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1. Adler A. H., Economic evaluation of transport projects, Trans-
port Investment and Economic Development, In Gary Fromm(Eds.), The Brookings Institution, 1965.
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5. Leong D., Lichtman L. and Russell R., Transportation Investment,Economic Development, and Land Use Goals in Wisconsin,(Tech-nical Report SPR-0092-45-97), Madison: Wisconsin Departmentof Transportation-Bureau of Planning, Economic Planning andDevelopment Section, Madison, 2002.
6. Leontief W., Input-Output Economics, 2nd Edition, New York:Oxford University Press, 1986.
7. Leuning T., Cart or Horse: Transport and economic growth, Inter-national Transport Forum, Discussion Paper No. 2011-4, Brussels,OECD/ITF, April, 2011.
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9. Mourmouris C. J., Transportation as a Driver of Growth in Greece:Policy-Making Issues, In P. Sklias and N. Tzifakis (Eds.), GreecesHorizons, The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy
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11. PROPAGE, Modle dtaill de projections moyen terme, In:Economie et statistique, N121, Avril-Mai 1980.
12. Quinet E., Infrastructures de transport et croissance, Paris, Eco-nomica, 1992.
13. Rietveld P. and Nijkamp P., Transport and Regional Develop-ment, European Transport Economics, In J. Polak and A. Heertje(Eds.), CEMT-ECMT, Blackwell, 1993.
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regional development, Transportation Research Record, 1982.
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-, 3.000
.
, -
3.000 .
120.000 .
-, - , .
, . -
, - -
- , .
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
42/68[42]
- (), - ,
1981-2009. - ,
- . -
, , - - . () ( -) , -
.
, -
, - .
,
.
.
-
.
, -
,
,
.
(Ph.D., Economics) VictoriaUniversity of Manchester, UK.
,
, .
.
Politics
and Economics of ContemporaryEastern and Southeastern Europe
-
.
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
43/68[43]
1.
-
() - (Papazoglou 2001, Kokkinouand Psycharis 2004). , - , - (Pantelidis andNikolopoulos 2008). , -
, (Apergis and Katrakylidis 1998, Fillippaios andKotaridi 2004, Pantelidis and Nikolopoulos 2008).
1960(Hymer 1960). Dunning (1977,1988) - .
- (ownership advantages). - , ,
- .
- (location advantages), , . - , , -
, . Yoshitomi, -
(Yoshitomi and Graham 1996). -
.
- (internalization advantages).
, . Dunning (1993), -
: , -
, .
, - , - . (.. ).
-
,
,
,
.
-
, -
(.. ) -
. ,
,
.
,
(scope economies) -
(scale economies), .
-
.
, -, .
-
() - . -
(Glick and Rose2002, Micco et al 2003). , -
(Aristotelous 2005, Schiavo 2007, Brouwer et al 2008).,
Aristotelous Fountas (2009), , -
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
44/68[44]
. , .
- , .,
., ..
2.
.
, -
. -
. , ,
.
1.
... - - . - ..., , ,
. . , . -, , ,
. - - - 2. - -,
. ,
, , , - , , - -
, - , .,
., -
-, ,
. , - , -
. , , 3. ... (
... 2002) -
, - -
. -
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
45/68[45]
, -
.
(patents). -
.
. , , , - - - , , -, , - ,
., , . -
, - , , .. -, , . - , - ,
.
, - , -
,
.
, - . - - . - - - . , , ., -
- , . , - , - . -
, , .
- - .
- - .
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, , .., -
- -
, .
, ,
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
46/68[46]
, -
. , -, , - . , () ( ) ,
. ,, - , - ,
, , , .
-
,
.. ,
, - -
. , -,
, . ,
, - , . ,
, (. - ) -, .. , , , .
3.
-
(OLS) :4
=f(Y, TE, I, ER, OP, W, LPRO, EMU, CM)(+) (+) (+) (-) (-) (+) ( )
: = -.Y = ... - .
TE = . - .I = .ER = .OP = ( )W = - .LPRO = .EMU = () 2002.CM = 1992.
-, , , -
.
- 5.
-
. - (, ),
. ., - , -
, , -
, , .
, - (Pantelidis andNikolopoulos, 2008),
,
. E - (
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
47/68[47]
- ).
, .. -,
.
4.
, , , - , - ( ) . - ,
. , . - - , - , .
, ,
... . -
-
. ,
- / . ,
, .
1. -
. Buckley and Casson (1981) Scaperlanda and Mauer (1969, 1972) Culem (1988).
2. - Gilman (1981).
3. - Clegg (1995).
4.
Pantelidis P., Kyrkilis D. and Nikolopoulos E., (2012).5. Pantelidis P., Kyrkilis D. and Nikolopoulos E., (2012).
- Apergis, N. and Katrakylidis, C. (1998), Does Inflation Uncertainty
Matter in Foreign Direct Investment Decisions? An EmpiricalInvestigation for Greece, Spain, and Portugal, Rivista Internazionaledi Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 729-744
- Aristotelous, K., (2005), Do currency unions affect foreign directinvestment? Evidence from US FDI flows into the EuropeanUnion, Economic Issues, 10, 1-10
- Aristotelous, K., Fountas S., What is the impact of currency unionson FDI flows? Evidence from Eurozone countries, Discussion PaperNo 10/2009, Department of Economics, University of Macedonia
- Brouwer, J., R. Paap, and J-M. Viaene, (2008), The trade and FDIeffects of EMU enlargement, Journal of International Money andFinance, 27, 188-208.
- Buckley, P.J. and Casson M.C., (1981), The Optimal Timing ofForeign Direct Investment, Economic Journal, 91, pp. 75-87.
- Clegg, J., (1995), The Determinants of United States Foreign DirectInvestment in the European Community: A Critical Reappraisal. In R.Schiattarella (ed.), New Challenges for European and International
Business. Rome: European International Business Academy (EIBA),21st Annual EIBA Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 465-484.- Culem, C.J., (1988), The Locational Determinants of Direct
Investments among Industrialised Countries, EuropeanEconomic Review, 32(4), pp. 885 - 904.
- Dunning J.H., (1977), Trade location of economic activity andthe multinational enterprise: a search for an eclectic approach, inB.Ohlin, P.O. Hesselborn and P.M. Wijkman (eds), The InternationalAllocation of Economic Activity, Macmillan, London.
- Dunning J.H., (1988), Explaining International Production, HarperCollins, London.
- Dunning J.H., (1993), Multinational enterprises and the globaleconomy, Wokingham: Addison-Wesley.
- Filippaios, F. and Kottaridi, C. (2004), Investment patterns andthe competitiveness of Greek regions, Review of Urban and
Regional Development Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 93-112- Gilman, M. G., (1981), The Financing of Foreign Direct Investment:
A Study of the Determinants of Capital Flows in MultinationalEnterprises. London: Frances Pinter.
- Glick, R., and A. Rose, (2002), Does a currency union affect trade? Thetime-series evidence, European Economic Review, 46, 1125-1151
- Hymer S.H., (1960), The international operations of National firms:A study of direct foreign investment, MIT press, Cambridge, MA
- Kokkinou, A. and Psycharis, I. (2004), Foreign Direct Investments,Regional Incentives and Regional Attractiveness in Greece, paperpresented at the 44th ERSA Congress (Porto, Portugal)
- Micco, A., Stein, E. and Ordoez, G., (2003), The Currency UnionEffect on Trade: Early Evidence from the European Union,Economic Policy, 18(37), 315-356
- Pantelidis P. and Nikolopoulos E, (2008), FDI Attractiveness in Greece,International Advances in Economic Research, Vol. 14: 90-100- Pantelidis P., Kyrkilis D. and Nikolopoulos E., (2012), Inward
FDI flows to Greece: Evidence and determinants, Journal ofInternational Business & Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, 185-195.
- Papazoglou, C.E., (2001), Regional economic integration and FDIinflows: experience, Bank of Greece, Economic Bulletin, No. 17
- Scaperlanda, A. E., and Mauer, L. J., (1969), The Determinants ofUS Direct Foreign Investment in the EEC, American EconomicReview, 59(3), pp. 558-568.
- Scaperlanda, A. E., and Mauer, L. J.,(1972), The Determinantsof US Direct Foreign Investment in the EEC: Reply, AmericanEconomic Review, 62(4), pp. 700 -704.
- Schiavo. S., (2007), Common currencies and FDI flows, OxfordEconomic Papers, 59, 536-560
- Yoshitomi M. and Graham, E., (1996), Foreign direct investmentin Japan, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham.
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
48/68[48]
,1980-2010
, -
, .
,
(
) & -
(
-).
-
,
O
, & -
,
&
,
, , -, , , -, . , ,
, . (Jackson-Sorensen, 2006),
, , , .
, - (World Bank). ,, (Ricardo), , . Porter (1990), , , ( ), . , - .
, International Institute for Management andDevelopment (IMD) World Economic Forum (WEF), -
, ( , , , ..) (WEF) , , - , , , (IMD). , , , . , IMD , , - WEF, (12) , 1.
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
49/68[49]
1.
The Global Competitiveness Index framework
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competiveness Report 2012-2013
-, , -. , , - . -, , , . , , -, - . ,
, .
, , , , 1980 2010, , - , - , -
(), () -
, .
1.
The Global Competiveness Index (GCI) 2012-2013
Rankings
(- ,
144 )
/
Rank/144 Score (1-7) GCI 2011-2012Rank
3 5,55 4
5 5,50 7
6 5,48 6
16 5,22 19
17 5,21 15 21 5,11 18
22 5,09 23
27 4,91 29
34 4,64 33
36 4,60 36
42 4,46 43
47 4,41 51
49 4,40 45
56 4,34 57
58 4,32 47
71 4,14 69
96 3,86 90
Source: World Economic Forum, The GlobalCompetiveness Report 2012-2013
-
Key for Factor-drivenEconomies
Key for Efficiency-drivenEconomies
Key for Innovation-drivenEconomies
11 12
1 4
&
5 10
&
-
-
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
50/68[50]
1.
(-27)
Source: World Economic Forum,
() - (19802010)
-, , (30) ,
. , -, ,
-, -,
. - -, , , - -
, , -
. , , , , - (Dunning, 1981, 1992).
-, - (...) 1970, -
-, , -
- . -, ,
- , , , .
.. 1981, -, 1981-1985, , . ,
() (1986-1992) -
(1989), , ,
- -, , , (, 2010). - 1986-1999, -
, - , .
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
51/68[51]
, - , , , -. , , - (Financialization), , -
. , , , (Lucarelli, 2012) .
, , , ( 1989), - , , . , , , , 3 ..
(2001), , 2004. -
, , , , .
2.
(. $ )
. 1983-1994
Region-Country \ Year
1983-1988*
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
EU 27.425 84.191 104.408 79.357 83.794 80.935 71.58
Greece 572 752 1.005 1.135 1.144 977 981
: * Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report
. 1995-2000
Region-Country \ Year
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
EU 113.40 109.642 127.626 261.141 467.154 617.321
Greece 1.053 1.058 984 850 560 1.115
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report
. 2001-2004
Region-Country \ Year
2001 2002 2003 2004
EU 363.051 397.144 326.611 196.098
Greece 1.589 50 661 1.351
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
52/68[52]
5.
Source: O.E.C.D
1981 32,1 50,1 17,6
1982 - 100 -
1983 - 79,2 20,7
1984 37,1 59,3 3,1
1985 - 93,5 6,5
1986 1,1 59,8 39,1
1987 0,3 68,5 31,1
1988 2,2 43,9 54,8
1989 3,7 53 43,3
1990 7,7 30,5 61,7
1991 0,8 50,1 48,9
1992 0,1 48 59,9
1993-1996 - - -
1997 - 64 36
1998 - 45 55
1999 - 64 34
- 15((%) )
1988-1993 1994-1996 1997-1999 1999
1,0 2,8 1,5 0,9
- 11,0 11,1 7,4 5,2
17,8 20,4 13,5 12,8
3,9 8,6 8,7 8,8
27,1 17,9 26,2 26,9 5,2 3,5 1,7 1,6
10,3 11,5 13,2 11,1
1,5 3,3 2,5 2,4
1,3 1,0 0,4 0,3
1,0 1,6 4,3 6,0
13,8 7,2 4,0 3,1
2,4 1,1 0,8 0,2
3,3 8,6 13,3 19,7
0,6 1,3 2,5 1,0
1984 4,85 1995 1,641985 0,16 1996 1,81
1986 1,19 1997 5,08
1987 -0,43 1998 -1,20
1988 2,98 1999 2,66
1989 2,06 2000 6,00
1990 -1,29 2001 4,64
1991 5,51 2002 3,86
1992 -2,12 2003 2,92
1993 -3,29 2004 4,20
1994 1,64 2,04
3.
(%)
Source: , -
4.
Source: UNCTAD ( )
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
53/68[53]
, , -
, - . , - , ( ),
... .. , (, 2001) - -
. ,
, - , ( - ), -
, , - , , - ,
, - , . , -
() , , -,
- , - , ,
- . , , (- ), , -
, . , , , , -, , , , -, - (, 2007).
2
Source: , ICAP
22%
11%
15%
22%
7%
1%
1%
/1%
-1%
1%
19%
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
54/68[54]
6.
( 183 )
Source: World Bank
- (1980-2010) & - ()
, , - () ().
, , -, (Burda-Wyplosz,2005).
(30) , , -
. ()
() , . -, -, , , -, (Financialization), - , - ,
, ( ) -, . -, ,
, , . -
, .
-
, - . , , -(, 2010). , -
, , - . , (- , - - ). , 1998 ,
( ). , - , - . : ) , -
,
) ) -
(- , ), , , - .
, - -
, - . , ( -, ) - ( ), - ,
(, 2002). -, , -, .
135
41
77
150
78
155
83
84
90
57
95
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
55/68[55]
3.
(1)*
Source: Eurostat
4.
(2)*
Source: Eurostat
5.
(3)*
Source: Eurostat
: * . .... :
30,1
31,1
32,0
33,2
35,135,6
35,8
37,4
38,7
39,640,4
39,739,4
37,7
36,4
37,8
36,7
38,238,4
36,6
37,5
39,2
38,5
36,6
38,1
40,2
41,041,7
40,6
39,738,9
39,0
40,639,9
40,0
39,539,9
40,140,2
42,3
44,8
48,6
46,246,4
30,0
40,0
50,0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
%
%
8,1
6,7
5,9
3,9
3,13,7
4,5 4,8
5,7
7,5
5,5 5,7
6,5
9,8
15,8
10,6
9,8
5,0
4,3
2,82,3
1,5
0,1
2,0
2,7 3,1 2,9
2,5
1,4
0,7
2,1
6,4 6,2
4,1
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,08,0
9,0
10,0
11,0
12,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
16,0
17,0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
%
50,2
56,4
61,664,8
74,0
97,2101,2
107,3
162,8
73,3 71,769,2
48,3
71,7
79,1
99,297,9
100,397,5
95,494,9
104,4 104,7 102,6
98,3
99,8107,4
113,0
129,3
144,9
72,1 73,8
72,969,2
68,2
68,0 69,6
70,2 68,5 66,3
70,1
79,885,6
88,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
180,0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
56/68[56]
7.
( (%) )
% % %
1980 -4,50 1991 -2,80 2002 -7,50
1981 -5,40 1992 -3,60 2003 -7,30
1982 -4,10 1993 -2,20 2004 -6,40
1983 -4,40 1994 -1,40 2005 -8,00
1984 -5,10 1995 -3,90 2006 -11,24
1985 -9,20 1996 -5,20 2007 -14,361986 -4,40 1997 -4,40 2008 -14,69
1987 -3,10 1998 -3,10 2009 -10,99
1988 -2,40 1999 -6,20 2010 -10,45
1989 -5,00 2000 -8,70
1990 -5,60 2001 -8,10 -6,25
Source: OECD, IMF
8.
: .. 1980-1989: 19,49 1990-1999: 11,73 2000-2009: 3,15
: .. 1980-1989: 9,06 1990-1999: 9,16 2000-2009: 2,46
Source: IMF
1990, , , , ,
(, 2010). , , . , , -
((%) )
1980 24,7 12,6 1990 26,5 27,6 2000 3,2 3,1
1981 24,4 12,2 1991 19,5 12,9 2001 3,4 3,0
1982 21,4 13,9 1992 15,9 9,8 2002 3,6 2,5
1983 19,8 8,7 1993 14,4 9,6 2003 3,5 2,2
1984 18,4 9,4 1994 10,9 7,0 2004 2,9 2,3
1985 19,5 6,1 1995 9,0 5,0 2005 3,5 2,3
1986 23,1 4,0 1996 8,2 4,7 2006 3,2 2,3
1987 16,4 4,0 1997 5,5 9,9 2007 2,9 2,4
1988 13,5 5,8 1998 4,8 2,9 2008 4,1 3,6
1989 13,7 13,9 1999 2,6 2,2 2009 1,2 0,9
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
57/68[57]
. , ,
, . - , , , ,
. - , - , , - .
, , , ,
. , ,
. , - . ,
, /- . - - -
. , -
(, 2010).
, -, - , -
. - ,
, (spreads) . - - -, -
. (, 2010)
, , - , -
- ,
. , - ., -
- , , -
, , ,
. - , , ) -
( - ) ) - . .
, ( )
.*
1
win
i i
i
E P
P=
=
P , n - , Pi* , Ei wi .
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
58/68[58]
Source: European Commission
9.
Source: () European Economy,
10.
( (%) )
: * Source:IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012
6.
( (%) )
(, 22 )
1980 96,30 1991 100,00 2002 110,90
1981 104,40 1992 99,90 2003 112,60
1982 114,40 1993 101,40 2004 114,00
1983 110,70 1994 104,50 2005 113,50
1984 108,90 1995 112,00 2006 115,90
1985 107,70 1996 114,70 2007 119,70
1986 92,50 1997 120,80 2008 125,70
1987 91,80 1998 119,80
1988 97,40 1999 119,00
1989 104,20 2000 111,20
1990 108,20 2001 108,50 109,00
- - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
36,7037,40
39,00
40,5041,30
43,00
40,9040,30
39,00
38,10 38,60
39,2040,00 39,90
37,30
45,2045,90 45,90 45,70 46,10 45,70
45,10
44,40 44,40 44,2044,70 45,20
45,20 45,1044,50
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
(%)
-15
/1980-
1989*
1990-
1999*
2000-
2005*2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0,78 1,91 4,12 5,54 3,00 -0,16 -3,25 -3,52
27,29 34,60 40,02 39,18 40,81 40,69 38,25 39,70
35,43 43,07 45,32 45,21 47,61 50,60 53,81 50,20
41,61 92,60 101,05 107,33 107,45 112,62 128,95 144,55
-3,85 -2,98 -6,91 -11,37 -14,64 -14,94 -11,15 -10,11
- -5,54 -5,28 -5,70 -6,50 -9,80 -15,80 -10,60
6,41 9,31 10,42 8,89 8,29 7,68 9,38 12,45
-
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59/68
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
60/68[60]
7.
( (%) )
Source:
12.
2000 -1,5 0,2 2006 -2,0 0,3
2001 1,0 0,2 2007 1,6 0,3
2002 8,6 0,8 2008 1,7 0,6
2003 2,8 0,4 2009 3,2 2,1
2004 1,2 0,2 2010 -7,4 -0,1
2005 1,8 -0,1 2011 -5,5 -0,2
: . 2000-2009: 1,53: . 2000-2009: 0,42
Source: Eurostat
-20,0 -16,0 -12,0 -8,0 -4,0 0,0 4,0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0,5
0,8
-0,9
-1,2
-2,8
-2,6
-2,2
-1,6
-2,0
-9,1
-4,5
-4,8
-5,7
-7,6
-5,5
-5,7
-6,5
-9,8
-15,8
-10,6
-5,0
-5,6
-4,8
-6,4
-2,7
-3,1
-4,3
-8,2
-13,8
-1,5
/
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
61/68[61]
, -
(30) , , - (, , ), , , . -
- , , -
, -
. , -
-, - , marketfriendly strategy1
, - , ,
. (, 2005) ,
, , - , .. -
-, .
Burda M.-Wyplosz C., 2008, ,
: Gutenberg
De Grauwe P., 2008, -
, :
Jackson R-Sorensen G., 2006, & -
, : Gutenberg
., 2011
,
& ,
. .- ., :
1. 1991, .
.- ., 2012, ,
: Rosili
., 2010, ,:
., 2007, & -
, :
.- .- ., 2010,
&
: & ,
. - .- ., : -
, 2006, -
,
:
., 2002, -
,:
., 2001, -
& 17, , :
., 2005, : -
,
& -
,
. . : -
., 2011, & &
,, Eurobank Research, & ,
VI, 2, 2011
., 1997, , -
-- & &
, . ., : ...
Dunning J., 1981. International production and the
multinational enterprise, Boston: Allen & Unwin
Dunning J., 1992, Multinational enterprises and the Global
economy,Boston: Addison-WesleyLucarelli B., 2012, Financialization & Global Imbalances:
Prelude to crisis, Review of Radical Political Economy, London:
Sage, Feb. 3, 2012
Porter M, 1990,. The Competitive Advantage of nations,
Y.: Free press
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
62/68
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
63/68[63]
- , . ,
-. 25 . - 124% 2020 (110% 2022 .255 . ) - , 2022 280 . , , - (
), 2012, . -, , 25 .,
, .., , , (. ) - .
,
-
(. -
)
-
,
.
11 . 2014-2015, , - -
( ,
)
., -
-. , , - ,
. ( ), -
( ) -
. - , ( ) . - -. 1990-2000 2000-2010, -
-. .
( 2014 . 2008 - 28%). - - /.
-
.
-. -. - -, -
() (50
. ) - .
-
. - .
.
, , ( ) , . -
.
-
8/14/2019 oikonomika xronika teyxos 3.pdf
64/68[64]
- , , . . (EFSF,ESM)
, . -
. -, 60 . -. - .
, (quantitative easing) - FED , , (. - ),
- . -
-,
2% ( 1,3%).
(.. , ,) - .
. - (.. ) -
, - . . - (monetization) -
. ( )
.
.
: 1% 2012,
-0,8% 2013, -0,4% 2014.
.
, , - , Grexit. - :
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( , - , -5,3% 2012, -2,8% 2013 -1,8% 2014,( ) - .
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: 2013
()
: 2013()
:2013()
.: 95,0 (92,6) (: . ): 92,5 (91,3) (: . )
: 91,7 (93,5) (: ): 86,2 (88,8) (: ): -70,9 (-66,5) (: )
-
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(: 2009=100,0)()
(% ). - 2013 : 30.788 . +11,4% (. )
. - 2013: 30.597 . - 21% (. )
. - 2013: 2.120 . - 7,14% (. )
2013 : 305,3 . (. )
-
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()
..
( )
| -2013, .
1
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:
:
..(2014-2020)
-
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()
| -2013, . 3
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15 2013
: