Download - Historicismo industrial
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Neoclasicismo 1750-1840
Historicismo 1840-1900
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La Revolución Industrial es considerado el mayor
cambio tecnológico, socioeconómico y cultural
ocurrido entre fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX
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1) Surge una propuesta ANTIBARROCA
2) Se busca retomar la CLARIDAD FORMAL y las
proporciones
3) Se plantea un nuevo arte, donde el DELEITE de lugar a
algo INSTRUCTIVO Y EDIFICANTE.
4) Se crea UNA NUEVA ARQUITECTURA a través de la
razón, FUNCIONAL Y ESTRUCTURALMENTE más PURA Y
EXPRESIVA.
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Se destacan dos centros de enseñanzas diferentes
L’Ecole de Beaux Arts:
Academia de Pintura, Escultura y Arquitectura
1863
Ecole Polytechnique
Escuela de Ingeniería
1794
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NEOCLACISISMO
(1700-1840)
Se atribuye a la arquitectura la capacidad de influir en el
pensamiento y las costumbres. Proliferan hospitales,
bibliotecas, museos, municipios, tribunales y teatros.
Se considera a la arquitectura griega de NOBLE
SENCILLEZ Y SERENA GRANDEZA
Se pensó en el los modelos griegos para trasmitir ideas
de
SERVICIO PUBLICO y EDUCATIVAS
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HISTORICISMO
(1840-1900)
1) Revalorización de estilos del pasado
2) Es lo que enseña la Ecole des Beaux Arts de París“La Academia”
De allí el termino ACADEMICISMO que también define a esta arquitectura
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La era de la Ilustración y el NEOCLASICISMO
1720-1800
Se tenía FE en la RAZON HUMANA para disipar las
tinieblas
de la humanidad.
Se fomenta la DEMOSTRACION mediante la
EXPERIMENTACION CIENTIFICA
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Los pensadores de la Ilustración sostenían que la razón
humana podía combatir la ignorancia, la superstición y la
tiranía, y construir un mundo mejor.
Tuvo influencia en aspectos económicos, políticos y
sociales de la época. La expresión estética de este
movimiento intelectual se denominará NEOCLASICISMO.
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Historicismo: una mirada científica al pasado
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El Historicismo incluye al:
NEOGOTICO
Movimiento del siglo XIX consistente en la
arquitectura
realizada a imitación de la gótica medieval. Se utilizó
principalmente para iglesias y universidades, en
referencia al desarrollo que ambas tuvieran en la
edad Media
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NEOCLASICO: Alentaba representar la RAZON Clásica
NEOGOTICO: Era un intento de regresar a la EPOCA DE LA FE
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NEOBARROCO
Se extendió a partir de 1880
Se utilizó especialmente para los teatros ,en relación
al espíritu teatral y escenográfico propio del Barroco
También el NEOROMANICO, NEORENACENTISTA, ETC
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ECLECTICISMO
(del griego eklegein, 'escoger'),
Es una escuela de pensamiento que escoge puntos de
vista, ideas y valoraciones entre varias escuelas,
combinándolas y mezclándolas.
Hace COINCIDIR varios lenguajes en una misma
arquitectura.
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Los poderes sociales encontrarán en las formas eclécticas
su mejor expresión, como estilo oficial de edificios
públicos y aquellos que pretenden un representatividad
ciudadana, contribuyendo a fijar la imagen de las
capitales europeas y americanas.
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Lema de la época:
“SAPERE AUDE”
“Atrévete a saber” o “Atrevete a pensar”
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Los filósofos de la ilustración atribuían a la naturaleza
primitiva una importancia sagrada.
En arquitectura se decía que la más pura e idónea
para las necesidades humanas y para la sociedad fue
la ARQUITECTURA desarrollada en los albores de la
civilización
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“El Sueño del Profesor”, C.R. Cockerell, 1849
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El Sueño del arquitecto, Thomas Cole, 1840
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Augustus Welby Pugin (1812–1852)
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The ruins of Palmyra, 1753
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1757
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Essai Sur L’Architecture, 1753
Musa de la arquitectura señala la CABAÑA
ESTRUCTURA PURA:Columna,Arquitrabe
Frontis
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Se vuelve a la COLUMNA, antes que el MURO.
La arquitectura debía volver a sus esencias
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En 1755, James STUART y Nicholas REVETT presentan el primer dibujo del PARTENON. Se plantea la SUPERIORIDAD de la arquitectura griega.
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Ruinas de Herculano, 1709-1738
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Pompeya, Año 79
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Excavaciones de Pompeya, 1748
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Vierzehnheiligen, 1742-70
BarrocoSainte Genevieve, 1755
Neoclasicismo
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Sainte-Genevieve, El Panteón, París, Soufflot, 1755
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El Panteón Romano, 126 AC
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Es una obra de neta influencia de la antigüedad clásica
Tiene cruz Griega; columnata interior CORINTIA, entablamento, BOVEDAS, CUPULAS sobre pechinas.
FACHADA: PORTICO CORINTIO
Es una obra con REALISMO ESTRUCTURAL
Se la definió como EL PRIMER MODELO DE ARQUITECTURA PERFECTA
ANUNCIA una NUEVA ERA DE LA ARQUITECTURA
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Catedral San Pablo, Londres, 1675-1710
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Estados Unidos
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Arquitecto Thomás Jefferson, 1743-1826
Toma a Roma como modelo social y arquitectónico. Fomento el neoclasicismo en una época en que se
necesitaban numerosos edificios para la administración y el gobierno: capitolios, casas de gobierno, universidades,
escuelas, bancos, bibliotecas, tribunales, municipios, hospitales, iglesias, carceles, clubes-
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Capitolio de Virginia. T. Jefferson, (1785-89)
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Templo JONICO. Es el primer edificio habitable que sigue un modelo histórico griego.
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Colegio Girard, Filadelfia, T. Walter, 1833-47
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Estados Unidos y los CAPITOLIOS:
Una imagen para la
DEMOCRACIA con los TEMPLOS GRIEGOS
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Capitolio, Washington, 1792, William Thorton
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Entre 1781 y 1850 se construyeron en los
Estados Unidos 21 capitolios neoclásicos.
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Wisconsin
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Oklahoma
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California
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Iowa
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Colorado
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Georgia
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Texas
Kentucky, 1827
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Kansas
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Pennsylvania
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Bancos y Bolsas
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Banco de Filadelfia, 1819, imitando al Partenón
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Banco de Pennsylvania
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Bolsa de los Estados Unidos, Nueva York
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Federal Hall, Wall Street
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Universidad de Virginia, Jefferson, 1817
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Jefferson memorial, Washington DC, 1943
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Francia Imperial
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“Arquitectura Parlante”
Se plantean edificios con FORMAS GEOMETRICAS PURAS,
AUSTERAS, cargadas de SIMBOLISMO Y SENTIDO DE
FUNCION.
SON parte de una NUEVA ARQUITECTURA
SON PROYECTOS IRREALIZABLES PERO CONSIDERADOS
HITOS DE LA NUEVA ERA
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Claude Nicolas LEDOUX
Etienne Louis BOULLEE
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Casa para un guardia fluvial, 1785
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Capilla Metropolitana, 1782, Etienne-Louis Boullée
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Opera, Boullée
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Cénotaphe dont la pyramide est ronde, Boullée
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Cenotafio Newton, Boullée, 1784
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La primera República cedió su
lugar a Napoleón Bonaparte, que
se coronó Emperador en 1804,
construyendo un Imperio en que
los territorios se extendieron hasta
la frontera con Rusia.
Enfrentó victorioso varias guerras
hasta que fue derrotado por la
Europa entera.
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Imperio Napoleónico, 1811
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Arco del Carrousel, 1810
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Arco de Settimio Severo, Roma, 203 AC
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Arco del Triunfo, París, 1805
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Templo de la Gloria, París, 1806, Vignon
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Bolsa de París, 1808, Brogniart
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Ejemplos del mundo
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Alemania
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Puerta de Brandemburgo, Berlín, 1788-1791
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Gliptoteca, Munich, Leo von Klenze, 1816-34
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Teatro Real, Berlín, Schinkel, 1819-21
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Walhalla, Leo von Klenze, Baviera, Alemania, 1842
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Reichstag, Berlín, Paul Wallot, 1884
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Reconstruido como sede del Parlamento Alemán, 1990
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Inglaterra
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Iglesia St. Pancras, Londres, 1819
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Museo británico, 1823-1847
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Museo Fitzwilliam, Cambridge, 1825
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La necesidad de iglesias en las primeras décadas del
1800 en Londres hizo que el propio Parlamento
tomara a su cargo su construcción.
En 20 años se construyeron 214 iglesias, de las cuales
174 fueron “góticas”
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Inicio del Neogótico
1840
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Palacio de Westminster, Parlamento, Londres, 1840-70
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Otros modelos
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Opera de París, Charles Garnier, 1861-74
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Garnier estudió a los asistentes a la Opera y concluyó que al lugar se iba más por RAZONES SOCIALES que por el
espectáculo.El interior está resuelto de acuerdo a ese
comportamiento: La gente quiere VER Y SER VISTA.La sala tiene forma de herradura y los palcos
superpuestos, para que los espectadores pudieran mirarse. Todo pensado para la exhibición y el saludo. La
escalinata es un escenario donde mostrarse.
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Iglesia de San Isaac, Petrogrado, 1858
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Iglesia Votiva, Viena, NEOGOTICO, 1879
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Melbourne, NEOGOTICO
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Saint Clotilde Basilica, 1857, Paris, NEOGOTICO
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Catedral San Patricio, Nueva York, 1878, NEOGOTICO
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Teatro Municipal, Rio de Janeorio, NEOBARROCO
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NEOBIZANTINO. Catedral de Sofía, Bulgaria, 1882
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NEORENACIMIENTO. Ópera de Viena, Austria, 1900
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La Basílica de Santa María la Real, Asturias (España), 1877
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NEOROMANICO. Catedral de Medellín, Colombia, 1890
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Ejemplos de nuestro país
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Catedral Metropolitana, Buenos Aires, 1822
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Congreso de la Nación, 1897-1906
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Banco de la Nación Argentina, Casa Central, 1940
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UBA, Facultad de Derecho, 1949
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Casa de gobierno de Tucumán, 1912
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Catedral de Paraná
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Tribunales de Mendoza
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Teatro Municipal de Santa Fé
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Facultad de Ingeniería, capital federal
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Catedral de La Plata, Neogótico, 1884-1932
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Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Merced, 1900
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Palacio de Tribunales, 1928
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Biblioteca Rivadavia, 1931
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Teatro Municipal, 1913
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Ex Usina Eléctrica, Ingeniero White, 1928
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