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Cuprins
MANAGEMENTUL INOVRII..................................................................................................................3
OBIECTIVELECURSULUI ...............................................................................................................................3
STRUCTURACURSULUI .................................................................................................................................3
CAPITOLUL 1 BAZELE TEHNOLOGICE ALE NTREPRINDERII...................................................5
1.1 DEFINIREATEHNOLOGIEI .......................................................................................................................5
1.2 ELEMENTEDETEORIASISTEMELOR .......................................................................................................7
1.2.1 Noiunea de sistem.........................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Sistemul tehnologic......................................................................................................................121.2.3 Sistemul de fabricaie...................................................................................................................17
1.3 CLASIFICRIALEPROCESELORTEHNOLOGICE .....................................................................................21
1.4 ANALIZAPOTENIALULUITEHNOLOGICALUNEINTREPRINDERI ........................................................25
1.4.1 Determinarea potenialului tehnologic al ntreprinderii.............................................................25
1.4.2 Estimarea potenialului de competitivitate tehnologic..............................................................35
1.4.3 !ariaia potenialului tehnologic al ntreprinderii.......................................................................37
CAPITOLUL 2 NTREPRINDEREA I PROCESUL INOVRII.........................................................3
2.1 CAUZELECAREDETERMININOVAREALANIVELULNTREPRINDERII.................................................32.2 CREATIVITATE!IINOVARE ....................................................................................................................41
2.2.1 Definirea creativitii "i a inovrii..............................................................................................41
2.2.2 #actorii care influenea$ inovarea industrial..........................................................................42
2.2.3 %ipuri de inovare industrial.......................................................................................................4"
2.3 TEHNICIDECREATIVITATE!IINOVARE .................................................................................................51
2.3.1 &etode intuitive...........................................................................................................................52
2.3.2 &etode analitice..........................................................................................................................."#
2.3.3. &etode de lucru asociative........................................................................................................."4
2.3.4 &etode fundamentale de concepie.............................................................................................."2.4 CERCETARE!IDEZVOLTARE$R%D& ......................................................................................................7#
2.4.1 Noiuni introductive.....................................................................................................................7#
2.4.2 'nterfaa ()D* mar+eting............................................................................................................75
2.4.3 #a$ele de reali$are a unui produs nou.........................................................................................7
2.4.4 Evaluarea "i costurile activitilor ()D.....................................................................................'1
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2.5 PROGNOZATEHNOLOGIC ....................................................................................................................1
2.,.1 Definire........................................................................................................................................1
2.,.2 %ehnici de progno$.....................................................................................................................2
2.,.3 &etode cantitative de previ$iune.................................................................................................5
2.,.4 &etode calitative de previ$iune...................................................................................................
CAPITOLUL TEHNOLOGIA I STRATEGIA NTREPRINDERII...............................................1#5
3.1 DOB(NDIREAAVANTA)ULUICONCURENIAL .....................................................................................1#5
3.1.1 Noii venii...................................................................................................................................1#"
3.1.2 (ivalitatea ntre firmele concurente n sector............................................................................1#'
3.1.3 -rodusele noi.............................................................................................................................1#
3.1.4 #urni$orii...................................................................................................................................11#
3.1., lienii........................................................................................................................................112
3.2 TEHNOLOGIA!IAVANTA)ULCONCURENIAL ......................................................................................113
3.3 STRATEGIATEHNOLOGICANTREPRINDERII ....................................................................................114
3.3.1 Diferenierea prin costuri...........................................................................................................11"
3.3.2 Diferenierea prin unicitate a produselor..................................................................................117
3.3.3 oncentrarea pe un anumit segment de pia............................................................................11
TESTE GRIL...........................................................................................................................................12#
RSPUNSURI GRILE..............................................................................................................................14#
BIBLIORA!IE...........................................................................................................................................141
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MANAGEMENTUL INOVRII
Obiectivele cursului
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C"pi#$%u% 1
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asupra creia planea$ suspiciuni 7nu neaprat ntemeiate. Depuntorii "i pierdncrederea cererea de lichiditi cre"te foarte rapid "i banca se ndreapt spre faliment.
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subsistemul de fabricaie5 dar aceasta doar msura n care privim fabricaia ncorelaie cu totalitatea ntreprinderii 7ceea ce este recomandabil dar nu ntotdeaunaevident.
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8< 9*< 9- *-?6< -;-,/6 -:/- 9- /+ :+-*?-/+,.
*-8-/< :- /6-:, 9 *- ,/-?*++ 9- ,8+/-
de performane foarte nalte ,*- :/ ;*/- :,- @+ ,** /+6+8*-
-:/- 6++// 6 6+,=++6- 9- 0*; $9-++6- -*:=+6-< 0+=+-+**?+-&
comune ,*- @+ ?:+/ 9- 6+,=++ ,*-/- /+6+:< :*/ $-.
;+*-6- 9- :/+,6&.
M"#&ri"%&%& p%"s#i/&
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**+-/=+ + - ,*- 6- /-*+6-6- ,*-/-. D+ ,-:/ ,/-?*+- ;, */-
materiale plastice fluorurate< ,:,/- : -6- 9- /-;6< ,*-
*-8+:/-= /-*+, < ,-;+,+-=+ 9- ;*-,*- ;*/- :,8=+< :++6+//-
9- ;+ *-6,*/- *+ @,>+-*-
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poliesterul sulfurat *-8+:/-/ 6 *-:++ 9- 6 25 /. @+ /--*/*+
9- 1#C< ,>+* @+ *-8-= +96+ 9- -/+6- $,*- *- **+-/=+ 9-
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:/-*+6+8*-& /+0 -/* ,*- :- ;6:-@/- 6 ;*+,*- :-*+?+6* 9- +,
;6:+= @+ :/+,6-6- 9- C,C6.
b0 Biotehnologiile
O +/->6?+- :- 9-;+-@/- *+ ,-- , ;,- -6 6 /-*+ 0+- $,-- ,-
9-:--@/- 9- ,>++-< -/6*?+-& *+ +/-*-9+6 * ;++=- ,-66*- : ,>+*
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/->6?++ 9- /+ ;-*-//+0
/->6?++ -8+/+0-
/->6?++ ?--/+,-.
%ehnologiile de tip fermentativ :/ ,/*6/- 9- +,**?+:- 0++ @+ :/
/+6+8/-< - 6? /->6?++6- 9- =+-*- 0+6+< -*++< +*/6+< 6 /*/*- -6*
8/-< *,-:6 9- 6-@+-*- +6?+,J +-*-*+6* $ SUA 15 9+ ,* -:/-
=+/ - ,-:/ ,6-&< 6 =+-*- - ,6- /*6 * +:-,/+,+9- @+ /++/+,-.
%ehnologiile en$imatice /+6+8-8 -8+- *9:- 9- +,**?+:-< ;* ,
*-8-= ,-:/* : + ;+- -,-:*. E8+-6- :/ 9- ;/ ,/6+8/*+< ,*- ,/6+8-8 9-,/ :+?* *-,=+- @+ :*- :+?* *9: $ * *9@+ :-,9*+&+* ,*-*- 9- + 6/- @+ +6-.
c0 4n#ormatica
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*9*- :+:/--6* 9- ;*+,=+-.
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Sistemele de #abrica'ie se pot clasi#ica< ;,=+- 9- ,/+//- @+ 9+0-*:+//-
*9,=+-+ *-6+8/-< /* ,/-?*++
& :+:/-- , ;6-++6+//- /*6
& :+:/-- , ;6-++6+//- */+;+,+6
,& :+:/-- *+?+9- 9- /+ *-?6--//
9& :+:/-- *+?+9- 9- /+ //+8/.
%le5ibilitatease define"te ca fiind capacitatea de a produce serii scurte ce cunosc
variaii de volum sau ai parametrilor ce definesc produsul sau care sunt susceptibile de a
fi frecvent modificate.
6on#orm,-:/-+ de#ini'ii:- 9+:/+?-
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3 #le5ibilitate de adaptareQ ,,+//- - :- 9/ *+9 6 +*-
*9:-6*
4 #le5ibilitatea de variantQ ,,+//- 9- *-6 *+9 9+;+,*- *=+6 *9:-6* ;*+,/-.
7olivalen'a instala'iilor #le5ibile*-:-
#le5ibilitatea de proces< ,*- *-*-8+/ ,,+//- 9- 9/ + 6/-
+6,- 9- *9,=+- 9+;-*+/- 6 ;*+,*- ,-6+@+ *9:
#le5ibilitatea de organizare< ,*- -:/- ,,+//- 9- *-9+:/*++ ;*+,=+
9+;-*+/-6* *9:- /*- + 6/- /-6+-*-.
& Sistemele cu #le5ibilitate natural :/ ,-6- + 0-,>+. E:/-
0* 9- /-6+-*-6- 9- /+ -@/-@?*-:,< ,+6- : ;, *+,96?+,- :- ;,- ;,=+- 9- +/- ,*+/-*++ ,*- =+
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procese tehnologice continue $*-:- 6++- 9- /+6-< ,*-
;,=+-8 ;+-,*- 6 *-/*++ ,:/=+&
procese mite $*-6+8-8 */- /*:;**+6* *-?+ ,/+ @+
6/ *-?+ 9+:,/+&.
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auiliare 7,,* 6 *-6+8*- /*:;**++ ;* */+,+ 9+*-,/0
de deservire 79- 6?+:/+, ? /*:*/< 9-8+/*-< ,/*6.
,& 9 /+6 /*:;**++< :- *-*,
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tehnologii de transformare 7/+6+8-8 *,-9-- 8/- - :,>+*-
:/*,/*++ /-*++6* *+-< *+ /*:;**+ ,>++,-< ;+8+,,>++,-&
tehnologii de asamblare 7*-+*- *=+6* 0-9-*- =+-*++ *9:-6*.
C*,/-*+:/+, /->6?++6* 9- :6*- ,:/ 9+0-*:+//- 9- /+*+ 9- /->+,+
@+ 9- ::6*+ ,*- /*-+- +/-?*/- /* *9: $-. //*+:6&.
A,-:/- ,*+/-*++ 9- ,6:+;+,*- =+ ,/ 9- ,/6 9- 0-9-*- 6 +?+-*6+ ,*- 6-
-6/-8.
-entru managerului firmei ,*- -:/- *-,/ , /*-*+9-*- : ,- @+ : @+
-=+ 8+=+- 9+/ - +=< :- ;6:-:, -/* ,6:+;+,*- 6/- ,*+/-*++< @+ -
1. Dup natura produsului:- 9+:/+? /->6?++ de produs ,*- 0+8-8 =+-*- - +/ ,6- + +/ *9:
de proces ,*- 0+8-8 *?+8*- ;8-6* 9- *9,=+-< ;-*+*- +
:-*0+,+
de metode ,*- 0+8-8 /->6?++ 9- ,-*,-/*-< 9- *K-/+?< 9-
+;*/+8*-.
2. Dup rolul n po$iionarea concurenial a ntreprinderii;
/->6?++ -:-=+6-
/->6?++ 9- 9+;-*-=+-*-
/->6?++ 9-;++/*++
* /->6?++ -*+;-*+,-.
ehnologiile esen'iale:/ /->6?++6- ,- ,*,/-*+8-8 9-+6 +9:/*+6
,*- :- :+/-8 /*-*+9-*-.
E6- :/ 9-=+/- @+ /+6+8/- 9- //- /*-*+9-*+6- :++6*-.
I*// -:/- , /*-*+9-*- : 6- :/-:, @+ : 6- -6/-8- 6 +0-66?++ 9- 9+;-*-=+-*-< , ,/ + 6/-< , // + +-. R66 6* ,*-@/-
9/ , ,,-/*- ,6+/6+ ,,*-=+6 ,*- ;,=+-8 /*-*+9-*-.
ehnologiile de#initorii :/ ,-6- ,*- *-8+/ +/-*-: * -/*
/*-*+9-*-< -6- :/ ++J /*-*+9-*++.
ehnologiile peri#erice :/ ,-6- ,*-< 9-@+ -:-=+6- -/* ;,=+*-
/*-*+9-*++< ;,- +-,/6 *-,*+6- ,-:/-+.
D- --6 ?-:/+*- ;9*+6* -:/- /->6?+- -*+;-*+, -/*
/*/*+- 9- 6+- -/6+,-< 9* 0 ;+ /->6?+- 9-;++/*+- -/* ,.
3. Dup nivelul de de$voltare :- 9+:/+? /->6?++
--*?-/- $:,9-&
-06/+0-
/*-
9-,6+
9-@+/-.
ehnologiile emergente:/ ,-6- ,*- :/ :- 6 ,/ 9- =+ 0*--< ,*-
@+ 90-9+/ ,< +,+ ,6+/=+6- @+ +,+ 9-;-,/-6-. S* /- , -6- : ;+- ,:+9-*+6 +- 9-,/ ,-6- /+6+8/- *-8-/< 9* // @ 9- +- :* /- : ;+- -@-,.
O*+,< :/*?-*-J /->6?+, 9-+ 0 ;+ *-6+8/ - :- 6+,*++
-+ /->6?++ --*?-/- -+:/-/-.
E:/- +- , *+,- /*-*+9-*- : 9+: 9- ,-6 =+ 9- :--- /->6?+-6?+,- -+ /*-*+9-*+ *6- @+ -6- ::=+< 9- ;/< ,/+0+//- ,-:/-+.
ehnologiile depite :/ ,-6- ,*- ;-*< 6 +0-66 9- 8+< ,-6- + -
-*;*=- : :-,/6 ,6+/=++ @+ 6 ,:/*+6* 9- ;*+,=+-. M-=+-*- 6* ,9*6
/*-*+9-*++ :- :/+;+,< 9-,/ 9 -,-=+6< -/* ,8*+6- ,9 -+:/
+0-:/+=+- 9-:-+/ 9- *- ,*- -:/- , */+8/.
4. Dup nivelul de control:- 9+:/+?
/->6?++ ,/*6+6-
/->6?++ -,/*6+6-.
ehnologiile controlabile9- ,/*- /*-*+9-*- :/ /->6?++6- *9:-6* ,*-
:/ ;*+,/- -,6:+0+//- ,9*6 ,-6-+ /*-*+9-*+.
T->6?++6- -,/*6+6- :/ ,-6- ,/*6/- 9+ -/-*+*.
E)&(p%u
@a o ntreprindere constructoare de automobile reali$area motorului sau
asamblarea caroseriei sunt tehnologii aflate sub controlul ntreprinderii. -artea deaprindere5 scap ns controlului intern ntruc6t ea corespunde unor subansambluriproduse n eterior "i importate5 n vederea reali$rii monta/ului 7baterie dinam bu/iidelcou. -entru ca produsul final s fie de calitate ambele tipuri de tehnologii trebuie sse situe$e la un nivel optim. >ntreprinderea va reali$a acest de$iderat printr*un control decalitate bun al produciei pentru tehnologiile controlate intern5 "i prin specificaiibine preci$ate n contractele de achi$iie a subansamblurilor importate dublate de uncontrol atent de calitate la intrarea n ntreprindere.
!.( 9naliza poten'ialului tehnologic al unei ntreprinderi
R&'u("#
P/-=+66 /->6?+, *-*-8+/ 06*- *-:*:-6* /->6?+,- :/+/- 9- /*-*+9-*- ,9*6 -+ :/*/-?++ ?66- @+ /* ,/-/ ,,*-=+6 9/.
A6+8 /-=+66+ /->6?+, :- ;,- *,*?9 */*-6- -/- +0-/*6/->6?++6*< 6+8 ,-/+/+0+/=++ *9:-6*< ,*,/-*+8*- /*-*+9-*++.
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Criterii
nventatorul te.nologiilor
/atricea de evaluare a potenialului te.nologic"valuarea atuurilorAtuurile 0ntreprinderii
1radul de interes al te.nologiei/atricea de evaluare a potenialului produselor realizate
Managementul inovrii
O -/9 9- -:/+*- /-=+66+ 9- ,-/+/+0+//- /->6?++6* :- 8-8- 6+8 +,/6+ :,>+*+6* 9- /->6?+- :* 8+=+-+ :/*/-?+,- /*-*+9-*++.
1*6*1 D&r(in"r&" p$#&n+i"%u%ui #&n$%$i/ "% 7n#r&prin,&riiP*+poten'ialul tehnologic=-6-?- 06*- *-:*:-6* /->6?+,- :/+/- 9-
/*-*+9-*- ,9*6 -+ :/*/-?++ ?66- @+ /* ,/-/ ,,*-=+6 9/.
A/*6 ,,-/6+< -,+:/6 ;*,-8 ). M*+< *- */*- 9+*-,=+-
-+ 6+8- 9- /-=+6 /->6?+,< :+/-/+8/ ;+?* 1.'.
%ig. !.,8nali$a de potenial tehnologic al ntreprinderilor
1*6*1*1 In-&n#"ru% #&n$%$ii%$r
-rimul pas 6 *-*-8+/ reali$area inventarului tehnologiilor -+:/-/-
/*-*+9-*-. I0-/*6 -:/- ,/+0+//- ,>-+-< ,,+ 9- 96 ,*- -:/- -6 *-6+8/
9-+9- // 6+8 6/-*+*. S- **-@/- 6+:/*- /->6?++6*< ,-/-=-6*<
K>*+6* - ,*- 6- 9-=+- /*-*+9-*-< *+9 9- 6 ,,-=+ *9:-6* -,*- 6- *-6+8-8< ,/+9 , ;*+,=+ 6*< 6 ,-*,+6+8*-< :-*0+,++ ?*=+-
@+ :/ ?*=+-.
T->6?++6- :- 0* *-?+:/* +0-/* ,;* ,6:+;+,*++ 9 *66 6*
8+=+ ,,*-=+6 /*-*+9-*++ $-:-=+6-< 9- 9+;-*-=+-*-< 9-;++/*++ @+ -*+;-*+,-& ,
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@+ ;,=+- 9- +0-66 6* 9- 9-806/*- $--*?-/-< -06/+0-< /*-< 9-,6++6+*/ * ;+ ,- 9+ ;+?* 1. < 9* ;*/- 9-:- :- /6-:,
:/*,/*+ , ,-6- 9+ ;+?* 1. < ,-- ,- * /*-+ : 9- 9- ?9+/.
%ig. !.+Structura tehnologiilor eistente ntr*o ntreprindere; ' ? tehnologie emergent '' ? evolutiv '''? matur '! ? n declin ! ? dep"it
O +?+- ,*-,/ :* /->6?++6* -+:/-/- /*-+- : ,*+9 @+
*::*+6- 6 /*-*+6- */*-
1. U9- :- :+/-8 /*-*+9-*-< **/ , -,-:*6< ;= 9-
*. 9- ,69+*+
:*;= //6 ,/
:*;= ,:/*+/
2. C*- -:/- +0-66 /+6-6*< : :-,/6
-*;*=-6*
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@-8*++ - ;66 /->6?+, $+6+,+/ 066 /*:*/6+ +/-*& *-?+6+ 9- /*-=+-*- $,*/+0 : *-0-/+0&
3. C :- *-6+8-8 :/,*-
/-*++6* *+-
*9:-6* +/-*-9+*-
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*9:-6* ;++/-
,*9:-6* @+ *-/*+6* C- 9-:/+=+- 6+ :- 9 ,-:/*
4. C :- :+/-8 /->6?++6- **/ , */-,=+ -9+6+
:/ 6/-
-+:++6- :/ : ,/*6
9+;+,*- -+:+-+ 9- 6=+ :- /- ;,- *+ :,>+*- *-?+6+
9- 6,* 6 /+6-6* : + *+ +/-*-9+6 +:/6=++6* :-,+6- 9-
9-6*-
1*6*1*2 An"%i'" /$(pi#i-i#8+ii pr$,us&%$r
C-6 9-al doilea : ,:/ anali$a competitivitii produselor< *+0+/ *+
*+: /->6?++6* 9- *-6+8*-.
P-/* ;+-,*- -/ 9- *-6+8*- *9:6+< 9- +/-*0+- +/
/->6?+-< :- ,:/*+-@/- /*+,- ,*- 0 ,=+- - 6+++ -*;*=-6- *9:6+< +*
- ,6- 96 ,*- -6 *-@-@/- : :- + - +=. V6*+6- /*-,/- ;+-,*-
,:= /*+,-+ 0* ;+ ,*+:- /*- # $,- + :6& @+ 3 $,- + &< ,;*
*/*-+ *-?6+
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1 Q 6=+/* -/* ;+ ,,-// - +=
2 Q +- *-,+/ - +=
3 Q ;*/- < -0+9-/ + 9-,/ 6 ,,*-=+6*.
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C*+/-*++ 9--*;*=
P8+=+*- /*-*+9-*++E6:/
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5. F++6+//-". /*-=+-*-7. A9/+6+//-C-/+/+0+//- +
%ig. !.!-&atricea de anali$ a competitivitii tehnologie*produs 7pentru o tehnologie %i"i un produs -/
P-*;*=-6- ,*- :- +< 9- *-?6< ,:+9-**- :/
,*,/-*+:/+,+6- ;,=+6-
*-=6
;,+6+/=+6- 9- /+6+8*- $@*+= 9- +:/6*-< -,>+-/- --6?+-+ 0* :-*0+ 6 6,/+*- -+/*+,- $0-8+ ;+?. 1.11&< ,*- 0 ;*+8< ;+6< / ,*- 8+=+-8 /->6?+ T+ 6
+0-66 /*-?++ /*-*+9-*+. N /*+,- 0 0- - 6+++ /->6?++6- /+6+8/-
/*-*+9-*- $T1..T&< +* - ,6- *9:-6- $P1..P&. ;+-,*- ,:= /*+,-+ :- 0
+/*9,- / =+/ :6 /-*+*. M-9+ 6++-+ 0 ;*+8 / /->6?+-+ 6
+0-66 /*-*+9-*++< / ,*- 0 ;+ ,*-,// =+9 ,/ 9- */*-6- ,:+9-*-/-
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:* ,*- /*-*+9-*- -:/- ,+6 : 9-6+ 06*-
/->6?+ *-:-,/+0
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:-,+6+:/ $,*- * /- 6-,&< 9- :+?* ;*+8* 9- /-*++ *+- :
9- :-*0+,-
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+0-6 9- /->+,+//- +,,-:++6 ,,*-=+6*.
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;+6< :- 0* =+- /* /+*+ 9- /->6?++< :+//- /* /*+,- /*/ 22
$;+?. 1.12&< - ,*- 6- 0 9-+ **/ , +/-*-:-6- /*-*+9-*++ :/;-6
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%ig. !.!2&atricea de evaluare a potenialului tehnologic
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Z$n" 9>; Pr$4%&(&
A/*+6- /*-*+9-*++ :/ :6-< 9-@+< - 9- 6/ */-< /->6?++6- *-*-8+/
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/->6?++6- 9+ ,-:/ ,/-?*+- /*-+- +- *-6+8/-< *9 , + : :- + 9+*/*-6- 9-,+8++
ntreprinderea este realmente interesat n a stp6ni tehnologia. S- 0*
6, *-:*:- -/* ,-*,-/*-9-806/*-< /*?-*- 9- :-,+6+@/+< ,*:*+ 9-
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tehnologia nu este bine stp6nit "i cel mai bine este s se renune la ea 6?+< +,+ ,-:/ *- *-
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A6+8 /*-+- : ,;9- potenialul unei tehnologii< ,*- -:/- =+-
*+-// :*- 0++/*< , interesul pentru ntreprindere< ,*- 0+8-8 :/*- *-8-/.
S* /- :/;-6 , /->6?+- 9+ 8 $#& : ;-*- +,+ --;+,+ -
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//9- @+ :*++ 6*? 9+ */- ,9,-*++ /*-*+9-*++
asigurarea unei 1#ormri a oamenilor n sensul creativit'ii.
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& %actorii care ncura?eaz activitatea de inovare
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activitatea de introducere a noului este susinut "i ncura/at de
conducerea ntreprinderii.O ,9,-*- ,*- ,*-8 +/*9,-*-
6+ /- ;*/- @* : 9+:/*? /*-*+9-*-< 6/;-6 +- :+//
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? eistena n interiorul ntreprinderii a unor oameni cu un ridicat potenial
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? o fiare "i delimitare clar a obiectivelor ntreprinderii ,*- : -*+/
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? eistena unor studii de progno$ // 9-+6 /->6?+,< ,/ @+ ,-6
6 *K-/+?6+< ,*- : -*+/ /*-*+9-*++ : 6-? 9 *-6+:/
9+*-,=++6- 9- +*-
? o politic de concentrare a resurselor ntreprinderii pe un numr restr6ns
de proiecte de inovare,** : 6+ :- / :+?* -06=+ *+9 :*-;* ;+6< *9: : /->6?+- . E:/- 0*< ?--*6< 9-
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? alctuirea unor echipe interdisciplinare nsrcinate cu introducerea
elementelor de inovare.C9,-*- ,-:/* -,>+- /*-+- ,*-9+=/
* -+ ,*-< - 6? ,6+;+,*- 6/< -:/- +-*/+0 -,-:* : ;+-
9-:,>+@+ :*- < *+6 *9 : ;+- -+ @+@+ ,+6+ 9- ?--* +9-++.
b0 %actorii care #rneaz activitatea de inovare a ntreprinderii
D+/*- ,-@/+ / ;+ -0+9-=+=+
o concentrare ecesiv a eforturilor asupra mbuntirii produselor
"iIsau tehnologiilor care eist de/a n ntreprindere.D-:+?* , @*
-*;-,=+*- ,-0 -+:/-/ @+ +- ,:,/ -:/- :6=+ ,- + :+6 @+
, ,-6- + 6/- @:- 9- :,,-:< 9* 6+/+, @+6* +,+J *+:, : :-
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recesiunea economic. R-,-:+-< - 9- */-< 6++/-8 9*:/+,
;9*+6- - ,*- /*-*+9-*- 6- /- 6, +*+6*. P- 9- 6/ */-+.
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/*-*+9-*- ,>+:
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/*-*+9-*- 9-:,>+:
/*-*+9-*- +0/.
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/-66 2.1.
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I0*- 9- pr$,us@
:,>+*- 9- ,,-=+-< ,*- :- 8-8 - +9-- < ,- :- :*++ : -
/->6?+- .
>n domeniul aviaiei helicopterul repre$int un produs nou nraport cu avionul ba$at pe o idee nou. < fabric de avioane poateoric6nd produce helicoptere tehnologia este 7n principiu aceea"i. -e de
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alt parte un avion cu reacie difer de un avion clasic prin motoare careau la ba$ o tehnologie nou.
*-6+8*- *9:6+ /+6+89 6/- /-*+6- : ,-/-
:tili$area de materiale noi poate avea efecte diferite cele maiimportante fiind;
ieftinirea produsului 7de eemplu prin nlocuirea metalului cuplastic0
cre"terea performanelor produsului 7la sritura cu pr/ina s*ac6"tigat circa 1 metru atunci c6nd pr/ina de lemn a fost nlocuitcu una din fibre de carbon0
obinerea unor funcii noi ale produsului 7nlocuirea materialelordin care este construit coc+pit*ul ma"inilor de formula 1 l*a fcutnedeformabil la "oc iar nlocuirea materialelor din care este
confecionat combine$onul pilotului l*a fcut pe acestainvulnerabil "i la foc. 9-:+?< ,*- 9-:- :- 9- ;/ + 6/ 9-,/ :+6 :,>+*-
9- ;* : 9- :-,/< -6 /- +6+, :-,/- -*?+,- : 9+;+,*+ 9-
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Designul automobilelor se face de eemplu lu6nd n consideraiemai multe criterii adesea contradictorii;
aerodinamicitatea 7care ar conduce la o mai bun inut de
drum "i un consum mai mic de ben$in0 suprafaa vitrat 7care ofer un plus de confort pasagerilor0 re$istena la "ocuri0 aspectul specific firmei.
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I0*- 9- pr$/&s 0+8-8 :-,/- +/-*- 6- /*-*+9-*++< ,*-+ +
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(m6n6nd n cadrul aceluia"i eemplu reali$area de ben$i hi*fi7high fidelitP a fost o inovaie curent. @a fel descoperirea de noisuporturi magnetice pentru banda de casetofon sistemul auto*reverse etc.
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8pariia D*ului este n raport cu banda magnetic o inovaierevoluionar. Ea pstrea$ funcia 7conservarea "i redarea sunetului "i
clientela dar acela"i suport este mai mare. De fapt "i apariia ben$ii decasetofon a fost tot o inovai revoluionar n raport cu placa de patefontransformat apoi n disc microsillon 7plac de vinil printr*o inovaiecurent.
;+?* 2.2< :- *-8+/ :,,-:+- 9*+6* 9- +0*- 9 +,/6 :*
+9:/*+-+ @+ 9 ?*96 9- +;6-=*- +-=-+.
%ig. 2.2 Succesiunea modurilor de inovare
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2.3 ehnici de creativitate i inovare
U6 9+ ;,/*++ ,*- *- +;6-= * :* *,-:6+ +0*++ -:/- omul.
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,*- @*-8 ?:+*- ,-6* + - :6=++ , ,*,/-* 9- //-.
,9*6 ,-:/* -/9- :- / 9+:/+?- */*-6- ?*-
-/9- +/+/+0-
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;6:+/ =* :/*. A ;:/ ,,-/ 9- A6-9-* O:*- 9- 6 U+0-*:+//-
B;;6< 6 ,-/6 +6* X5#.
7rincipiile care stau la baza acesteia sunt:
-+:/ *-:/*+,=++ *+0+9 -+/-*- +9-+6* *+,- +9-- -:/- 6/ -0+9-=+* 9-6:/< -:/- *-=+/< ;* ;+
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C*+/+, +9-+6* -:/- , 9-:0*@+*- +/-*8+:
:- /- =+- * 96 9- +9-+ - $ ,-6@+ +/-*06 9- /+& 9, :-
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6+:/- ,*- +,69- //- :6=++6- :++6- -6*/- $*+,++6 Y*-
9-,=++J&.
Soluia final poate fi re$ultatul a trei modaliti de obinere a ideilor "i soluiilor
intermediare;
calea progresivliniar$9+ *=+-/ *=+-/ +9-- ?--*-8 6/&
catalitic $*+ 6?+- @+ -*- -*-/ +9-+6* @+ 6+8 6*
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+9+,/ , ,-+ "13 -*+ + ?*6+ : ;+- @-8=+ :/;-6 ,/ : :- 09 $6 :
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c0 $valuarea ideilor -:/- -/ ,- /- 0- 6, 6 23 8+6- 9- 6 9/ 9-:;@**++
*-+++. S- *-,9 , 6 ,-:/ -/ : */+,+- 6/ ?* 9- --*=+< + *-9:
, *< , ?9+*- /-*+, ,0-*?-/< ,*- 0* :-6-,=+ @+ ,6:+;+, +9-+6- -
,/-?*++ +9-+ *-6+8+6- @+ , 6+,+6+//- +-9+/< +9-+ *-6+8+6- /* /+ +
9-6?/ @+ +9-+ -6+,+6-. S6=++6- :/;-6 ,6:+;+,/- :/ + 6+8/- @+ -06/-.
6+,*- -/9-+ *+:/*+?< -/* *-860 *6-- *+ 6+8 06*++/*-+- :+?*/- serie de condi'ii
* grupul trebuie s aib o structur eterogen compus din speciali"ti 7economi"ti
ingineri chimi"ti etc.0
* asigurarea unui climat creativ0
* reuniunea trebuie condus de un lider dinamic "i competent.
M-/9 *+:/*+? -:/- -/9 :+6 @+ +0-*:6 +/-?*+6 :/*,/*,-6*66/- -/9-.
O 0*+/ *+:/*+?6+ ,:/+/+- @ehnica carnetului colectiv< ,*-
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+9-+6* *+,+6-< - ,*-< *- , ,*-/-6- */+,+=+6*< 6- :- 9-8/-*++
?*. * 9+:,=++6* :- *-;+?*-8 @+ :- :-6-,/-8 ,-6- + - +9-+ *+0+/*- 6
*-860*- *6--+.
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2**1*2* M$," D&%pi
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,9*6 + *?* 9- ,-*,-/*- 6 /*:/6+ -*+, R9 C**/+ 9+ S/
M+,< ://6 C6+;*+.
P*+,+6 ,*,/-*+:/+, ,-:/-+ /->+,+ ,:/+/+- /+6+8*- ;--9,K6+ 9-
++-.
M-/9 -,-:+/parcurgerea mai multor runde.
/*prim rund< ;+-,*+ -* 6 ,6-,/+06+ 9- :-,+6+@/+ $,6-,/+06
-:/- /*+/& + :- -8 :*- ,6-/*- ,/- ,>-:/+*< ,- ,*+9- /*-*+
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,9*6 -+ @-9+=-< n metoda "elphi are loc o comunicare mediat de grupul de
conducere al anchetei. S- :+?* :/;-6 +/6 *::*+6* +9+0+96- @+ :-
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-6++< ,-:/ 9< ,:-,+=-6- - ,*- 6-* /- 0- :* +++6* --*=+6*+*+6- +/-*0-+/-
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B+-=-6-:< , ,-6- 9 *-:/*+,=++ :-,/ ;*6< :-:6 , *-86//-6- :/
,-6-@+ 9, *-+- * 9* + =+ : , ,-0 + 6/ $152# +/-&. F= 9-
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*/+,+=+&.
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$tapele metodei:/
* informarea asupra problemei0
* discutarea problemei n cadrul echipei0
* de$baterea n plen0
* evaluarea general a soluiilor.
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*-860*-.
II W "iscutareaproblemei:- ;,- ,9*6 ;+-,*-+ -,>+-< ,*- :- *-/*?- @+ 9+:,/
:-*/ /+ 9- " +/- $-/* *6--6- + ,6-- 9*/ :- /- *-6?+ 6
+ 6/&. ,-:/ /+< ;+-,*- */+,+/ -+/- +9-+< :6=++ ,*- :- *-=+ 9- ,/*- 6+9-*++*-*-8-/=+ + -,>+-6*.
III W"ezbaterea n plen-:/- -/ ,9*6 ,*-+ ;+-,*- 6+9-* 9- -,>+ @+ *-8+/
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/-*+6- //*- 6@- $, ?*;+,-< /-6-< ,6,6-< :,>-- 6,< 9+?*- -/,.&
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-*+/- 6+8 ,*+/+, ,- ,9,- 6 +-**>+8*- :6=++6*.
IV W$valuarea general a solu'iilor-*+/- *-=+-*- ,-6* ,*- 0* ;+ ::- -+
6+8- 9- 9-/6+ -;-,// 9- ?* *-:/*: 9- --*=+ 9-+.
2**1** Dis/u+i" 7n P"n&%
E:/- 0*+/ -/9-+ P>+66+: X"". ,-:/ ,8 : :- ;*-8 9* douechipe< una numit panel sau /uriu$;*/ 9+ 57 --*=+< ,*- *- :6=++ @+ 6-
*?-/-8&< +* ,-66/ +/ auditoriu $-:/- + -*: @+ *- :*,+ 9-
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-/ $9- 9+:,=+- - -,>+-&< 9-8/-*- *-6+89:- *+ 9+6?< *?-/*+ @+
,/**?-/*+ + /*- ,-6- 9 -,>+-. ;+6< +/*6 ;,- :+/-8
+9-+6* -+:-< :6=++6* *:- @+ :- **++ ,6-,/+0- :6=+ 6-:.
2**1** Br"inri#in s"u ***
P*0+- 9+ :+6+;+,*- *+:/*+?6+. C-6- /*-+ ,+;*- :-+;+, ;/6 ,
++=+6 -/9 *-0-9- */+,+*- a = persoane care trebuiau s scrie c6te 3 idei n
c6te , minute.
Metoda se des#oar n apte etape:
I W L+9-*6 *-+++ +;*-8 -,>+ :* *6--+ ,- @/-/ :6=+ 9- *-860*-.
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@+ +/-*,=+- -*-/ /*- :-,/*6 R%D @+ ,-6 9- M*K-/+?< +/-*;=J.
U/+6+8*- +/-*;-=-+ ,:/ ,-- , +;6-=-6- +/-*- @+ -/-*- 6 ,*- -:/- ::
/*-*+9-*- @+ 9- ,*- 9-+9 :,,-:6 : +:,,-:6 -+< *;+/6< :/ -*,-/- ,*-,/
9- 6 : ,-666/ 9+ ,:/+/-=++ :+:/-6+ ,*- 6,/+-:,.
E)&(p%u
%endinele de evoluie a domeniului strict al tehnologiilor ce stau la ba$aproduselor nu vor fi bine percepute de ctre serviciul de mar+eting tot a"a cumtendinele de evoluie macro*economic vor scpa5 unei anali$e fcute n cadrulserviciului ()D. 8semenea tendine pre$int ns o importan evident pentru ambeleservicii "i de aceea transferul de informaii de la unul la altul prin intermediul interfeeieste esenial.
%actorii ,*- +;6-= :-+;+,/+0 :* +/-*;-=-+ :/
!0 tehnologici* descoperiri "tiinifice "i invenii0
* schimbri n procedeele de fabricaie a produselor0
20 economici
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perspectivele financiare $6- /*-*+9-*++< */+,6* @+ 6- :+:/-6+
-,+,< ?--*6&
tendina de evoluie a ciclului de via al produselor< ,*- 6 -/ 9/ *-
: :,9 9*:/+, //- 9-++6-< -*+9 :,+-/=++ 9- ,:J< 6?+9
:- 9+ 9/ , :-:++6+8*- ++-+ 6+,- ,:-*0*- *-:*:-6*-8 , *9:6 ,*- 0 *- :
6-,-J **/ , :-,+;+,=++6- ++=+6- - :- * +9-+ + ,- *
+/-*-:/- ,-6* 9- 6 ,-*,-/*-. S-,+;+,=++6- - ,*- *9:6 6- 0 0-
-;-,/+0 =+ ,/ 9- *-:/*+,=++6- 6 ,*- -:/- :: $/-*++ *+-< /->6?++ 9-
*-6+8*-< ,:/*+&. E,>+6+*6 /*- -*=++6- ,-6- + 0/:- :
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P*9,=+-.
4. proiectareaW ,-:/ ;8 *66 R%D :- 9++-8< ,-- ,- :-
, /*-+- : * ,/,/ 9+*-,/ , *+-,/6. C*-@/- *66 ,-6* 9+
:-,=++6- 9- *9,=+- ,** 6- -:/- 9-:/+/ *+-,/6 @+ ,*- / ,/*++
::/=+6 6 : *-6+8*-.
5. produc'ia W *66 * *=+- :-,=++6* *9,/+0- 6- /*-*+9-*++.
C-*,-/*- + -:/- :6+,+// 9* -/* ,*-,/*- * :,*+J. :,>+
*66 :-*0+,+6+ 9- M*K-/+? ,*-@/- 9+ < /*,/ -6 0 *:9- 9-
,-*,+6+8*- 0++/*6+ *9:.
". comercializarea& e5ploatarea& ntre'inerea C :-*0+,++6- 9- P*9,=+- @+ 9-
M*K-/+? :- :+/-8 - *+6 6 9* ,,68++6- 6 ,*- -6- ? 9+
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6+8 ,;*/*++ *9:6+ , += 0* /*-+ /*:+:- @+ :*- R%D6?+- --*?-/ - ,*- *+6- ;+*- 9//
,< 9/*+/ +-*=+-+.
2*6*6* !in"n+"r&" /&r/rii
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7roblemele ma?ore 6- ?-:/+*++ ,/+0+/=++ 9- ,-*,-/*- ,:/ 6-?-
/--6- ,*- *-8+/ ,-6 + *- +/-*-: -/* ;+* @+ 6- ;+= 9 *=+6.
S-6- 6,/- -/* ,-*,-/*- :/ *+ @+ -6- ,*-:, ,/+. L +0-6 9- ;+* :- -
*6- : :- :/+6-:, ,- ;9*+ :- 6 9+:8+=+ ,-*,-/*++ @+ , :- 9+:/*++-
,-:/- /*- 9+;-*+/-6- *+-,/-.
D- 6?6 +6* : *: :-*+- 9- /->+,+ , /*6 ,** : :- *-860-
9+6--6- 6-?/- 9- ;+=*- ,-*,-/*++. D+/*- ,-6- + /+6+8/- *,/+, :/
-/9- -+*+,- 9- -:/+*- ?-/6+ 6,/
6,*- ?-/6+ - 8 + :/9+ :+:/-+,
-/9- -+*+,- 9- 6-?-*- /--6* 9- ,-*,-/*-
-/9- 6/+,*+/-*+6- 9- *-,+-*- /--6* 9- ,-*,-/*-.
M$,& &(piri/& ,& &s#i("r& " 4uu%ui "%$/"#
P-/* :/+6+ ;96 ?66 9- + 6,/ ,/+0+/=+6* 9- ,-*,-/*-< ;*/-
;*-,0-/ :- -6-8 , 6 *,/+,+ , //6 -+*+,-< , * ;+
6, , // // ,/ 6, @+ ,-+66=+ 9+ ** :/* +9:/*+6
6, // 9- 6/ ,/ - /- -*+/-
6, ,-0 + 6/ 9-,/ 6 /*-,/
6, :/;-6 ,/ : /++8 **/6 /*- ,:/6 ,-*,-/*++ @+
*-/+6+//- -+ -:/+/ $9* -:/- +;++/ + :+6 9- ,6,6/
*/*6 ;*,=+-+ 9-,/ +/*6 -+&
6, ;,=+- 9- *-86//-6- =+/- , 9- ,-*,-/*-.
A%$/"r&" 4uu%ui p& 4"'" unui s#u,iu sis#&(i/
O ,6- + *=+6 :/+6+*- ?-/6+ 6,/ ,/+0+/=+6* R%D -:/-
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2. 4ndicele Dess
4ndicele Dess :- 9-/-*+ ,;* *-6=+-+
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$ &
n
/t- . t e dt
=
,*- Q *6 9- + -/* ,*- :- ;,- ,6,66
Q */ 9- ,/6+8*- +://--.
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D+:< ,:+9-* ;,=+ C , ;++9 ,/+< ,-- ,- *-*-8+/ *-;6-,/*- + ,*-,/
*-6+/=++. O *-6,**- 9++, -,=+-+ H-:: -*+/- ,6,66 6+$ &- f n=
@+
$ &- f /=,-- ,-< 9- :---< -*+/- -:/+*- + +9+,-6+ /* 6-/ +
6*? 9- ,9+=++.
A*9*- , + *-::+6+//- *6--6* 9- ;+=*- ,-*,-/*++ 0
,9,- 6 ;+=*- -,>+6+*/ ,*- 0 ;0*+8 9-++6- 9- --*?-=< /+ ,-
;+=*- :-*;+,+6 0 ,9,- 6 6,*- ,-6-+ + *+ *=+ 9+ ;9*+ 6 /-- ,
*9,/+0+//- :,8/< ;+?. 2.11.
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%ig. 2.!!8locarea resurselor de cercetare n funcie de natura tehnologiei studiate
2*6*6*6 C$n/%u'ii
*+,++< -*=+ 9- 6:*- + *9: 9-,*?- /*-+ ;8- +9-/+;+,*- */+/=+6* 9- *-6+8 ,-0
*-6+8*- 6+
/*:-*- *,/+,.
I9-- 6+ /- *0-+ 9+ */- :-*0+,+6+ R%D< :-*0+,+6+ /->6?+,
: 9- 6 M*K-/+?. O*+,*- * ;+ :*: ++=+6< +9-- /*-+- : :- /-*+6+8-8- /*
:/9+ ,*- : 6+8-8-
:++6+//- 9- *-6+8 ,-*,-/*- , :,,-: 9-+
;-8+6+//- /->6?+,
:++6+//- 9- *-6+8 +9-- ,9+=++ -,+,- 0/:-
9+*-,=++6- 9- 06*+;+,*- *,/+, +9-++
*+:,*+6- +6+,/-.
D, 6+8 ,9,- 6 *-86// ,*/* :- 9-,+9- lansarea activit'ii. S-
:/+6-:, ;,=++6- - ,*- 6 *9: $/->6?+-& /- : /*-+- : 6- 9-6+-:,6?+ 9- ;*+,=+-&< +* - 9- 6/
*/-< ;-* ,-6* 9- 6 M*K-/+? -6--/-6- ,,*-/- 9- :/9+ 0++/*-+ :6- +-=-6?++6* @+ *9:-6*
prognoza economic< ,- ,*- :- , 9- -06=+ -+ -,++
prognoza social< :- , 9- -06=+ :,+-/=++ :66 -+.
7rognoza economic :- ;,- - 8 *-86//-6* - ,*- + 6- ;-* prognoza
tehnologic< +* prognoza social :- *-6+8-8 - 8 *-86//-6* prognozelor
economice.
S+:/-6 *- @+ ;--9,K< :-:6 , +/ -06=+- :,+6 0 +;6-= @+
-06=+ /->6?+,.
M96 9- +/-*,/+0+//- /*- *?8- @+ 9+;+,*+6- 9- /->6?+- :/ +6:/*/- ;+?. 2.12.
%ig. 2.!2 orelaia ntre progno$e "i evoluia tehnologic
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2**2 T&ni/i ,& pr$n$'8
C- + +*// ,6:+;+,*- */- /->+,+6- 9- *?8
,/+//+0-
,6+//+0-.
ehnicile cantitative :- ;,< 9- *-?6< - *+8/*+ :,*/- 9- /+ @+ 0+8-8
-06=++ :/*+,/ ,/+//+0- $9- --6 , ,/ 0 ,*-@/- *9,=+ @+ 08*-
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9/-6* 9+ /*-,/ :*- 0++/* $9- ,-6- + 6/- *+ ,*+/+,&. S/ ;6:+/- 9- *+//-
/*-*+9-*+6* $9+ =*+6- 9-806//-& @+ 9 9-:-+/ 9- ,-6- +,+ @+ +6,++.
ehnicile calitative:- *-;-* 6 *+8/*+ -9++ @+ 6?+ @+ 0+8-8 9-++ 9-
+ +/-*-: 6- -+ ;+*- : ,>+* 6- + ://. @+ * : 9-/-*+-
9+;+,*+6- - ,*- 6-* :;-*+ -6--/-6- -+ :+/=++ 9/- : ,>+* :+/=+
//6+//-. M9+;+,*+6- :- 0* -*+ ,/+//+0 ,-6 =+ : ;* * *+6+/=+.
S/ ;6:+/- 9- *+6- ,**=++< 9- G0-*< 6/*+ 9- ,-6- ,/+//+0-.
T->+,+6- ,6+//+0- -*+/ **+*- -06=+-+ 9-++6* /->6?+,- @+
/->6?++6*< *+=+-+ */*+6*J @+ 96+/=+6* 9- ;,- ;= * :--- :+/=++.
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#actori< , * ;+
*+8/6 9- /+
?*96 9- 9-/6+-*-
/* 9-,+8+-+
:/+6+//- :+:/-6+
,:/
*-,+8+-
@*+= 9- 6+,*-.
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Ori'$n#u% ,& #i(p
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-?6 , ,-6 - ,*- :- *-:+/ -;-,/-6- 9-,+8++6* - ,*- 6- 0 6 -/6 ;6*++
*-86//-6* :/9+6+ 9- *?8.Se prefer ori$onturile de timp scurte "i medii n locul celor lungi.
U-*+ 0++/*6 - +/-*-:-8 ,9*6 -+ -*+9- 9/- 9- /+< 6/-*+ ,
:,,-:+- 9- -*+9- + :,*/-< :* ,** 9*+ +;*=++ 9+:/+,/-.
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0-9-*- 9/*++ 6 :,>+*- ,-+ 9- 6 6+;+,*- :/ +/-*-:=+ 9- 0-9- ,
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0* :,>+ /*.
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/->+,+ 9- *?8 *:9 + +- -+ : ,-6-+66/- :+/=++.
C$s#u%
C:/6 +6+,/ 9- ,/+0+//- 9- *?8 9-+9- 9- -/9 6-:. /*- ;,/*++
9- ,:/ ,*- :- + ,-6 + ;*-,0-/ ,:+9-**- :- -0+9-=+8
,:/6 9- -*- 6 ,/ -/9-+ ,:/6 9- ,/6+8*- -/9-+ @+ 9/-6*
,:/*+6- 9- *-6+8*- **+8+: *?8-+
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Pr&/i'i"
Depinde de scopul urmrit de metoda aleas "i de ori$ontul de timp.U-*+
-**- 9- 1# -:/- + 6/ 9-,/ :/+:;,/*-< 6/-*+ -**- 9- 5 /- 9,- 6
*-86//- ,/:/*;6-. O*+8/6 9- /+ +;6-=-8 //9- 6 ;-6 *-,+8+ cu c6tori$ontul cre"te cu at6t preci$ia scade. P*-,+8+ -/9-+ + 9-+9- @+ 9- 066 9-
9/- , ,*- :- ,-- :/9+6. E:/- 9- 9*+/ , ,-:/ : ;+- ,/ + *-< 9* -+?-=-6-
9+;-*+/-6* -/9- :/ ,-6-@+.
U0urin+" ,& "p%i/"r&
R::*+6- ;-*+/- 9- /->+,+6- 9- *?8 :/ + @* : + ?*- /+6+8/-
;,=+- 9- :/+66 9- 6,*< -/9-6- **++ ;+-,*-+ /*-*+9-*+ @+ -*+ ,>+*
:-*0+,+6< 9- ,-- :- *-,9 9/*- ,-6* /->+,+ 9- *?8 ,*- : :- *+-,-6 + 6/ 9- -/9-6- +:/+/=+6+8/- @+ ,,-//- -9+6 *-:-,/+0. D- :---+. D- ,--< 9- *-?6< :- *-;-* -/9 9+;+,/< ,:,/ : -6- 9-
metoda netezirii e5ponen'iale< - 8 ,*-+ 06*- *?8/ :- 9-/-*+ ,
-,=+- 9- ;*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 3
1 1 1 1 2 1 3S t K t K t K t K t + = + + +
$2.1#&
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O 06*- *- -/* - 9-*+,++ -/9-+ -:/- *-8-// ;+?. 2.13
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BiCalculul 'tE+
#eglarea ponderii i"roarea
Prognoz$
'istemul realBtE+
G
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%ig. 2.!3 Schema de principiu a calculului coeficientului T7i
E)&(p%u
#ie o succesiune de 2C de date privind strile trecute ale sistemului. Ne propunems calculm starea urmtoare folosind un numr mai mic de date cele din trecutul
apropiat fie ele n numr de cinci.
(e$ult$21& $2#& $2#& $1& $1& ... $1"& $1"&S T K T K T K = + + +
unde valorileT7i sunt necunoscute.
Ne propunem s le calculm pornind mai nt6i de la calculul lui S7= pe ba$a luiK71..K7, lu6nd pentru T7i n lipsa a ceva mai bun T71T72UT7,1I,. Seobine un S7= care va fi comparat cu K7= iar eroarea de progno$ ne va permite s*lrecalculm pe T7i introduc6nd ntotdeauna un1coe#icient de adaptare H. (elu6nditeraia p6n la sf6r"itul "irului "i apoi revenind la nceputul su cu un nou H se a/ungen final la un set de parametri care permit o previ$iune bun. 'teraiile succesive de*alungul "irului "i apoi din nou de la nceputul "irului nu sunt o problem pentru un
calculator electronic "i s*au creat programe speciali$ate care reali$ea$ toate operaiile.
2**6 M$,& /"%i#"#i-& ,& pr&-i'iun&
M-/9-6- ,6+//+0- 9- *-0+8+- :-*+- 9- caracteristici< , * ;+
;, -6 6 --*=+
*-86//6 *?8-6* -:/- 06*- -*+, : 9-:,*+-*- 9-/6+/
:+/=+-+ +< ,+ ,/**- /-9+=-6* @+ 6++/-6* ,*- 0 -06 :+:/-6
:/9+/.
E+:/ + 6/- tehnici de prognoz tehnologic< 9+/*- ,*- ,-6- +
+*//- :/
-/9 ,*-6* 6?+:/+,- $,*- S&
:=+6 /*:;-**+6* 9- /->6?+-
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-/9 ,*-6* 9- ::/+/=+- @+ 9- *?*-: /->+,
-/9 *;6?+,
-/9 D-6>+
-/9 :,-*++6*.
"; M$," /ur4&%$r %$is#i/&
O /->6?+- :- @/- /,+ ,9 ,@/+=-6- @/++=+;+,- @+ /->+,- -*+/< :-
9-806/ :* ,*- *9:6 -+ *:9- -+ -0+ :,+6- @+ 9+:*- /,+ ,9
6/ /->6?+- + -*;*/ -6++ - -< , /*-< : - *9:6 - ,*- 6
;*+,.
S/9++6- *// , -06=+ -+ /->6?++ , @+ + *9: 9- 6/;-6< *-8
//9- ,--@+ /*+-,/*+-< 9-:,*+: /-/+, 9- ;,=+- 9- /+ 6?+:/+,< 0-8+ ;+?*
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,9 /+9- :*- +;++/
-:/- 06*- ++=+6 6+ .
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%ig. 2.!(Evoluia unei tehnologii dup o curb logistic
,86 -+ /->6?++< I este constituit& #ie din per#orman'ele tehnologiei
$* 9- +/=+ 9- *9: +//- 9- /+ - 6 =+6 : 9+6< 9-*-
,/ - +=&6?+ -:/- -6++/.
P-/* /->6?++< 6?+:/+, ,*-:9- /->6?++6* --*?-/-< -06/+0-< /*-
@+ 9-,6+.
C/-0 -6--/- 9-;++/*++ 6- ;+-,*-+ 9+ ,-:/- ,/-?*++ :/ *-8-//-
/-66 2.4.
T"4&%u% 2*6
aracteristicile tehnologiilor de pe logistic
T&n$%$iiC"r"/#&ris#i/i
E(&r&n#& E-$%u#i-& M"#ur& n ,&/%in
C$(p$r#"r&"/u(p8r8#$ri%$r
C*/*+ ,V-+/*+ *+
G*6C*/*+6*-:/- // + 6*?
C: 9-: S/**- +-=++
R,*/*++;*/- ;+9-6+
E-$%u+i"pr$,usu%ui
C6+//--9+,*I-+:/-=:/9*9-6*M9+;+,*+
;*-,0-/-
D+;-*-=+-*-F++6+//-
C6+//- ;*/- N*-*-:-,//- 9- /=+*9,/*++
C6+//- +:6 9-,/ *9:-6*,,*-/-
*/-
Ris/uri 6/-M+,+< ,-*+/-9- ,*-@/-*-*+9
M+,+
Pr$3i#uri M+,+ - :-I0-:/+=++6* *+
M*+ :,9-*- F*/- +,+
C$n/ur&n+8 C/-0 ;+*- N-*:-;+*-< ;*
C,*-= *+*-=*+
S,9-*- ,,*-=-+
1#2
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--*+-=
!"4ri/"+i&
S*,,+//-S-*++ :,*/-M6/ 9-6,*
S,,+//-S-*++ *+,--*-//+8*-
C,+//-/+ S-*++*+ C:/*+/++8/-
S*,,+//-*=/C+*,+/-:-,+6+8/- 9-08*-
C$(&r/i"%i'"r&R-,6 ;*/-::=+/ C:/*+*+
R-,6::=+/
S-?-/*-+-=++D+0-*:+;+,*-P*-6?+*- ,+,69- 0+=
R-9,-*- +=
P*,/+,< -06=+ 9 6?+:/+, -:/- +0-*:6. D-:-+*+6- * 9+,6 9- /
6?+:/+,++< ,-- , -6- /->6?++ $*9:-& ,:, -*+9- ;*/- 6?+ 9-
/*+//- $*,-9-6 SOLVA 9- ;*+,*- :9-+ ,6,+/-< ,*- -:/- -:,>+/ 9+
1'"#&< +* 6/-6- +,+ ? 6 /*+//- 9+ ,8 *+=+-+ * /=+ 6 +/-*06-;*/- :,*/- 9- /+ $,6,6/*-6- -6-,/*+,- ,:,/ 4 ?--*=++ + =+ 9-
4# 9- +&.
S :-,/ -,+,< ,>-6/+-6+6- 9- 6:*- -+ /->6?++ 9-0+ ;*/- *+
9, 6:*- :- ;,- *-/*. S- *-8+/ ;+?. 2.15 :,>+= -;-,/-6* -,+,- 6-
-+ + /->6?++.
1#3
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%ig. 2.!)Efectele economice ale unei tehnologiia ? evoluia unei tehnologii dup o logistic tipic0
b ? efectele economice.
6urba trasat continuu ;!0 reprezint situa'ia 1normal a unei noi tehnologii
lansate la timp. E;*/*+6- ;+,+*- ,- -/6 I< +/- 9- -/6 # $;+?.
2.15& ,9 :- 6:-8 /->6?+-. -*+9 IF :- ;, ,-*,-/*+ ;9-//-
$,*- :/ ;*/- ,:/+:+/*-& +< FG< :/9++ +:/6=++ +6/ @+ :-++9:/*+6-6?+-+ +.
9-+6 AXBXCX --;+,++6- :/ ::/=+6-< + CXDX -6- :,9. C9
--;+,++6- /+9 :*- 8-* $,/6 D&< /->6?+ + -:/- +/-*-:/ -,+, @+ :-
*-= 6 -.$#orturile #inanciare totale sunt reprezentate de supra#a'a cuprins ntre curba
4%>9J i a5a O5& iar bene#iciile totale ntre curba 9JBJ6J"J i a5a O5. ,9+=+-
9- :,,-: /->6?+-+ -:/- , //66 --;+,++6* : 9-@-:, //66 ,>-6/+-6+6*.
Succesul este cu att mai notabil cu ct di#eren'a ntre supra#a'a de deasupra a5ei O5
i cea de sub a5a O5va #i mai mare.
1#4
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D, :- ,-*, o lansare prematur a tehnologiei< /,+ ,9 ,9+=++6-
:/ , +- *-?/+/- ;curba 20& e#orturile #inanciare sunt mult mai mari& pentru a
suplini elementele nc nepuse la punct. :,>+ bene#iciile nu sunt mai mari.U
--6 ,-:/ :-: ;:/ 0+6 ;*,*+/+, C,*9- ,86 ,*+ --;+,++6-
*-@+/ : ,-*- -;*/*+6- 9- ,-*,-/*-*+-,/*-.
D, /->6?+ -:/- lansat cu ntrziere ;curba 30 e#orturile #inanciare sunt
mai mici< 9-*-,- */- 9+ *6--6- 9+ :;-* ,-*,-/*++ ;:/ 9- *-860/-6?+-.
D- *-?6< :+/=+ :- /6-@/- ,86 /->6?++6* - ,*- =*+6- /-*+,
9-806//- 6- 09 =*+6* 9+ 6- III< /->6?++ ,*- :/ 09/- 9-,/ /,+
,9< =* 9- *+?+-< 9-@+/ ,/6 B 9- 6 6?+:/+,.C,68+ -:/- , *-86//-6- -,+,- - :- =+ 9* 9, ,/+0+/=+6- 6-?/-
9- /->6?+- :/ 6:/- 6 -/6 */.
4; Sp"+iu% #r"ns3&ruri%$r ,& #&n$%$i&
S- - *6- 9- ;6 ,9 -:/- -/6 /+ -/* 6:
/->6?+- @+ ,*- 9+ 9+*-,=++6- 9- -06=+- /->6?+-+ -:/- ,- + *+6.
R::6 -:/- 9/ 9- :,>- 6?+, 9- *=+-/ +/ spa'iul trans#erurilor de
tehnologieJ< ,*- ,*+9- , trepte
1. resurse tiin'i#ice W :/ ,*+:- 6/+-6- /=+ 9+ @/++= ;9-/66?+- 0 /*-+ :
*-:, 9- +,+
2. resurse tehnologiceW *-0-/- 9- +0-=++< /+6- +< /->+,+ 9- 6,* +
3. tehnologii elementareW :- -6*-8 +:/+//-6- 9- ,-*,-/*+ 9- +?+-*+-
/->6?+, @+ +:/+//-6- 9- *+-,/*+. U/+6-6- + @+ /->+,+6- 9- 6,* +
:/ :6/-J :/;-6 ,/ : 6,/+:, ;6 /->6?+, *+,+6 4. sisteme tehnologiceW 6 ;6 /->6?+, :- +/-?*-8 /* *,-: ,6-/
9- *9,=+-< /@9+:- ;6*+6- /->6?+,- ,*-:8/*- *,-:-6*
+6+*- @+ 9- 9-:-*0+*-.
T*-/-6- 14 ,*-:9 nivelului tehnologicJ 9-:* 6+ :- 6:-8 6/- /*
/*-/- ,*- 6,/+-:, nivelul consecin'elorJ
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). aplica'ii W0+8-8 :++6+/=+6- 9- 06*+;+, *9:-6- ++ /->6?++ /*,/
-6- ,9+=+-8 9-806/*- 0++/*- /->6?+-+
*. mediul ambiant W :- :/9+8 ,:-,+=-6- *+=+-+ ++ /->6?++ :*
:/*,/*++ **++ +9:/*+6- ,*-+ + *=+< 6=-+ /*- :**+
/. sistemul social W :- **-:, -;-,/-6- :* -,+-+ =+6- @+ 6=-+
/*- **+< *6--6* 9- **-< ://-< 9-?*;+-
,. societateW ,=+- ,:-,+=-6- - 6 9+6.
6ircula'ia :=+6 /*:;-**+6* 9- /->6?+-< de ?os n sus< :,6
*?8*++ -06=++6* 0++/*- 6- /->6?++6* */ -6- 9- prognoz
e5plorativJ. U*,9 ;+-,*- /*-/ :- / -:/+< // /+6 -,-:*< ,/ @+ -;*/*+6-
- @+ /-*+6- -,-:*- -/* /+?-*- /*-/-+ :-*+*-.6ircula'ia de sus n ?os*/ -6- 9- prognoz normativJ. S- 6-, 9- 6
-,-:+/=+ @+ :- :/+6-:, :*+6- ,- /*-+- 6/-< /->6?++6- ,- /*-+- 9-806//-
-/* , -,-:+/=+6- *-:-,/+0- : / ;+ :/+:;,/< -0-/6 =+9 ,/ @+ 9- ;,/*6