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Huygens
and the Advancement of Time Measurements
Kees Grimbergen1,2
1 Medical Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam
2 Museum van het Nederlandse Uurwerk (MNU),
Museum of the Dutch Clock, Zaandam, The Netherlands
Academic Medical Center Titan: From Discovery to Encounter, Noordwijk 16 April, 2004MNU
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Zaans Uurwerkenmuseum
Museum van het Nederlandse Uurwerk
1976 2001
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Museum van het Nederlandse Uurwerk
• Collection of Dutch Clocks; Period 1500 - 1850
* Hague clocks
* Longcase clocks
* Wall clocks
* Table clocks
* Regional clocks (Zaan region, Brabant, Friesland)
* Precision clocks
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Salomon Coster with ‘privilege’ Christiaan Huygens;Collection Museum van het Nederlandse Uurwerk, ca 1658
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Christiaan Huygens
14 april 1629 - 8 juli 1695
P. Bourguignon ca 1688; coll KNAW
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Museum of the Dutch Clock
Medical Physics Laboratory
Henk van der Tweel 1915 - 1997
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Mechanical Clocks (> 1300)
1200 . 1300 . 1400 . 1500 . 1600 . 1700 . 1800 . 1900 . 2000 . 2100
Foliot/Balance Wheel Pendulum/Balance spring
Huygens 1656, 1675
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Early Turret Clocks
Maastricht 1400?; Winkel (N-H) ~1460
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Early Mechanical Clocks
Nürnberg ca 1450 Nederland ca 1520 (MNU)
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Museum of the Dutch Clock
Exhibition Willem Barents and his Clock; 1596-1996
• Model from ca 1450
• Not touched since 1596
• Collection Rijksmuseum
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Mechanical Clocks; 1300 - 1656
Foliot/Vertical Verge-Escapement
M
ω
ϕ
M = I ∂ω/∂t = I ∂2φ/∂t2
I
M
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Mechanical Clocks; 1300 - 1656
Foliot/Vertical Verge-Escapement
M
ω
ϕ
T = 2 √2 φmax(I/M)
T
I
M
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Mechanical Clocks; 1300 - 1656
Foliot/Vertical Verge-Escapement T = 2 √2 φmax(I/M)
+ Balanced (independent of gravity)
+ Self starting
- Dependent on driving moment
- Dependent on friction
- Dependent on temperature- Dependent on φmax
NO INTRINSIC FREQUENCY
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Analogons; Foliot/Vertical Verge Escapement
Relaxation Oscillator
Electrical analogon
Voltage source, commutator, Coil
V = L ∂I/∂t = L ∂2Q/∂t2
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Christiaan Huygens 1629 - 1695
1657: Pendulum/horizontal verge
escapement
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Mechanical Clocks; > 1656
Pendulum/Horizontal Verge-Escapement
The evolution of the Dutch Clock, MNU 1991
T = 2π√ l/g
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Mechanical Clocks; > 1656
Pendulum/Horizontal Verge-Escapement
+ Dependent on length pendulum
+ Independent of friction
+ Amplitude dependence can be
compensated (cycloidal cheeks)
INTRINSIC FREQUENCY
- Dependent on gravity (g-tables)
- Can stand still- Dependent on driving moment
- Dependent on temperature
T = 2π√ l/g
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Analogons; Pendulum
Blood Pressure Measurement
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Coster Clocks 1657-1659
Salomon Coster
ca 1658
Collection MNU
• Double barrel
• Horizontal verge escapement
• Cycloidal cheeks/silksuspended pendulum
• Striking train
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Balance Wheel with Spring
Journal des Sçavans, January 20, 1675
The evolution of the Dutch Clock, MNU 1991
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Balance Wheel with Spring
Journal des Sçavans, January 20, 1675
+ Dependent on diameter wheel,
mass and spring constant
+ Independent of friction
+ Independent of gravity (balanced)
INTRINSIC FREQUENCY
- Can stand still (less easily)- Dependent on driving moment
- Dependent on temperature
T = 2π√ mr 2/2b
r b
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Limitations; driving moment,maintaining power
Double barrel
Endless cord
Horologium 1658
Salomon Coster ca 1658
Collection MNU
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Limitations; driving moment,
Remontoir
Weight Remontoir,
period of half a minute
Design drawing ca 1664
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Marine Timekeepers
Determining longitude at sea
• Philips III, Spain 1598, 6000 ducats
• Proposal Galilei Dutch States General 1636
• England 1714 £ 20.000,-
• France 1715 10.000 Livres
Most important problem to be solved by time measurements
Huygens from 1658 on
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Marine Timekeepers (I)
Design drawings
• Clock with two parabolic-
conical pendulums 1666
• Clock with a parabolic
track 1666 (right)
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Marine Timekeepers (II)Triangular pendulum
• Sea clock in gimbals withtriangular pendulum 1671
• Design drawing for a
clock with a triangularpendulum 1672 (right)
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Marine Timekeepers (III)
‘Perfect Marine Balance’(Balancier Marin Parfait)
• The Perfect Marine Balance,
version of March 1693
• Sea clock with Perfect Marine
Balance, March 1693 (left)
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Table Equation of time, Kort Onderwys, 1665Instructions Concerning the Use of Pendulum-Watches for finding the Longitude at Sea, 1669
10 feb
0m0s
1 nov
31m55s
14 mei
19m29s
25 jul
9m46s
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Table Equation of time
10 feb
0m0s
1 nov
31m55s
14 mei
19m29s
25 jul
9m46s
Kort Onderwys
1665
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Eppo Doeve 1955
Christiaan Huygens: Appreciation