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SynchronousDigitalHierarchySDH

SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)

SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)

PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)

SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)PrinciplesSDHstructureAccommodationofBitRatesforSDHUnificationofLowerTributariesofUS&CEPTUnificationofHigherTributariesofUS&CEPTAdaptationofSTMinSatellitesHigherOrderSTMInterfaceBetweenPDHandSDHWhatisJustificationFormationofTributaryUnitsSummaryofTributaryUnitFormation

PathOverheadHigherOrderPathOverheadLowerOrderPathOverhead

PointersFunctionsofaPointerOperationalPrinciplesofapointerPointerSummary

SDHMajorOperationalComponentsSummaryofSDHManagementSectionsRegeneratorSectionOverheadMultiplexSectionOverhead

SummaryofSDHMapping,Aligning,Pointerprocessing&Multiplexing

ExamplesofSDHNetworksExamplesofLocalSDHNetworkExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork

2

3

55

6121314161617171919

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202027

30313737

38383940

42

4646247

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SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)

CharacteristicsCancombineEuropean&AmericanPDHBasicallybasedonSynchronousOpticalNETworkSONET(American)ThefollowingPDH(European)canbemultiplexed3

4MultiplexingofPDHTributariestoSTM12(63)34(3)140(1)STM1SynchronousTransmissionMode1155.52Mbps

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VariousCombinationsofPDHTributariestoSTM1

2.048Mbps(63channels)or34Mbps(3channels)or140Mbps(1channel)willformanSTM1.n1of2.048Mbps,n2of34Mbpscanbemultiplexedwheren1&n2willgiverisetoatotaloflessthan155.52Mbps;ifn2=2,n1(max)=21

n2=1,n1(max)=42

5

PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)-Principles

Basicbitperiodshrunkateachpointfrom2Mbpsupwards(multiplexing)andateachmultiplexingpointbitsareadded.Example:

SpeedBitPeriodAddedbits(assume)2Mbps488ns8Mbps118nsx34Mbps25nsx1140Mbps7nsx2560Mbps1.7nsx3

6

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7ThePrinciplesofPDH2Mbps2/82/8AddbitstointroduceSYN8140Mbps34Mbps8MbpsAddbitstointroduceSYN34AddbitstointroduceSYN140RemovebitstoverifySYN8RemovetotoverifySYN34RemovebitstoverifySYN140DEMULTIPLEXINGMULTIPLEXING34/1408/3434/1408/34

xxxxxxxxxxxx2Mbps2/82/8AddbitstointroduceSYN8140Mbps34Mbps8MbpsAddbitsto

introduceSYN34AddbitstointroduceSYN140RemovebitstoverifySYN8RemovetotoverifySYN34RemovebitstoverifySYN140DEMULTIPLEXINGMULTIPLEXING34/1408/3434/140

8/34xxxxxxxxxxxxAteachde-multiplexingpointbitperiodexpands,andtheinsertedbitsareremoved

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Hencefromexample,560Mbpsstream,an8Mbpsstreamcannotbeobtaineddirect.560Mbpshastobeconvertedto140Mbps,thento34Mbps,andthento8Mbps;duetotheextractionofoverheadbitsateachde-multiplexingpoint.PDHmeansPlesiochronousdigitalHierarchy.PlesiochronousmeansMultiplesynchornization.Thatiswhytheabovecannotbeachieved.8

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9SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)-Principles2Mbps(n1)34Mbps(n2)140Mbps(n3)155.52Mbps(6.4ns)(488ns)25ns)(7ns)2Mbps(n1)34Mbps(n2)140Mbps(n3)155.52Mbps(6.4ns)(488ns)25ns)(7ns)Differentperiodsofbitsaremultiplexedtoformasingleperiodof6.4nsSimilarly,from6.4nsdifferentperiodscanbeobtainedatde-multiplexingpoints

Alltreatmentwillbedoneattheentrancefrom2Mbps,34Mbpsor140MbpsintoSTM1NoadditionalbitsareintroducedwithinSTM1(afterentrance)transformingfrom2Mbpsor34Mbpsor140MbpstoSTM110

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PDHtoSDHattheEntry

SDHisalwaysofhigherfrequencythanPDH.ThetreatmenttothedeviationofthePDHstreamshastobeaccommodatedintheSDHstream.ComplexityincreaseswhenthehigherorderPDHstreamtobeplacedintheSDHstream.Hencepositive,negative&zerojustificationtobeapplied,dependinguponthePDHstreamattheentrytoSDH.ManagementofPDHtributary(bitstream)throughoutSDHandbackagaintode-multiplextoPDHThismanagementinformationiscalledpathOverhead(POH).Exchangeatwhichthistributarytobeterminated,errorcontroletc.AttheentrytoSDHstream,anyPDHtributarywillbetreatedforpositive,negative&zerojustification,dependingupontheprimaryPCMscharacteristics.POHandstuffingbitstoconverttoasinglebitperiodof6.4ns.Afterthisnoadditionalbitsareintroducedtofurthershrinktheperiodof6.4ns.EveninhigherorderSDH,assumeSTM4,noadditionalbitsintroduced.InSTM4thebitperiodexactly(6.4ns)/4=1.6ns

SameconceptextendsforhigherorderSTM.11

SDHstructure

BasicStructureIn125s,2430words,eachwordrepresent8bitswhichisequivalenttoasample.Hencefor1secondthereare155.52Mb.Usesword(byte)interleaving.Henceeasytomanage.Inordertoanalyze

thestructurethese2430wordsareorganizedin9rowswith270columnsasfollows:12

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BasicStructure

123456789

12270271216021612430

125s125s

2430x8bits

13

1s

155.52MbitsStructurefor2Mbpsand34Mbps

2.048Mbps34.368Mbps1234

56789

12345..............................................

......3233343536

12......838485..................................................................................

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..............

..........755756

125s=>36x8125s=>756x8

1s=>2304kb1s=>48.384kb

Sparebits=0.256(12.5%)Sparebits=14.02(40%)

Furtherreviewedonslide#15

Sparebits=PathOverhead+justification

14

For34Mbpsstructure21Nos.2.048Mbpscanbeplaced

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Observations

For34MbpsinPDH2.048Mbps,16streamscanbemultiplexedInSDH21Nos.canbemultiplexed,WHY?ForPDH,CEPT34.368MbpsandPDHAmericanequipmentis44.736Mbps,Hence84columnsareusedfor44.736MbpsAmericansystem,SDHstreamstemsfromAmericanSONET.(CEPTCommitteeofEuropeanPost&Telecommunication)

HenceithasbeendesignatedforAmerican44.736Mbps,thoughweareusingitforCEPT34Mbps.Thatswhytherearemanysparebitsifweuseitfor34MbpsdirectlyonSTM1.15

Structureof34Mbpswhenformedfrom2Mbps

(Actual34.368Mbps)

1234

56789

12......838485......................................................................................................755756

1

2........84

For125s=>756x8bits1s=>48384

16

SparebitsforPOH+Justification=9.3444(6.7%)

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Structureof34MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom34Mbpsitself

EverybasictributaryhastoaccommodateforeachPOH+JustificationHencefor34directtobeplaced,itneedstwomorecolumnstoaccommodatePOH+Justification12........86

Ifwefillwith21Nos.of2.048Mbps,thesefirsttwocolumnsarespare

17

Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom34Mbps

(Actual139.264Mbps)

1234

56789

12......257258259....................................................................

..........................14641465........23212322

1

2........258

For125s=>2322x8bits1s=>148.605

18

SparebitsforPOH+Justification=9.3444(6.7%)

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Observations

For140MbpsisPDH(CEPT)thereare4Nos.34Mbpsstreams.ButinSDHonly3Nos34Mbpscanbeaccommodated63Nos2.048MbpscanbeaccommodatedinSDH.NoequipmentforPDH140Mbps(America)19

Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom140Mbpsitself

Similarreasoningasfor34Mbps,inordertodirect140MbpsintoSDH,Onemightthinkthat3columnsareusedforPOHandIfwefillwith3of34Mbps,thesefirst3columnsarespare

20

10

Justification,butitisnot.Why?261260......4321

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BytesAllocatedforJustificationandMatchingthespeedvariationsinputtributaries

WhenweconsiderTU12,12.5%bitsareavailableformatchingthevariationsaswellasforjustification.ForsimilarvariationsTU340.0%bitsareavailableButorsimilarvariationsinTU4,ifweuse258columns6.7%bitsareavailable,whichisnotenoughwhenweconsiderthebitspeed.Hence2morecolumnsarekeptforthetreatmentofvariationsin140Mbpsaswellasjustification(tobeadjusted).Hencethereisadeviationfromthepreviousthinkingand260columnsareallocatedfor140Mbpsinsteadof258columns.OnemorecolumnisallocatedforPOHandforthePointerfirst9bytesofthe4thRowisallocated.21

Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom140Mbpsitself

Additional3columnsare

1234......260261

Ifwefillwith3of34Mbps,thesefirst3columnsarespare

22

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23AccommodationofBitRatesforSDHManagementforRepeaterOverhead(RSOH)seeslide#77d.combinationofa&b*orc.140Mbps1No.orb.34Mbps3Nosora.2.048Mbps63NosMaximumofPointerforVC-4seeslide#60*if,1Noof34Mbpsthenamaximumof42Nos.of2Mbpsor2Nosof34Mbpsthenamaximumof21Nos.of2Mbps12709MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)seeslide#77

d.combinationofa&b*orc.140Mbps1No.orb.34Mbps3Nosora.2.048Mbps63NosMaximumofPointerforVC-4seeslide#60*if,1Noof34Mbpsthenamaximumof42Nos.of2Mbpsor

2Nosof34Mbpsthenamaximumof21Nos.of2Mbps12709MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)seeslide#77BuildingblocksofSTM1

2MbpsisthelowestspeedforEuropeansystemtobeconnectedtoSTM1Then34Mbpsand140Mbpssystemscanbeconnected

8MbpscannotbeconnectedtoSTM1STM1canbemadeeitherfrom140Mbpsoracombinationof2Mbpsand34Mbps.HencethebasicbuildingblockhasbeendesignedtoaccommodatetheabovethinkingTUisthebasicbuildingblockofSDH,fromPDHfor2Mbpsor34MbpsTU12=2Mbps

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TU3=34MbpsIntermediatemultiplexingpointhasbeencreatedtoaccommodateAmericansystems.24

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PDH

Thereare3standardsintheworld:CEPT.NorthAmericaandJapan.SDHcancombineallthese3systemsexceptCEPT8.448MbpsandJapan32.064Mbpsand97.728Mbps

*-thesebitratesarenotdirectlyaccommodatedinSDH

MbpsCEPTMbpsNorthAmericaMbpsJapan2.0481.5441.5448.448*6.3126.31234.36844.37632.064*139.2642597.728*

26UnificationofLowerTributariesofUS&CEPTForexample,TUG2toaccommodate

American6Mbpsand1.5MbpswithEuropean2MbpsTUG2TU12TU11TU2x1x4x3American6.142MbpsAmerican1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsNoaddedbits

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AlsointermediatemultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedinadditiontomixingofEuropeanandAmericansystemstoaccommodatelowerspeedtributariesEx:TUG3WhileTUG3canaccommodateEuropean34MbpsandAmericanaccommodate7ofTUG244Mbps,itcanSeenextslide27

28TUG3TUG2TU3x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide22

UnificationofHigherTributariesofUS&CEPT

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29AdministrativeUnitGroupTUG3TU4x1x3European140MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide24HighestmultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedtoaccommodateEuropean140MbpsandtoaccommodatelowerbitspeedtributariesAdministrativeUnitGroupTUG3TU4x1x3European140MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide24HighestmultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedtoaccommodateEuropean140Mbpsandtoaccommodatelowerbitspeedtributaries30Administrative

UnitGroupTU4x1x3European140MbpsTUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11

TU2x1x4x3American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsSTM1SummaryofMultiplexinguptoSTM1TU3

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31AdaptationofSTMinSatellitesInsteadof155.52Mbpsalowerbitrate51.84Mbpsisadoptedforsatellitecommunication.TUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11TU2x1x4x3American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsTU3STM-0AdaptationofSTMinSatellitesInsteadof155.52Mbpsalowerbitrate

51.84Mbpsisadoptedforsatellitecommunication.TUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11TU2x1x4x3

American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsTU3STM-0HigherOrderSTM

UnlikePDH,inSDHwhenitgoestohigherordernoadditionalbitsareinsertedathigherordermultiplexingpoints.ThefollowinggivesthedetailsofhigherorderSTMs.Bitrate(Mbps)

ApproximatebitratesCalculationofhigherorderbitratesNo.ofvoicechannelsBitperiodSTM1155.521,8906.4nsSTM4622.08=155.52x47,5601.6ns

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STM162488.32~2.5Gbps=622.08x430,240400psSTM649953.28~10Gbps=2488.32x4120,960100ps

Note:ConventionalCEPTPCMof30channelsisassumed.

32

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InterfaceBetweenPDHandSDH

ForexplanationCEPTsystemisused.Sameconceptappliesforothersystems.PDHtributarywillbeconvertedtoavirtualcontainerbyaddingPathOverhead(POH)bits,sothateachtributarytheoriginatinganddestinationnodescanbeidentified.ThisVirtualContainer(VC)willbeaddedaPointer.Hence,madeasaTributaryUnit(TU).ThepointerthusaddedwillprovidethejustificationofPDHtributarywithrespecttotheSDHtributary.ThepointerwillhelpatthedemultiplexingpointtodemultiplextothecorrectphaseoftheoriginalPDHsignal.33

WhatisJustification

Imagine2compartmentsofatrain.Itisconnectedwithapairofbuffersandflexiblechain.Ifthefirstmovingcompartmentgoingfasterthenext.Thechainwillpullthenextcompartment.ThisisequivalenttoPositiveJustification.Ifthefirstcompartmentismovingslowerthanthenextthebufferswillcollideandslowdownthenextone.ThisisequivalenttoNegativeJustification.Inthisexample,thefirstmovingcompartmentisanalogoustohigherordertributaryandthenextisequivalenttoprimarytributa

ry.34

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TrainAnalogy

Bufferchaincouplingmechanism

PositiveJustificationNegativeJustificationTensioninthechainCompressioninthebuffer35

EffectsofJustification

AssumesecondarytributaryspeedfsAssumeprimarytributaryspeedfpIffs>fp,PositiveJustification,theeffectwillbetoreadoneinformationbitofprimaryastwoinformationbitsofsecondary.Hence,insecondaryonebithastobeinhibited.

Iffs

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FormationofTributaryUnits

InSDH,thebasicPDHtributary(whether2Mbps,34Mbpsor140Mbps)willbecarriedinanyorderofSTMasarespectivetributaryunitofTU-12,TU-3orAU-4.ThebasicPDHwillbetreatedattheentranceasacontainerofbits.ThiscontainerwillbeaddedcertainoverheadbitstomatchtotheSTMbitperiodof6.7ns.Thisiscalledacontainer(C-12,C-3orC-4).Thesecontainersarethenaddedwithmanagement-bits-likepathoverhead.POHplaysvitalroleinoperation,administrationandmaintenanceoforiginalPDHtributariesuptothetransportationtotherequireddestinationofthesame.ThebasicfunctionsofPOHincludeserrordetectionandtransmissionpathverification.SothatthiscontainercanbetreatedasaVirtualContainer(VC).HencethiswillbecomeVC-12,VC-3orVC-4.ThisvirtualcontainerwillbefurtheraddedwithJustificationBitsorcalledasaPointertoindicatedthephasedifferencesbetweenthePDHtributarieswithrespecttotheSTM1.

TheSTM1willhaveaseparatepointertobeusedwhenitismultiplexedfurthertoahigherorderSDH.37

SummaryofTributaryUnitFormation

PDHAddPathOverheadContainerVirtual

ContainerAddPointerTributaryUnitLetsstudy:**Forhigherorder,itisAdministrativeUnitAddbits1.PathOverhead

2.Pointer38

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39HigherOrderPathOverheadThereare9wordsforPOH,whicharelistedbelow:DetailsofJ1&B3ofHigherOrderPOH

J1-Higher-OrderVC-NpathtracebyteThisuser-programmablebyterepetitivelytransmitsa15-bytestringplus1-byteCRC-7.A64-bytefree-formatstringisalsopermittedforthisAccessPointIdentifier.Thisallowsthereceivingterminalinapathtoverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmittingterminal.

B3-PathBitInterleavedParitycode(PathBIP-8)byteThisisaneven-paritycode,usedtodetermineifatransmissionerrorhasoccurredoverapath.ItsvalueiscalculatedoverallthebitsofthepreviousvirtualcontainerbeforescramblingandplacedintheB3byteofthecurrentframe.(BIP-8iscalculatedonthe8bitblocksofthenthframeandplacedonthe(n+1)thframeofVC3/VC4.)

40

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WhatisBIP?

BitInterleavedParityErrormonitoringinSDHusesaCRCwithapolynomial,xn+x0,calledBitInterleavedParity(BIP-n).Thesignaltobemonitoredisdividedintosmallblockswithn-bitsize.Theevenparitycheckisappliedtoeachbitofalltheblocksinthesignal,from1sttonthbitindependently.41

ExampleofBIP

ThefollowingisanillustrationofBIP-2onabitstreamof10informationbitsand2evenparitybits.DatablocksBIP-2110100010110

1

0

1

1

0

42

0

0

0

1

1

0

Interleaveddatablocks

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ApplicationofBIPinSDHSystems

FollowingtablegivesthevaryingvaluesofnusedatdifferentstagesofthemultiplexingofanSDHsignal

FrameOrderofBIP(n)ReferenceabbreviationtotheOverheadByteRSOHBIP-8B1MSOHBIP-24B2VC-4BIP-8B3VC-3BIP-8B3VC-12BIP-2V5(b1,b2)

43

44DetailsofC2ofHigherOrderPOHC2-PathsignallabelbyteThisbytespecifieswhetherthevirtualcontainerisequippedornotandthemappingtypeintherespectivevirtualcontainer.StandardbinaryvaluesforC2are:

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DetailsofG1ofHigherOrderPOH

G1-PathstatusbyteThisbyteisusedtoconveythepathterminatingstatusandperformancebacktotheoriginatingpathterminatingequipment.Thereforethebi-directionalpathinitsentiretycanbemonitored,fromeitherendofthepath.REIRemoteErrorIndicator(forpath)Anindicationreturnedtoatransmittingnode(source)thatanerroredblockhasbeendetectedatthereceivingnode(sink).REIwaspreviouslyknownasFarEndBlockError(FEBE).

RDIRemoteDefectIndicator(forterminal)

45

DetailsofG1ofHigherOrderPOH

(contd.)

TheE-RDIG1(bits5-7)codeinterpretationprovidesforinterworkingwithequip

mentwhichsupportsRDI.ItisnotnecessaryfortheinterpretationtoidentifyiftheequipmentsupportsRDIorE-RDI.FortheE-RDIcodes,bit7issettotheinverseofbit6.FollowingistheE-RDIG1(bits5-7)codeinterpretation:NOTE1:ThesecodesaregeneratedbyRDIsupportingequipmentandareinterpretedbyE-RDIsupportingequipmentasshown.ForequipmentsupportingRDI,clause9.3.1.4/G.707,thiscodeistriggeredbythepresenceorabsenceofoneofthefollowingdefects:AIS,LOP,TIM,orUNEQ.EquipmentconformingtoanearlierversionofthisstandardmayincludePLMasa

triggercondition.ATMequipmentcomplyingwiththe1993versionofITU-TRecommendationI.432mayincludeLCDasatriggercondition.Notethatforsome

nationalnetworks,thiscodewastriggeredonlybyanAISorLOPdefect.NOTE2:ATMequipmentcomplyingwiththe08/96versionofITU-TRecommendation

I.432.2mayincludeLCDasatrigger46condition.

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DetailsofF2,H4,F3&K3ofHigherOrderPOH

F2PathuserchannelbyteThisbyteisusedforusercommunicationbetweenpathelements.H4PositionandSequenceIndicatorbyteThisbyteprovidesamultiframeandsequenceindicatorforvirtualVC-3/4concatenationandageneralizedpositionindicatorforpayloads.Inthelattercase,thecontentispayloadspecific(e.g.,H4canbeusedasamultiframeindicatorforVC-2/1payload).FormappingofDQDBinVC-4,theH4bytecarriestheslotboundaryinformationandtheLinkStatusSignal(LSS).Bits1-2areusedfortheLSScodeasdescribedinIEEEStandard802.6.Bits3-8formtheslotoffsetindicator.TheslotoffsetindicatorcontainsabinarynumberindicatingtheoffsetinoctetsbetweentheH4octetandthefirstslotboundaryfollowingtheH4octet.Thevalidrangeoftheslotoffsetindicatorvalueis0to52.Areceivedvalueof53to63correspondstoanerrorcondition.F3-PathuserchannelbyteThisbyteisallocatedforcommunicationpurposesbetweenpathelementsandispayloaddependent.

K3-APSsignallingisprovidedinK3bits1-4,allocatedforprotectionattheVC-4/3pathlevels.K3bits5-8areallocatedforfutureuse.Thesebitshave47

nodefinedvalue.Thereceiverisrequiredtoignoretheircontent.

DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH

N1-NetworkoperatorbyteThisbyteisallocatedtoprovideaHigher-OrderTandemConnectionMonitoring(HO-TCM)function.N1isallocatedforTandemConnectionMonitoringforcontiguousconcatenatedVC-4,theVC-4

andVC-3levels.48

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DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH

(contd.)

NOTE:Toguaranteeanonall-zeroesN1byteindependentoftheincomingsignalstatus,itisrequiredthattheIECcodefieldcontainsatleastone1.WhenzeroerrorsintheBIP-8oftheincomingsignalaredetected,anIECcodeisinsertedwith1sinit.Inthismanner,itispossiblefortheTandemConnectionsinkatthetailendoftheTandemConnectionlinktousetheIECcodefieldtodistinguishbetweenunequippedconditionsstartedwithinorbeforetheTandemConnection.

49

DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH

(contd.)

Bit5-OperatesastheTC-REIoftheTandemConnectiontoindicateerroredblockscausedwithintheTandemConnection.Bit6-OperatesastheOEItoindicateerroredblocksoftheegressingVC-n.Bit7,8-Operateina76multiframeas:AccesspointidentifieroftheTandemConnection(TC-APId);itcomplieswiththegeneric16-bytestringformatgivenin9.2.2.2.

TC-RDI,indicatingtothefarendthatdefectshavebeendetectedwithintheTandemConnectionatthenearendTandemConnectionsink.ODI,indicatingtothefarendthatAU/TU-AIShasbeeninsertedintotheegressingAU-n/TU-nattheTC-sinkduetodefectsbeforeorwithintheTandemConnection.Reservedcapacity(forfuturestandardization).50

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51DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH(contd.)StructureofTU12

ThestructureofTU3issuchthatinagiven125sframewhenmappeddirectlyfrom34MbpstoVC3andthentoTU3thereareenoughsparewordstoaccommodatethePOHandPointer.Howeverinthecaseof2MbpsthenumberofsparewordstoaccommodatePOHandPointerinagiven125speriodisnotsufficientenough.Hence4framesof125sareusedtoindicatethePOHandPointerfortherespective2MbpsPDHstream.TheslideshowshowthePOHisaccommodatedfor2Mbpstributarystreams:

52

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53TheStructureofVC12POH01404consecutiveframesformaMultiframe125*4=500sIndicationinH4(MultiframeIndicationByte)H4byte00V5Frame101J2Frame210N2Frame311K4Frame434bytes34bytes34bytes34bytesH4byte

00V5Frame101J2Frame210N2Frame311K4Frame434bytes34bytes34bytes34bytes54

DetailsofV5ofLowerOrderPOHV5VTpathoverhead

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DetailsofJ2ofLowerOrderPOH

J2-UsedtorepetitivelytransmitaLower-OrderAccessPathIdentifiersothatapathreceivingterminalcanverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmitter.A16-byteframeisdefinedforthetransmissionofPathAccessPointIdentifiers.This16-byteframeisidenticaltothe16-byteframeoftheJ1andJ0bytes.55

DetailsofN2ofLowerOrderPOH

(contd.)

N2-AllocatedforTandemConnectionMonitoringfortheVC2,VC-12,andVC-11level.Bits1-2Bit3UsedasanevenBIP-2fortheTandemConnection.Fixedto1.ThisguaranteesthatthecontentsofN2isnotallzeroesattheTC-so

urce.ThisenablesthedetectionofanunequippedorsupervisoryunequippedsignalattheTandemConnectionsinkwithouttheneedofmonitoringfurtherOH-bytes.Bit4OperatesasanincomingAISindicator.Bit5OperatesastheTC-REIoftheTandemConnectiontoindicateerroredblockstheTandemConnection.causedwithinBit6Bits7-856OperatesastheOEItoindicateerroredblocksoftheegressingVC-n.Operateina76multiframeas:

TheaccesspointidentifieroftheTandemConnection(TC-APId)TheTC-RDI,indicatingtothefarendthatdefectshavebeendetectedwithintheTandemConnectionatthenearendTandemConnectionsink.TheODI,indicatingtothefarendthatTU-AIShasbeeninsertedattheTC-sinkintotheegressingTU-nduetodefectsbeforeorwithintheTandemConnection.Reservedcapacity(forfuturestandardization).

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57DetailsofN2ofLowerOrderPOH(contd.)DetailsofK4ofLowerOrderPOH

K4-Bits1-4areallocatedforAPSsignallingforprotectionattheLower-Orderpathlevel.Bits5-7arereservedforoptionaluse.Bit8isreservedforfutureuseandhasnodefinedvalue.58

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ComparisonofPOHinHigherandLowerOrders

FunctionVC3,4POHByteVC12POHByteverificationofVCconnectionJ1J2BitInterleavedparityCheckByteB3V5(b1-b2)IndicationofVCcompositionC2V5(b5-b7)RemoteAlarmIndicationG1V5(b3,4,8)64kbclearchannelsF2,F3N/AMultiframePositionIndicatorH4N/AAutomaticProtectionSwitchsignalingK3K4NetworkOperatorByteN1N2Spare(unused)

59

Pointers

ApplicationofPointerAPointerisusedtoaddressaparticularlocationwithinanAUoraTUstructure.Therearemainly2typesofpointers1.AUPointers:usedtopointatHigherOrderVCs(VC-4,3)inanSTMframe2.TUPointers:usedtopointatLowerOrderVCs(VC-12)inhigherorderVCEachofthesepointerscarrytheoffsetnumber(address)atwhichthe1stbyteofthepayloadislocated,withintheframe.TheoffsetnumberingofAU4,TU3,TU12,framesareshowninslide#66,68,71.TheoffsetnumberingofTUs/AUswillbeaccordingtotheCCITTRec.G.707.

60

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FunctionsofaPointer

1.MinimizationofmultiplexingDelayThisisthemainadvantageofpointers.Normallysignalsfromdifferentoriginatingpointsdifferintheirphases,becauseofdifferenttransmissionlengthanddifferentclockgeneration.Intheusualmultiplexingprocess,toalignthem,eachsignalhastobewrittenintomemoriesandreadoutusinganewphaseoftheframetobemultiplexed.Thus,itisinevitabletocauseadditionaldelayofhalfoftheframetimeinaverageandoneframetimeatmaximum.Also,itrequireslargecapacitymemories.Toavoidaboveinconveniences,thispointermethodwasintroducedintothemultiplexingofSDHsignal.ApointerisassignedtoeachVCtobemultiplexedanditindicatesrelativephaseshiftbetweentheVCandthenewframebyusingtheaddressnumberinthenewframe.Asamatterofcourse,everyVChasdifferentpointervalue.Thepointerisrenewedateverymultiplexingprocess,soitisnotnecessarytointroduceundesirableadditionaldelays.2.FrequencyJustificationGenerallythisfunctionisnotrequiredinanSDHnetworksinceallnetworkelementsaresynchronizedtoasingleclock.ButiftheVCsaretransportedoverdifferentnetworks,andifanetworkelementisinanabnormalcondition,

justificationisnecessarytoabsorbanyfrequencydifferencesbetweenpayloadandtheframes.Thereare2typesofjustificationinSDH:a.PositiveJustification:IftheframespeedoftheSTMishigherthanthepayloadarrivalspeed.b.Negativejustification:IftheframespeedoftheSTMislowerthanthepayloadarrivalspeed.61

Positivejustification

H3H3H3ApplicationofthechainintheTrainanalogy.

62

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Negativejustification

H3H3H3ApplicationofthebufferintheTrainanalogy.

63

AU-4PointerThispointerpointstotheVC-4inanSTM-1frame.FollowingisthetypicalstructureofanAU-4pointer.H1,H2TogetherareusedtogivetheoffsetoftheVC-4intheSTM-1frame.H1H2

H1YYH21*1*H3H3H3

DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN10bitpointervalueN-Newdataflag,1001enabled,0110disabledIIncrementbit,InpositivejustificationIbitsareinvertedDDecrementbit,InnegativejustificationDbitsareinverted.SS10H3Negativejustificationopportunitybytes

VC-4PayloadAUPointer9

Y1001SS111*-all1bits64

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AUPointer

VC-4AUPointerPayload9

Observations:

Whenthepayloadisdirectlyfilledby140MbpsPDHanAUpointerwilldirecttothestartingpointofVC-4.IftheVC-4isfilledbylowertributariessuchas34Mbps,2Mbpsoranyofthesetwocombinations,theAUpointerwillnotbefilledbyanyinformation.65

AU-4Pointeroffsetnumbering

12345678910AUG270

1

234H156789H3H3H30--187123

456789-0................H2Y125s

250sH1H3H3H3H2YYY1*1*1*1*-Negativejustificationopportunity(3bytes)Positivejustificationopportunity(3bytes)TheAU-4pointervalueisabinarynumberwitharangeof0to782[tonumber(261x9)/3bytes]whichindicatestheoffset,inthree-byteincrements,betweenthepointerandth

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efirstbyteoftheVC-4(POHisincludedinthisnumbering).Numberingstartsfromthefirstbyteofthe4throwofVC.---86....521--522-....

782--86--

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TU3Pointer

SimilartoAUpointerthisTU3pointerwillbefilledonlywhentheVC3isfilleddirectlyfromPDH34Mbps.

Ifitisfilledby2Mbpsthesepointerbyteswillbenotbefilledandwillbetreatedasspare.

ThispointstoVC-3withintheTU3frame.FollowingshowsTU3pointerintheTU3frame.

TU4pointerissimilartoTU3pointeronitsapplication.

H1VC-3H2H3Sparebits

185

67

TU-3PointeroffsetnumberingTheTU-3pointervalueisabinarynumberwitharangeof0-764[(255x9)/3]whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-3(POHisincluded).258

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AU-n/TU-3Pointer(H1,H2,H3)

Coding

H1H2H312345678910111213141516

NNNNSSIDIDIDIDID10bitpointervalue

IIncrementDDecrementNNewdataflag

Newdataflag

Enabledwhenatleast3outof4bitsmatch"1001"Disabledwhenatleast3outof4bitsmatch"0110"InvalidwithothercodesNegativejustification

Invert5D-bitsAcceptmajorityvoteNegativePositivejustificationjustificationopportunityopportunity

Pointervalue(b7-b16)

Normalrangeis:forAU-4,AU-3:0-782decimalforTU-3:0-764decimalPositivejustification

Invert5I-bitsAcceptmajorityvoteConcatenationindication

1001SS1111111111(SSbitsareunspecified)10AU-4,AU-4-Xc,AU-3,TU-3SSbitsAU-n/TU-ntype70TU12PointerThispointstoVC-12withintheTU12frame.FollowingshowsTU12pointerintheTU12frame.V1~V4

49VC-1235bytesV435bytesV335bytesV235bytesV1

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500s

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TU-12Pointeroffsetnumbering

TheTU-12pointervaluecontainedinV1andV2indicatestheoffsetfromV2(V3,V4bytesarenotcounted)tothefirstbyteoftheVC-12.0-139whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-12.Thatis,thevalueofthepointerforaTU-12hasarangeof0to140.Forexample,iftheTUPayloadPointerhasavalueof0,thentheVC-12beginsinthebyteadjacenttotheV2byte;iftheTUPayloadPointerhasavalueof35,thentheVC-12beginsinthebyteadjacenttotheV3byte...TheV5byteisthefirstbyteoftheVC-12inthefirstmultiframe.71

DetailsofthePointerCoding

H1,H2Togetherareusedtogivetheoffsetofthepayload.

H1H2

72DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN10bitpointervalueN-NewDataFlag-Bits1-4(N-bits)ofthepointerwordcarryanNDF.Itisthemechanismwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofapointer.thenormalvalueis"0110",andthevalue"1001"indicatesanewalignmentfortheVC-n,andpossiblynewsize.1001enabled,0110disabledIIncrementbit,InpositivejustificationIbitsare

invertedDDecrementbit,InnegativejustificationDbitsareinverted.SS10

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OperationalPrinciplesofapointer

H1&H2bytes:Indicatestheoffsetvalueofthestartingofaframe.Offsetvaluecanbeof3types.OffsetzeroZerojustification:Framestartsinthenormalwordnumber1.OffsetPositivePositiveJustification:Framestartsinthewordnumbern.thevalueofnwillbegivenintheH1&H2bytes.OffsetNegative-NegativeJustification:Framestartinadvance.Startingpointwillbeoneofthe9bytesoftheH3.73

74PointerAU-4TU-3TU-12ProvidesamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentoftheVC4withintheAU-4frame.ProvidesamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentofVC-3withintheTU-3frame.

ProvideamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentoftheVC-12theTU-multiframeForthrow(9bytes)ofOverheadbytesectionContainedinTU-3asthreeseparateH1,H2andH3bytesAtthebeginningofeachframe(4bytes-V1,V2,V3,V4.ThepointercontainedinH1andH2designatesthelocationofthebytewheretheVC4begins.TheTU-3pointervaluecontainedin

H1andH2designatesthelocationofthebytewheretheVC-3begins.TheTU-12pointervaluecontainedinV1andV2indicatestheoffsetfromV2(V3,V4bytesarenotcounted)tothefirstbyteoftheVC12Nbits-Bits1-4ofthepointerwordcarryanNDF(NewDataFlag)whichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthepointervalueifthatchangeis

duetoachangeinthepayload.CarryanNDFwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofthepointerifthatchangeisduetoachangeintheVC-3.CarryanNDF.Itisthemechanismwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofapointer.SSbits-twoSbits(bits5

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and6)Fixed-01Fixed-01Specifythesize/indicatetheTributaryUnittype.TU1210I,Dbits-Thelasttenbits(bits7-16)ofthepointerwordCarrythepointervalue.Carrythepointervalue.Carrythepointervalue.NegativejustificationbyteappearsintheindividualH3byteoftheAU-4framecontaininginvertedD-bits.ApositivejustificationbyteappearsimmediatelyaftertheindividualH3byteoftheAU-4framecontaininginvertedI-bitsNegativejustificationbyteappearsintheindividualH3byteintheTU-3framecontaininginvertedD-bits.ApositivejustificationbyteappearsimmediatelyaftertheindividualH3byteintheTU-3framecontaininginvertedI-bits.ApositivejustificationopportunityimmediatelyfollowstheV3byte.

Additionally,V3servesasthenegativejustificationopportunitysuchthatwhentheopportunityistaken,V3isoverwrittenbydataReserved0to782whichindicatestheoffset,inthree-byteincrements,betweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-40-764whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-30-139whichindicatestheoffset

betweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-12V4PointerValuerangeLocationH1,H2(orV1,V2)H3/V3PointerSummary

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SDHMajorOperationalComponents

InSDHbasicelementisaVirtualContainer.Thiscontainerwillfollowaspecifiedpathfromoriginatingnodetodestinationnode.Henceavirtualcontainerhastotravelapath.Whenitistravelingitspath,itwillencounter2majoroperationalcomponents.ThesemajoroperationalcomponentsintheSDHareasfollows;RegeneratorUnitAdd-DropMultiplexerorTerminalMultiplexerUnitTheabove2majorcomponentsaremanagedseparatelyfromonemultiplexunittotheimmediatenextmultiplexunitasamultiplexersectionandfromaregeneratortotheimmediatenext/previouseithermultiplexunitorregeneratorasaregeneratorsection.WhenaVCfollowapathitwillencountermanyregeneratorsectionsaswellasmanymultiplexersections.

Therefore3typesofoverheadscanbeidentified.IntheVCPathOverhead(alreadyanalyzed.)RegeneratorSectionOverhead(RSOH)MultiplexerSectionOverhead(MSOH)InamultiplexerunitbeforetheanalysisofMSOH,RSOHwillbecheckedtreatingthismultiplexerunitasarepeater.75

76PathREGREGPTE

ADMMultiplexSectionRegeneratorSectionMultiplexSectionRegeneratorSectionRegeneratorSectionRegeneratorSection

SDHNetworkLayersSummaryofSDHManagementSectionsRSOHRSOHRSOHRSOHMSOHMSOHPOHPTE=PathTerminatingElementREG=RegeneratorADM=Add/DropMultiplexerPTE

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RegeneratorSectionOverheadTheRegeneratorSectionOverheadcontainsonlytheinformationrequiredfortheelementslocatedatbothendsofasection.TheRegeneratorSectionOverheadisfoundinthefirstthreerowsofColumns1through9xNoftheSTM-N,N=1frame.MultiplexSectionOverheadTheMultiplexSectionOverheadcontainstheinformationrequiredbetweenthemultiplexersectionterminationequipmentateachendoftheMultiplexsection.TheMultiplexSectionOverheadisfoundinRows5to9ofColumns1through9xNoftheSTM-N,N=1frame.PathOverheadDiscussedearlier

77

STM-1Regeneratorsectionoverhead(RSOH)&MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)

9bytes

A1andA2-Framing9rowsA1A1A1A2A2A2J0**B1.

.E1.F1D1..D2.D3

RSOH

AdministrativeUnitpointer(s)

B2B2B2K1K2

D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2

MSOH

T1543290-01

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Unscrambledbytes

J0-RegeneratorSection(RS)TracemessageB1-RSbitinterleavedparitycode(BIP8)byteE1-RSorderwirebyteF1-RSuserchannelbyteD1,D2,D3-RSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesB2-MultiplexSection(MS)bitinterleavedparitycode(MSBIP-24)byteK1&K2-AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APSchannel)bytesD4toD12-MSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesS1-Synchronization

statusmessagebyte(SSMB)M1-MSremoteerrorindicationE2-MSorderwirebyteBytesreservedfornationaluseThecontentofthesereservedbyteshastobecarefully

*

selectedastheyarenotscrambled..Media-dependentbytes

78

NOTEAllunmarkedbytesarereservedforfutureinternationalstandardization(formedia-dependent,additionalnationaluseandotherpurposes).

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RegeneratorSectionOverhead

A1andA2-FramingbytesThesetwobytesindicatethebeginningoftheSTM-Nframe.TheA1,A2bytesareunscrambled.A1hasthebinaryvalue11110110,andA2hasthebinaryvalue00101000.TheframealignmentwordofanSTM-Nframeiscomposedof(3xN)A1bytesfollowedby(3xN)A2bytes.J0-RegeneratorSection(RS)TracemessageItsusedtotransmitaSectionAccessPointIdentifiersothatasectionreceivercanverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmitter.ThecodingoftheJ0byteisthesameasforJ1andJ2bytes.Z0-Thesebytes,whicharelocatedatpositionsinSTM-Nsignal(N>1),arereservedforfutureinternationalstandardization.B1-RSbitinterleavedparitycode(BIP-8)byteThisisaparitycode(evenparity),usedtocheckfortransmissionerrorsoveraregeneratorsection.ItsvalueiscalculatedoverallbitsofthepreviousSTM-Nframeafterscrambling,thenplacedintheB1byteofSTM-1beforescrambling.E1-RSorderwirebyteThisbyteisallocatedtobeusedasalocalorderwire

channelforvoicecommunicationbetweenregenerators.F1-RSuserchannelbyteThisbyteissetasidefortheuserspurposes;itcanbereadand/orwrittentoateachsectionterminatingequipmentinthatline.D1,D2,D3-RSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesThesethreebytesforma192kbit/smessagechannelprovidingamessage-basedchannelforOperations,AdministrationandMaintenance(OAM)betweenpiecesof79sectionterminatingequipment.Thechannelcanbeusedfromacentral

locationforcontrolmonitoringadministrationandothercommunication

MultiplexSectionOverhead

B2-MultiplexSection(MS)bitinterleavedparitycode(MSBIP-24)byteThisbitinterleavedparityNx24codeisusedtodetermineifatransmissionerrorhasoccurredoveramultiplexsection.Itsevenparity,andiscalculatedoverallbitsoftheMSOverheadandtheSTM-NframeofthepreviousSTM-Nframebeforescrambling.K1andK2-AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APSchannel)bytesThesetwobytesareusedforMSP(MultiplexSectionProtection)signalingbetweenmultiplexleve

lentitiesforbi-directionalautomaticprotectionswitchingandforcommunicatingAlarmIndicationSignal(AIS)andRemoteDefectIndication(RDI)conditions.K1ByteK2ByteBits1-4TypeofrequestBits1-4Selectschannelnumber

1111LockoutofProtectionBit5Indicationofarchitecture1110ForcedSwitch01+1

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1101SignalFailHighPriority11:n1100SignalFailLowPriorityBits6-8Indicatemodeofoperation1011SignalDegradeHighPriority111MS-AIS1010SignalDegradeLowPriority110MS-RDI1001(notused)101Provisionedmodeisbi-directional1000ManualSwitch100Provisionedmodeisunidirectional0111(notused)011Futureuse0110Wait-to-Restore010Futureuse0101(notused)001Futureuse0100Exercise000Futureuse0011(notused)0010ReverseRequest0001DoNotRevert0000NoRequest80

Bits5-8Indicatethenumberofthechannelrequested

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MultiplexSectionOverhead(contd.)

D4toD12-MSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesTheseninebytesforma576kbit/smessagechannelfromacentrallocationforOAMinformation.S1-Synchronizationstatusmessagebyte(SSMB)Bits5to8ofthisS1byteareusedtocarrythesynchronizationmessages.Bits5-8

0000Qualityunknown(existingsync.network)0010G.811PRC0100SSU-A(G.812transit)1000SSU-B(G.812local)1011G.813Option1SynchronousEquipmentTimingClock(SEC)1111Donotuseforsynchronization.Thismessagemaybeemulatedbyequipmentfa

iluresandwillbeemulatedbyaMultiplexSectionAISsignal.M1-MSremoteerrorindicationTheM1byteofanSTM-1orthefirstSTM-1ofanSTM-NisusedforaMSlayerremoteerrorindication(MSREI).E2-MSorderwirebyteThisorderwirebyteprovidesa64kbit/schannel81betweenmultiplexentitiesforanexpressorderwire.AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APS)

AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APS)isthecapabilityofatransmissionsystemtodetecta

failureonaworkingfacilityandtoswitchtoastandbyfacilitytorecoverthetraffic.Thiscapabilityhasapositiveeffectontheoverallsystemavailability.TwomodesofAPSareprovided:1+1protectionswitching1:Nprotectionswitching.82

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831+1ProtectionSwitching1+NProtectionSwitching1+1ProtectionSwitching1+NProtectionSwitching84C-12VC-12TU-12TUG-2VC-3C-3TU-3TUG-3C-4VC-4AU-4x3x1x7x3STM-1PointerprocessingMultiplexingAligningMappingSummaryofSDHMapping,Aligning,Pointerprocessing&Multiplexing

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VC-3Structure

Whenmappedby34Mbpsor44Mbps

J112....84B3C2G1C-3F2H4F3K3N1

1........85

85

VC-3POH

TUG-3Structure

Whenmappedby34Mbpsor44Mbps

N1K3F3H4F2G1C2H3B3H284....21J1H112........86

86

TU-3Pointer

Sparebits

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87TUG-3structureTUG-3Structure

Whenmappedfromlowerorder

12....84

12........86*-noPOHareaddedatVC3,butthe

88

Sparebits

individualPOHswillbecarriedbyeachlowerordercontainer,i.e.VC12

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StructureofVC4

WhenmappedfromTUG3:TUGx3(A,B,C)=AU4

CBAHHHCOOOCBA..........CBACBACBAPPPBA1234....................................

261

89

Sparebits

90StructureofAU4WhenmappedfromVC4:H3H3H3H2H2H2YYH1258

261....................................4321HOPC-49

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ExamplesofSDHNetworks

91

..PresentAvailabilityofthisringis99.955%ExamplesofLocalSDHNetwork-SLTCentralRing

..OneHighspeed(STM-16)OFTransmissionnetworkisavailable.(CentralRing)..OpticalFibercablefailurebetweentwonodesdoesnotcauseanytrafficloss..Availabilityofthisringwillbe100%soon700kminlength..ThisringcatersonlyapartofSLTnetwork92

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93PathProtectionFEBCADBothworkingandprotectionfibercutatoneplaceAutomaticrestorationfromtheprotectionfiberbytwostepsatBandCwhichshowbelowPrincipleofSelf-HealinginanSDHRingNetworkPathProtectionFEBCAD

BothworkingandprotectionfibercutatoneplaceAutomaticrestorationfromtheprotectionfiberbytwostepsatBandCwhichshowbelowPrincipleofSelf-HealinginanSDHRingNetworkKPNQwestEuroRingsNetwork13,000kmin2001ToUnitedStatesToUnitedStatesDWDM/STM-64:

96fibers@80wavelengths@10Gbit/s

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95ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkQwestUnifiedGlobalBroadbandNetworkExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkSEAMEWE3

40landingpointsin34countries39,000kminlengthInitially@2.5Gbps,Upgradedto20Gbpsin2000

96

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ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkSEAMEWE4

MUMBAIKARACHIFUJAIRAHCOLOMBOCHENNAICOXSBAZARSUEZJEDDAHMARSEILLESPALERMOALEXANDRIAMELAKASINGAPOREBIZERTEBIZERTESATUNSATUNANNABAANNABA20,000kmlongUltimatecapacity1.2Tbps

97

98ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork

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99ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork100

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