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Crop Pollination and
Honey Bee Health
Marion EllisUniversity of Nebraska
Department of Entomology
Good things happen when beekeepers,scientists and growers work together
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Almond Growing Areaof California
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2000 2004
824
1,084
998
2003
CA Almond Production (million lbs)
698
2001 2002
1,033
Source: Almond Board of California
912
2005
2006
1,092698
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200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
91,000
169,936
248,000
327,000
411,000
510,000
580,000
Source: California Agricultural Statistics Service
Almond Bearing Acres
100,000
Year
Bearing Acres
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U.S. Almond Production and Grower Prices
Price
$/lb.
2005 f1990 200019951970 1975 1980 1985
Source: National Agriculture Statistics Service, USDA
f = forecast
1200
Pounds
0
200
400
600
800
1000
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Production
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Average Almond Pollination Fees, 1995-2006
Year
Dollars Per Colony
Giannini Foundation
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Pollination requirements
Self incompatible Requires cross
pollination
Not thinned 100% of flowers must
be cross pollinated forgood crop
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Largest managed pollination
event in the world 580,000 acres requiring bees
1.3 million colonies requires (2/acre) 2.4 million colonies in U.S.
.5 million colonies in California
.8 million colonies come from outsideCalifornia
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Acceptable colonies for pollination
8 frames of bees
Frame - 1 standard deep frame,2/3 to 3/4 covered with bees at600F (15.60C)
800 inch2 (5200 cm2) of brood
Bloom season is early Any colony not in top shape by
Sept. 1 will be substandard
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Pollination Practices (Almonds)
Bring in bees at first bloom or earlier
Strong colonies more important than
distribution Usually dropped in groups of 16-32
Bee density recommendations average2.5 colonies per acre
Remove promptly when done
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Pollination Practices (Almonds)
Growers want bees in place fromfirst blossom to last petal fall
Pesticide exposure is possible beforebloom (dormant sprays) and afterbloom (Egyptian alfalfa weevil, grape
cutworm) In and out dates are specified in
contracts
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Almond pollination and honeybee health
The spread of diseases and pests
1.2 million colonies moved into central
valley of California
Colonies subsequently moved across theentire country
The spread of miticide resistantgenes
Undermines resistance management
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Nutrition Issues
Poor foragingconditions priorto almond
pollination Almonds are a
monoculture inthe central
valley We do not have
a nutritionallycomplete pollen
substitute
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Pesticides and honey bee health
Until 1985 focus on pesticides appliedto crops and unintentional exposure offoraging bees
In last 27 years pesticides have beenintentionally put in beehives to controlpests
Both the intentional and unintentionalexposures have resulted in residues inbeeswax
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Losses from 1966-1985
Attributable to organochlorines,carbamates, organophosphates andpyrethroid compounds
Most efforts to protect beesfocused on restricting application
during bloom Residual products were never
effectively addressed
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The most important thing
applicators can do?
Do not treatfields in bloom
Do not allow
spray to land onblooming weeds
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Honey bee injury potential
Plant growth stage
Relative toxicity ofthe chemical
Choice of formulation
Residual action
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Honey bee injury potential
Drift
Temperature
Distance from treatedfields
Time of application
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Formulation and Injury Potential
Microencapsulated products
Dusts
Wettable powders
Emulsifiable concentrates
Solutions
Ultra low volume (ULV)
Granular products
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Pesticides and bee toxicity1985 - 2011
Genetically modified crops
Neonicotinoids
Phenylpyrazoles
Miticides in beehives
Pesticide residues in beeswax
Fungicides applied during bloom
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Neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazolesand bees
Low toxicity in single exposurebioasssays
Multiple and prolonged exposures- systemic
How to assess injury - acutemortality, immune system
function, learning, navigation?
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When drugs interact.
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Erythromycin with oral contraceptives (anything withestrogen) will render the contraceptive ineffective
Flagyl (giaridia treatment) and ethanol makes younauseated and inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
Lipitor interacts with azole fungicides (Diflucan)used to treat yeast infections. The fungicide inhibits
Lipitor metabolism causing the level of Lipitor tobecome too high leading to muscle breakdown
Some examples of human
drug interactions
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tau-fluvalinate
coumaphos
thymol
fenpyroximate
amitraz
oxalic acid
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"All things are poisonand nothing is without
poison, only the dosepermits something not tobe poisonous
Paracelsus1493-1541
A basic axiom of toxicology
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therapeutic
harmful
deadly
no effect
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tau-fluvalinate
coumaphos
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Fungicides?
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chlorothalonil boscalid +
pyraclostrobin
Group 3
sterol biosynthesis inhibitors
SBI f i id
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SBI fungicide
tau-fluvalinate
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propiconazole
myclobutanil
metconazole
fenbuconazole
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therapeutic
harmful
deadly
no effect
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Cl
O OO
PO
O
S
Cl
N
O
O
N
O
F
FF
tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fungicides non-hive pesticides
natural toxins
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
N
O
N
N
O
O
OH
OH
OHHO
HO
S
P
O
O
O
O
SO
O
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tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fenpyroximate
1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by
P450s
Drugs detoxified by P450s
X
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tau-fluvalinatecoumaphos
fenpyroximate
1. Avoid repeated use of drugs that are detoxified by
P450s
Drugs detoxified by P450s
X
2. Avoid the use of P450-detoxified miticidal drugs whenbees are also exposed to P450-inhibiting Group 3
fungicides
P450-inhibiting Group3 fungicides
X
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no increase in miticide toxicity
~ increase in miticide toxicity less than 20 fold
! increase in miticide toxicity greater than 20 fold
!! increase in miticide toxicity of nearly 1,000 fold
Synergisticinteractionssummary
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16 University and USDA Laboratory partners
$4 million dollars over 4 yearsDivision of labor, no redundancy
Only collaborative intiatives considered