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NEUROMORFOLOGÍA: EL MODELO DECLARATIVO-PROCESAL25 MAR 2011 – DÍA 29Neurolingüística del español
SPAN 4270
Harry Howard
Tulane University
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ORGANIZACIÓN DEL CURSO
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/SPAN4130-Neurospan/
El curso es apto para un electivo en neurociencia.
Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology está en reserva en la biblioteca.
Human Research Protection Program http://tulane.edu/asvpr/irb/index.cfm Before beginning research at Tulane University,
all research personnel must complete the CITI Training Program; this can be completed at www.citiprogram.org.
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REPASOLa prueba es el repaso
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papel > empapelar *empapel, *papelar em – papel – ar
MORFEMA DISCONTINUO
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NEUROMORFOLOGÍA
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TAXONOMY OF MEMORY
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DECLARATIVE MEMORY
comprises the learning, representation, and use of knowledge about facts (semantic knowledge) and events (episodic knowledge)
learns relations which are arbitrary learns gradually, during multiple
presentations of a stimulus and response is accessible to other mental systems (not
‘informationally encapsulated’) at least part of it can be recollected
consciously (explicit memory)
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PROCEDURAL MEMORY comprises the learning, representation and use of
sensori-motor and cognitive “habits”, “skills”, and other procedures, such as riding a bicycle and skilled game playing
learns inflexible (rule-like) relations in the context of real-time sequences, whether the sequences are serial or abstract, or sensori-motor or cognitive
learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus presentation
is not influenced by other mental systems (informationally encapsulated)
applies quickly and automatically, in that a response is triggered by its stimulus rather than being under conscious control (implicit memory)
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SUMMARY
is memory for habits & skills
learns rule-like relations in a context
learns quickly, from a single presentation
is not available to other mental modules (is informationally encapsulated)
is mostly unconscious (implicit)
is memory for facts & events
learns arbitrary relations
learns slowly, from many presentations
is available to other mental modules (not informationally encapsulated)
is mostly conscious (explicit)
Procedural memory Declarative memory
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THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF DECLARATIVE MEMORY
medial temporal lobe structures hippocampal region (the
dentate gyrus, the subicular complex, and the hippocampus itself)
its input/output cortices: entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex
some subcortical structures, such as thalamus
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THE HIPPOCAMPUS
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THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 1 the basal ganglia
a set of sub-cortical structures including the neostriatum (the putamen and the caudate nucleus), globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra the putamen is particularly important for motor functions,
whereas the caudate appears to underlie aspects of cognition. Dorsal aspects of these structures play an important role in procedural memory, whereas ventral aspects may be more important in affective (emotional) memory
implicated in a number of functions, including implicit procedural learning in general, stimulus-response learning, and a long etc.
frontal cortex the main input/output region for the basal ganglia stores motor ‘sets’ or ‘programs’ and switching
between them inhibits/excites posterior brain regions
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THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 2 cortico-basal ganglionic circuits (about 5)
the basal ganglia can disinhibit a particular motor program in frontal cortex, while inhibiting the rest
this explains the overly inhibited or disinhibited motor behaviors found in Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and other diseases affecting the basal ganglia
particular frontal areas implicated in procedural memory pre-motor regions, including supplementary motor area
(SMA) and pre-SMA, for motor sequence learning lateral pre-motor and pre-SMA regions are for timing or
rhythm Broca’s area for learning sequences which contain
hierarchical structure lots of functions: we will talk about this considerably more in
upcoming classes ‘mirror neurons’: respond not only to the execution of a particular
learned motor sequence, but also to the observation of the sequence
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THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 3
parietal cortex projects heavily to, and reciprocally receives
projections from, frontal cortex, with specific parietal regions connecting to specific frontal regions
stores body actions, e.g. hand grips > repository of motor skills?
controls attention cerebellum
has traditionally been implicated in the coordination of skilled movement and in the control of balance, as well as in motor learning
subserves motor sequencing, especially the modification of performance of learned sequences
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THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL MODEL OF LANGUAGE
The declarative memory system subserves the lexicon
The procedural memory system subserves grammar
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DECLARATIVE MEMORY & THE LEXICON stores all arbitrary, idiosyncratic word-specific
knowledge, including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category
includes representations of simple (non-derivable) words such as cat, bound morphemes such as -ed, irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms
also contains complex forms and abstract structures that are “regular”
supports a superpositional associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations. For example, the memorization of phonologically similar stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring – sprang, sing – sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new irregularizations, either from real words (bring – brang) or from novel ones (spling – splang). This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system
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PROCEDURAL MEMORY & GRAMMAR underlies the learning of new, and the
computation of already-learned, rule-based procedures that govern the regularities of language
particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence (sequential) and hierarchical relations
builds rule-governed structure, i.e. the sequential and hierarchical combination – “merging” or concatenation – of forms and representations into complex structures: syntax (word order) inflectional and derivational morphology – at least for
default “regulars” but also for irregulars that appear to be affixed
phonology (the combination of sounds) compositional semantics (the meaning of the
composition of words into complex structures)
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EL PRÓXIMO DÍAP8
Más neuromorfología
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