Download - Sec 14- 16 Consti
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
1/83
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
2/83
;1 e#+r+-e Reo$'-%on o November 23, 2050,?50@ -e
Co'r- &ono$%(+-e( AM No 504554"4SC .%- AM No 504
554!4SC Te Co'r- +$$ -re+- %n + e#+r+-e Reo$'-%on AM No 50455474SC
Me+n.%$e, v+r%o' )ro'#?55@ +$o en- -o -e C%e '-%&e
-e%r re#e&-%ve reo$'-%on +n( -+-emen- be+r%n) on -ee
m+--er
Te #r%n&%#+$ +&&'e( %n -e &+e, An(+$ Am#+-'+n, r
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
3/83
-e )overnmen- or re(re o )r%ev+n&e, r%)- o ree +&&e -o
&o'r-, +n( ree(om o +o&%+-%on, su%)e*t -o re)'$+-%on -o be
%'e( b1 -e Co'r-
The Court artiall! "#ANTS pro hac vice etitioners
ra!er for a li$e %roadcast of the trial court
roceedings , subject to the guidelines .%& +$$ be
en'mer+-e( or-$1.
P'-- L+.?57@ -+-e -+- -e&no$o)1 % (om%n+-e( b1 -.o -1#e
o #eo#$e: -oe .o 'n(er-+n( .+- -e1 (o no- m+n+)e, +n(
-oe .o m+n+)e .+- -e1 (o no- 'n(er-+n( In(ee(,
member o -% Co'r- &+nno- -r%# -e%r *'(%&%+$ robe +n( (on
-e e#er- )o.n, o -o #e+/, %n + #re-ene -o oreee +n(
+-om +$$ er%o' #re*'(%&e or r%/ rom -e 'e o
-e&no$o)1 %n%(e -e &o'r-room
A (e&+(e +-er (strada +n( + &ore +-er A$uino, -e Co'r- %
on&e +)+%n +&e( .%- -e +me -+/ o -r%/%n) -+- (e$%&+-e
b+$+n&e be-.een eem%n)$1 &om#e-%n) 1e-
&er-+%n$1 *omplementary r%)-
Te %n(%&+-%on o er%o' r%/ #oe( b1 $%ve me(%+ &over+)e
-o -e +&&'e( r%)- -o ('e #ro&e, $e- 'ne#$+%ne( +n(
'ne#$ore( %n -e er+ ob-+%n%n) %n A$uino +n( (strada, + $e-
+ b$o. -o -e eer&%e o #re ree(om +n( -e r%)- -o #'b$%&
%norm+-%on
The rationale for an outright total rohi%ition &as
shrouded' as it is no&' inside the co(forta%le cocoon of a
feared seculation &hich no scientific stud! in the
)hiliine setting confir(s' and &hich fear' if an!' (a! %edealt &ith %! safeguards and safet! nets under e*isting
rules and e*acting regulations
In -% (+1 +n( +)e, %- % +bo'- -%me -o &r+- + &in-&in
situation -+- +$$ no- &om#rom%e r%)- %n -e &r%m%n+$
+(m%n%-r+-%on o *'-%&e, +&r%%&e #re ree(om +n( +$$%e(
r%)-, +n( %n-erere .%- -e %n-e)r%-1, (%)n%-1 +n( o$emn%-1 o
*'(%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) Com#$%+n&e .%- re)'$+-%on, no-
&'r-+%$men- o + r%)-, #rov%(e + .or/+b$e o$'-%on -o -e
&on&ern r+%e( %n -ee +(m%n%-r+-%ve m+--er, .%$e, +- -e
+me -%me, m+%n-+%n%n) -e +me 'n(er$1%n) #r%n&%#$e '#e$(
%n -e -.o #rev%o' &+e
Te b+%& #r%n&%#$e '#e$( %n A$uino % %rm ?+@ -r%+$ o +n1
/%n( or %n +n1 &o'r- % + m+--er o er%o' %m#or-+n&e -o +$$
&on&erne( +n( o'$( no- be -re+-e( + + me+n o
en-er-+%nmen-?, +n( -@o o -re+- %- (e#r%ve -e &o'r- o -e
(%)n%-1 .%& #er-+%n -o %- +n( (e#+r- rom -e or(er$1 +n(
er%o' 'e- or -r'- or .%& o'r *'(%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) +re
orm'$+-e( Te oberv+-%on -+- ?m@+%ve %n-r'%on o
re#reen-+-%ve o -e ne. me(%+ %n-o -e -r%+$ %-e$ &+n o
+$-er +n( (e-ro1 -e &on-%-'-%on+$$1 ne&e+r1 +-mo#ere +n(
(e&or'm -+n(
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
4/83
Te Co'r- &on&$'(e( %n A$uino:
Con%(er%n) -e #re*'(%&e %- #oe -o -e (een(+n-r%)- -o ('e #ro&e + .e$$ + -o -e +%r +n( or(er$1
+(m%n%-r+-%on o *'-%&e, +n( &on%(er%n) 'r-er -+- -e
ree(om o -e #re +n( -e r%)- o -e #eo#$e -o%norm+-%on m+1 be erve( +n( +-%%e( b1 $e
(%-r+&-%n), (e)r+(%n) +n( #re*'(%&%+$ me+n, $%ve r+(%o+n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r- #ro&ee(%n) +$$ no- be
+$$o.e( V%(eo oo-+)e o &o'r- e+r%n) or ne.
#'r#oe +$$ be re-r%&-e( +n( $%m%-e( -o o- o -e&o'r-room, -e *'(%&%+$ o%&er, -e #+r-%e +n( -e%r
&o'ne$ -+/en #r%or -o -e &ommen&emen- o o%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) No v%(eo o- or #o-o)r+# +$$ be
#erm%--e( ('r%n) -e -r%+$ #ro#er
A&&or(%n)$1, %n or(er -o #ro-e&- -e #+r-%e r%)- -o ('e
#ro&e, -o #reven- -e (%-r+&-%on o -e #+r-%&%#+n- %n-e #ro&ee(%n) +n( %n -e $+- +n+$1%, -o +vo%(
m%&+rr%+)e o *'-%&e, -e Co'r- reo$ve( -o PROH$;IT$%ve r+(%o +n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r- #ro&ee(%n)
V%(eo oo-+)e o &o'r- e+r%n) or ne. #'r#oe +$$
be $%m%-e( +n( re-r%&-e( + +bove %n(%&+-e(?5"@
Te Co'r- +( +no-er 'n%'e o##or-'n%-1 %n (strada -o rev%%-
-e 'e-%on o $%ve r+(%o +n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r-
#ro&ee(%n) %n + &r%m%n+$ &+e I- e$( -+- ?-@e #ro#r%e-1 o
)r+n-%n) or (en1%n) -e %n-+n- #e-%-%on %nvo$ve?@ -e .e%)%n)
o'- o -e &on-%-'-%on+$ )'+r+n-ee o ree(om o -e #re +n(
-e r%)- -o #'b$%& %norm+-%on, on -e one +n(, +n( -e
'n(+men-+$ r%)- o -e +&&'e(, on -e o-er +n(, +$on)
.%- -e &on-%-'-%on+$ #o.er o + &o'r- -o &on-ro$ %- #ro&ee(%n) %n en'r%n) + +%r +n( %m#+r-%+$ -r%+$ Te Co'r-
(%#oe(:
Te Co'r- % no- +$$ -+- 'nm%n('$ o re&en-
-e&no$o)%&+$ +n( &%en-%%& +(v+n&e b'- -o &+n&e
or-.%- -e $%e or $%ber-1 o +n1 #eron %n + +-1 b%(-o 'e +n( +##$1 -em, even beore +m#$e +e-1 ne- +re
#rov%(e( +n( -e &on&ern ere-oore e#ree( +re +#-$1+((ree(, % + #r%&e -oo %) -o #+1
+,#O#, -e #e-%-%on % /N/
SO O#/#/.?59@
In reo$v%n) -e mo-%on or re&on%(er+-%on, -e Co'r-
%n (strada, b1 Reo$'-%on o Se#-ember 53, 2005, #rov%(e( +
)$%mmer o o#e .en %- or(ere( -e +'(%o4v%'+$ re&or(%n) o
-e -r%+$ or (o&'men-+r1 #'r#oe, 'n(er -e o$$o.%n)&on(%-%on:
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
5/83
&on%-en- .%- -e (%)n%-1 +n( o$emn%-1 o -e #ro&ee(%n)
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
6/83
%n$'en&e % no- -+n-+mo'n- -o +&-'+$ #re*'(%&e re'$-%n) %n -e
(e#r%v+-%on o -e r%)- -o + +%r -r%+$
Moreover, +n +))r%eve( #+r-1 + +m#$e $e)+$ reme(%e Hem+1 &+$$en)e -e v+$%(%-1 o +n +(vere *'()men- +r%%n) rom
+ #ro&ee(%n) -+- -r+n)ree( + &on-%-'-%on+$ r%)- A #o%n-e(
o'- b1 #e-%-%oner, +n +))r%eve( #+r-1 m+1 e+r$1 on move or +
&+n)e o ven'e, or &on-%n'+n&e 'n-%$ -e #re*'(%&e rom
#'b$%&%-1 % +b+-e(, or (%'+$%%&+-%on o -e *'()e, +n( or
&$o're o #or-%on o -e -r%+$ .en ne&e+r1 Te -r%+$ &o'r-
m+1 $%/e.%e eer&%e %- #o.er o &on-em#- +n( %'e )+)
or(er
One +##+ren- &%r&'m-+n&e -+- e- -e M+)'%n(+n+o
M++&re &+e +#+r- rom -e e+r$%er &+e % -e %m#o%b%$%-1
o +&&ommo(+-%n) even -e #+r-%e -o -e &+e -e #r%v+-e
&om#$+%n+n-+m%$%e o -e v%&-%m +n( o-er .%-nee %n%(e
-e &o'r-room On #'b$%& -r%+$, (strada b+%&+$$1 (%&'e:
An +&&'e( + + r%)- -o + #'b$%& -r%+$ b'- %- % +r%)- -+- be$on) -o %m, more -+n +n1one e$e,
.ere % $%e or $%ber-1 &+n be e$( &r%-%&+$$1 %n b+$+n&e A #'b$%& -r%+$ +%m -o en're -+- e %
+%r$1 (e+$- .%- +n( .o'$( no- be 'n*'-$1&on(emne( +n( -+- % r%)- +re no-
&om#rom%e( %n e&re-e &on&$+ve o $on) +)o A #'b$%& -r%+$ % no- 1non1mo' .%- #'b$%&%>e(
-r%+$ %- on$1 %m#$%e -+- -e &o'r- (oor m'- be
o#en -o -oe .o .% -o &ome, %- %n -e+v+%$+b$e e+-, &on('&- -eme$ve .%-
(e&or'm +n( oberve -e -r%+$ #ro&e In -e
&on-%-'-%on+$ ene, + &o'r-room o'$( +ve
eno') +&%$%-%e or + re+on+b$e n'mber o -e #'b$%& -o oberve -e #ro&ee(%n), no- -oo m+$$+ -o ren(er -e o#enne ne)$%)%b$e +n( no- -oo
$+r)e + -o (%-r+&- -e -r%+$ #+r-%&%#+n- rom-e%r #ro#er 'n&-%on, .o +$$ -en be -o-+$$1
ree -o re#or- .+- -e1 +ve oberve( ('r%n) -e
#ro&ee(%n)?27@
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
7/83
eno') +- more % -e r%)- %-e$ &omm+n( -+- +
re+on+b$e n'mber o -e )ener+$ #'b$%& be +$$o.e( -o .%-ne
-e #ro&ee(%n) + %- -+/e #$+&e %n%(e -e
&o'r-room Te&no$o)1 -en( -o #rov%(e -e on$1 o$'-%on -o bre+/ -e %neren- $%m%-+-%on o -e &o'r-room, -o +-%1 -e
%m#er+-%ve o + -r+n#+ren-, o#en +n( #'b$%& -r%+$
In o +$$o.%n) pro ha* vi*e -e $%ve bro+(&+-%n) b1 r+(%o +n(
-e$ev%%on o -e M+)'%n(+n+o M++&re &+e, -e Co'r- $+1
(o.n -e o$$o.%n) guidelines -o.+r( +((re%n) -e &on&ern
men-%one( %n A$uino +n( (strada:
oom%n) +$$
be +$$o.e( -o +vo%( 'n('$1 %)$%)-%n) or (o.n#$+1%n) %n&%(en- %n -e #ro&ee(%n) Te
&+mer+ +n( -e ne&e+r1 e'%#men- +$$ be
o#er+-e( +n( &on-ro$$e( on$1 b1 + ('$1(e%)n+-e( o%&%+$ or em#$o1ee o -e S'#reme
Co'r- Te &+mer+ e'%#men- o'$( no- #ro('&e or be+m +n1 (%-r+&-%n) o'n( or $%)-
r+1 S%)n+$ $%)- or %)n o.%n) -ee'%#men- % o#er+-%n) o'$( no- be v%%b$e A$%m%-e( n'mber o m%&ro#one +n( -e $e+-
%n-+$$+-%on o .%r%n), % no- .%re$e -e&no$o)1,m'- be 'nob-r'%ve$1 $o&+-e( %n #$+&e %n(%&+-e(
b1 -e -r%+$ &o'r-
Te P'b$%& Inorm+-%on O%&e +n( -e
O%&e o -e Co'r- A(m%n%-r+-or +$$&oor(%n+-e +n( +%- -e -r%+$ &o'r- on -e
#1%&+$ e-4'# o -e &+mer+ +n( e'%#men-
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
8/83
Te +r(.+re or e-+b$%%n) +n%n-er&onne&-%on or $%n/ .%- -e &+mer+
e'%#men- mon%-or%n) -e #ro&ee(%n) +$$ be
or -e +&&o'n- o -e me(%+ en-%-%e, .%&
o'$( em#$o1 -e&no$o)1 -+- &+n
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
9/83
+n( be 'b*e&- -o -e &on-em#- #o.er o -e&o'r-
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
10/83
LEJANO V PEOPLE
ABA/' J :
Brief Bac3ground
On 'ne 30, 55 E-re$$%-+ V%>&on(e +n( er
(+')-er C+rme$+, n%ne-een 1e+r o$(, +n( enn%er,
even, .ere br'-+$$1 $+%n +- -e%r ome
%n P+r++'e C%-1Fo$$o.%n) +n %n-ene %nve-%)+-%on,
-e #o$%&e +rre-e( + )ro'# o '#e&-, ome o .om
)+ve (e-+%$e( &one%on ;'- -e -r%+$ &o'r- me$$e(
+ r+me4'# +n( even-'+$$1 or(ere( -em
(%&+r)e( T', -e %(en-%-%e o -e re+$ #er#e-r+-or
rem+%ne( + m1-er1 e#e&%+$$1 -o -e #'b$%& .oe
%n-ere- .ere +ro'e( b1 -e )r%##%n) (e-+%$ o .+-
ever1bo(1 reerre( -o + -e V%>&on(e m++&re
Fo'r 1e+r $+-er %n 5!, -e N+-%on+$ ;'re+' o Inve-%)+-%on or N;I +nno'n&e( -+- %- +( o$ve( -e
&r%me I- #reen-e( -+r4.%-ne e%&+ M A$+ro, one
o %- %normer, .o &$+%me( -+- e .%-nee( -e
&r%me Se #o%n-e( -o +&&'e( H'ber- ere1 P ebb,
An-on%o Ton1 ;o1 Le*+no, Ar-em%o Don) Ven-'r+,
M%&+e$ A G+-&+$%+n, Ho#%&%o P1/e Fern+n(e>,
Pe-er E-r+(+, M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e>, +n( oe1 F%$+r-
+ -e &'$#r%- Se +$o -+))e( +&&'e( #o$%&e o%&er,Ger+r(o ;%on), + +n +&&eor1 +-er -e +&- Re$1%n)
#r%m+r%$1 on A$+ro -e-%mon1, on A')'- 50, 5!
-e #'b$%& #roe&'-or %$e( +n %norm+-%on or r+#e
.%- om%&%(e +)+%n- ebb, et al ?5@
Te Re)%on+$ Tr%+$ Co'r- o P+r++'e C%-1,
;r+n& 2"8, #re%(e( over b1 '()e Ame$%-+ G
To$en-%no, -r%e( on$1 even o -e +&&'e( %n&e
Ar-em%o Ven-'r+ +n( oe1 F%$+r- rem+%ne( +- $+r)e?2@ Te #roe&'-%on #reen-e( A$+ro + %- m+%n
.%-ne .%- -e o-er &orrobor+-%n) er
-e-%mon1 Tee %n&$'(e( -e me(%&o4$e)+$ o%&er
.o +'-o#%e( -e bo(%e o -e v%&-%m, -e e&'r%-1
)'+r( o P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on, -e ormer
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn1http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn2http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn1http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn2
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
11/83
$+'n(r1.om+n o -e ebb o'eo$(, #o$%&e o%&er
;%on) ormer )%r$r%en(, +n( L+'ro G V%>&on(e,
E-re$$%-+ 'b+n(
For -e%r #+r-, ome o -e +&&'e( -e-%%e(,
(en1%n) +n1 #+r- %n -e &r%me +n( +1%n) -e1 .ere
e$e.ere .en %- -oo/ #$+&e ebb +$%b% +##e+re(
-e -ron)e- %n&e e &$+%me( -+- e .+ -en +&ro
-e o&e+n %n -e Un%-e( S-+-e o Amer%&+ He
#reen-e( -e -e-%mon%e o .%-nee + .e$$ +
(o&'men-+r1 +n( ob*e&- ev%(en&e -o #rove -% In
+((%-%on, -e (eene #reen-e( .%-nee -o o.A$+ro b+( re#'-+-%on or -r'- +n( -e %n&re(%b$e
n+-'re o er -e-%mon1
;'- %m#ree( b1 A$+ro (e-+%$e( n+rr+-%on o
-e &r%me +n( -e even- 'rro'n(%n) %-, -e -r%+$ &o'r-
o'n( + &re(%b$e .%-ne %n er I- no-e( er
&+-e)or%&+$, -r+%)-or.+r(, #on-+neo', +n( r+n/
-e-%mon1, 'n(+m+)e( b1 )r'e$%n) &ro4
e+m%n+-%on Te -r%+$ &o'r- rem+%ne( 'n+>e( b1
%)n%%&+n- (%&re#+n&%e be-.een A$+ro A#r%$ 29
+n( M+1 22, 5! +%(+v%-, +&&e#-%n) er
e#$+n+-%on -+- e +- %r- .+n-e( -o #ro-e&- er
ormer bo1r%en(, +&&'e( E-r+(+, +n( + re$+-%ve,
+&&'e( G+-&+$%+n -+- no $+.1er +%-e( er -+-
e (%( no- -r'- -e %nve-%)+-or .o e$#e( er
#re#+re er %r- +%(+v%- +n( -+- e e$- 'n're %
e .o'$( )e- -e '##or- +n( e&'r%-1 e nee(e(
on&e e (%&$oe( +$$ +bo'- -e V%>&on(e /%$$%n)
In &on-r+-, -e -r%+$ &o'r- -o')- $%--$e o -e
(en%+$ +n( +$%b% -+- ebb, Le*+no, Ro(r%)'e>, +n(
G+-&+$%+n e- '# or -e%r (eene Te1 #+$e(,
+&&or(%n) -o -e &o'r-, &om#+re( -o A$+ro -e-%mon1
-+- o-er .%-nee +n( -e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e
&orrobor+-e( T', on +n'+r1 8, 2000, +-er o'r
1e+r o +r('o' e+r%n), -e -r%+$ &o'r- ren(ere( *'()men-, %n(%n) +$$ -e +&&'e( )'%$-1 + &+r)e(
+n( %m#o%n) on ebb, Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n,
Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+, +n( Ro(r%)'e> -e #en+$-1 o
re&$'%on #er#e-'+ +n( on ;%on), +n %n(e-erm%n+-e
#r%on -erm o e$even 1e+r, o'r mon-, +n( one (+1
-o -.e$ve 1e+r Te -r%+$ &o'r- +$o +.+r(e( (+m+)e
-o L+'ro V%>&on(e?3@
On +##e+$, -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +%rme( -e
-r%+$ &o'r- (e&%%on, mo(%1%n) -e #en+$-1 %m#oe(
on ;%on) -o % 1e+r m%n%m'm +n( -.e$ve 1e+r
m+%m'm +n( %n&re+%n) -e +.+r( o (+m+)e -o
L+'ro V%>&on(e?8@ Te +##e$$+-e &o'r- (%( no- +)ree
-+- -e +&&'e( .ere -r%e( b1 #'b$%&%-1 or -+- -e
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn3http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn4http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn3http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn4
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
12/83
-r%+$ *'()e .+ b%+e( I- o'n( '%&%en- ev%(en&e o
&on#%r+&1 -+- ren(ere( Ro(r%)'e>, G+-&+$%+n,
Fern+n(e>, +n( E-r+(+ e'+$$1 )'%$-1 .%- -oe .o
+( + #+r- %n r+#%n) +n( /%$$%n) C+rme$+ +n( %nee&'-%n) er mo-er +n( %-er
On mo-%on or re&on%(er+-%on b1 -e +&&'e(,
-e Co'r- o A##e+$ S#e&%+$ D%v%%on o %ve
member vo-e( -ree +)+%n- -.o -o (en1 -e mo-%on,?!@ en&e, -e #reen- +##e+$
On A#r%$ 20, 2050, + + re'$- o %- %n%-%+$(e$%ber+-%on %n -% &+e, -e Co'r- %'e( + Reo$'-%on
)r+n-%n) -e re'e- o ebb -o 'bm%- or DNA
+n+$1% -e emen #e&%men -+/en rom C+rme$+
&+(+ver, .%& #e&%men .+ -en be$%eve( -%$$ 'n(er
-e +e/ee#%n) o -e N;I Te Co'r- )r+n-e( -e
re'e- #'r'+n- -o e&-%on 8 o -e R'$e on DNA
Ev%(en&e?7@ -o )%ve -e +&&'e( +n( -e #roe&'-%on
+&&e -o &%en-%%& ev%(en&e -+- -e1 m%)- .+n- -o
+v+%$ -eme$ve o, $e+(%n) -o + &orre&- (e&%%on %n
-e &+e
Unor-'n+-e$1, on A#r%$ 2", 2050 -e N;I
%norme( -e Co'r- -+- %- no $on)er + &'-o(1 o -e
#e&%men, -e +me +v%n) been -'rne( over -o -e
-r%+$ &o'r-Te -r%+$ re&or( o., o.ever, -+- -e
#e&%men .+ no- +mon) -e ob*e&- ev%(en&e -+- -e
#roe&'-%on oere( %n ev%(en&e %n -e &+e
T% o'-&ome #rom#-e( +&&'e( ebb -o %$e
+n 'r)en- mo-%on -o +&'%- on -e )ro'n( -+- -e
)overnmen- +%$'re -o #reerve '& v%-+$ ev%(en&e
+ re'$-e( %n -e (en%+$ o % r%)- -o ('e #ro&e
ssues )resented
A&&'e( ebb mo-%on -o +&'%- #reen- +-reo$( %'e: .e-er or no- -e Co'r- o'$(
+&'%- %m o'-r%)-, )%ven -e )overnmen- +%$'re -o
#ro('&e -e emen #e&%men -+- -e N;I o'n( on
C+rme$+ &+(+ver, -' (e#r%v%n) %m o ev%(en&e -+-
.o'$( #rove % %nno&en&e
In -e m+%n, +$$ -e +&&'e( r+%e -e &en-r+$
%'e o .e-er or no- ebb, +&-%n) %n &on#%r+&1
.%- Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+,
Ro(r%)'e>, Ven-'r+, +n( F%$+r-, r+#e( +n( /%$$e(
C+rme$+ +n( #'- -o (e+- er mo-er +n( %-er ;'-,
'$-%m+-e$1, -e &on-ro$$%n) %'e +re:
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn5http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn6http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn5http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn6
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
13/83
5 e-er or no- A$+ro -e-%mon1 +
e1e.%-ne, (e&r%b%n) -e &r%me +n( %(en-%1%n)
ebb, Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+,
Ro(r%)'e>, +n( -.o o-er + -e #eron .o&omm%--e( %-, % en-%-$e( -o be$%e +n(
2 e-er or no- ebb #reen-e( '%&%en-
ev%(en&e -o #rove % +$%b% +n( reb'- A$+ro
-e-%mon1 -+- e $e( -e o-er %n &omm%--%n) -e
&r%me
Te %'e re#e&-%n) +&&'e( ;%on) % .e-er or no- e +&-e( -o &over '# -e &r%me +-er %-
&omm%%on
The #ight to Ac4uittal
/ue to oss of /NA $idence
ebb &$+%m, &%-%n) -rady v. Maryland ,?"@ -+-
e % en-%-$e( -o o'-r%)- +&'%--+$ on -e )ro'n( o v%o$+-%on o % r%)- -o ('e #ro&e )%ven -e S-+-e
+%$'re -o #ro('&e on or(er o -e Co'r- e%-er b1
ne)$%)en&e or .%$$'$ '##re%on -e emen #e&%men
-+/en rom C+rme$+
Te me(%&+$ ev%(en&e &$e+r$1 e-+b$%e( -+-
C+rme$+ .+ r+#e( +n(, &on%-en- .%- -%, emen
#e&%men .+ o'n( %n er I- % -r'e -+- A$+ro
%(en-%%e( ebb %n er -e-%mon1 + C+rme$+ r+#%-+n( /%$$er b'- er%o' 'e-%on +( been r+%e( +bo'-
er &re(%b%$%-1 A- -e ver1 $e+-, -ere e%- +
#o%b%$%-1 -+- A$+ro +( $%e( On -e o-er +n(, -e
emen #e&%men -+/en rom C+rme$+ &+nno- #o%b$1
$%e I- &+nno- be &o+&e( or +$$'re( b1 + #rom%e o
re.+r( or %n+n&%+$ '##or-No -.o #eron +ve -e
+me DNA %n)er#r%n-, .%- -e e&e#-%on o %(en-%&+$
-.%n?9@ I, on e+m%n+-%on, -e DNA o -e 'b*e&-#e&%men (oe no- be$on) -o ebb, -en e (%( no-
r+#e C+rme$+ I- % -+- %m#$e T', -e Co'r- .o'$(
+ve been +b$e -o (e-erm%ne -+- A$+ro &omm%--e(
#er*'r1 %n +1%n) -+- e (%(
S-%$$, ebb % no- en-%-$e( -o +&'%--+$ or -e
+%$'re o -e S-+-e -o #ro('&e -e emen #e&%men +-
-% $+-e -+)e For one -%n), -e r'$%n) %n -rady v.
Maryland ?@ -+- e &%-e + $on) be over-+/en b1 -e
(e&%%on %n Ari#ona v. oung%lood ,?50@ .ere -e US
S'#reme Co'r- e$( -+- ('e #ro&e (oe no- re'%re
-e S-+-e -o #reerve -e emen #e&%men +$-o') %-
m%)- be 'e'$ -o -e +&&'e( 'n$e -e $+--er % +b$e
-o o. b+( +%- on -e #+r- o -e #roe&'-%on or -e
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn7http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn8http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn9http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn10http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn7http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn8http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn9http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn10
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
14/83
#o$%&e Here, -e S-+-e #reen-e( + me(%&+$ e#er- .o
-e-%%e( on -e e%-en&e o -e #e&%men +n( ebb %n
+&- o')- -o +ve -e +me 'b*e&-e( -o DNA -e-
For, +no-er, .en ebb r+%e( -e DNA %'e,
-e r'$e )overn%n) DNA ev%(en&e (%( no- 1e- e%-,
-e &o'n-r1 (%( no- 1e- +ve -e -e&no$o)1 or
&on('&-%n) -e -e-, +n( no P%$%##%ne #re&e(en- +(
+ 1e- re&o)n%>e( %- +(m%%b%$%-1 +
ev%(en&e Cone'en-$1, -e %(e+ o /ee#%n) -e
#e&%men e&'re even +-er -e -r%+$ &o'r- re*e&-e( -e
mo-%on or DNA -e-%n) (%( no- &ome '# In(ee(,ne%-er ebb nor % &o4+&&'e( bro')- '# -e
m+--er o #reerv%n) -e #e&%men %n -e me+n-%me
P+ren-e-%&+$$1, +-er -e -r%+$ &o'r- (en%e(
ebb +##$%&+-%on or DNA -e-%n), e +$$o.e( -e
#ro&ee(%n) -o move on .en e +( on +- $e+- -.o
o&&+%on )one '# -o -e Co'r- o A##e+$ or -e
S'#reme Co'r- -o &+$$en)e +$$e)e( +rb%-r+r1 +&-%on
-+/en +)+%n- %m +n( -e o-er +&&'e(?55@ Te1
r+%e( -e DNA %'e beore -e Co'r- o A##e+$ b'-
mere$1 + +n error &omm%--e( b1 -e -r%+$ &o'r- %n
ren(er%n) %- (e&%%on %n -e &+e None o -e +&&'e(
%$e( + mo-%on .%- -e +##e+$ &o'r- -o +ve -e DNA
-e- (one #en(%n) +(*'(%&+-%on o -e%r +##e+$ T%,
even .en -e S'#reme Co'r- +( %n -e me+n-%me
#+e( -e r'$e +$$o.%n) '& -e- Con%(er%n) -e
+&&'e( $+&/ o %n-ere- %n +v%n) '& -e- (one, -e
S-+-e &+nno- be (eeme( #'- on re+on+b$e no-%&e -+-%- .o'$( be re'%re( -o #ro('&e -e emen #e&%men +-
ome '-'re -%me
No., -o -e mer%- o -e &+e
Alfaros Stor!
;+e( on -e #roe&'-%on ver%on, &'$$e( rom-e (e&%%on o -e -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o
A##e+$, on 'ne 2, 55 +- +ro'n( 9:30 %n -e
even%n), e%&+ A$+ro (rove er M%-'b%% L+n&er,
.%- bo1r%en( Pe-er E-r+(+ + #+en)er, -o
-e A1+$+ A$+b+n) Commer&%+$ Cen-er #+r/%n) $o- -o
b'1 sha%u rom Ar-em%o
Don) Ven-'r+ Tere, Ven-'r+ %n-ro('&e( er -o %
r%en(: H'ber- ere1 P ebb, An-on%o Ton1 ;o1
Le*+no, M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e>, Ho#%&%o P1/e
Fern+n(e>, M%&+e$ G+-&+$%+n, +n( oe1
F%$+r- A$+ro re&+$$e( re'en-$1 ee%n) -em +-
+ sha%u o'e %n P+r++'e %n +n'+r1 55,
e&e#- Ven-'r+ .om e +( /no.n e+r$%er %n
De&ember 50
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn11http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn11
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
15/83
A A$+ro mo/e( er +b', ebb +##ro+&e(
+n( re'e-e( er -o re$+1 + me+)e or %m -o + )%r$,
.om e $+-er %(en-%%e( + C+rme$+V%>&on(e A$+ro +)ree( A-er '%n) '# -e%r +b',
-e )ro'# (rove -o C+rme$+ o'e +- 90 V%n>on
S-ree-, P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on, ;F
Home, P+r++'e C%-1 R%(%n) %n er &+r, A$+ro +n(
E-r+(+ -r+%$e( F%$+r- +n( Ro(r%)'e> .o ro(e +
M+>(+ #%&/4'# +n( ebb, Le*+no, Ven-'r+,
Fern+n(e>, +n( G+-&+$%+n .o .ere on + N%+n
P+-ro$ &+r
On re+&%n) -e%r (e-%n+-%on, A$+ro #+r/e( er
&+r on V%n>on S-ree-, +$%)-e(, +n( +##ro+&e(
C+rme$+ o'e A$+ro #ree( -e b'>>er +n( +
.om+n &+me o'- A$+ro 'er%e( er +bo'-
C+rme$+ A$+ro +( me- C+rme$+ -.%&e beore %n
+n'+r1 55 en C+rme$+ &+me o'-, A$+ro )+ve
er ebb me+)e -+- e .+ *'- +ro'n( C+rme$+
re#$%e(, o.ever, -+- e &o'$( no- )o o'- 1e- %n&e
e +( *'- +rr%ve( ome Se -o$( A$+ro -o re-'rn
+-er -.en-1 m%n'-e A$+ro re$+1e( -% -o ebb .o
-en -o$( -e )ro'# -o (r%ve b+&/ -o
-e A1+$+ A$+b+n) Commer&%+$ Cen-er
Te )ro'# +( +no-er sha%u e%on +- -e
#+r/%n) $o- A-er ome-%me, -e1 (rove b+&/ b'- on$1
A$+ro #ro&ee(e( -o V%n>on S-ree- .ere C+rme$+
$%ve( Te N%+n P+-ro$ +n( -e M+>(+ #%&/4'#, .%--e%r #+en)er, #+r/e( ome.ere +$on) A)'%rre
Aven'e C+rme$+ .+ +- -e%r )+r(en Se +##ro+&e(
A$+ro on ee%n) er +n( -o$( -e $+--er -+- e
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
16/83
&om#+n%on, ebb moo( &+n)e( or -e re- o -e
even%n) &on(e o'e
+n( -e ne- %$e .+%-%n) or -e o-er -o +$%)-
rom -e%r &+r, Fern+n(e> +##ro+&e( A$+ro .%- +
'))e-%on -+- -e1 b$o. '# -e -r+normer ne+r -e
V%>&on(e re%(en&e -o &+'e + bro.no'- , Malaas
lang ang tama mo. en ebb, Le*+no,
+n( Ven-'r+ .ere +$re+(1 beore -e o'e, ebb -o$(
-e o-er +)+%n -+- -e1 .o'$( $%ne '# or C+rme$+
b'- e .o'$( be -e %r- Te o-er re#$%e(, / sige,
dito lang ami, mag%a%antay lang ami.
A$+ro .+ -e %r- -o #+ -ro') -e
#e(e-r%+n )+-e -+- +( been $e- o#en ebb, Le*+no,
+n( Ven-'r+ o$$o.e( er On en-er%n) -e
)+r+)e, Ven-'r+ '%n) + &+%r mo'n-e( -e oo( o -eV%>&on(e N%+n Sen-r+ +n( $ooene( -e e$e&-r%&
b'$b over %-
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
17/83
ro'-e Te %n-er%or o -e o'e .+ (+r/ b'- ome
$%)- %$-ere( %n rom o'-%(e In -e /%-&en, A$+ro
+. Ven-'r+ e+r&%n) + $+(1 b+) -+- $+1 on -e
(%n%n) -+b$e en e +/e( %m .+- e .+$oo/%n) or, e +%(: 3a1 na nga dito, maghanap a
ng susi. Se +/e( %m .+- /e1 e .+n-e( +n( e
re#$%e(: -asta maghanap a ng susi ng main door pati
na rin ng susi ng otse.en e o'n( + b'n& o
/e1 %n -e b+), e -r%e( -em on -e m+%n (oor b'-
none %--e( -e $o&/ Se +$o (%( no- %n( -e &+r /e1
Un+b$e -o o#en -e m+%n (oor, A$+ro re-'rne(-o -e /%-&en %$e e .+ +- + #o- $e+(%n) -o -e
(%n%n) +re+, e e+r( + -+-%& no%e
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
18/83
+n( -oe .o rem+%ne( o'-%(e -e V%>&on(e o'e
$e+rne( o .+- +##ene(Te %r- -o be /%$$e( .+
C+rme$+ mo-er, -en enn%er, +n( %n+$$1,
C+rme$$+ Ven-'r+ b$+me( ebb, -e$$%n) %m, -ait naman pati yung %ata2 ebb re#$%e( -+- -e )%r$
.o/e '# +n( on ee%n) %m mo$e-%n) C+rme$+, e
*'m#e( on %m, b%- % o'$(er, +n( #'$$e( %
+%r ebb )o- m+(, )r+bbe( -e )%r$, #'e( er -o
-e .+$$, +n( re#e+-e($1 -+bbe( er Le*+no e&'e(
%me$ +- -% #o%n- -o 'e -e -e$e#one %n -e
o'e Me+n.%$e, ebb &+$$e( '# omeone on %
&e$$'$+r #one
A- +ro'n( 2:00 %n -e morn%n), +&&'e(
Ger+r(o ;%on) +rr%ve( ebb or(ere( %m -o )o +n(
&$e+n '# -e V%>&on(e o'e +n( +%( -o %m, Pera
lang ang atapat nyan. ;%on) +n.ere(, /ay
lang. ebb #o/e -o % &om#+n%on +n( -o$( -em,
e (on- /no. e+& o-er e +ven- een e+&
o-er %aa maulit yan.A$+ro +n( E-r+(+ $e- +n( -e1
(rove -o er +-er o'e?52@
1. The 4ualit! of the &itness
+ A$+ro +n or(%n+r1 'b(%v%%on )%r$ .o
o.e( '# +- -e N;I +-er o'r 1e+r, bo-ere( b1 er
&on&%en&e or e))e( on b1 re$+-%ve or r%en( -o &ome
or.+r( +n( (o .+- .+ r%)-J No Se .+, +- -e
-%me e reve+$e( er -or1, .or/%n) or -e N;I + +n
+e-, + -oo$ #%)eon, one .o e+rne( er $%v%n) b1r+-ern%>%n) .%- &r%m%n+$ o e &o'$( 'e+$ on
-em -o er N;I +n($er Se +( -o $%ve + $%e o $%e
-o )e- re.+r( -+- .o'$( #+1 or er 'b%-en&e +n(
v%&e
A&&or(%n) -o A--1 Ar-em%o S+&+)'%n), ormer
e+( o -e N;I An-%4%(n+##%n), H%*+&/%n), +n(
Arme( Robber1 T+/ For&e
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
19/83
en A$+ro eeme( 'n#ro('&-%ve or
ome-%me, o.ever, -e1 -e+e( er +bo'- %- +n( e
.+ #%'e( One (+1, e 'ne#e&-e($1 -o$(
S+&+)'%n) -+- e /ne. omeone .o +( -e re+$-or1 be%n( -e V%>&on(e m++&re S+&+)'%n)
o.e( %n-ere- A$+ro #rom%e( -o br%n) -+-
omeone -o -e N;I -o -e$$ % -or1en -% (%( no-
+##en +n( S+&+)'%n) &on-%n'e( -o #re er, e -o$(
%m -+- e m%)- + .e$$ +'me -e ro$e o er
%norm+n- S+&+)'%n) -e-%%e( -':
ATT2. ON"O
. Att!. Sacaguing' ho& did 8essica Alfaro %eco(e a &itness in the 9i:conde (urdercase; +ill !ou tell the ,onora%le Court;* * * *
A. She told (e. 2our ,onor' that she 3ne& so(e%od! &ho related to her the
circu(stances' (ean' the details of the (assacre of the 9i:condefa(il!. Thats &hat she told (e' 2our ,onor.
ATT2. ON"O
. And &hat did !ou sa!;
* * * *
A. &as 4uite interested and tried to ersuade her to introduce to (e that (an
and she ro(ised that in due ti(e' she &ill %ring to (e the (an' and
together &ith her' &e &ill tr! to con$ince hi( to act as a state &itnessand hel us in the solution of the case.
* * * *
. Att!. Sacaguing' &ere !ou a%le to inter$ie& this alleged &itness;
+TNSS SACA". The susicious details
;'- .+ %- #o%b$e or A$+ro -o $%e .%- '&+b'n(+n- (e-+%$ ome o .%& even -+$$%e( .%- -e
#1%&+$ ev%(en&e +- -e &ene o -e &r%meJ No (o'b-,
1e
F%r-$1, -e V%>&on(e m++&re +( been
re#or-e( %n -e me(%+ .%- (%>>1%n)
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
20/83
(e-+%$ Ever1bo(1 .+ -+$/%n) +bo'- .+- -e #o$%&e
o'n( +- -e &r%me &ene +n( -ere .ere $o- o
#e&'$+-%on +bo'- -em
Se&on($1, -e #o$%&e +( +rre-e( ome +/1+-4
b++1 )ro'# %n P+r++'e +n( &+r)e( -em .%- -e
&r%me Te #o$%&e #re#+re( -e &one%on o -e men
-e1 +##reen(e( +n( %$$e( -ee '# .%- (e-+%$ -+-
-e ev%(en&e o -e &r%me &ene #rov%(e( A$+ro N;I
+n($er .o .ere (o%n) -e%r o.n %nve-%)+-%on
/ne. o -ee (e-+%$ + .e$$ S%n&e A$+ro +n)e( o'-
+- -e N;I o%&e +n( #r+&-%&+$$1 $%ve( -ere, %- .+no- -oo (%%&'$- or er -o e+r o -ee ev%(en-%+r1
(e-+%$ +n( )+%n +&&e -o -e (o&'men-
No- 'r#r%%n)$1, -e &one%on o ome
member o -e ;+rroo +/1+- b++1 )+n),
&on(emne( b1 -e M+/+-% RTC + +br%&+-e( b1 -e
#o$%&e -o #%n -e &r%me on -em, o. o. &r%me
%nve-%)+-or &o'$( m+/e + &one%on r%n) -r'e b1
m+-&%n) ome o %- (e-+%$ .%- -e #1%&+$
ev%(en&e +- -e &r%me &ene Con%(er -e o$$o.%n):
+ Te ;+rroo )+n) member +%( -+- -e1 )o-
%n-o C+rme$+ o'e b1 bre+/%n) -e )$+ #+ne$ o
-e ron- (oor '%n) + -one .r+##e( %n &$o- -o
(e+(en -e no%e A$+ro &o'$( no- 'e -% $%ne %n&e
-e &ore o er -or1 .+ -+- ebb .+ C+rme$+
bo1r%en( ebb +( no re+on -o m+ er ron-
(oor -o )e- -o ee er
Cone'en-$1, -o e#$+%n -e m+e( (oor,
A$+ro +( -o e--$e or &$+%m%n) -+-, on -e .+1 o'-
o -e o'e, ebb #%&/e( '# ome -one +n(, o'- o
-e b$'e, 'r$e( %- +- -e )$+4#+ne$e( ron- (oor o
-e V%>&on(e re%(en&e H% +&-%on re+$$1 m+(e no
ene From A$+ro n+rr+-%on, ebb +##e+re( r+-%on+$
%n % (e&%%onI- .+ #+- m%(n%)-, -e o'e .+(+r/, +n( -e1 .+n-e( -o )e- +.+1 '%&/$1 -o +vo%(
(e-e&-%on H'r$%n) + -one +- -+- )$+ (oor +n(
&+'%n) + -remen(o' no%e .+ b%>+rre, $%/e %nv%-%n)
-e ne%)bor -o &ome
b Te &r%me &ene o.e( -+- -e o'e +(
been r+n+&/e( Te re*e&-e( &one%on o -e
;+rroo +/1+-4b++1 )+n) member +%( -+- -e1
-r%e( -o rob -e o'e To e#$+%n -% #1%&+$
ev%(en&e, A$+ro &$+%me( -+- +- one
#o%n- Ven-'r+ .+ #'$$%n) + /%-&en (r+.er, +n( +-
+no-er #o%n-, )o%n) -ro') + +n(b+) on -e (%n%n)
-+b$e He +%( e .+ $oo/%n) or -e ron-4(oor /e1
+n( -e &+r /e1
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
21/83
A)+%n, -% #or-%on o A$+ro -or1 +##e+r
-or-'re( -o +&&ommo(+-e -e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e o -e
r+n+&/e( o'e Se never men-%one( Ven-'r+ +v%n) -+/en ome v+$'+b$e .%-
%m .en -e1 $e- C+rme$+ o'e An( .1
.o'$( Ven-'r+ r'mm+)e + b+) on -e -+b$e or -e
ron-4(oor /e1, #%$$%n) -e &on-en-, .en -e1 +(
+$re+(1 )o--en %n-o -e o'e I- % + -or1 m+(e -o %-
%n .%- -e &r%me &ene +$-o') robber1 .+
'##oe($1 no- -e re+on ebb +n( % &om#+n%on
en-ere( -+- o'e
& I- % -e +me -%n) .%- -e )+r+)e $%)- Te
#o$%&e %nve-%)+-or o'n( -+- -e b'$b +( been
$ooene( -o -'rn o -e $%)- Te &one%on o -e
;+rroo )+n) &$+%me( -+- one o -em &$%mbe( -e
#+r/e( &+r oo( -o re+& '# +n( (+r/en -+-
$%)- T% m+(e ene %n&e -e1 .ere )o%n) -o rob
-e #$+&e +n( -e1 nee(e( -%me -o .or/ %n -e (+r/
-r1%n) -o o#en -e ron- (oor Some #+erb1 m%)-
$oo/ %n +n( ee .+- -e1 .ere (o%n)
A$+ro +( -o +(*'- er -e-%mon1 -o -+/e %n-o
+&&o'n- -+- (+r/ene( )+r+)e $%)- So e &$+%me(
-+- Ven-'r+ &$%mbe( -e &+r oo(, '%n) + &+%r, -o
-'rn -e $%)- o ;'-, 'n$%/e -e ;+rroo +/1+-4b++1
)+n), ebb +n( % r%en( (%( no- +ve +n1-%n) -o
(o %n + (+r/ene( )+r+)e Te1 '##oe($1 /ne. %n
+(v+n&e -+- C+rme$+ $e- -e (oor -o -e /%-&eno#en or -em I- (%( no- m+/e ene or Ven-'r+ -o
r%/ -+n(%n) on -e &+r oo( +n( be een %n '& +n
+./.+r( #o%-%on %n-e+( o )o%n) -r+%)- %n-o -e
o'e
An(, -%r($1, A$+ro .+ -e N;I -+r .%-ne,
-e%r b+()e o e&e$$en- %nve-%)+-%ve .or/ A-er
&$+%m%n) -+- -e1 +( o$ve( -e &r%me o -e (e&+(e,
-e N;I #eo#$e +( + -+/e %n m+/%n) er o'n(&re(%b$e +n(, obv%o'$1, -e1 )+ve er +$$ -e
#re#+r+-%on e nee(e( or -e *ob o be&om%n) +
+%r$1 )oo( 'b-%-'-e .%-neSe .+ -e%r (+r$%n) o
+n +e- An( -% % no- #'re #e&'$+-%on A #o%n-e(
o'- +bove, S+&+)'%n) o -e N;I, + $+.1er +n( +
r+n/%n) o%&%+$, &on%rme( -% -o be + &o$( +&- 1
-e -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +%$e( -o ee
-% % m1-%1%n)
A- +n1 r+-e, (%( A$+ro +- $e+- +ve + %ne
memor1 or +&e -+- +( + -ron) ee&- on er,
)%ven -e &%r&'m-+n&eJ No- $%/e$1 Se n+me(
M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e> + one o -e &'$#r%- %n -e
V%>&on(e /%$$%n) ;'- .en -e N;I o'n( + &er-+%n
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
22/83
M%&+e$ Ro(r%)'e>, + (r') (e#en(en- rom -e
;%&'-+n Re+b%$%-+-%on Cen-er, %n%-%+$$1 '#e&-e( -o
be A$+ro M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e> +n( o.e( %m -o
A$+ro +- -e N;I o%&e, e r+n berer/, $+##%n) +n(/%&/%n) M%&+e$, e&$+%m%n): Ho. &+n I or)e- 1o'r
+&e e *'- +. e+& o-er %n + (%&o one mon- +)o
+n( 1o' -o$( me -en -+- 1o' .%$$ /%$$ me A %-
-'rne( o'-, e .+ no- M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e>, -e +&&'e(
%n -% &+e?53@
T.o #o%b%$%-%e e%-: M%&+e$ .+ re+$$1 -e
one A$+ro .+n-e( -o %m#$%&+-e -o e--$e ome &ore.%- %m b'- %- .+ -oo $+-e -o &+n)e -e n+me e
+$re+(1 )+ve or e +( m1o#%& v%%on, -+))%n) -e
.ron) #eo#$e or .+- -e1 (%( no- (o
. The 4ualit! of the testi(on!
Tere % +no-er -%n) +bo'- + $1%n) .%-ne:
er -or1 $+&/ ene or 'er rom %neren-
%n&on%-en&%e An 'n(er-+n(%n) o -e n+-'re o
-%n) +n( -e &ommon be+v%or o #eo#$e .%$$ e$#
e#oe + $%e An( %- + +n +b'n(+n- #reen&e %n -%
&+e
One In er (e%re -o %m#$%&+-e G+-&+$%+n,
Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r-, .o .ere
'##oe( -o be ebb &o4#r%n&%#+$ %n -e &r%me,
A$+ro m+(e %- + #o%n- -o -e-%1 -+- ebb #ro#oe(-.%&e -o % r%en( -e )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+ .o +(
'r- %m An( -.%&e, -e1 , E-r+(+, +n( Ro(r%)'e>'##oe($1 -+1e( +ro'n( A$+ro &+r, .%& .+
#+r/e( on -e -ree- be-.een C+rme$+ o'e +n( -e
ne-Some o -ee men +- on -o# o -e &+r $%(
.%$e o-er m%$$e( on -e %(e.+$/, v%%b$e 'n(er -e
-ree- $%)- -o +n1one .o &+re( -o .+-& -em,
#+r-%&'$+r$1 -o -e #eo#$e .o .ere +v%n) + (r%n/%n)
#+r-1 %n + ne+rb1 o'e Obv%o'$1, -e be+v%or o
ebb &om#+n%on o'- on -e -ree- (%( no- %)'re %n
+ #$+nne( )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+
T.o Ven-'r+, A$+ro (o#e '##$%er, %n-ro('&e(
er or -e %r- -%me %n er $%e -o ebb +n( %
r%en( %n + #+r/%n) $o- b1 + m+$$ So .1 .o'$( e
+)ree -o +&- + ebb meen)er, '%n) er )+, -o
br%n) % me+)e -o C+rme$+ +- er ome More
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn13http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn13
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
23/83
%ne#$%&+b$1, .+- mo-%v+-e( A$+ro -o -%&/ %- o'- -e
.o$e n%)- .%- ebb +n( % r%en(J
Te1 .ere #r+&-%&+$$1 -r+n)er -o er +n( er bo1r%en( E-r+(+ en %- &+me -o + #o%n- -+- ebb
(e&%(e( .%- % r%en( -o )+n)4r+#e C+rme$+,
&$e+r$1, -ere .+ no-%n) %n %- or A$+ro Ke-, e
-'&/ %- o'- .%- -em, + + #o$%&e +e- .o'$(,
+n)%n) %n -ere 'n-%$ e +( + &r%me -o re#or-, on$1
e .+ no- 1e- +n +e- -en I, on -e o-er +n(,
A$+ro +( been -oo o+/e( %n (r') -o -%n/ &$e+r$1
+n( *'- o$$o.e( +$on) .ere -e )ro'# -oo/ er,o. &o'$( e remember o m'& (e-+%$ -+- on$1 +
(r')4ree m%n( &+nJ
Tree en A$+ro .en- -o ee C+rme$+ +- er
o'e or -e e&on( -%me, C+rme$$+ -o$( er -+- e
-%$$ +( -o )o o'- +n( -+- ebb +n( % r%en(
o'$( &ome b+&/ +ro'n( m%(n%)- A$+ro re-'rne( -o
er &+r +n( .+%-e( or C+rme$+ -o (r%ve o'- %n er o.n
&+r An( e -r+%$e( er '# -o A)'%rre Aven'e .ere
e '##oe($1 (ro##e( o + m+n .om e -o')-
.+ C+rme$+ bo1r%en( A$+ro -r+%$%n) C+rme$+ -o
#1 on er 'n+%-'$ne -o ebb (%( no- m+/e ene
%n&e e .+ on $%m%-e( err+n( ;'-, + + &r%-%&+$
.%-ne, A$+ro +( -o #rov%(e + re+on or ebb -o
re+/ o'- +n( (e&%(e -o &ome .%- % r%en( +n(
+rm C+rme$+
Fo'r A&&or(%n) -o A$+ro, .en -e1 re-'rne(-o C+rme$+ o'e -e -%r( -%me +ro'n( m%(n%)-, e
$e( ebb, Le*+no, +n( Ven-'r+ -ro') -e #e(e-r%+n
)+-e -+- C+rme$+ +( $e- o#en No., -% %
.e%r( ebb .+ -e )+n) $e+(er .o (e&%(e( .+-
-e1 .ere )o%n) -o (o He (e&%(e( +n( % r%en(
+)ree( .%- %m -o )o -o C+rme$+ o'e +n( )+n)4
r+#e er 1 .o'$( A$+ro, + .om+n, + -r+n)er -o
ebb beore -+- n%)-, +n( obv%o'$1 .%- no ro$e -o #$+1 %n -e )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+, $e+( %m +n( -e
o-er %n-o er o'eJ I- m+(e no ene I- .o'$( on$1
m+/e ene % A$+ro .+n-e( -o e%)n be%n) + .%-ne
-o ome-%n) e (%( no- ee
F%ve A$+ro .en- o'- o -e o'e -o mo/e +-
-e )+r(en A-er +bo'- -.en-1 m%n'-e, + .om+n
e&$+%me(, 'ino yan2 On e+r%n) -%, A$+ro
%mme(%+-e$1 .+$/e( o'- o -e )+r(en +n( .en- -o er
&+r A##+ren-$1, e (%( -% be&+'e e /ne. -e1
&+me on + $1 Someone o-er -+n C+rme$+ be&+me
&on&%o' o -e #reen&e o ebb +n( o-er %n -e
o'e A$+ro .+$/e( +.+1 be&+'e, obv%o'$1, e
(%( no- .+n- -o )e- %nvo$ve( %n + #o-en-%+$
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
24/83
&onron-+-%on T% .+ '##oe($1 er r+me o
m%n(: e+r o )e--%n) %nvo$ve( %n .+- .+ no- er
b'%ne
;'- % -+- .ere -e &+e, o. &o'$( e -e-%1
b+e( on #eron+$ /no.$e()e o .+- .en- on %n -e
o'eJ A$+ro +( -o &+n)e -+- r+me o m%n( -o
one o bo$(ne +n( re&/$e &'r%o%-1 So -+- % .+-
e ne- &$+%me( Se .en- b+&/ %n-o -e o'e -o
.+-& + ebb r+#e( C+rme$+ on -e $oor o -e
m+-er be(roomHe +( +##+ren-$1 -+bbe( -o (e+-
C+rme$+ mom +n( er 1o'n) %-er .oe b$oo(%e( bo(%e .ere #r+.$e( on -e be( No., A$+ro
-e-%%e( -+- e )o- &+re( , E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r-
.o +- on -e &+r or m%$$e( on -e %(e.+$/ Se (%(
no- #e+/ -o -em, even -o E-r+(+, er bo1r%en( Se
en-ere( er &+r +n( -'rne( on -e en)%ne b'- e
-e-%%e( -+- e (%( no- /no. .ere -o )o T%
.om+n .o + e. m%n'-e b+&/ $e( ebb, Le*+no,
+n( Ven-'r+ %n-o -e o'e, /no.%n) -+- -e1 .ere
(e&%(e( -o r+#e +n( +rm C+rme$+, .+ '((en$1 -oo
o&/e( -o /no. .ere -o )o T% emo-%on+$
#en('$'m .%n) %n(%&+-e + .%-ne .o .+
&on'e( .%- er o.n $%e
. The suosed corro%orations
In-en(%n) -o #rov%(e &orrobor+-%on -o A$+ro
-e-%mon1, -e #roe&'-%on #reen-e( % +((%-%on+$
.%-nee:
/r. )rosero A. Ca%ana!an' -e N;I Me(%&o4
Le)+$ O%&er .o +'-o#%e( -e bo(%e o -e v%&-%m,-e-%%e( on -e -+b .o'n( -e1 '-+%ne( ?58@ +n( -e
#reen&e o emen %n C+rme$+ )en%-+$%+, ?5!@ %n(%&+-%n)
-+- e +( been r+#e(
Nor(al . +hite' 8r., .+ -e e&'r%-1 )'+r(
on ('-1 +- P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on rom " #m o
'ne 2 -o " +m o 'ne 30, 55 He )o- + re#or- on
-e morn%n) o 'ne 30 -+- ome-%n) 'n-o.+r(
+##ene( +- -e V%>&on(e re%(en&e He .en- -ere
+n( +. -e (e+( bo(%e %n -e m+-er be(room, -e
b+) on -e (%n%n) -+b$e, + .e$$ + -e $o'( no%e
em+n+-%n) rom + -e$ev%%on e-?57@
%-e &$+%me( -+- e no-%&e( G+-&+$%+n +n(
% &om#+n%on, none o .om e &o'$( %(en-%1, )o
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn14http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn15http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn16http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn14http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn15http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn16
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
25/83
%n +n( o'- o P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on He +$o +.
-em +$on) V%n>on S-ree- L+-er, -e1 en-ere( P%-on)
D++n S'b(%v%%on %n + -ree4&+r &onvo1 %-e &o'$(
no-, o.ever, (e&r%be -e /%n( o ve%&$e -e1 'e(or re&+$$ -e -%me .en e +. -e )ro'# %n -oe -.o
%n-+n&e An( e (%( no- no-%&e +n1-%n) '#%&%o'
+bo'- -e%r &om%n) +n( )o%n)
;'- %-e -e-%mon1 &+nno- be re$%e( on H%
%n%-%+$ &$+%m -'rne( o'- -o be %n+&&'r+-e He +&-'+$$1
+. G+-&+$%+n +n( % )ro'# en-er -e P%-on) D++n
S'b(%v%%on on$1 on&e Te1 .ere no- )o%n) %n +n(o'- F'r-ermore, A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- .en -e
&onvo1 o &+r .en- b+&/ -e e&on( -%me %n -e
(%re&-%on o C+rme$+ o'e, e +$one en-ere( -e
'b(%v%%on +n( #+e( -e )'+r(o'e .%-o'-
-o##%n) Ke-, %-e .o '##oe($1 m+nne( -+-
)'+r(o'e (%( no- no-%&e er
S'r#r%%n)$1, %-e +%$e( -o no-e ;%on), +
#o$%&e o%&er, en-er%n) or e%-%n) -e 'b(%v%%on on
-e e+r$1 morn%n) o 'ne 30 .en e '##oe($1
&$e+ne( '# V%>&on(e re%(en&e on ebb
or(er +- % more, %-e (%( no- no-%&e C+rme$+
+rr%ve .%- er mom beore A$+ro %r- v%%- -+-
n%)- C+rme$+ '##oe($1 $e- .%- + m+$e
&om#+n%on %n er &+r +- +ro'n( 50:30 #m b'- %-e
(%( no- no-%&e %- He +$o (%( no- no-%&e C+rme$+
reen-er -e 'b(%v%%on %-e +&-'+$$1 (%&re(%-e(
A$+ro -e-%mon1 +bo'- -e movemen- o -e
#eron %nvo$ve(
F'r-er, .%$e A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- %- .+ -e
M+>(+ #%&/4'# (r%ven b1 F%$+r- -+- $e( -e -ree4
ve%&$e &onvo1,?5"@ %-e &$+%me( %- .+ -e N%+n
P+-ro$ .%- G+-&+$%+n on %- -+- $e( -e &onvo1 %n&e
e .o'$( no- +ve $e- -e &onvo1 %n .%-o'-
+&er-+%n%n) -+- G+-&+$%+n, + re%(en-, .+ %n
%- Se&'r%-1 )'+r( %-e (%( no-, -ereore, #rov%(e&orrobor+-%on -o A$+ro -e-%mon1
8usto Ca%anacan' -e e&'r%-1 '#erv%or +-
P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on -e-%%e( -+- e +. ebb
+ro'n( -e $+- .ee/ o M+1 or -e %r- .ee/ o 'ne
55 -o #rove % #reen&e %n -e P%$%##%ne .en e
&$+%me( -o be %n -e Un%-e( S-+-e He .+ m+nn%n)
-e )'+r( o'e +- -e en-r+n&e o -e 'b(%v%%on o
P%-on) D++n .en e $+))e( (o.n + &+r (r%ven b1
ebb ebb +%( -+- e .o'$( ee L%$e-
S1 C+b+n+&+n +/e( %m or +n ID b'- e #o%n-e( -o
% Un%-e( ;F Home -%&/er +n( +%( -+- e re%(e(
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn17http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn17
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
26/83
-ere C+b+n+&+n re#$%e(, o.ever, -+- P%-on) D++n
+( + $o&+$ -%&/er
C+b+n+&+n -e-%%e( -+-, +- -% #o%n-, ebb%n-ro('&e( %me$ + -e on o Con)rem+n
ebb S-%$$, -e '#erv%or %n%-e( on ee%n) %
ID ebb )r'()%n)$1 )+ve %- +n( +-er ee%n) -e
#%&-'re +n( -e n+me on %-, C+b+n+&+n re-'rne( -e
+me +n( +$$o.e( ebb -o #+ .%-o'- be%n) $o))e(
%n + -e%r S-+n(+r( O#er+-%n) Pro&e('re re'%re(?59@
;'- C+b+n+&+n -e-%mon1 &o'$( no- be re$%e(on A$-o') %- .+ no- &ommon or + e&'r%-1 )'+r(
-o &+$$en)e + Con)rem+n on .%- '&
veemen&e, C+b+n+&+n (%( no- $o) -e %n&%(en- on -e
)'+r(o'e boo/ Nor (%( e, &on-r+r1 -o #re&r%be(
#ro&e('re, re&or( -e v%%-or en-r1 %n-o -e
'b(%v%%on I- (%( no- m+/e ene -+- C+b+n+&+n .+
-r%&- %n -e m+--er o ee%n) ebb ID b'- no- %n
re&or(%n) -e v%%-
Mila "a$iola 'e( -o .or/ + $+'n(r1 .om+n
or -e ebb +- -e%r o'e +-
;F Home Ee&'-%ve V%$$+)e Se -e-%%e( -+- e
+. ebb +- % #+ren- o'e on -e morn%n) o 'ne
30, 55 .en e )o- -e (%r-1 &$o-e rom -e room
-+- e +n( -.o bro-er o&&'#%e( +- +bo'- 8+m Se
+. %m +)+%n #+&%n) -e $oor +- +m A- +bo'- 5
#m, ebb $e- -e o'e %n -4%r- +n( or-, #+%n)
-ro') + e&re- (oor ne+r -e m+%( '+r-er on -e.+1 o'- F%n+$$1, e +. ebb +- 8 #m o -e +me
(+1?5@
On &ro4e+m%n+-%on, o.ever, G+v%o$+ &o'$(
no- +1 .+- (%-%n)'%e( 'ne 30, 55 rom -e
o-er (+1 e .+ on erv%&e +- -e ebb o'eo$(
+ -o en+b$e er -o (%-%n&-$1 remember, o'r 1e+r
$+-er, .+- one o -e ebb bo1 (%( +n( +- .+--%me Se &o'$( no- remember +n1 o -e (e-+%$ -+-
+##ene( %n -e o'eo$( on -e o-er (+1 Se
#rove( -o +ve + e$e&-%ve #o-o)r+#%& memor1 +n(
-% on$1 (+m+)e( er -e-%mon1
G+v%o$+ -r%e( -o &orrobor+-e A$+ro -e-%mon1
b1 &$+%m%n) -+- on 'ne 30, 55 e no-%&e(
b$oo(-+%n on ebb -4%r-?20@ Se (%( no- &+$$ -e+--en-%on o +n1bo(1 %n -e o'eo$( +bo'- %- .en %-
.o'$( +ve been + #o%n- o &on&ern -+- ebb m+1
+ve been 'r-, en&e -e b$oo(
;e%(e, V%&-or%+ Ven-oo, -e ebb
o'em+%( rom M+r& 59 -o M+1 52, +n( S)-
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn18http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn19http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn20http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn18http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn19http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn20
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
27/83
M%)'e$ M'o>, -e ebb e&'r%-1 +%(e %n 55,
-e-%%e( -+- G+v%o$+ .or/e( or -e ebb on$1 rom
+n'+r1 55 -o A#r%$ 55 Ven-oo 'r-er -e-%%e(
-+- %- .+ no- G+v%o$+ ('-1 -o &o$$e&- -e &$o-erom -e 2n( $oor be(room, -% be%n) -e .or/ o
-e o'em+%( &+r)e( .%- &$e+n%n) -e room
+- % more, %- .+ mo- 'n$%/e$1 or +
$+'n(r1.om+n .o +( been -ere or on$1 o'r
mon- -o &o$$e&-, + e &$+%me(, -e $+'n(r1 rom
-e room o er em#$o1er +n( -e%r )ro.n '#
&%$(ren +- o'r %n -e morn%n) .%$e -e1 .ere+$ee#
An( %- (%( no- m+/e ene, % A$+ro -e-%mon1
.ere -o be be$%eve( -+- ebb, .o .+ o &+re'$
+n( &$ever -+- e &+$$e( ;%on) -o )o -o -e V%>&on(e
re%(en&e +- 2 +m -o &$e+n '# -e ev%(en&e +)+%n-
%m +n( % )ro'#, .o'$( br%n) % b$oo(%e( %r-
ome +n( #'- %- %n -e +m#er or $+'n(r1.om+nG+v%o$+ -o &o$$e&- +n( .+ +- 8 +m + .+ er
'##oe( +b%-
olita /e Birrer .+ +&&'e( ;%on) )%r$r%en(
+ro'n( -e -%me -e V%>&on(e m++&re -oo/
#$+&e ;%rrer -e-%%e( -+- e .+ .%- ;%on) #$+1%n)
m+*on) rom -e even%n) o 'ne 2, 55 -o -e
e+r$1 morn%n) o 'ne 30, .en ;%on) )o- + &+$$ +-
+ro'n( 2 +m T% #rom#-e( %m, +&&or(%n) -o De
;%rrer, -o $e+ve +n( )o -o ;F Someone %--%n) +- -e
b+&/e+- o + -+% #%&/e( %m '# en ;%on)re-'rne( +- " +m e .+e( o .+- $oo/e( $%/e
(r%e( b$oo( rom % %n)ern+%$ An( e -re. +.+1 +
o'$4me$$%n) +n(/er&%e Se +$o +. ;%on) -+/e
o'- + /n%e .%- +$'m%n'm &over rom % (r+.er +n(
%( %- %n % -ee$ &+b%ne-?25@
Te e&'r%-1 )'+r( +- P%-on) D++n (%( no-
no-%&e +n1 #o$%&e %nve-%)+-or $+%n) + b+()e -o )e-%n-o -e v%$$+)e +$-o') ;%on) '##oe($1 &+me %n +-
-e 'no$1 o'r o -.o %n -e morn%n) H% (e#+r-'re
beore " +m +$o rem+%ne( 'nno-%&e( b1 -e
'b(%v%%on )'+r( ;e%(e, % e +( &$e+ne( '# -e
&r%me &ene or-$1 +-er m%(n%)-, .+- .+ -e #o%n-
o % re-'rn%n) -ere on -e o$$o.%n) morn%n) -o
(%#oe o ome o -e ev%(en&e %n -e #reen&e o
o-er #o$%&e %nve-%)+-or +n( on4$oo/erJ In +&-, .1.o'$( e -e+$ v+$'+b$e %-em rom -e V%>&on(e
re%(en&e on % re-'rn -ere o'r $+-er % e +( -e
o##or-'n%-1 -o (o %- e+r$%erJ
A- mo-, ;%rrer -e-%mon1 on$1 e-+b$%e(
;%on) -e- o &er-+%n %-em rom -e V%>&on(e
re%(en&e +n( )ro ne)$e&- or +%$%n) -o m+%n-+%n -e
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn21http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn21
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
28/83
+n&-%-1 o -e &r%me &ene b1 mov%n) +ro'n( +n(
+$-er%n) -e ee&- o -e &r%me ;%rrer -e-%mon1
+%$e( -o &onne&- ;%on) +&- -o ebb +n( -e o-er
+&&'e(
auro 9i:conde -e-%%e( +bo'- o. (ee#$1 e
.+ +e&-e( b1 -e $o o er .%e +n( -.o
(+')-er C+rme$$+ #o/e -o %m o + re*e&-e( '%-or
e &+$$e( ;+)1o, be&+'e e .+ + P+r++'e
#o$%-%&%+n on Unor-'n+-e$1, L+'ro (%( no- +##e+r
&'r%o' eno') -o %n%- on %n(%n) o'- .o -e
re*e&-e( e$$o. .+ ;e%(e, % -e-%mon1&on-r+(%&- -+- o A$+ro .o -e-%%e( -+- C+rme$+
+n( ebb +( +n on4)o%n) re$+-%on In(ee(, % A$+ro
.ere -o be be$%eve(, C+rme$+ .+n-e( ebb -o &ome -o
er o'e +ro'n( m%(n%)- Se even $e- -e /%-&en
(oor o#en o e &o'$( en-er -e o'e
5. The (issing corro%oration
Tere % ome-%n) -r'$1 rem+r/+b$e +bo'- -%
&+e: -e #roe&'-%on &ore -eor1 -+- C+rme$+ +n(
ebb +( been .ee-e+r-, -+- e +( been
'n+%-'$ -o %m, +n( -+- %- .+ or -% re+on -+-
ebb bro')- % r%en( -o er o'e -o )+n)4r+#e
er % -o-+$$1 'n&orrobor+-e(
For %n-+n&e, norm+$$1, % ebb, +
Con)rem+n on, &o'r-e( -e 1o'n) C+rme$+, -+-
.o'$( be ne. +mon) er &%r&$e o r%en( % no-+ro'n( -o.n ;'-, ere, none o er r%en( or even
-oe .o /ne. e%-er o -em &+me or.+r( -o
+%rm -% An( % ebb +n)e( +ro'n( .%- er,
-r1%n) -o .%n er +vor, e .o'$( 're$1 be een .%-
er An( -% .o'$( +$$ -e more be o % -e1 +(
be&ome .ee-e+r-, + re$+-%on -+- A$+ro -r%e( -o
#ro*e&- .%- er -e-%mon1
;'-, e&e#- or A$+ro, -e N;I +e-, no one
+mon) C+rme$+ r%en( or er r%en( r%en( .o'$(
-e-%1 ever e+r%n) o '& re$+-%on%# or ever ee%n)
-em -o)e-er %n ome #o#'$+r +n)o'- %n P+r++'e
or M+/+-% A$+ro &$+%m o + %ve4o'r (r+m+ % $%/e
+n +$%en #+)e, r'(e$1 +n( 'n&onne&-e($1 %ner-e( %n-o
ebb +n( C+rme$+ $%e -or%e or $%/e + #%e&e o
*%)+. #'>>$e -r%mme( -o %- %n-o -e +#e on -e bo+r( b'- (oe no- be$on) be&+'e %- &$+e .%- -e
'rro'n(%n) #%e&e I- + ne%-er +n-e&e(en- nor
&on&om%-+n- '##or- %n -e ver%%+b$e +&- o -e%r
#eron+$ %-or%e I- % '%-e 'nre+$
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
29/83
+- % more, A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- e +.
C+rme$+ (r%ve o'- o er o'e .%- + m+$e #+en)er,
Mr , .om A$+ro -o')- -e .+1 %- $oo/e( .+
+$o C+rme$+ $over T% .+ -e +$$4%m#or-+n- re+onebb '##oe($1 +( or .+n-%n) -o +rm er A)+%n,
none o C+rme$+ re$+-%ve, r%en(, or #eo#$e .o
/ne. er ever -e-%%e( +bo'- -e e%-en&e o Mr %n
er $%e Nobo(1 + &ome or.+r( -o -e-%1 +v%n)
ever een %m .%- C+rme$+ An( (e#%-e -e
)r'eome ne. +bo'- er (e+- +n( o. Mr +(
#$+1e( + ro$e %n %-, e never #reen-e( %me$ $%/e
+n1one .o +( $o- + #e&%+$ r%en( norm+$$1.o'$( Obv%o'$1, Mr (%( no- e%-, + mere )o-
o -e %m+)%n+-%on o A$+ro, -e .om+n .o m+(e +
$%v%n) %norm%n) on &r%m%n+$
+e%%s
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
30/83
Imm%)r+-%on boo- +- -e +%r#or- -o +ve % #+#or-
&$e+re( +n( -+m#e( Imm%)r+-%on O%&er, Fer(%n+n(
S+m#o$ &e&/e( ebb v%+, -+m#e(, +n( %n%-%+$e(
% #+#or-, +n( $e- %m #+ -ro')
?27@
He .+$%-e( on -e Un%-e( A%r$%ne F$%)- P+en)er
M+n%e-?2"@
On +rr%v+$ +- S+n Fr+n&%&o, ebb .en- -ro')
-e US Imm%)r+-%on .ere % en-r1 %n-o -+- &o'n-r1
.+ re&or(e( T', -e US Imm%)r+-%on
N+-'r+$%>+-%on Serv%&e, &e&/%n) .%- %- Non4
%mm%)r+n- Inorm+-%on S1-em, &on%rme( ebben-r1 %n-o -e US on M+r& , 55 ebb #reen-e(
+- -e -r%+$ -e INS Cer-%%&+-%on %'e( b1 -e US
Imm%)r+-%on +n( N+-'r+$%>+-%on Serv%&e,?29@ -e
&om#'-er4)ener+-e( #r%n-4o'- o -e US4INS
%n(%&+-%n) ebb en-r1 on M+r& , 55,?2@ +n( -e
US4INS Cer-%%&+-%on (+-e( A')'- 35, 5!,
+'-en-%&+-e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne De#+r-men- o Fore%)n
A+%r, &orre&-%n) +n e+r$%er A')'- 50, 5!Cer-%%&+-%on?30@
c. /etails of
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
31/83
'ne 2, ebb, %n -e &om#+n1 o % +-er +n(
Ar+)on .en- -o R%ver%(e, C+$%orn%+, -o $oo/ or +
&+r Te1 bo')- +n MR2 To1o-+ &+r?85@ L+-er -+- (+1,
+ v%%-or +- -e ;ro--m+n, Lo'% %--+&/er, +.
ebb $oo/%n) +- -e #$+-e o % ne. &+r ?82@ To #rove
-e #'r&+e, ebb #reen-e( -e P'b$%& Re&or( o
C+$%orn%+ De#+r-men- o Mo-or Ve%&$e?83@ +n( + &+r
#$+-e LE E;;?88@ In '%n) -e &+r %n -e US,
ebb even re&e%ve( -r+%& &%-+-%on?8!@
On 'ne 30, 55 ebb, +)+%n +&&om#+n%e( b1
% +-er +n( Ar+)on,?87@
bo')- + b%&1&$e+- Or+n)e C1&$e Cen-er ?8"@ Te Cen-er %'e( ebb +
re&e%#- (+-e( 'ne 30, 55?89@ On '$1 8, 55,
In(e#en(en&e D+1, -e ebb, -e ;ro--m+n, +n( -e
V+&+ +m%$1 +( + $+/e%(e #%&n%&?8@
ebb -+1e( .%- -e ;ro--m+n 'n-%$ m%( '$1
+n( ren-e( + #$+&e or $e -+n + mon- On A')'- 8,
55 e $e- or Lon).oo(, F$or%(+, -o -+1 .%- -e#o'e +&/ +n( Son*+ Ro(r%)'e>?!0@ Tere, e me-
Arm+n(o Ro(r%)'e> .%- .om e #en- -%me,
#$+1%n) b+/e-b+$$ on .ee/en(, .+-&%n) mov%e,
+n( #$+1%n) b%$$%+r(?!5@ In November 55, ebb me-
#erorm%n) +r-%- G+r1 V+$en&%+no, + r%en( o +&/
Ro(r%)'e>, .o .+ %nv%-e( or + (%nner +- -e
Ro(r%)'e> o'e?!2@He $e- -e Ro(r%)'e> ome %n
A')'- 52, re-'rne( -o An+e%m +n( -+1e( .%-
% +'n- Ime$(+ P+)+#+ He -+1e( -ere 'n-%$ e $e-
or -e P%$%##%ne on O&-ober 27, 52
d. The second i((igration chec3s
A .%- % -r%# )o%n) -o -e US, ebb +$o
.en- -ro') bo- -e US +n( P%$%##%ne
%mm%)r+-%on on % re-'rn -r%# T', % (e#+r-'re
rom -e US .+ &on%rme( b1 -e +me
&er-%%&+-%on -+- &on%rme( % en-r1?!3@
F'r-ermore,+ D%#$om+-%& No-e o -e US De#+r-men- o S-+-e
.%- en&$oe( $e--er rom A&-%n) D%re&-or Debor+ A
F+rmer o -e Re&or( O#er+-%on, O%&e o Re&or(
o -e US4INS -+-e( -+- -e Cer-%%&+-%on (+-e(
A')'- 35, 5! % + -r'e +n( +&&'r+-e -+-emen- An(
.en e bo+r(e( % #$+ne, -e P+en)er M+n%e- o
P%$%##%ne A%r$%ne F$%)- No 503,?!8@ &er-%%e( b1
A)ne T+b'en+?!!@ &on%rme( % re-'rn -r%#
en e +rr%ve( %n M+n%$+, ebb +)+%n .en-
-ro') -e P%$%##%ne Imm%)r+-%on In +&-, -e +rr%v+$
-+m# +n( %n%-%+$ on % #+#or- %n(%&+-e( % re-'rn
-oM+n%$+ on O&-ober 2", 52 T% .+ +'-en-%&+-e(
b1 C+rme$%-+ A$%#%o, -e %mm%)r+-%on o%&er .o
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn41http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn42http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn43http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn44http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn45http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn46http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn47http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn47http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn48http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn49http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn50http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn51http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn52http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn53http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn53http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn54http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn55http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn41http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn42http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn43http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn44http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn45http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn46http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn47http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn48http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn49http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn50http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn51http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn52http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn53http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn54http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn55
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
32/83
#ro&ee( ebb reen-r1?!7@ U#on % re-'rn, %n
O&-ober 52, P+o$o S+n-o, oe$%-o Eron(+%n
E&ob+r, +n( R++e$ oe on&e +)+%n +. ebb
#$+1%n) b+/e-b+$$ +- -e ;F P+e III b+/e-b+$$
&o'r-
e. Ali%i $ersus ositi$e identification
Te -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +re one
%n re*e&-%n) + .e+/ ebb +$%b% Te%r re+on %
'n%orm: ebb +$%b% &+nno- -+n( +)+%n- A$+ro
#o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on o %m + -e r+#%- +n( /%$$er o C+rme$+ +n(, +##+ren-$1, -e /%$$er + .e$$ o er
mo-er +n( 1o'n)er %-er ;e&+'e o -%, -o -e
$o.er &o'r-, ebb (en%+$ +n( +$%b% .ere +br%&+-e(
;'- no- +$$ (en%+$ +n( +$%b% o'$( be re)+r(e(
+ +br%&+-e( In(ee(, % -e +&&'e( % -r'$1 %nno&en-,
e &+n +ve no o-er (eene b'- (en%+$ +n( +$%b% So
o. &+n '& +&&'e( #ene-r+-e + m%n( -+- + beenm+(e &1n%&+$ b1 -e r'$e (r%$$e( %n-o % e+( -+- +
(eene o +$%b% % + +n)m+n nooe %n -e +&e o +
.%-ne #o%-%ve$1 .e+r%n), I +. %m (o %-J Mo-
*'()e be$%eve -+- '& +er-%on +'-om+-%&+$$1
(oom +n +$%b% .%& % o e+1 -o +br%&+-e T%
'%&/ -ereo-1#e -%n/%n), o.ever, % (%-re%n) For
o. e$e &+n -e -r'- -+- -e +&&'e( % re+$$1
%nno&en- +ve +n1 &+n&e o #rev+%$%n) over '& +
-one4&+- -ene-J
Tere % on$1 one .+1 A *'()e m'- /ee# +n
o#en m%n( He m'- )'+r( +)+%n- $%##%n) %n-o +-1
&on&$'%on, o-en +r%%n) rom + (e%re -o '%&/$1
%n% -e *ob o (e&%(%n) + &+e A #o%-%ve
(e&$+r+-%on rom + .%-ne -+- e +. -e +&&'e(
&omm%- -e &r%me o'$( no- +'-om+-%&+$$1 &+n&e$ o'-
-e +&&'e( &$+%m -+- e (%( no- (o %- A $1%n)
.%-ne &+n m+/e + #o%-%ve +n %(en-%%&+-%on + +-r'-'$ .%-ne &+n Te $1%n) .%-ne &+n +$o +1 +
or-r%)-$1 +n( 'ne'%vo&+$$1, He (%( %- .%-o'-
b$%n/%n) +n e1e
R+-er, -o be +&&e#-+b$e, -e #o%-%ve
%(en-%%&+-%on m'- mee- +- $e+- -.o &r%-er%+:
F%r-, -e #o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on o -e oen(er m'- &ome rom + &re(%b$e .%-ne Se % &re(%b$e
.o &+n be -r'-e( -o -e$$ -e -r'-, ''+$$1 b+e( on
#+- e#er%en&e .%- er Her .or( +, -o one .o
/no. er, %- .e%)- %n )o$(
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn56http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn56http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn56
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
33/83
An( e&on(, -e .%-ne -or1 o .+- e
#eron+$$1 +. m'- be be$%ev+b$e, no- %neren-$1
&on-r%ve( A .%-ne .o -e-%%e +bo'- ome-%n)
e never +. r'n %n-o %n&on%-en&%e +n( m+/e
be.%$(er%n) &$+%m
Here, + +$re+(1 '$$1 (%&'e( +bove, A$+ro
+n( er -e-%mon1 +%$ -o mee- -e +bove &r%-er%+
Se (%( no- o. '# +- -e N;I + +
#on-+neo' .%-ne bo-ere( b1 er &on&%en&e Se
+( been +n)%n) +ro'n( -+- +)en&1 or ome-%me ++ -oo$ #%)eon, one #+%( or m%%n) '# .%- &r%m%n+$
+n( 'e+$%n) on -em Po$%&e +e- +re o-en
&r%m%n+$ -eme$ve Se .+ -e #roe&'-%on .or-
#o%b$e &o%&e or + .%-ne In(ee(, er '#er%or
-e-%%e( -+- e vo$'n-eere( -o #$+1 -e ro$e o +
.%-ne %n -e V%>&on(e /%$$%n) .en e &o'$( no-
#ro('&e + m+n e #rom%e( -o -e N;I
An(, +$-o') er -e-%mon1 %n&$'(e( (e-+%$,
A$+ro +( #r%or +&&e -o -e (e-+%$ -+- -e
%nve-%)+-or /ne. o -e &+e Se -oo/ +(v+n-+)e o
er +m%$%+r%-1 .%- -ee (e-+%$ -o %n&$'(e %n er
-e-%mon1 -e &$e+r$1 %n&om#+-%b$e +&- o ebb
'r$%n) + -one +- -e ron- (oor )$+ r+me even
.en -e1 .ere -r1%n) -o $%# +.+1 '%e-$1*'- o e
&+n +&&ommo(+-e -% &r%me &ene e+-'re Se +$o
+( Ven-'r+ r'mm+)%n) + b+) on -e (%n%n) -+b$e or
+ ron- (oor /e1 -+- nobo(1 nee(e( *'- -o e#$+%n
-e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e o -+- b+) +n( %- &+--ere(
&on-en- An( e +( Ven-'r+ &$%mb%n) -e &+r oo(,
r%/%n) be%n) een %n '& +n +./.+r( #o%-%on, .en
-e1 (%( no- nee( -o (+r/en -e )+r+)e -o or&e o#en
-e ron- (oor*'- o -o e#$+%n -e (+r/ene( $%)- +n(
oo- #r%n- on -e &+r oo(
F'r-er, er -e-%mon1 .+ %neren-$1%n&re(%b$e Her -or1 -+- G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>,
E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r- +)ree( -o -+/e -e%r
-'rn r+#%n) C+rme$+ % %n&on)r'en- .%- -e%r
%n(%eren&e, eem#$%%e( b1 rem+%n%n) o'-%(e -e
o'e, m%$$%n) 'n(er + -ree- $%)-, v%%b$e -o ne%)bor
+n( #+erb1, +n( o.%n) no %n-ere- %n -e
(eve$o#men- %n%(e -e o'e, $%/e % %- .+ -e%r -'rn
-o r+#e C+rme$+ A$+ro -or1 -+- e +)ree( -o erve+ ebb meen)er -o C+rme$+, '%n) '# er )+,
+n( -+1%n) .%- %m -%$$ -e b%>+rre en( .en -e1
.ere #r+&-%&+$$1 -r+n)er, +$o -+e %n&re('$%-1
To #rov%(e b+% or ebb o'-r+)e, A$+ro +%(
-+- e o$$o.e( C+rme$+ -o -e m+%n ro+( -o .+-&
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
34/83
er $e- o + $over on A)'%rre Aven'e An(,
%ne#$%&+b$1, +$-o') A$+ro +( on$1 #$+1e( -e ro$e
o meen)er, e &$+%me( $e+(%n) ebb, Le*+no,
+n( Ven-'r+ %n-o -e o'e -o )+n)4r+#e C+rme$$+, +
% A$+ro .+ e-+b$%%n) + re+on or $+-er on
-e-%1%n) on #eron+$ /no.$e()e Her .%n) rom +n
emo-%on o e+r .en + .om+n .o/e '# -o -e%r
#reen&e %n -e o'e +n( o +bo$'-e &o'r+)e .en
e none-e$e re-'rne( -o be&ome -e $one .%-ne
-o + )r%m &ene % +$o '%-e %ne#$%&+b$e
U$-%m+-e$1, A$+ro '+$%-1 + + .%-ne +n( er %n&on%-en-, % no- %neren-$1 'nbe$%ev+b$e, -e-%mon1
&+nno- be -e #o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on -+- *'r%#r'(en&e
+&/no.$e()e + '%&%en- -o *e--%on + (en%+$ +n( +n
+$%b%
f. A docu(ented ali%i
To e-+b$% +$%b%, -e +&&'e( m'- #rove b1 #o%-%ve, &$e+r, +n( +-%+&-or1 ev%(en&e?!"@ -+-
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
35/83
Imm%)r+-%on re&or( 1-em -oe -.o (+-e %n %-
re&or( o % -r+ve$ + .e$$ + -e (+-e .en e
'##oe($1 (e#+r-e( %n e&re- rom -e US -o &omm%-
-e &r%me %n -e P%$%##%ne +n( -en re-'rn -ereJ No
one + &ome '# .%- + $o)%&+$ +n( #$+'%b$e +n.er
-o -ee 'e-%on
Te Co'r- o A##e+$ re*e&-e( -e ev%(en&e o
ebb #+#or- %n&e e (%( no- $e+ve -e or%)%n+$ -o
be +--+&e( -o -e re&or( ;'-, .%$e -e be- ev%(en&e
o + (o&'men- % -e or%)%n+$, -% me+n -+- -e +me
% e%b%-e( %n &o'r- or -e +(vere #+r-1 -o e+m%ne+n( or -e *'()e -o ee A Co'r- o A##e+$ '-%&e
T+)$e +%( %n % (%en-,?!@ -e #r+&-%&e .en + #+r-1
(oe no- .+n- -o $e+ve +n %m#or-+n- (o&'men- .%-
-e -r%+$ &o'r- % -o +ve + #o-o&o#1 o %- m+r/e( +
e%b%- +n( -%#'$+-e( +mon) -e #+r-%e + + +%-'$
re#ro('&-%on o -e or%)%n+$ S-%#'$+-%on %n -e &o're
o -r%+$ +re b%n(%n) on -e #+r-%e +n( on -e &o'r-
Te US Imm%)r+-%on &er-%%&+-%on +n( -e
&om#'-er #r%n-4o'- o ebb +rr%v+$ %n +n( (e#+r-'re
rom -+- &o'n-r1 .ere +'-en-%&+-e( b1 no $e -+n
-e O%&e o -e US A--orne1 Gener+$ +n( -e S-+-e
De#+r-men- S-%$$ -e Co'r- o A##e+$ re'e( -o
+&&e#- -ee (o&'men- or -e re+on -+- ebb
+%$e( -o #reen- %n &o'r- -e %mm%)r+-%on o%&%+$ .o
#re#+re( -e +me ;'- -% .+ 'nne&e+r1 ebb
#+#or- % + (o&'men- %'e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne
)overnmen-, .%& 'n(er %n-ern+-%on+$ #r+&-%&e, % -e
o%&%+$ re&or( o -r+ve$ o -e &%-%>en -o .om %- %
%'e( Te en-r%e %n -+- #+#or- +re #re'me( -r'e?70@
Te US Imm%)r+-%on &er-%%&+-%on +n(
&om#'-er #r%n-4o'-, -e o%&%+$ &er-%%&+-%on o .%&
+ve been +'-en-%&+-e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne De#+r-men-
o Fore%)n A+%r, mere$1 v+$%(+-e( -e +rr%v+$ +n((e#+r-'re -+m# o -e US Imm%)r+-%on o%&e on
ebb #+#or- Te1 +ve -e +me ev%(en-%+r1
v+$'e Te o%&er .o %'e( -ee &er-%%&+-%on
nee( no- be #reen-e( %n &o'r- -o -e-%1 on
-em Te%r -r'-.or-%ne +r%e rom -e ene o
o%&%+$ ('-1 +n( -e #en+$-1 +--+&e( -o + bre+&e(
('-1, %n -e ro'-%ne +n( (%%n-ere-e( or%)%n o '&
-+-emen- +n( %n -e #'b$%&%-1 o -e re&or(?75@
Te Co'r- o A##e+$ o &o're m+/e &+#%-+$
o -e +&- -+- +n e+r$%er &er-%%&+-%on rom -e US
Imm%)r+-%on o%&e +%( -+- %- +( no re&or( o ebb
en-er%n) -e US ;'- -+- erroneo' %r- &er-%%&+-%on
.+ +m#$1 e#$+%ne( b1 -e US Governmen- +n(
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn59http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn60http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn61http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn59http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn60http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn61
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
36/83
Co'r- o A##e+$ '-%&e T+)$e -+-e( %- %n %
(%en-%n) o#%n%on, -':
+hile it is true that an earlier
Certification &as issued %! the
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
37/83
(ome-%& +n( ore%)n re&or( o (e#+r-'re +n(
+rr%v+$ rom +%r#or- Te1 &$+%m -+- %- .o'$( no-
+ve been %m#o%b$e or ebb -o e&re-$1 re-'rn -o
-e P%$%##%ne +-er e '##oe($1 $e- %- on M+r& ,
55, &omm%- -e &r%me, )o b+&/ -o -e US, +n(
o#en$1 re-'rn -o -e P%$%##%ne +)+%n on O&-ober 27,
52 Tr+ve$ be-.een -e US +n( -eP%$%##%ne,
+%( -e $o.er &o'r- -oo/ on$1 +bo'- -.e$ve -o
o'r-een o'r
I -e Co'r- .ere -o 'b&r%be -o -% e-reme$1
/e#-%&+$ v%e., %- m%)- + .e$$ -e+r -e r'$e o ev%(en&e o'- o -e $+. boo/ +n( re)+r( '#%&%on,
'rm%e, or #e&'$+-%on + re+on or %m#e+&%n)
ev%(en&e I- % no- -+- o%&%+$ re&or(, .%& &+rr1
-e #re'm#-%on o -r'- o .+- -e1 -+-e, +re
%mm'ne -o +--+&/ Te1 +re no- T+- #re'm#-%on &+n
be over&ome b1 ev%(en&e Here, o.ever, -e
#roe&'-%on (%( no- bo-er -o #reen- ev%(en&e -o
%m#e+& -e en-r%e %n ebb #+#or- +n( -e&er-%%&+-%on o -e P%$%##%ne +n( US %mm%)r+-%on
erv%&e re)+r(%n) % -r+ve$ -o -e US +n( b+&/ Te
#roe&'-%on reb'--+$ ev%(en&e % -e e+r o -e
'n/no.n -+- %- #$+n-e( %n -e $o.er &o'r- m%n(
7. ffect of +e%%s ali%i to others
ebb (o&'men-e( +$%b% +$-o)e-er %m#e+&e
A$+ro -e-%mon1, no- on$1 .%- re#e&- -o %m, b'-
+$o .%- re#e&- -o Le*+no, E-r+(+, Fern+n(e>,
G+-&+$%+n, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( ;%on) For, % -e Co'r-
+&&e#- -e #ro#o%-%on -+- ebb .+ %n
-e US .en -e &r%me -oo/ #$+&e, A$+ro -e-%mon1
.%$$ no- o$( -o)e-er ebb #+r-%&%#+-%on % -e
+n&or o A$+ro -or1 %-o'- %-, -e ev%(en&e
+)+%n- -e o-er m'- ne&e+r%$1 +$$
CONC
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
38/83
ro$e o -e .%-ne -o -e V%>&on(e m++&re -+- e
&o'$( no- #ro('&eJ
+,#O#, -e Co'r- #9#SS +n( STS
AS/ -e De&%%on (+-e( De&ember 5!, 200! +n(
Reo$'-%on (+-e( +n'+r1 27, 200" o -e Co'r- o
A##e+$ %n CA4GR CR4HC 00337
+n( AC, M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e>, Pe-er E-r+(+
+n( Ger+r(o ;%on) o -e &r%me o .%& -e1 .ere
&+r)e( or +%$'re o -e #roe&'-%on -o #rove -e%r )'%$- be1on( re+on+b$e (o'b- Te1 +re or(ere(
%mme(%+-e$1 #AS/ rom (e-en-%on 'n$e -e1
+re &on%ne( or +no-er $+.'$ &+'e
Le- + &o#1 o -% De&%%on be 'rn%e( -e
D%re&-or, ;'re+' o Corre&-%on, M'n-%n$'#+ C%-1 or
%mme(%+-e %m#$emen-+-%on Te D%re&-or o -e
;'re+' o Corre&-%on % /#CT/ -o re#or- -e+&-%on e + -+/en -o -% Co'r- .%-%n %ve (+1 rom
re&e%#- o -% De&%%on
SO O#/#/.
#",T TO CO
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
39/83
Is this the case ready for trial(
Fiscal&
I am ready, your honor
'ourt& ) to the accused
* do you have an attorney or are you going to plead guilty( ) A
I have no lawyer and I will plead guilty
'ourt&
Arraign the accused
+ote&
Interpreter read the information to the accused in the local
dialect after which he was asked this uestion
* -hat do you plead( ) A I plead guilty, but I was instructed by
one .r !campo
* -ho is that .r !campo, what is his complete name( ) A .r
+umeriano !campo
/he provincial fiscal is hereby ordered to investigate that
man
Fiscal&
I have investigated this case and found out that this !campo
has nothing to do with the case and I found no evidence against
this !campo
'ourt&
0entenced reserved
/wo days later, or on .ay #1, #$%, the trial court rendered the
following judgment&
2'riminal 'ase +o 34##5
/H6 76!786 !F /H6 7HI8I77I+60, plaintiff4appellee, vs
FRI0'! H!89A:! defendant4appellant
08I9H/ I8869A8 :6/6+/I!+
06+/6+'6
/he accused, Frisco Holgado, stands charged with the crime ofkidnapping and serious illegal detention in the following
I+F!R.A/I!+
/hat on or about :ecember ##, #$%;, in the municipality of
'oncepcion, 7rovince of Romblon, 7hilippines and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable 'ourt, the said accused being a
private individual, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and
feloniously, and without justifiable motive, kidnap and detain one
Artemia Fabreag in the house of Antero Holgado for about
hours thereby depriving said Artemia Fabreag of her personalliberty
'ontrary to law
/his case is called for trial on .ay , #$%
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
40/83
/he offense committed by the accused is kidnapping and serious
illegal detention as defined by article =>; of the Revised 7enal
'ode as amended by section = of Republic Act +o # and
punished by reclusion temporal in it minimum period to death
Applying indeterminate sentence law the penalty shall be prision
mayor in its ma?imum degree to reclusion temporal in themedium degree as minimum, or ten years @#1 and one @# day
of prision mayor to twenty @=1 years, with the accessory
penalties provided for by law, with costs /he accused is entitled
to one4half of his preventive imprisonment
It must be noticed that in the caption of the case as it appears in
the judgment above uoted, the offense charged is named
08I9H/ I8869A8 :6/6+/I!+ while in the body of the judgment
if is said that the accused "stands charged with the crime of
kidnapping and serious illegal detention" In the formation filed by
the provincial fiscal it is said that he "accuses Frisco Holgado ofthe crime of slight illegal detention" /he facts alleged in said
information are not clear as to whether the offense is named
therein or capital offense of "kidnapping and serious illegal
detention" as found by the trial judge in his judgment 0ince the
accused4appellant pleaded guilty and no evidence appears to
have been presented by either party, the trial judge must have
deduced the capital offense from the facts pleaded in the
information
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
41/83
!ne of the great principles of justice guaranteed by our
'onstitution is that "no person shall be held to answer for a
criminal offense without due process of law", and that all accused
"shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel" In
criminal cases there can be no fair hearing unless the accused be
given the opportunity to be heard by counsel /he right to beheard would be of little avail if it does not include the right to be
heard by counsel 6ven the most intelligent or educated man may
have no skill in the science of the law, particularly in the rules of
procedure, and, without counsel, he may be convicted not
because he is guilty but because he does not know how to
establish his innocence And this can happen more easily to
persons who are ignorant or uneducated It is for this reason that
the right to be assisted by counsel is deemed so important that it
has become a constitutional right and it is so implemented that
under our rules of procedure it is not enough for the 'ourt to
apprise an accused of his right to have an attorney, it is notenough to ask him whether he desires the aid of an attorney, but
it is essential that the court should assign one de oficio if he so
desires and he is poor grant him a reasonable time to procure an
attorney of his own
It must be added, in the instant case, that the accused who was
unaided by counsel pleaded guilty but with the following
ualification& "but I was instructed by one .r !campo" /he trial
court failed to inuire as to the true import of this ualification the
record does not show whether the supposed instructions was realand whether it had reference to the commission of the offense or
to the making of the plea guilty +o investigation was opened by
the court on this matter in the presence of the accused and there
is now no way of determining whether the supposed instruction is
a good defense or may vitiate the voluntariness of the confession
Apparently the court became satisfied with the fiscalDs information
that he had investigated .r !campo and found that the same
had nothing to do with this case 0uch attitude of the court was
wrong for the simple reason that a mere statement of the fiscal
was not sufficient to overcome a ualified plea of the accused
Eut above all, the court should have seen to it that the accused
be assisted by counsel specially because of the ualified plea
given by him and the seriousness of the offense found to be
capital by the court
/he judgment appealed from is reversed and the case is
remanded to the 'ourt below for a new arraignment and a new
trial after the accused is apprised of his right to have and to be
assisted by counsel 0o ordered
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
42/83
)O) 9 A"BA2AN
+ine years and four months ago this 'ourt declared&
Rape is a nauseating crime that deserves thecondemnation of all decent person who recognie
that a womans cherished chastity is hers alone to
surrender of her own free will-hoever violates
that will descends to the level of the odious
beast /he act becomes doubly repulsive where
the outrage is perpetrated on ones own flesh and
blood for the culprit is reduced to lower than the
lowly animal /he latter yields only to biological
impulses and is unfettered by social inhibitions
when it mates with its own kin, but the man who
rapes his own daughter violates not only her purity
and her trust but also the mores of his society
which he has scornfully defied Ey inflicting his
animal greed on her in a disgusting coercion of
incestuous lust, he forfeits all respect as a human
being and is justly spurned by all, not least of all by
the fruit of his own loins whose progeny he hasforever stained with his shameful and shameless
lechery2#5
At the end of the day, after resolving this case of #%4
year4old 6den Agbayani who charged her own father with
rape committed in the sanctity of their rented room on #$
Guly #$$%, this 'ourt finds itself repeating this
declaration2=5
Eefore this 'ourt on automatic review is the
decision2B5 of the Regional /rial 'ourt of *ueon 'ity,
Eranch #1>, in view of the death penalty imposed by it for
the crime of rape, defined and penalied under Article
BB of the Revised 7enal 'ode, as amended by RA
;>$2%5
!n #= 0eptember #$$%, the 0tation Investigation and
Intelligence :ivision of the +ational 'apital Region
'ommand, 7hilippine +ational 7olice @7+7, endorsed to
the !ffice of the 'ity 7rosecutor of *ueon 'ity the
complaint of 6den Agbayani @hereafter 6:6+ for rapeagainst her father, herein accused4appellant 6duardo
Agbayani y .endoa25
After appropriate preliminary investigation, a
complaint2>5 for rape signed by 6:6+, assisted by her
sister Fedelina Agbayani, and subscribed and sworn to
before Asst 'ity 7rosecutor 'harito E 9onales, was
filed against appellant with the Regional /rial 'ourt of
*ueon 'ity on =; !ctober, #$$% /he case wasdocketed as 'riminal 'ase +o *4$%4$#%$, then set for
arraignment, pre4trial and trial on == :ecember #$$% 2;5
At his arraignment on == :ecember #$$%, appellant,
assisted by Attys 0amuel Ealdado and 6dwin dela 'ru
as counsel de oficio, entered a plea of not guilty25
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
43/83
followed, with the prosecution presenting the first
witness, :r Florante Ealtaar, a .edico48egal !fficer of
the 7+7 'rime 8aboratory,2$5 who cross4e?amined by Atty
Ealdado2#15 !n the succeeding dates of trial, the
prosecution presented 6:6+2##5 and 07!# 0alvador
Euenviaje2#=5 :uring these hearings, however, appellant
was represented by Atty Arturo /emanil of the 7ublic
Attorneys !ffice2#B5
!n this part, the defense presented appellant,
Adoracion . 'ru, Fedelina Agbayani, as well as 6+
who identified her and Fedelinas affidavit of desistance,2#%5 which was subscribed and sworn to before notary
public 6ranio 'edillo on > February #$$ 0aid affidavit
reads as follows&
-e, 6den Agbayani, #% years old, complainant and
Fedelina Agbayani, #$ years old, sister of 6den
Agbayani, and presently residing at +o, 7hase #,
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
44/83
and claimed that she had signed it under coercion by her
mother and elder sister
/he trial courts summary of the evidence for the
prosecution, with the references to the pages of the
stenographic notes and e?hibits deleted, is as follows&
/he evidence adduced on the record shows that
sometime in 0eptember of #$$B in .alolos,
Eulacan, the accused was charged by his two
daughters, F6:68I+A and :!:I.A A9EAJA+I,
2with5 the crime of rape which case was raffled to
the sala of Gudge :anilo .analastas fo Eranch ;,
Regional /rial 'ourt, Eulacan /he case was,however, provisionally dismissed by said Gudge
after the complainants desisted from pursuing the
same in .ay #$$% 6duardo Agbayani was thus
conseuently released from jail on Guly #B,
#$$% /hree @B days thereafter, he began living
with four @% of his si? @> daughters, Fedelina,
6den, :iana, and 6dina, in a rented room at B14A
.akabayan 0t, Egy !brero, *ueon 'ity
/he evidence of the prosecution, in part consisting
of the testimonies of 'omplainant 6den Agbayani,
.edico48egal !fficer, :r Florante Ealtaar and
07!# 0alvador Euenviaje, shows that the above
mentioned address, the complainant, 6den
Agbayani, on the evening of Guly #$, #$$%, was
sleeping on the floor of the room with her father,
the accused 6duardo Agbayani was awakened
from her sleep by hands caressing her breast and
vagina 0he turned to discover that it was her
father who was then molesting her Frightened,she asked, /ay bakit niyo po ginagawa sa akin ito,
gayong kalalabas mo lang sa kulungan( and
threatened to kill her 2sic5 /he accused then
proceeded to undress her /hereafter he
undressed himself and succeeded in having carnal
knowledge with the complainant who could only
cry helplessly /he complainant thereafter felt
blood dripping from her vagina and felt pain
/he ne?t day, or on Guly =1, #$$%, the complainant
informed her elder sister, Fedelina, of what had
been done to her by her father 0he was told not to
worry as they would go to Eulacan to report the
incident to Fiscal 'araeg of Eulacan, who had, the
year before, handled the rape case filed by
Fedelina and :odima 0everal attempts were
made by her sisters, Fedelina and 6den to reach
the said fiscal but it was only on 0eptember $,
#$$%, that they were able to meet with him Fiscal
'araeg of Eulacan reported the complaint to Gudge
:anilo .analastas who reopened the previous
provisionally dismissed case and issued a warrant
of arrest against the herein accused
-
8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti
45/83
-ith the assistance of police officers from 0tation
#1 of the 0II: in *ueon 'ity, the accused was
arrested on the same day at his residence at B14A
.akabayan 0t, Egy !brero, *ueon 'ity and was
later brought to .alolos, Eulacan where he iscurrently detained After the accuseds arrest, 6den
and Fedelina returned to 0tation #1 where they
made individual statements before 07!# 0alvador
Euenviaje narrating the events leading to and
occurring after the incident of Guly #$, #$$%
/he ne?t morning, 6den was e?amined by .edico4
8egal !fficer and 'hief of the 7+7 'rime8aboratory, :r Florante Ealtaar, a colonel, who,
accordingly, prepared the corresponding .edico4
8egal Report2#;5
Appellant put up the defense of denial and
alibi According to him, he could not have raped his
daughter 6:6+, because on #$ Guly #$$%, he was in
Earangay 3ictoria in 0ual, 7angasinan, visiting his eldest
daughter2#5 He declared that 6:6+ charged him with
rape because he had hit her with a belt after he caught
her lying about her whereabouts on night /hen on =%
Guly #$$%, she left their rented apartment and did not
return anymore2#$5
Adoracion 'ru corroborated appellants alibi 0he
declared that on #; Guly #$$%, appellant reuested her to
take care of his children because he was going to
7angasinan to visit his sick father, returning home only
on =# Guly #$$%2=15
/he trial court gave full credence to the testimony of
6:6+, who appeared, during her entire testimonies on
Ganuary =1 and .ay %, #$$, coherent, candid and
responsiveC futher, it commended her for her courage and
her unwavering strength in the midst of the emotional and
psychological strain and humiliation, not to mention the
pressure and lack of moral support of her family, brought
on by the filing of this case It also ruled that 6:6+ did
not voluntarily e?ecute the affidavit of desistance, as it
was procured at the behest of her mother and sister for
whom the sanctity of the family and the familys goodname were more important than demanding punishment