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La célula - Cell
1. Valorar la importancia de la teoría celular.
2. Conocer la célula y sus componentes (estructura).a) Membrana: control de intercambio e interacción.b) Citoplasma: orgánulos celulares.c) Núcleo: la información genética (ADN).
3. Conocer las funciones celulares.a) La función de los orgánulos celulares.
4. Tipos de células:a) Procariota y eucariota.b) Animal y vegetal.
5. La división celular:a) Mitosisb) Meiosis
OBJETIVOS:
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CONTENIDOS:
1. Teoría celular2. Funciones de la célula:
a) Nutrición.b) Relación.c) Reproducción.
3. Tipos de células
4. La célula eucariota:a) Estructura.b) Orgánulos celulares y función,
5. La reproducción:a) Mitosisb) Meiosis
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Cell theory
• Robert Hooke – first person to see cell (1665) • Leeuwehoek – first person to see living cells in pond water (1673)• Schwann – zoologist who observed tissues of animals had cells (1839)• Schleiden – botanist, observed tissues o plants contained cells (1845)• Virchow – reported that every living thing is made of vital units, known as cells (1850)• Remak - discovers cell division and affirm that cells come only from pre-existing cells.
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1. All living things are made of cells
Longitudinal section of a root tip of Maize (Zea mays) by Science and Plants for Schools on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/bNNM6M
Unicellular organisms are single-celled and can carry out all of the functions of life independently.
Multicellular organisms have specialized cells to carry out specific functions.
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2. Cells are the smallest units of life.
Paramecium multimicronucleatum by Proyecto Agua on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/7W7J3y
Organelles cannot survive alone.
Specialized structures within cells (organelles) carry out different functions.
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3. Cells come Only from Existing cells
Cells multiply through division:
• Mitosis results in genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
• Meiosis generates haploid gametes (sex cells).
4-cell stage of a sea biscuit by Bruno Vellutini on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/daWnnS
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WHAT´S A CELL?A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions
Nutrition
Reproduction
Responsiveness
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Cell Structure• All Cells have:
an outermost plasma membrane
cytoplasm, the region where chemical reactions take place. Comprises cytosol and the organelles.
genetic material in the form of DNA
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Cell Structure
• All Cells have:an outermost plasma membrane
• Structure – phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• Function – isolates cell contents, controls what gets in and out of the cell, receives signals
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Cell Structure
• All Cells have:genetic material in the form of DNA
• Eukaryotes – DNA is within a membrane (nucleus)
• Prokaryotes – no membrane around the DNA (DNA region called nucleoid)
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Cell Structure
• All Cells have:cytoplasm with organelles
• Cytoplasm – fluid area, gel-like, inside outer plasma membrane and outside DNA region
• Organelles – is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane
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Eukaryotes cellscells that contain nuclei
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Eukaryotic Cells• Structures in all eukaryotic cells
– Nucleus– Ribosomes– Endomembrane system
• Endoplasmic reticulum – smooth and rough• Golgi apparatus• Vesicles• Lysosome
– Mitochondria– Chloroplast– Cytoskeleton
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Cell boundaries 1• Cell membrane Thin, flexible membrane that
surrounds the cell.
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Cell Membrane - structure✔ Lipid Bilayer:
• Double-layered sheet of phospholipids.• Membrane protein.• Glycoside.
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Cell Membrane - structure Anchoring the
cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells to help group cells together to form tissues.
Responsiveness.
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Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell (selectively
permeable).
Cell membrane - funtion
• Passive transport (Facilitated diffusion) – when the plasma membrane “helps” particles pass through protein channels.
No energy used
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Cell membrane - funtion• Active transport – when the plasma
membrane uses energy to move particles against a concentration gradient.
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•Cell walls Rigid layer around the membrane found only in bacteria, fungi and plants.
Cell boundaries 2
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Cytoplasm• Area enclosed within the cell membrane.• Contains hyaloplasm or cytosol: jelly-like
mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water (80%).
• Contains all the organelles.• It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular
activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways.
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Mitochondrion
• Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrate
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Chloroplast
• Contains green chlorophyll• Where photosynthesis takes place
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RE and Golgi apparatus
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Endoplasmic reticulum• Moves
materials around in cell:
• Lipids and carbohydrates in smooth type
• Proteins in rough type
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Golgi apparatus
• Protein 'packaging plant'• Move materials within the cell and out
of the cell by using vesicles
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Vacuole
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Help plants maintain shape
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Lysosome• Vesicles containing enzymes, which are capable of
breaking down virtually all kinds of biomolecules.• Transports undigested material to cell membrane
for removal
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RibosomesMolecular complex of protein synthesis (translation).Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and
floating throughout the cell.Consist of two components:
• small ribosomal subunit which reads the RNA• large subunit which joins amino acids to form a
polypeptide chain. It is composed of: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and a
variety of proteins.
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Cytoskeleton Support organelles and cell shape
Place a role in cell motion
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Centrioles
Lead cromosomes movement during cell division
Control flagella and cilia vibration
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Nucleus• Nuclear membrane, lipid bilayer. • Contains genetic material – DNA.• Nucleolus: rRNA, ribosomal proteins, immature ribosomes.
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Cell division
MITOSISDivisión por mitosis - Manuel Antonio Medina
Stages of mitosis – McGraw-Hill
Fases de la mitosis – John Kyrk
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/mitosis_Medina.swf
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/mitosis_citoknsMCGRAW.swf
http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html
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MEIOSISDivisión por meiosis – Manuel Antonio Medina http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/meiosis_Medina.swf
Stages of meiosis – McGraw-Hillhttp://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/meiosisMcGraw.swf
Fases de la meiosis – John Kyrkhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html
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http://es.allreadable.com/5d90GNE COMPARACIÓN MITOSIS-MEIOSIS