS
-( "a )(;,()a La L*()a- '(a"a 5!( ('( )a*a+# )('p#,-( a "a'
p#"/a' 0 (,-(,/a' -( a#))# (,()/# -(;,-a' p#) (" pa' #-a
( 5!( (' p)(#/!pa/6, !,-a" (" /!-a-# -(" /#,'!# -( "#'
)(/!)'#' ,# )(,#a*"(' 0 "a /#,a,a/6, 5!( ('#' /a!'a,. P#) "#
(,/#,a-# '( a )(a"a-# !,a A!-#)a 0 P)#p!('a -( !, P"a,
A#))# E,()/# (, (" #),# P
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D(*-# a 5!( G!a(a"a ,# (' !, pa' (, -#,-( "a' )(;,()a'
p)#-!/a, (, )a,-(' /a,-a-(' p)#-!/#' p()#"()#' (' ,(/('a)a "a
p#)a/6, -( '#' -( #)#' pa'(' (,/#,)>,-#'( (, G!a(a"a
!,a )a, /a,-a- -( (),a"(' # p"a,a' -( a"a/(,a(,# -( ('#'
p)#-!/#' "#' /!a"(' '#, a"a/(,a-#' (, a,5!(' a#';)/#'
()/a"(' (,(,-# '#' a,5!(' /## ;!,/6, p),/pa" ("
a"a/(,a(,# -( )a,-(' /a,-a-(' -( p)#-!/#' p()#"()#'.
S( -('/)*(, a*, "#' p#' -( a,5!(' a#';)/#' ()/a"(' 5!(
'( !"a, (, "a' (),a"(' ('(,(' (, G!a(a"a /## "# '#, "#'
a,5!(' a#';)/#' ()/a"(' -( (/# ;+# -( (/# ;"#a,( ((),#
0 -( (/# ;"#a,( ,(),#.
Ta*, '( a/( !,a -('/)p/6, -( "a' (--a' -( '(!)-a-
,-!')a" 5!( '( -(*(, #a) (, "a' (),a"(' # p"a,a' -(
a"a/(,a(,# -( p)#-!/#' p()#"()#' -(*-# a 5!( a0 5!( #a)
(, /!(,a 5!( '( ('a a,(+a,-# !, p)#-!/# 5!( (' ,;"aa*"( 0
p!(-( p#,()'( (, )('# "a -a ' ,# '( !"a (" /#))(/# (5!p# -(
p)#(//6, p()'#,a" a" !a" '( a/( (,/6, -(" p(")# 5!( p)('(,a
"a (,()a/6, -( /#))(,( ('>/a "a' -',a' >)(a' 5!( -(*(, (,()
"a' (),a"(' # p"a,a' -( a"a/(,a(,# '(=, "a L(0 -(
C#()/a"a/6, -( -)#/a)*!)#' 0 '! R("a(,#. &,a"(,( '(
p)#/(-( a -('a))#""a) "a (p"/a/6, -( "a' /,/a' /#))(/a' -(
(-/6, -( p)#-!/# p()#"()# a"a/(,a-# (, !, a,5!( a#';)/#
()/a" *a'a-a' (, "a' ,#)a'
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+.> BASES TERICAS
CALENTADOR POR COMBUSTION.
?"!"2 S. M. @CHEMICAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT, SELECTION AND
DESIN, ;40n & &n CALENTADOR POR COMBUSTIO U
HORNO(' !, ,()/a*a-#) -( /a"#) (, (" 5!( (" ;"!-# -( p)#/('#
;"!0( -(,)# -( !*#' 0 '( /a"(,a p#) )a-a/6, p)#/(-(,( -( !,a
""aa -( /#*!'6, 0 p#) /#,(//6, -('-( "#' a'(' /a"(,(' -(
('a.
D00; "! 'n' n %2 #"%2:
S(//6, RADIANTE:-#,-( "#' !*#' ('>, (, p)('(,/a -( "a ""aa.
E, ('a pa)( "a )a,''6, -( /a"#) (' p#) )a-a/6, (, !, 8B ap)#
0 !, 2B p#) /#,(//6, -( "a /)/!"a/6, -( a'(' /a"(,('
a")(-(-#) -( "#' !*#'.
S(//6, -( CONECCION:L#' !*#' ('>, ;!()a -(" a"/a,/( -( "a
""aa. L#' a'(' /a"(,( '( -)(//#,a, a )a' -(" pa5!(( -( !*#'.
E" /a"#) )a,'-# (' p#) )a-a/6, -(" CO2 0 2O (, "#' a'('
/a"(,(' a-(>' -(" /a"#) p#) /#,(//6,. L#' !*#' ('>, (5!pa-#'
/#, a"(a' pa)a (+#)a) "a' /#,-/#,(' -( )a,''6, -( /a"#).
S(//6, -( BLINDAJESIELD La' p)()a' ;"a' -( !*#' -(" >)(a
-( /#,(//6, '#, "a #,a -( COFUE SOC (, (""a "#' !*#' ,#
(,(, a"(a' )(/*(, "a 'a /a,-a- -( /a"#) p#) a*#'
(/a,'#'.
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A;8
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&. 1.1 #),# p# /a+a
T&'2 '09'n%"!2. C"!n%"80n%' 208#!
L#' !*#' ('>, #,a-#' #)#,a"(,( (, "a pa)(- "a()a" >'
"a)a (, !,a /apa 'p"(. S( p!(-(, #,a) a)a' '()(' -( !*#' (,
pa)a"("# (, ;!,/6, -(" /a!-a". S( /#"#/a, a !,a -'a,/a -( "a pa)(-
-( 1$ (/(' (" ->()# -( !*()a
T&'2 '09'n%"!2. C"!n%"80n%' ;'!
E, ('( /a'# ('>, "#' !*#' #,a-#' (, (" /(,)# /#"a-#' '#*)(
'#p#)('.
T&'2 %0"!2. C"!n%"80n%' ;'!
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L#' !*#' '( /#"#/a, ()/a"(,( (, (" /(,)# -(" #),#.
Ca"(,>,-#'( "a()a"(,(.
TIPO CILNDRICO ERTICAL.
C#,''(, (, !, /a'/# /",-)/# a'"a-# /#"#/a-# ()/a"(,( /#,
p'# a'"a,( 0 (/# (,()a"(,( p"a,#. L#' 5!(a-#)(' '( '=a,
(, (" '!("#. L#' !*#' '( '=a, ()/a"(,( /#, ;"!+# a'/(,-(,(()#' 5!( -(*(, ;+a)'( -( a,(a,# 0 -(p(,-(,
-( "a' p)(;()(,/a' -(" -'(a-#) # -( "a p#"/a -( "a (p)('a. C##
)("a (,()a"(' '#,:
" T0#' ; &n0;";.A a0#) )a,';()(,/a -( /a"#) a0#) (,-(,/a a
!"a) #),#' p# /a+a. E" !'# -( /a"(,a(,# -#*"( # 'p"(
-(p(,-( -(" )a-# -( /#,)#" ,(/('a)#.
T0#' ; C'8&2%0!.D(p(,-( -( "a -'p#,*"-a- 0 /#'(.
P'n%"/ ; G2' ; "0.D(p(,-( -(" p# -( /#*!'*"( 0
-(" -'(# -(" 5!(a-#). A (,#) p#)/(,a+( -( (/('# (+#)
(;/(,/a -(" #),#. Va"#)(' -( )(;()(,/a '#, -( 2$ a 3B -( (/('#
-( a)(.
; F!&/' ; ng$" ";0"n%.S( -(;,( /## "a )("a/6, (,)( (" /a"#)
(,()a-# 0 (" >)(a -( "#' !*#' )a-a,(' p#) !,-a- -( (p#. A
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N8' ; 40!"2 ; %&'2 ; '&.L#' !*#' -( /#5!( '(
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/apa'.
4 E400n0" ;! 'n'. La (;/(,/a -( !, #),# (' (" p#)/(,a+( -("
/a"#) "*()a-# (, "a ""aa 5!( (' a*'#)*-# p#) (" ;"!-# /a"(,a-#.
L#' a"#)(' a, -( 7B a" 9$ . La ;!(,( -( "a ,(;/(,/a '#,: La'
p)--a' -( /a"#) (, "a' pa)(-(' -(" #),# !, 2 (' a"#) a/(pa*"(
(, (" -'(# 0 "a' p()--a' (, "#' a'(' p)#-!/-#'. La (p()a!)a
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BALANCE DE ENERA EN HORNOS
M"n&"! ; O#"0'n2 PETROPERU (++5 @HORNOS EN LA
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(/("(,( ())a(,a -( -a,6'/# p()( /!a,;/a) "a (,()a
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*a'( pa)a:
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B"!"n gn"! ; ng$"
C"!'2 ; n%";" K C"!'2 ; 2"!0;". 1
C"!'2 ; En%";" K Q Q2 Q"2 Q" Q"% (
C"!'2 ; S"!0;" K Qg2 Qg Q02 Q0g Q Q2 3
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F'/ /a"#) '(,'*"( -(" /#*!'*"( /a".
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F /a"#) '(,'*"( -( "a !(-a- -( "#' a'(' -( /(,(a /a".
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C#,'-()a,-# !, #),# p/# -#,-( (" ;"!-# a /a"(,a) ,)('a p#) "a
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/## )('!"a-# -( "a '!a a"(*)a/a -( "#' -(>' /a"#)('.
% 0 C (, A
Q2 KQ Q2 Q"2 Q" Q"% Q2 - Qg2 - Qg - Q02 - Q0g
Q
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E400n0" g!'"! ;! 'n'
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Eng$" %0! K Q2 Q2 *
E400n0" K Q2 Q2 4 . PCI G 1++ 5
F&n;"8n%'2 ; !" C'8&2%07n
M"n&"! ; O#"0'n2 PETROPERU (++5 @HORNOS EN LA
INDUSTRIA PETROLERA,-(;,( 5!( "a /#*!'6, (' !,a ;#)a
pa)/!"a) -( #-a/6, -#,-( '!/(-( "a )>p-a /#*,a/6, 5!/a -(
-#' '!'a,/a' !,a (, /#,-/6, -( /#*!'*"( p#)a-#) -(
(,()a 5!/a )(-!/#) 0 "a #)a (, /#,-/6, -( /#*!)(,(
#-a,( (,/a)a-a -( "*()a)"a (, ;#)a -( "! 0 /a"#).
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pa)/a"(,( pa)a -a) #)(, a ,!(#' p)#-!/#' a )a' -(
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a,(' (,/#,a-#'.
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E, #-# p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, #/!))(, )(a//#,(' 5!/a'
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a)!pa-#' 0 (,"aa-#' -( a,()a -',a.
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(/(-(,( )/# #*(,-# a" #-;/a) "a (')!/!)a -( "a' #"/!"a'
(,)( "#' )(a/#' 0 p)#-!/#'.
Agn%2 P"%00#"n%2 ; &n P'2' ; C'8&2%07n
Pa)a 5!( #/!))a !, p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, -(*(, /#,/-)
'!">,(a(,( )(' a(,(': " ! '8&2%0!, ! '8&n%
!" ng$" ; "%0"07nH "a a!'(,/a -( !,# -( (""#' a/(
p#'*"( '! -('a))#""#.
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'!'a,/a /#, "a /apa/-a- -( a)-() ;>/"(,( (, p)('(,/a -(
#(,# -(" a)( /!0a (,()a 5!/a (' !"a-a pa)a "a #*(,/6,
-( /a"#) "! ! #)a' ;#)a' -( (,()a.
C'8&n% Agn% OG0;"n%S!'a,/a 5!( pa)/pa a/a(,(
(, "a /#*!'6, "#)a,-# "a #-a/6, -(" /#*!'*"(. E" #(,#
(' (" /#*!)(,( !,()'a" -a-a '! ;a/"-a- -( ap)#'#,a(,# a
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Eng$" ; A%0"07n Agn% ; 0gn007n E,()a '!,')a-a
,a!)a" # ,(,/#,a"(,( pa)a ,/a) (" p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, 5!(
p!(-( '() !,a /'pa ("/)/a /a"#) # a"=, (;(/# -( /#5!( #
/#p)('6, /apa -( ""(a) !,a ;)a//6, p(5!(a -( (/"a a !,a
(p()a!)a '!p()#) a" p!,# -( ,;"aa/6, a/(,-# "a' (/(' -(
-(#,a,( pa)a (" (,/(,--#.
C'n;00'n2 #"" !!" " "' &n" C'8&2%07n S'2%n0;"
T8#"%&" ; 0n4!"8"07n
La p)#p#)/6, a)(/#*!'*"( (' -((),a,( pa)a /#,;#)a) !,a
(/"a p#(,/a"(,( ,;"aa*"(H p)#p#)/#,(' p(5!(a' #
()(a-a(,( a"a' -( a)( ,*(, (" -('a))#""# -( !,a /#*!'6,.
E, a*#' /a'#' (p"/a-# p#)5!( (" /#*!'*"( )('!"a -(a'a-#
)/# # -(a'a-# p#*)( pa)a a)-() /#, #(,# -(" a)(. A ('#'
()(#' '( "(' /#,#/( /## "(' -( ,;"aa*"-a- ,;()#) 0
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a!,5!( a*, p!(-( !"a)'( pa)a /#*!'*"(' "5!-#'
ap#)a-#'.
T8#"%&" ; 0gn007n
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La ,;"aa*"-a- -( !, /#*!'*"( ,# a)a,a "a '#'(,*"-a- -( !,
p)#/('# -( /#*!'6,H pa)a (""# '( p)(/'a a"/a,a) "a (p()a!)a
-( ,/6,H '#*)( "a /!a" ('( p)#/('# '( a!# '#'(,( (,()a,-#
/a"#) '!;/(,( (, (" (-# pa)a ;#(,a) "a /#,,!-a- -(" p)#/('#
-( (,/(,--# a /a-a ,!(a p#)/6, -( /#*!'*"( 5!( aa '!
,)('# a" 5!(a-#).
F0g. 1.3 Rg0'n2 ; '8&2%07n 2'2%n0! 0n2'2%n0!
C'8&2%07n E2%&0'8%0" 0;"!
E' !, p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, -(a" ,# ('( -#,-( #/!))( "a
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p)(/'a' pa)a /#p"(a) a" 1BB "a #-a/6, -(" /#*!'*"(.
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F0g 1.) C'8&2%07n E2%&0'8%0"
CGHS W W140WO( W 7921N( X CO( W 12 0H(O W7921W140W N( SO(6
C'8&2%07n C'8#!%"
S"a) a "a /#*!'6, ('(5!#()a /#,'-()a "a /#,()'6, -("
1BB -( /#*!'*"(H ', (*a)# a -;()(,/a -( 'a '( a"( -(
/a,-a-(' -( a)( (, (/('# pa)a "#)a) (" '# #*+(#.
La )!)#'-a- 5!( -('/)*( "a -(;,/6, -( !,a /#*!'6,
/#p"(a (/"!0( "a p)('(,/a #a" -( ,5!(a-#' "# 5!( ('
p)>//a(,( p#'*"( (, "a p)>//a ,-!')a" )a6, p#) "a /!a"
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/#,()'6, -(" /#*!'*"( # /#*!'#,(' '(!-#
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F0g 1.* C'8&2%07n C'8#!%"
CGHS9 nG1)9O( 6>(1N( GCO( 1( H(O
n1*=(1G96>)( N( n-1G1)9O( 9SO(=
C'8&2%07n In'8#!%" 'G0;"n%
E' (" p# >' /#=, -( /#*!'6, (, (""a "a' p)#p#)/#,(' -(
#(,# (, "a (/"a (/(-(, "a' ,(/('a)a' pa)a 5!(a) #-# ("
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-(;/(,( !)*!"(,/a a"a ,()a//6, /#*!'*"(< /#*!)(,( *a+a
-( (p()a!)a -( ""aa # ,'!;/(,( (p# -( )('-(,/a p-(, "a
/#,()'6, #a" -a,-# #)(, a "a p)('(,/a -( ,5!(a-#' /##
#,6-# -( /a)*#,# #"", -)6(,# ( -)#/a)*!)#' "*)('.
F0g 1.5 C'8&2%07n In'8#!%" OG0;"n%
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1CGHS9nG1)9&(-8(O( 6>(1N( G-&-CO(
&CO C CGHS91(-8H(O 8H(n6>(1G1)9&(-
8(N( 9SO( n-1 6>(1G1)9&(-8(O(>
C'8&2%07n In'8#!%" R;&%'"
E'( p# -( /#*!'6, '( /a)a/()a p#) "a ,'!;/(,/a -( a)(
)a6, p#) "a /!a" '( ( p(--a -( ap)#(/a) a" ># "a (,()a
5!/a -(" /#*!'*"(. L#' p)#-!/#' -( /#*!'6, a,;('a,
!,a a)/a-a ;#)a/6, -( #"", #,6-# -( /a)*#,# -)6(,# (
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C
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E, "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, (" /a"#) -( )(a//6, a-#pa "a
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"a /a,-a- -( /a"#) "*()a-# p#) !,-a- -( a'a # #"!(, -(
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(p()a!)a -( )(;()(,/a YBZ& /#=,(,( pa)a "#' -)#/a)*!)#'.
H K H#'; - H"%11
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'!a#)a -( "a' (,()a' -( ;#)a/6, -( "#' )(a/a,('.
C## /a"#) -( ;#)a/6, '( (,(,-( "a (,()a ,(/('a)a pa)a ,-!/)
"a ;#)a/6, -( !,a '!'a,/a a pa)) -( '!' ("((,#'
/#,'!0(,(' # a pa)) -( '!'a,/a' >' 'p"(' 0 ('a*"('.
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/#,-/#,(' ('>,-a) -( p)('6, 0 (p()a!)a.
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F0g 1.= S"!%' Eng%0' & P80% L0" ! C"!' ;
C'8&2%07n
V P'; "!'$40' 2' C"!' ; C'8&2%07n B&%'
E" p#-() /a"#);/# *)!# (p)('a "a /a,-a- -( /a"#) -('p)(,--# p#)
!, /#*!'*"( (, p)!(*a' -( "a*#)a#)#. E, ('#' (,'a0#' '(
(p"(a !,a *#*a /a"#))/a -#,-( '( /a"/!"a (" /a"#) "*()a-# (,
"a /#*!'6, 0 p#'()#) (,;)a(,# -( "#' p)#-!/#' !,a
(p()a!)a ('>,-a) 2$ZC # 1$YZC !'!a"(,(. A ('a /#,-/6,
;,a" (" ap#) -( a!a /a*a -( ('a-# -( ap#) a "5!-#
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V P'; "!'$40' 0n40' C"!' ; C'8&2%07n N%'
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E" p#-() /a"#);/# ,;()#) # ,(# )(p)('(,a (" /a"#) /(--#
(/"!'a(,( p#) (" p)#/('# -( /#*!'6, ', /#,a*"a) ("
/a"#) "a(,( -( /#,-(,'a/6, -(" a!a /#,'-()a-# (, (" p#-()
/a"#);/# '!p()#).
La -;()(,/a (,)( "#' p#-()(' /a"#);/#' '!p()#) ( ,;()#) )a-/a
(/"!'a(,( (, (" (, (" /a"#) -( /#,-(,'a/6, -(" ap#) -( a!a
p)#-!/-# (, "a /#*!'6,.
PCS = PCI + m H2O . v H2O13
D7n;:
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%!"*.
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(5!p#' /## #),#' /a"-()#' '(/a-#)(' ##)(' -( /#*!'6,
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+.1+ MARCO CONCEPTUAL
+.1+.1 D40n00'n2 C'n#%&"!2
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E,(,-(#' p#) #),#' ,-!')a"(' "#' (5!p#' # -'p#'#'
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a*(,(. E" /a"(,a(,# p!(-( '()) pa)a -;()(,('
ap"/a/#,(' /##:
. &!,-).
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. T)aa) )/a(,( pa)a pa)) -((),a-a' p)#p(-a-('.
. R(/!*)) "a' p(a' /#, #)#' ("((,#'.
a0 5!( '(a"a) 5!( ('a -(;,/6, apa)(,((,( /"a)a ,# "#
(' a,# (, "a p)>//a 0a 5!( (' ;)(/!(,( !"a) #)#' ),#'
a"(' /##:
1. E'!;a' pa)a #),#' 5!( #p()(, a *a+a' (p()a!)a'
,#)a"(,( ,;()#) a $BB < YBBZC. S, (*a)# '( '!(
-(,#,a,-# #),# -( )((,-# a !, (5!p# 5!( )(a"a ('(
)aa(,# a!,5!( '(a a 18BZC 0 '! -'(# '(a -,/# a"
)a-/#,a" -( !,a ('!;a. E, /a*# '( -(,#,a, ('!;a'
C#\p() a "#' p)(/a"(,a-#)(' -( a)( -( "#' #),#' a"#' 5!(
#p()a, a a"a' (p()a!)a'
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2. S(/a-()#' a*, -(,#,a-#' ('!;a' -( '(/a-# /!a,-# ("
'(/a-# '( )(a"a p#) ("(a/6, -( "a (p()a!)a. La (p()a!)a
-( '(/a-# p!(-( '() ("(a-a 0 a-#pa)'( !,a /,/a -(
/#,')!//6, '"a) a "a -( "#' #),#'.
3. %a()a' -( /#5!( pa)a "a' '()(' -( #),#' (, ;#)a -(
/("-a' !"a-#' (, "a p)#-!//6, -(" /#5!( a pa)) -(" /a)*6, -(
!""a.
Pa)a (a) a*](-a-(' -(,#,a)(#' (, ('( -#/!(,#
#),#' a #-#' a5!(""#' (5!p#' # ,'a"a/#,(' 5!( #p()a, (,
#-# # (, pa)( -(" p)#/('# a (p()a!)a '!p()#) a "a a*(,(
)(a">,-#'( (" /a"(,a(,# '#*)( "a' p(a' -( ;#)a -)(/a
,-!//6, )(''(,/a p)#pa.. # -( ;#)a ,-)(/a p#)
)a,''6, -( /a"#) -( #)#' ("((,#' !*#' )a-a,(' !#'
-( /#*!'6,...
B. EFICIENCIA
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;0X
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p)#)aa'. R(;"(+a, !, /#,+!,# pa)/!"a)(,( )("(a,( pa)a ("
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Eficiencia tcnica ! eficiencia econ"mica
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CAPITULO III
METODOLOA
+.1 INTRODUCCIN
La (#-#"#a -( "a ('' (' "a D('/)p/6, (p"/a/6, 0
+!';/a/6, -( "#' #-#' ap"a, 19Y4. E" p)('(,( /ap!"#
-('/)*( "a (#-#"#a 5!( '( !"6 pa)a "a )(/#"(//6,
p)#/('a(,# a,>"'' ( ,()p)(a/6, -( "a ,;#)a/6, 0 "#' -a#'
,!)/#' (, (" -('a))#""# -( ('( ('!-#.
+.( TIPO NIEL DE INESTIACION
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E" p# -( ,('a/6, 5!( '( ""(a)> a/a*# '()> -( %0#'
%n'!7g0" 0a 5!( (,( /## p)#p6'# ap"/a) (" /#,#/(,#
/(,;/# pa)a '#"!/#,a) "#' -;()(,(' p)#*"(a' 5!( *(,(;/(, a "a
'#/(-a- 0 -( !, n0! "#!0"%0',0a 5!( /#, ('( )a*a+# *!'/a#'
ap"/a) "#' )('!"a-#' -( "a ,('a/6, (p()(,a" (, -'(a)
(/,#"#a' -( ap"/a/6, ,(-aa pa)a "a '#"!/6, -( p)#*"(a'.
+.(.1 INESTIACIN CORRELACIONAL
E' -( /a)>/() /#))("a/#,a" -(*-# a 5!( (,( "a ;,a"-a- -(
/#,#/() "a )("a/6, # )a-# -( a'#/a/6, 5!( ('(, (, ,!(')a'
a)a*"(' (, ('!-#. Pa)a (a"!a) (" )a-# -( )("a/6, -( ,!(')a'
a)a*"(' p)()a(,( (-)(#' 0 )(/#()(#' ,;#)a/6, -(
,!(')a' a)a*"(' VD: I,/)((,# -( "a P)#-!/-a- 0 VI:
Opa/6, -( "#' /#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# 5!(
p)('!,a(,( -(/#' 5!( ('>, )("a/#,a-a'.
P#'()#) a (""# "a' /!a,;/a)(#' 0 a,a"a)(#' '!
,/!"a/6, a" /#))("a/6, "a '!'(,a)(#' (, !,a p6(''
'#(-a a p)!(*a.
+.3 DISEO DE LA INESTIACIN
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Pa)a "a '("(//6, -(" -'(# -( ,('a/6, ( *a' (, "a
p#"#a -( C"8#!! S%"n! 1>55 '(=, (" /#,/(p# -( "#'
'#' "a ,('a/6, a )(a"a) /#))('p#,-( a !, D02Y' P
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a,(' -(" )aa(,# p#'()#) a (""# "( a-,')a) (" )aa(,#
(p()(,a" P)#/('# -( /#*!'6, -(" #),# pa)a ;,a"(,(
ap"/a)"( !,a p)!(*a p#'()#) a" )aa(,# E;/(,/a -(" #),#
-('p!' -(" )aa(,#
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D6,-(:
: E;/(,/a A/!a"
Q : E;/(,/a E'p()a-a
O1 : Ca"/!"# a/!a" -( "a E;/(,/a
O2 : N!(# />"/!"# -( "a E;/(,/a
+.) POBLACIN MUESTRA DE LA INESTIACIN
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Pa)a (;(/#' -(" p)('(,( ('!-# '( /#,'-()a)>, "a'
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&"! &8'2 " &n" 0n4n0" "2
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(!a". C#, a0!-a -( ('a' ;/a' p#-)(#' )(/#"(/a) "#' -a#'
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,('a/6,.
F0"2 ; O2"07n '/"2 ; g02%'2 /#, a0!-a -( ('(
,')!(,# p#-)(#' )(')a) #-# "# 5!( #/!))( (, !,a
'!a/6, )(a" /"a';/a,-# 0 /#,',a,-# "#' a/#,(/(,#'
p(),(,(' -( a/!()-# /#, a"=, ('5!(a p)('# 0 '(=, ("
p)#*"(a 5!( '( ('!-a /#, ('( p# -( ,')!(,#
)(/#"(/a)(#' "#' -a#' -(" ('!-# -( (p# 5!( '( )(a"a)a (,
/ap#.
+.* OPERATIIZACIN DE ARIABLES
T"!" 3.(: O#"0'n"!09"07n ; !" "0"! ;#n;0n%
"0"! D#n;0n%: E;/(,/a -(" #),#
D40n007n
'n#%&"!D08n207n In;0";'
La (;/(,/a -( !,
#),# (' ("
E;/(,/a -("
P)#/('# (,
*E (%) = (Qsr Qsc) ! "c #$C & '((
D6,-(:
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p#)/(,a+( -("
/a"#) "*()a-# (, "a
""aa 5!( ('
a*'#)*-# p#) ("
;"!-# /a"(,a-#.
Qsc = calor sensible del combustible,
cal!#
Qsr = calor sensible del "luido ue sale de
la ona radiante, cal!#
"c = "lu-o de combustible, .!#
$C = $oder calor/"ico in"erior, cal!.#
&!(,(: #+a -( )(')# #+a -( /(/ "' #+a -( ,'p(//6, -(" (5!p#
T"!" 3.3: O#"0'n"!09"07n ; !" "0"! 0n;#n;0n%
"0"! In;#n;0n%:P)#/('# -( /#*!'6,
D40n007n 'n#%&"! D08n207n In;0";'
E' !,a ;#)a -(
#-a/6, -#,-( '!/(-(
"a )>p-a /#*,a/6,
5!/a (,)( !,
p#)a-#) -( (,()a
/#*!'*"( 5!/a 0
!, #-a,(
/#*!)(,((,/a)a-a -( "*()a)"a (,
;#)a -( "! 0 /a"#).
C#*!'6,
T)/a
Combustible + O2+QSC= H2O+CO2+QC
D6,-(:
QSC: calor sensible del combustible,
QC: Calor de combustin
&!(,(: E"a*#)a/6, p)#pa
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+.5 DISEO INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCION DE DATOS
A,(' -( -'(a) "#' ,')!(,#' -( )(/#"(//6, -( -a#'
-(;,)(#' a "#' '!+(#' a 5!(,(' '( "(' ap"/a)> "#' ,')!(,#'.
La !,-a- a (-) (, "a a)a*"( ,-(p(,-(,( "#' p)#/('#' -(
/#*!'6, -(" #),# p()#"()# 311 1 "#' /!a"(' '( /#,'(!)>, /#,
"a ,;#)a/6, p)#p#)/#,a-a R(;,()a I5!#' P()#p()=.
La !,-a- 5!( ;!( (--a (' "a a)a*"( -(p(,-(,( 5!( (' "a
(+#)a -( "a (;/(,/a -(" #),#.
+.5.1 INSTRUMENTOS DE ANLISIS DOCUMENTAL
Pa)a #*(,() (" a)/# (6)/# 0 "#' -a#' -( "#' p)#/('#' -(
/#*!'6, 0 p#-() #*'()a) "a (;/(,/a -(" #),# '( a !"a-#
-#' p#' -( ;/a' "a ;/a **"#)>;/a 0 "a ;/a -( )a'/)p/6, #
(!a" "a' /!a"(' '#, a" /## '( !(')a, (, "a' '!(,(' ;!)a'.
&IGURA 3.1: &/a %*"#)>;/a
180
AUTOR
TITULO @ SU%TITULO
EDICIN
LUGAR DE EDICIN
EDITORIAL
AO DE EDICIN NZ PAGINAS
LOCALIKACIN DE LA O%RA
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&IGURA 3.2: &/a -( T)a,'/)p/6, # T(!a"
+.6 ALIDACIN DE LOS INSTRUMENTOS
La a"-( -( "#' ,')!(,#' '( )(;()( a" )a-# (, 5!( !,
,')!(,# )(a"(,( -( "a a)a*"( 5!( p)((,-( (-) pa)a
,!(')a ,('a/6, 5!()(#' (-) "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6, -("#),# -( "a )(;,()a I5!#' 0 p#-() #*'()a) "#' /a*#' (, '!
(;/(,/a.
Pa)a (" ('!-# -( (p#' '( !"6 #+a' -( )(')#' /#, "a
;,a"-a- -( #*(,() ,;#)a/6, p)(/'a -( "#' p)#/('#' -( /#*!'6,
(, (" #),# ('( ,')!(,# ;!( a"-a-# p#) "a p)#pa )(;,()a -(P()#p()=.
+.= PROCEDIMIENTO DE LA INESTIACIN
182
AUTOR PAGINAS
TITULO @ SU%TITULO
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INICIOTITULO
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL ESTUDIOTEMA DE INVESTIGACIN
PRO%LEMA DE INVESTIGACIONPRO%LEMA GENERAL
O%ETIVO GENERALUSTI&ICACIN
IPOTESISMARCO TEORICO%ASES TEORICAS
METODOLOGIATIPO @ NIVEL DE INVESTIGACIN
DISEO DE LA INVESTIGACINPO%LACIN @ MUESTRA DE LA INVESTIGACIN
OPERATIVIKACIN DE VARIA%LES
RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACINANALISIS ESTADISTICO DE LOS RESULTADOSPRUE%A DE IPOTESIS
INTERPRETACIN DE LOS RESULTADOSCOMPARACIN DE RESULTADOS
EVALUACIN DE RESULTADOSCONSECUENCIAS TEORICASAPLICACIONES PRACTICAS
CONCLUCIONESRECOMENDACIONES
FIN
TA%LA 3.4: P)#/(-(,# -( "a ,('a/6,
&!(,(: E"a*#)a/6, p)#pa
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CAPITULO I
PRESENTACIN DE RESULTADOS
).1 ANALISIS DEL BALANCE ENERETICO
P#) "#' -a#' #*(,-#' a)((' -( "#' ,;#)(' p)('(,a-#' 0 "#'
/>"/!"#' )(a"a-#' (, (" '# '( p!(-( -((),a) "a )("a/6, -(
(,()a -(" #),# 311
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D( ('# '( -(-!/( 5!( "a (,()a =" (' -(" $8.87 -(*-# a a)#'
;a/#)(' 5!( '( ('!-a)a, a /#,,!a/6,:
).1.1. P[RDIDAS POR SOBRE-CARA.
S( -(*( /#,'-()a) (" ,(" -( /a)a (, )("a/6, /#, "a a)a/6,
-(" )(,-(,# -( !, #),# (' ap)(/a*"(. D(*-# a 5!( a"
)a*a+a) /#, !,a /a)a '!p()#) a "a -( -'(# '( p)('(,a)a,
!,a '()( -( p)#*"(a' a"(' /##:
a M>' /#,'!# -( /#*!'*"(.
* D('a'( -( "a' *#5!""a' a#a-#)a'.
/ P)#*"(a' (, (" /#,# -( "a ""aa.
- Ipa/# -( "a ""aa /#,)a "#' !*#'.
( A!(,# -(" (/('# -( a)( pa)a /#,)#"a) "a ;#)a -( "a ""aa
0 (a) (" pa/# /#,)a "#' !*#'.
; D(()#)# (, (" a'"a(,#.
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L#' '#' /a!'a, !, a"# p#)/(,a+( -( p)--a (,()/a 0
)('p#,-(, a" *a+# )(,-(,# -(" #),#.
E" #),# P
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)(-(-#) -( 2212B3.B83
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C"#$%&!' 1:
DISCUSIN E INTERPRETACIN DE RESULTADOS
1.1 INTERPRETACIN DE LOS RESULTADOS
E, "a a*"a $.1 '( !(')a "a p)#-!/-a- -( "a ;"#a -(
'/##p)a' a,(' 0 -('p!' -( "a #pa/6, -( "#' /#'#' -(
#p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# a,(' 0 -('p!' -( ap"/a) ("
)aa(,# (p()(,a" -(" /!a" '( p!(-( #*'()a) 5!( a,(' -(
"a #pa/6, "a p)#-!/-a- p)#(-# -( "a ;"#a p#) )a'p#)a)
!,a #,("a-a -( ,()a" ()a -( 1.48B USc#, 0 -('p!' -(
ap"/a) (" )aa(,# (p()(,a" (' -( 1.B41 USc#,
,()p)(a,-# 5!( -('p!' -( ap"/a)"( (" )aa(,# (p()(,a"
a "a ;"#a -( '/##p)a' "( /!('a (,#' )a,'p#)a) !,a #,("a-a
-( ,()a".
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E, "a p)!(*a -( p6('' '( a a"-a-# "a ()-a- -( "a p6(''
-( ,('a/6, pa)a "#' ,("(' -( ',;/a,/a -( B.B$ 0 B.B1 (,
/#,'(/!(,/a ' #pa#' "#' /#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0
a,(,(,# p#) (-# -( !, R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a '(
"#)a ,/)((,a) "a p)#-!/-a- -( "a ;"#a a/!a" -( '/##p)a'
-( "a ,()a V#"/a, !,-a- T/"#.
1.( COMPARACIN DE RESULTADOS
E, "a '!(,( a*"a '( p)('(,a "#' -a#' -( "a p)#-!/-a-
#*(,-#' a,(' 0 -('p!' -( "a #pa/6, -( "#' /#'#' -(
#p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# -( "a ;"#a -( '/##p)a'.
COMPARACIN DE RESULTADOS
I%8 C7;0g'FLOTA ACTUAL FLOTA REPOTENCIADA
M"" M';!' P';&% M"" M';!' P';&%B1 SC < B1 Ta)#/ EC 13B 13$ A"a' C#p/# ST 71B B937B2 SC < B2 Sa,- EC 14$ 13$ A"a' C#p/# ST 71B B937B3 SC < B3 A"a' C#p/# ST 71B 13Y A"a' C#p/# ST 71B B937B4 SC < B4 A"a' C#p/# ST 71B 134 A"a' C#p/# ST 71B B937B$ SC < B$ ^a,() ST YC 1$$ A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B1BY SC < BY Sa,- T#)# 7 1$B A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B1B7 SC < B7 Caa)p""a) R1YBBG 1$$ A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B1B8 SC < B8 A"a' C#p/# ST 1B2B 1Y$ A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B1B9 SC < B9 A"a' C#p/# ST 1B2B 1$$ A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B11B SC < 1B A"a' C#p/# ST 1B2B 1$8 A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B111 SC < 11 A"a' C#p/# ST 1B2B 1$1 A"a' C#p/# ST 1B3B 11B1
Ta*"a $.1: P)#-!/-a- a,(' 0 -('p!' -( "a #pa/6, -( "#' /#'#' -(#p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# -( "a ;"#a -( S/##p)a'
&!(,(: E"a*#)a/6, p)#pa
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D( "a a*"a '( #*'()a 5!( ap"/a,-# (" #-# -( )(;"#a(,# -(
a5!,a)a '( )(a"a)> !,a ,()'6, (, "a a-5!''/6, -( 11 (5!p#'
,!(#' a)/a A"a' C#p/# /#, (""# '( #*(,( a0#) p)#-!/-a- (,#)
)("a/6, /#'#*(,(;/# 0 p#) (,-( "a )(-!//6, -( "#' /#'#' -( #p()a/6,
0 a,(,(,# -( "a ;"#a -( '/##p)a'. A-(>' '( "#)a)> !,a
('a,-a)a/6, -( "#' (5!p#' 0 '( p#-)> !'a) a "#' (5!p#' a/!a"(' -( "a
;"#a /## p)#((-#)(' -( )(p!('#' 0a 5!( a*, '( /!(,a, /#, a0#)
/a,-a- -( (5!p#' a)/a A"a' C#p/#.
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1.3 EALUACIN DE RESULTADOS
La ap"/a/6, -(" R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a (,( /##
/#,'(/!(,/a !,a )(-!//6, -(" /#'# a,!a" -( #p()a/6, 0
a,(,(,# p()# a /a*# -( ('# '( -(*( )(a"a) !,a ,()'6, (,
"a a-5!'/6, -( ,!(#' (5!p#'.
La' #)a' a,!a"(' -( #p()a/6, -( "#' '/##p)a' '#,
ap)#a-a(,( -( 4241.3 #)a' /## '( (,( (" *(,(;/# #)a)#
-( "#' '/##p)a' -( "a ;"#a 0 "#' -( )((p"a# (,#,/(' '( p#-)>
#*(,() "a /a,-a- -( a()a" 5!( #"a, a,!a"(,( p#) (-#
-( !,a !"p"/a/6, -( "a' #)a' -( #p()a/6, a,!a"(' 0 (" *(,(;/#
#)a)#.
E,#,/(' (" a#))# a,!a" '( /a"/!"a)> /#, "a '!(,( (p)('6,:
A#))# T#, a,!a"(' C%&"#a
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I%8 C7;0g'F!'%" A%&"! F!'%" R#'%n0";"
M';!' US\ M';!' US\ B1 SC < B1 EC 13B 134 ST 71B B937B2 SC < B2 EC 14$ 134 ST 71B B937B3 SC < B3 ST 71B 134 ST 71B B937B4 SC < B4 ST 71B 134 ST 71B B937B$ SC < B$ ST YC 1$B ST 1B3B 11B1BY SC < BY T#)# 7 1$B ST 1B3B 11B1B7 SC < B7 R1YBBG 1$B ST 1B3B 11B1B8 SC < B8 ST 1B2B 1$B ST 1B3B 11B1B9 SC < B9 ST 1B2B 1$B ST 1B3B 11B11B SC < 1B ST 1B2B 1$B ST 1B3B 11B111 SC < 11 ST 1B2B 1$B ST 1B3B 11B1
Ta*"a $.2: C% -( "#' (5!p#' -( "a ;"#a 0 (5!p#' ,!(#'
&!(,(: E"a*#)a/6, p)#pa
E" (5!p# -( )((p"a# ST 61+ #"a a,!a"(,( 47BB71.7Y #,("a-a'
5!( )((p"aa,-# (, "a (p)('6, $.1 #*(,(#':
A#))# T#, a,!a"(' C%&"#a
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E'( />"/!"# "# p#-(#' ap)(/a) /#, a0#) -(a""( (, "a '!(,( a*"a:
#)a' #p()a/6, a,!a"(' ) )()1,3%(,(;/# #)a)# #,)ST 71B 4B 0-3 11+,=3(
ST1B3B Y$ 0-3 =3,=13
ANALISIS DE AHORROSCOOPTRAMS
),+ ;3 5,* ;3 N&" F!'%"M,()a" #"a-# #, 47BB718 3$$47Y1C% E5!p#' -( "a &"#a USc#, 134 1$C% E5!p#' -( R((p"a# USc#, B937 11B1A#))# p#) E5!p# USc 1894389 14183$U,-a-(' )((p"aa-a' 4 7 14
A#))# A,!a" USc 7$77$$7 9928447 17$BYBB3Y
Ta*"a $.3: A#))# a,!a" p#) )((p"aa) "#' (5!p#' -( "a ;"#a -( '/##p)a'
&!(,(: E"a*#)a/6, p)#pa
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1.) APLICACIONES PRCTICAS
E'a ,('a/6, '( )(a"6 pa)a "a M,()a V#"/a, !,-a- T/"#
pa)a a' p#-() -a) a /#,#/() 5!( #pa,-# "#' /#'#' -(
#p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# '( "#)a ,/)((,a) "a p)#-!/-a- -(
"a ;"#a a/!a" -( '!' '/##p)a'.
E'a ,('a/6, p!(-( '() ap"/a) (, -;()(,(' (p)('a'
,()a' 5!( (,a, (" '# p)#*"(a -( ,/)((,# -( '!'
/#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# -( '! ;"#a -( /a)a-#)(' a
"# "a)# -( '!' a#' -( #p()a/6,.
A' '# ('a ,('a/6, '( p!(-( #a) /## )(;()(,/a
pa)a #)#' ('!-#' -( ,('a/6, )("a/#,a-#' /#, (" (a.
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CONCLUSIONES
1. E" R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a ,#' p()( "a #pa/6, -( "#'
/#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,# /#, (" /!a" '( "#)a ,/)((,a) "a
p)#-!/-a- -( "a ;"#a a/!a" -( '/##p)a'.
2. C#, (" R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a '( )((p"aa #-#' "#' '/##p)a'
-( "a ;"#a ', )(p#(,/a) ,,!,# -(*-# a 5!( "#' (5!p#' -( "a ;"#a
a/!a" -( '/##p)a' 0a (,(, !/#' a#' -( #p()a/6, 0 0a pa'a)#,
p#) >' -( !, O()a!".
3. La ap"/a/6, -(" R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a (,( (,a+a' /,/a' 0
(/#,6/a'. T/,/a' p#)5!( (" a,(,(,# -( "#' '/##p)a' ('>
a/#)-( a "a' )(/#(,-a/#,(' -(" ;a*)/a,( 0 (/#,6/a' p#)5!( '(
"#)a (,() !,a ;"#a ('a,-a)a-a -(*-# a (""# ,# '( /#,'-()a (,()
/#'#' p#) a,(,() '#/ -( )(p!('#' -( -;()(,(' a)/a'.
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4. D( a/!()-# a" a,>"'' C#'#%(,(;/# )(a"a-# pa)a "a a-5!'/6, -(
"#' '/##p)a' -( )((p"a# -( 42 0-3 (" >' )(,a*"( (, (" ()/a-#
;!( (" S/##p)a a)/a A"a' C#p/# ST71B /#, !,a p)#-!/-a- -(
B.937 USc#, ;)(,( a "#' '/##p)a' a)/a Sa,- TOROY 0 a)/a
Caa)p""a) R13BBG p!('# 5!( /#, ('#' /!('a >' )a,'p#)a) !,a
#,("a-a -( ,()a".
$. D( a/!()-# a" a,>"'' C#'#%(,(;/# )(a"a-# pa)a "a a-5!'/6, -(
"#' '/##p)a' -( )((p"a# -( Y$ 0-3 (" >' )(,a*"( (, (" ()/a-#
;!( (" S/##p)a a)/a A"a' C#p/# ST1B3B /#, !,a p)#-!/-a- -(
1.1B7 USc#, ;)(,( a "#' '/##p)a' a)/a Sa,- TORO7 0 a)/a
Caa)p""a) R1YBBG p!('# 5!( /#, ('#' /!('a >' )a,'p#)a) !,a
#,("a-a -( ,()a".
Y. La ap"/a/6, -(" #-# )(5!()( !,a ,()'6, (, "a a-5!'/6, -(
(5!p#' ,!(#' -( 3 9B$ BBB USc.
7. R(a"a,-# "a #pa/6, -( "#' /#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,#
p#) (-# -( !, R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a (" a#))# a,!a" -( /#'#'
(' -( 1 74$ Y24 USc
8. La ,()'6, )(a"a-a ,/a"(,( pa)a "a a-5!'/6, -( ,!(#'
(5!p#' '( )(/!p()a)> (, 2.24 a#' 5!(->,-#,#' B7Y a#' -( !"-a-
5!( (, -,()# )(p)('(,a 1 331 872 USc p!('# 5!( a "a' 12 BBB #)a'
-( #p()a/6, 3 a#' ap)#a-a(,( )(/#(,-a, "#' (p()#'
)(a"a) !, O()a!" a "#' '/##p)a'.
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RECOMENDACIONES
1. S( )(/#(,-a ap"/a) (" R(;"#a(,# -( Ma5!,a)a pa)a a'
#pa) "#' /#'#' -( #p()a/6, 0 a,(,(,#H 0 p#) (,-(
,/)((,a) "a p)#-!/-a- -( "a ;"#a -( '/##p)a' -( "a M,()a
V#"/a, !,-a- T/"#.
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BIBLIORAFIA
1. ESPINOZA MONTES, CIRO. METODOLOGA DE LA
INVESTIGACIN TECNOLGICA P)()a (-/6, (-#)a" Ia(,
G)>;/a SAC a)# -( 2B1B.
2. ROBERTO HERNADEZ SAMPIERI, CARLOS FERNANDEZ
COLLADO, PILAR BAPTISTA LUCIO. METODOLOGIA DE LA
INVESTIGACIN F!,a E-/6, (-#)a" M/ G)a\
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$. NICHOLS HERBERT REPARACIN @ MANTENIMIENTO DE
MAFUINARIA PESADA. S(!,-a (-/6, M/# E-#)a" M/ G)a\