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Internet Infrastructure
N. Ganesan, Ph.D.
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Chapter Objectives
Bring together in perspective variouscomponents of the Internet
Network Infrastructure
Communication Infrastructure
Organizations and groups that set
standards
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Module
Network Infrastructure:
Hardware and AccessInfrastructure
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Evolution
Started as ARPANET
Grew with the introduction of PCs, LANs and
WANs CCITT (now ITU) was the initial standard
setting organization
Lower level protocols was X.25
Higher level protocol was TCP/IP thatfollowed the initial introduction of theNetwork Control Protocol (NCP)
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Current Trend
Global network based on high speedfiber lines
IPV4 is being replaced by IPv6
X.25, Frame Relay etc. are beingreplaced with ATM
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Hardware Infrastructure
The hardware infrastructure now isessentially a hierarchy of
interconnected networks Local
Departmental
Campus or Enterprise Wide Area
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Networking and Internetworking
Devices
Hubs
Layer 1 devices
Switches
Mostly Layer 2 devices
Routers
Layer 3 devices
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Connection to the Internet Example
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LA Fiber Connection Hierarchy
Source: http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html
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Major Digital Line Types
Lower speed access point
DSL
ISDN
High network connections
T1, T3 etc.
OC3, OC12 etc.
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Digital Lines and Speeds
Line Speed
DS0 64Kpbs
ISDN 128 Kbps (BRI) 2 DSO (B channels)
T1 1.544 Mbps 24 DSO
T3 43.232 Mbps 28 T1
OC3 155 Mbps 100 T1
OC12 622 Mbps 4 OC3OC48 2.5 Gbps 4 OC12
OC192 9.6 Gbps 4 OC48
Source: www.howstuffworks.com
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Speed
Faster backbones are providing fasteraccess to the Internet
Internet2is a joint venture projectbetween many universities to develop ahigh-speed Internet
This development, however, is very likelyto be spearheaded by the industry giventhe commercial attractiveness of providingfast Internet access
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High-Speed Internet (Abeline)
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Abeline Update
Source: http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf
http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdfhttp://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf -
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Internet Traffic
Source: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm
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Internet Traffic Status in Asia
Source:
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Asia Traffic Index
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Response Time to Asia
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Packet Loss in Asia
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Connection Hierarchy
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Definition of Terms
POP (Point of Presence)
NAP (National Access Points)
High-speed backbone network service
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End of Module
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Module
Communication Infrastructure:
The Protocols
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Protocol of the Internet
TCP/IP
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IP Addressing
32-bit numbering system Divided into network ID and host ID
Grouped into Classes A, B, C, D and E Classes A, B and C are the ones relevant to
commercial use
Several IP addresses have been reserved for
private and other uses Addresses used in Network Address Translation(NAT)
Addresses used of IP multicasting
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TCP/IP Model
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ISO/OSI Model
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Mapping of the Models
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Meeting the Demand for IP
Addresses
DHCP
Network Address Translation (NAT)
IPv6
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
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Some Application Layer Protocol
HTTP, HTTPS
FTP
Telnet POP3
IMAP
SMTP
DNS DHCP
SNMP
X.500
LDAP
For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer
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Transport Layer Protocols
TCP UDP
ICMP OSPF SPX NetBEUI
SMB For more information access:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer
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Internet Layer Protocols
IPv4, IPv6
ARP
NWLink
NetBEIU
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Network Interface Layer Protocols
Ethernet
Token Ring
IEEE 802.11x PPP
X.25
FDDI
Frame Relay ISDN
ATM
T and E carriers
OC carriers
xDSL Cable Modem
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Some Popular Ports and Protocols
80 HTTP
Web services
20/21 FTP
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Additional Port Information
Extensive list of port numbers at IANA
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbershttp://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers -
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Some Useful TCP/IP Commands
ping
ipconfig
finger hostname
nslookup
tracert nbtstat
netstat
telnet
ftp
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Further Information on TCP/IP
Commands
In Windows XP help, search forTCP/IP Utilities and Services
Access Garry Kesslers manual at: http://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc21
51.pdf
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End of Module
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Module
Domains and DNS Infrastructure
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Top Level Domain (TLD) Extensions
There are two types of top-leveldomains, generic and country code,plus a special top-level domain (.arpa)for Internet infrastructure. Genericdomains were created for use by theInternet public, while country codedomains were created to be used byindividual countries as they deemednecessary.
Source: http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm
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The Three Top-Level Domains
Country Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp,.us, etc.)
Generic Domains (.aero, .biz, .com,.coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil,.museum, .name, .net, .org, and .pro)
Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)
http://www.iana.org/cctld/http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/arpa-dom/http://www.iana.org/arpa-dom/http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htmhttp://www.iana.org/cctld/ -
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Country Extensions
http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
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Domain Extensions
Some prominent domain names
.com, .edu, .org,
Some interesting newer domain names .net, .pro
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More Information on Domain
Extensions
Some useful information onqualifications, contact etc. can be
obtained by navigating through thefollowing IANA web link
http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm
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Where to Find Domain Registrant
Information?
http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml
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Internet Domain Growth
Source: http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/
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A d d
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Accredited Domain Name Registrar
Directory
Companies that are accredited byICANN
http://www.internic.net/alpha.html
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End of Module
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Module
Internet Agencies
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Important Internet Groups
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG)
Internet Society (ISOC)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)
I E i i T k F
http://www.isi.edu/iab/http://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.isoc.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.iana.org/http://www.isoc.org/http://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/iesg.htmlhttp://www.isi.edu/iab/ -
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Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)is a large open international community of
network designers, operators, vendors, andresearchers concerned with the evolution ofthe Internet architecture and the smoothoperation of the Internet. It is open to any
interested individual. - IETF http://www.ietf.org
http://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/http://www.ietf.org/http://www.ietf.org/glossary.html -
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IETF Working Groups
The actual technical work of the IETF is done in itsworking groups, which are organized by topic intoseveral areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.).The IETF holds meetings three times per year. IETF
The IETF working groups are grouped into areas,and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADsare members of the Internet Engineering SteeringGroup (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is
the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB alsoadjudicates appeals when someone complains thatthe IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are charteredby the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes.
http://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/glossary.html -
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Functional Overview of IETF
http://www.ietf.org/tao.html
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Internet Society
The Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professionalmembership society with more than 150 organizationand 16,000 individual members in over 180 countries.
It provides leadership in addressing issues thatconfront the future of the Internet, and is theorganization home for the groups responsible forInternet infrastructure standards, including theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the
Internet Architecture Board (IAB). - ISOC http://www.isoc.org/
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Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The IAB is chartered both as a committee ofthe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)and as an advisory body of the InternetSociety (ISOC). Its responsibilities includearchitectural oversight of IETF activities,Internet Standards Process oversight andappeal, and the appointment of the RFC
Editor. The IAB is also responsible for themanagement of the IETF protocol parameterregistries. IAB
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IAB Access
http://www.iab.org/
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ICANN
Home page
http://www.icann.org/
Further Information on ICANNs role http://www.icann.org/tr/english.html
A i R i t f I t t
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American Registry for Internet
Numbers (ARIN)
We at the American Registry for InternetNumbers manage the Internet numberingresources for North America, a portion of theCaribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. A fulllist of countries in the ARIN region can befound by clicking here. As a nonprofitcorporation with a bottom-up, community-
based structure, our focus is completely onserving our members and the Internetcommunity at large. ARIN
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More About ARIN
http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.html
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ARIN Equivalent in Asia
Asia Pacific
http://www.apnic.net/
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National Registries
For further information of nationaldomain registries for different countries
access the following site: http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/
domreg.html
http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.htmlhttp://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/domreg.html -
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More on CORE
CORE's members are professional registrarsfrom various areas (Europe, North America,Asia-Pacific) who handle domain nameregistration on behalf of customers. CurrentlyCORE has members in present in 14 countriesand manage in total over 400,000 domainnames in various TLDs.
CORE also acts as Registry Operator for twoSponsored TLDs, .aero and .museum. -CORE
Internet Network Information Center
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Internet Network Information Center
(InterNIC)
Provides the public with informationregarding internet domain name
registration services http://www.internic.net/
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All About Registering a Domain
FAQ on domain registration fromInterNIC
http://www.internic.net/
Internet Research Task Force
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Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
To promote research of importance to the
evolution of the future Internet by creatingfocused, long-term and small Research Groupsworking on topics related to Internet protocols,applications, architecture and technology. -
IRTF http://www.irtf.org/
http://www.irtf.org/http://www.irtf.org/ -
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World Wide Web (W3) Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)develops interoperable technologies
(specifications, guidelines, software, andtools) to lead the Web to its full potential.W3C is a forum for information, commerce,communication, and collective
understanding. W3 http://www.w3.org/
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A Sample Work of W3C
For more information on W3Cs workon the http protocol
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/
National Telecommunication and
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National Telecommunication and
Information Administration (NTIA)
The National Telecommunications andInformation Administration (NTIA) is
the Executive Branch agency principallyresponsible for domestic andinternational telecommunications and
information policy issues. - NTIA
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NTIA Responsibilities
NTIA also manages the Federal use of the spectrum;administers infrastructure grants to support thedevelopment of a national information infrastructure
accessible to all Americans; manages publictelecommunications facilities grants designed tomaintain and extend the public broadcastinginfrastructure; and performs cutting-edgetelecommunications research and engineering,
including resolving technical telecommunicationsissues for the Federal government and private sector. - NTIA
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VeriSign
Manages the .com and .net domains
Access at:
http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html
http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.htmlhttp://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html -
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Network Solutions
One of the largest and earliest domainname registrars
http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=16
2872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872
http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872 -
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References
ARIN
High speed internet backbone
North American Network OperatorsGroup
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End of Module
End of Chapter